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Melo-Filho CC, Su G, Liu K, Muratov EN, Tropsha A, Liu J. Modeling interactions between Heparan sulfate and proteins based on the Heparan sulfate microarray analysis. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwae039. [PMID: 38836441 PMCID: PMC11180703 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwae039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS), a sulfated polysaccharide abundant in the extracellular matrix, plays pivotal roles in various physiological and pathological processes by interacting with proteins. Investigating the binding selectivity of HS oligosaccharides to target proteins is essential, but the exhaustive inclusion of all possible oligosaccharides in microarray experiments is impractical. To address this challenge, we present a hybrid pipeline that integrates microarray and in silico techniques to design oligosaccharides with desired protein affinity. Using fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) as a model protein, we assembled an in-house dataset of HS oligosaccharides on microarrays and developed two structural representations: a standard representation with all atoms explicit and a simplified representation with disaccharide units as "quasi-atoms." Predictive Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) models for FGF2 affinity were developed using the Random Forest (RF) algorithm. The resulting models, considering the applicability domain, demonstrated high predictivity, with a correct classification rate of 0.81-0.80 and improved positive predictive values (PPV) up to 0.95. Virtual screening of 40 new oligosaccharides using the simplified model identified 15 computational hits, 11 of which were experimentally validated for high FGF2 affinity. This hybrid approach marks a significant step toward the targeted design of oligosaccharides with desired protein interactions, providing a foundation for broader applications in glycobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleber C Melo-Filho
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 301 Beard Hall, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Guowei Su
- Glycan Therapeutics, 617 Hutton Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Kevin Liu
- Glycan Therapeutics, 617 Hutton Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Eugene N Muratov
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 301 Beard Hall, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Alexander Tropsha
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 301 Beard Hall, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 1044 Genetic Medicine Bldg., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
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2
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Stancanelli E, Liu W, Su G, Padagala V, Liu J. Developing a solid-phase method for the enzymatic synthesis of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate backbones. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwad093. [PMID: 37995272 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the recent progress on the solution-phase enzymatic synthesis of heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), solid-phase enzymatic synthesis has not been fully investigated. Here, we describe the solid-phase enzymatic synthesis of HS and CS backbone oligosaccharides using specialized linkers. We demonstrate the use of immobilized HS linker to synthesize CS, and the use of immobilized CS linker to synthesize HS. The linkers were then digested with chondroitin ABCase and heparin lyases, respectively, to obtain the products. Our findings uncover a potential approach for accelerating the synthesis of structurally homogeneous HS and CS oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Stancanelli
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Wei Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Golou district, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, PR China
| | - Guowei Su
- Glycan Therapeutics, LLC Research and Development, Suite #103, 617 Hutton Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Vijay Padagala
- Glycan Therapeutics, LLC Research and Development, Suite #103, 617 Hutton Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
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3
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Li B, Zhang T, Cao H, Ferro V, Li J, Yu M. Identification of a Pentasaccharide Lead Compound with High Affinity to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein via In Silico Screening. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16115. [PMID: 38003304 PMCID: PMC10671481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The spike (S) protein on the surface of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is critical to mediate fusion with the host cell membrane through interaction with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Additionally, heparan sulfate (HS) on the host cell surface acts as an attachment factor to facilitate the binding of the S receptor binding domain (RBD) to the ACE2 receptor. Aiming at interfering with the HS-RBD interaction to protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection, we have established a pentasaccharide library composed of 14,112 compounds covering the possible sulfate substitutions on the three sugar units (GlcA, IdoA, and GlcN) of HS. The library was used for virtual screening against RBD domains of SARS-CoV-2. Molecular modeling was carried out to evaluate the potential antiviral properties of the top-hit pentasaccharide focusing on the interactive regions around the interface of RBD-HS-ACE2. The lead pentasaccharide with the highest affinity for RBD was analyzed via drug-likeness calculations, showing better predicted druggable profiles than those currently reported for RBD-binding HS mimetics. The results provide significant information for the development of HS-mimetics as anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binjie Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Tianji Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Hui Cao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Vito Ferro
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia;
| | - Jinping Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China;
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mingjia Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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4
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Zhang W, Xu Y, Wang X, Oikawa T, Su G, Wauthier E, Wu G, Sethupathy P, He Z, Liu J, Reid LM. Fibrolamellar carcinomas-growth arrested by paracrine signals complexed with synthesized 3-O sulfated heparan sulfate oligosaccharides. Matrix Biol 2023; 121:194-216. [PMID: 37402431 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrolamellar carcinomas (FLCs), lethal tumors occurring in children to young adults, have genetic signatures implicating derivation from biliary tree stem cell (BTSC) subpopulations, co-hepato/pancreatic stem cells, involved in hepatic and pancreatic regeneration. FLCs and BTSCs express pluripotency genes, endodermal transcription factors, and stem cell surface, cytoplasmic and proliferation biomarkers. The FLC-PDX model, FLC-TD-2010, is driven ex vivo to express pancreatic acinar traits, hypothesized responsible for this model's propensity for enzymatic degradation of cultures. A stable ex vivo model of FLC-TD-2010 was achieved using organoids in serum-free Kubota's Medium (KM) supplemented with 0.1% hyaluronans (KM/HA). Heparins (10 ng/ml) caused slow expansion of organoids with doubling times of ∼7-9 days. Spheroids, organoids depleted of mesenchymal cells, survived indefinitely in KM/HA in a state of growth arrest for more than 2 months. Expansion was restored with FLCs co-cultured with mesenchymal cell precursors in a ratio of 3:7, implicating paracrine signaling. Signals identified included FGFs, VEGFs, EGFs, Wnts, and others, produced by associated stellate and endothelial cell precursors. Fifty-three, unique heparan sulfate (HS) oligosaccharides were synthesized, assessed for formation of high affinity complexes with paracrine signals, and each complex screened for biological activity(ies) on organoids. Ten distinct HS-oligosaccharides, all 10-12 mers or larger, and in specific paracrine signal complexes elicited particular biological responses. Of note, complexes of paracrine signals and 3-O sulfated HS-oligosaccharides elicited slowed growth, and with Wnt3a, elicited growth arrest of organoids for months. If future efforts are used to prepare HS-oligosaccharides resistant to breakdown in vivo, then [paracrine signal-HS-oligosaccharide] complexes are potential therapeutic agents for clinical treatments of FLCs, an exciting prospect for a deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200123, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Stem Cells Translational Medicine, Shanghai 200335, China; Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Glycan Therapeutics Corporation, 617 Hutton Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Xicheng Wang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200123, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Stem Cells Translational Medicine, Shanghai 200335, China; Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Tsunekazu Oikawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Guowei Su
- Glycan Therapeutics Corporation, 617 Hutton Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Eliane Wauthier
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Guoxiu Wu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200123, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Stem Cells Translational Medicine, Shanghai 200335, China; Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Zhiying He
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200123, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Stem Cells Translational Medicine, Shanghai 200335, China; Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Glycan Therapeutics Corporation, 617 Hutton Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Lola M Reid
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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Metkari AS, Fowler EW, Witt RL, Jia X. Matrix Degradability Contributes to the Development of Salivary Gland Progenitor Cells with Secretory Functions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:32148-32161. [PMID: 37364369 PMCID: PMC10529452 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic matrices that are cytocompatible, cell adhesive, and cell responsive are needed for the engineering of implantable, secretory salivary gland constructs to treat radiation induced xerostomia or dry mouth. Here, taking advantage of the bioorthogonality of the Michael-type addition reaction, hydrogels with comparable stiffness but varying degrees of degradability (100% degradable, 100DEG; 50% degradable, 50DEG; and nondegradable, 0DEG) by cell-secreted matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) were synthesized using thiolated HA (HA-SH), maleimide (MI)-conjugated integrin-binding peptide (RGD-MI), and MI-functionalized peptide cross-linkers that are protease degradable (GIW-bisMI) or nondegradable (GIQ-bisMI). Organized multicellular structures developed readily in all hydrogels from dispersed primary human salivary gland stem cells (hS/PCs). As the matrix became progressively degradable, cells proliferated more readily, and the multicellular structures became larger, less spherical, and more lobular. Immunocytochemical analysis showed positive staining for stem/progenitor cell markers CD44 and keratin 5 (K5) in all three types of cultures and positive staining for the acinar marker α-amylase under 50DEG and 100DEG conditions. Quantitatively at the mRNA level, the expression levels of key stem/progenitor markers KIT, KRT5, and ETV4/5 were significantly increased in the degradable gels as compared to the nondegradable counterparts. Western blot analyses revealed that imparting matrix degradation led to >3.8-fold increase in KIT expression by day 15. The MMP-degradable hydrogels also promoted the development of a secretary phenotype, as evidenced by the upregulation of acinar markers α-amylase (AMY), aquaporin-5 (AQP5), and sodium-potassium chloride cotransporter 1 (SLC12A2). Collectively, we show that cell-mediated matrix remodeling is necessary for the development of regenerative pro-acinar progenitor cells from hS/PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva S. Metkari
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Eric W. Fowler
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Robert L. Witt
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Xinqiao Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, Delaware, USA
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Li M, Pedersen LC, Xu D. Targeting heparan sulfate-protein interactions with oligosaccharides and monoclonal antibodies. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1194293. [PMID: 37275960 PMCID: PMC10235622 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1194293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate-binding proteins (HSBPs) are structurally diverse extracellular and membrane attached proteins that interact with HS under normal physiological conditions. Interactions with HS offer an additional level of control over the localization and function of HSBPs, which enables them to behave in a more refined manner. Because all cell signaling events start at the cell membrane, and cell-cell communication relies on translocation of soluble factors across the extracellular matrix, HS occupies an apical position in cellular signal transduction by interacting with hundreds of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, receptors and adhesion molecules. These extracellular and membrane proteins can play important roles in physiological and pathological conditions. For most HS-binding proteins, the interaction with HS represents an essential element in regulating their normal physiological functions. Such dependence on HS suggests that manipulating HS-protein interactions could be explored as a therapeutic strategy to selectively antagonize/activate HS-binding proteins. In this review, we will discuss current understanding of the diverse nature of HS-HSBP interactions, and the latest advancements in targeting the HS-binding site of HSBPs using structurally-defined HS oligosaccharides and monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Li
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Lars C. Pedersen
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Chen J, Sun T, You Y, Lin B, Wu B, Wu J. Genome-wide identification of potential odontogenic genes involved in the dental epithelium-mesenchymal interaction during early odontogenesis. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:163. [PMID: 37013486 PMCID: PMC10069120 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09140-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelium-mesenchymal interactions are involved in odontogenic processes. Previous studies have focused on the intracellular signalling regulatory network in tooth development, but the functions of extracellular regulatory molecules have remained unclear. This study aims to explore the gene profile of extracellular proteoglycans and their glycosaminoglycan chains potentially involved in dental epithelium-mesenchymal interactions using high-throughput sequencing to provide new understanding of early odontogenesis. RESULTS Whole transcriptome profiles of the mouse dental epithelium and mesenchyme were investigated by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). A total of 1,281 and 1,582 differentially expressed genes were identified between the dental epithelium and mesenchyme at E11.5 and E13.5, respectively. Enrichment analysis showed that extracellular regions and ECM-receptor interactions were significantly enriched at both E11.5 and E13.5. Polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed that the extracellular proteoglycan family exhibited distinct changes during epithelium-mesenchymal interactions. Most proteoglycans showed higher transcript levels in the dental mesenchyme, whereas only a few were upregulated in the epithelium at both stages. In addition, 9 proteoglycans showed dynamic expression changes between these two tissue compartments. Gpc4, Sdc2, Spock2, Dcn and Lum were expressed at higher levels in the dental epithelium at E11.5, whereas their expression was significantly higher in the dental mesenchyme at E13.5, which coincides with the odontogenic potential shift. Moreover, the glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic enzymes Ext1, Hs3st1/5, Hs6st2/3, Ndst3 and Sulf1 also exhibited early upregulation in the epithelium but showed markedly higher expression in the mesenchyme after the odontogenic potential shift. CONCLUSION This study reveals the dynamic expression profile of extracellular proteoglycans and their biosynthetic enzymes during the dental epithelium-mesenchymal interaction. This study offers new insight into the roles of extracellular proteoglycans and their distinct sulfation underlying early odontogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Tianyu Sun
- Department of Periodontology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yan You
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Binbin Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Buling Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Southern Medical University- Shenzhen Stomatology Hospital (Pingshan), ShenZhen, 518118, China.
| | - Jingyi Wu
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
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Importance of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Pancreatic Islets and β-Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012082. [PMID: 36292936 PMCID: PMC9603760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
β-cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas secrete insulin in response to the glucose concentration in the blood. When these pancreatic β-cells are damaged, diabetes develops through glucose intolerance caused by insufficient insulin secretion. High molecular weight polysaccharides, such as heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans, and HS-degrading enzymes, such as heparinase, participate in the protection, maintenance, and enhancement of the functions of pancreatic islets and β-cells, and the demand for studies on glycobiology within the field of diabetes research has increased. This review introduces the roles of complex glycoconjugates containing high molecular weight polysaccharides and their degrading enzymes in pancreatic islets and β-cells, including those obtained in studies conducted by us earlier. In addition, from the perspective of glycobiology, this study proposes the possibility of application to diabetes medicine.
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Liu J, Pedersen LC. Emerging chemical and biochemical tools for studying 3- O-sulfated heparan sulfate. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C1166-C1175. [PMID: 35417268 PMCID: PMC9169821 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00110.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate is a widely expressed polysaccharide in the extracellular matrix and on the cell surface. 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate represents only a small percentage of heparan sulfate from biological sources. However, this subpopulation is closely associated with biological functions of heparan sulfate. The 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate is biosynthesized by heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase, which exists in seven different isoforms. This review article summarizes the recent progress in the substrate specificity studies of different 3-O-sulfotransferase isoforms involving the use of homogeneous oligosaccharide substrates and crystal structural analysis. The article also reviews a newly developed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based method to analyze the level of 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate with high sensitivity and quantitative capability. This newly emerged technology will provide new tools to study the structure and function relationship of heparan sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lars C Pedersen
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Chibly AM, Aure MH, Patel VN, Hoffman MP. Salivary Gland Function, Development and Regeneration. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1495-1552. [PMID: 35343828 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands produce and secrete saliva, which is essential for maintaining oral health and overall health. Understanding both the unique structure and physiological function of salivary glands, as well as how they are affected by disease and injury will direct the development of therapy to repair and regenerate them. Significant recent advances, particularly in the OMICS field, increase our understanding of how salivary glands develop at the cellular, molecular and genetic levels; the signaling pathways involved, the dynamics of progenitor cell lineages in development, homeostasis and regeneration and the role of the extracellular matrix microenvironment. These provide a template for cell and gene therapies as well as bioengineering approaches to repair or regenerate salivary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Martinez Chibly
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marit H Aure
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Vaishali N Patel
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Matthew Philip Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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11
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Wu L, Zhao N, Jiang W, Wang F. Effects of heparan sulfate from porcine mucosa on Aβ 1-42-induced neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:823-836. [PMID: 35307462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and neurotoxicity play an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Notably, the nonnegligible role of endogenous heparan sulfate (HS) in the release, uptake and misfolding of Aβ sheds light on the discovery of HS as an effective drug for AD. In this work, the effects of HS from porcine mucosa (PMHS) on Aβ1-42-induced neurotoxicity were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro AD model was established in SH-SY5Y via treatment with oligomeric Aβ1-42, and the in vivo AD model was established by intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ1-42 to KM mice. The results showed that in vitro, PMHS could ameliorate the inflammation and apoptosis response of SH-SY5Y cells induced by Aβ1-42; in vivo, PMHS could not only improve the cognitive impairment induced by Aβ1-42 but also inhibit neuroinflammation and apoptosis in the brain. Furthermore, PMHS lowered the levels of Aβ1-42 in the peripheral circulation and brain by improving the phagocytosis function of neutrophils. This is the first report that PMHS enhances the phagocytosis function of neutrophils to alleviate Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Moreover, our work verified the feasibility of peripheral Aβ clearance for improving neurotoxicity. Conclusively, we believe that PMHS could be developed into neuroprotective drugs for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.
| | - Fengshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-based Medicine, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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Wang Z, Arnold K, Dhurandahare VM, Xu Y, Pagadala V, Labra E, Jeske W, Fareed J, Gearing M, Liu J. Analysis of 3- O-Sulfated Heparan Sulfate Using Isotopically Labeled Oligosaccharide Calibrants. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2950-2957. [PMID: 35107975 PMCID: PMC9006171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The 3-O-sulfated glucosamine in heparan sulfate (HS) is a low-abundance structural component, but it is a key saccharide unit for the biological activities of HS. A method to determine the level of 3-O-sulfated HS is lacking. Here, we describe a LC-MS/MS based method to analyze the structural motifs. We determined the levels of 3-O-sulfated structural motifs from pharmaceutical heparin manufactured from bovine, porcine, and ovine. We discovered that saccharide chains carrying 3-O-sulfation from enoxaparin, an FDA-approved low-molecular weight heparin, displayed a slower clearance rate than non-3-O-sulfated sugar chains in a mouse model. Lastly, we detected the 3-O-sulfated HS from human brain. Furthermore, we found that a specific 3-O-sulfated structural motif, tetra-1, is elevated in the brain HS from Alzheimer's disease patients (n = 5, p = 0.0020). Our method offers a practical solution to measure 3-O-sulfated HS from biological sources with the sensitivity and quantitative capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangjie Wang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States
| | - Katelyn Arnold
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States
| | - Vijay M Dhurandahare
- Glycan Therapeutics, 617 Hutton Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States
| | - Vijayakanth Pagadala
- Glycan Therapeutics, 617 Hutton Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Erick Labra
- Glycan Therapeutics, 617 Hutton Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Walter Jeske
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois 60153, United States
| | - Jawed Fareed
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, United States
| | - Marla Gearing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States
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13
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Wander R, Kaminski AM, Wang Z, Stancanelli E, Xu Y, Pagadala V, Li J, Krahn JM, Pham TQ, Liu J, Pedersen LC. Structural and substrate specificity analysis of 3- O-sulfotransferase isoform 5 to synthesize heparan sulfate. ACS Catal 2021; 11:14956-14966. [PMID: 35223137 PMCID: PMC8865405 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase (3-OST) transfers a sulfo group to the 3-OH position of a glucosamine saccharide unit to form 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate. 3-O-sulfation is known to be critically important for bestowing anticoagulant activity and other biological functions of heparan sulfate. Here, we report two ternary crystal structures of 3-OST-5 with PAP (3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate) and two octasaccharide substrates. We also used 3-OST-5 to synthesize six 3-O-sulfated 8-mers. Results from the structural analysis of the six 3-O-sulfated 8-mers revealed the substrate specificity of 3-OST-5. The enzyme prefers to sulfate a 6-O-sulfo glucosamine saccharide that is surrounded by glucuronic acid over a 6-O-sulfo glucosamine saccharide that is surrounded by 2-O-sulfated iduronic acid. 3-OST-5 modified 8-mers display a broad range of anti-factor Xa activity, depending on the structure of the 8-mer. We also discovered that the substrate specificity of 3-OST-5 is not governed solely by the side chains from amino acid residues in the active site. The conformational flexibility of the 2-O-sulfated iduronic acid in the saccharide substrates also contributes to the substrate specificity. These findings advance our understanding for how to control the biosynthesis of 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate with desired biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rylee Wander
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrea M. Kaminski
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zhangjie Wang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eduardo Stancanelli
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Jine Li
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Juno M. Krahn
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Truong Quang Pham
- Glycan Therapeutics Corp, 617 Hutton Street, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lars C. Pedersen
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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14
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Patel VN, Pineda DL, Berenstein E, Hauser BR, Choi S, Prochazkova M, Zheng C, Goldsmith CM, van Kuppevelt TH, Kulkarni A, Song Y, Linhardt RJ, Chibly AM, Hoffman MP. Loss of Hs3st3a1 or Hs3st3b1 enzymes alters heparan sulfate to reduce epithelial morphogenesis and adult salivary gland function. Matrix Biol 2021; 103-104:37-57. [PMID: 34653670 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferases generate highly sulfated but rare 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate (HS) epitopes on cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix. Previous ex vivo experiments suggested functional redundancy exists among the family of seven enzymes but that Hs3st3a1 and Hs3st3b1 sulfated HS increases epithelial FGFR signaling and morphogenesis. Single-cell RNAseq analysis of control SMGs identifies increased expression of Hs3st3a1 and Hs3st3b1 in endbud and myoepithelial cells, both of which are progenitor cells during development and regeneration. To analyze their in vivo functions, we generated both Hs3st3a1-/- and Hs3st3b1-/- single knockout mice, which are viable and fertile. Salivary glands from both mice have impaired fetal epithelial morphogenesis when cultured with FGF10. Hs3st3b1-/- mice have reduced intact SMG branching morphogenesis and reduced 3-O-sulfated HS in the basement membrane. Analysis of HS biosynthetic enzyme transcription highlighted some compensatory changes in sulfotransferases expression early in development. The overall glycosaminoglycan composition of adult control and KO mice were similar, although HS disaccharide analysis showed increased N- and non-sulfated disaccharides in Hs3st3a1-/- HS. Analysis of adult KO gland function revealed normal secretory innervation, but without stimulation there was an increase in frequency of drinking behavior in both KO mice, suggesting basal salivary hypofunction, possibly due to myoepithelial dysfunction. Understanding how 3-O-sulfation regulates myoepithelial progenitor function will be important to manipulate HS-binding growth factors to enhance tissue function and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali N Patel
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dallas L Pineda
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elsa Berenstein
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Belinda R Hauser
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sophie Choi
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michaela Prochazkova
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Changyu Zheng
- Translational Research Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Corinne M Goldsmith
- Translational Research Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Toin H van Kuppevelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ashok Kulkarni
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuefan Song
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Alejandro M Chibly
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew P Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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15
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Takahashi I. Role of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Insulin-producing Pancreatic β-cell Function. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2021. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.2028.1j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Takahashi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University
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16
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Takahashi I. Role of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Insulin-producing Pancreatic β-cell Function. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2021. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.2028.1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Takahashi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University
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17
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Rai S, Alsaidan OA, Yang H, Cai H, Wang L. Heparan sulfate inhibits transforming growth factor β signaling and functions in cis and in trans to regulate prostate stem/progenitor cell activities. Glycobiology 2021; 30:381-395. [PMID: 31829419 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate stem/progenitor cells (PrSCs) are responsible for adult prostate tissue homeostasis and regeneration. However, the related regulatory mechanisms are not completely understood. In this study, we examined the role of heparan sulfate (HS) in PrSC self-renewal and prostate regeneration. Using an in vitro prostate sphere formation assay, we found that deletion of the glycosyltransferase exostosin 1 (Ext1) abolished HS expression in PrSCs and disrupted their ability to self-renew. In associated studies, we observed that HS loss inhibited p63 and CK5 expression, reduced the number of p63+- or CK5+-expressing stem/progenitor cells, elevated CK8+ expression and the number of differentiated CK8+ luminal cells and arrested the spheroid cells in the G1/G0 phase of cell cycle. Mechanistically, HS expressed by PrSCs (in cis) or by neighboring cells (in trans) could maintain sphere formation. Furthermore, HS deficiency upregulated transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling and inhibiting TGFβ signaling partially restored the sphere-formation activity of the HS-deficient PrSCs. In an in vivo prostate regeneration assay, simultaneous loss of HS in both epithelial cell and stromal cell compartments attenuated prostate tissue regeneration, whereas the retention of HS expression in either of the two cellular compartments was sufficient to sustain prostate tissue regeneration. We conclude that HS preserves self-renewal of adult PrSCs by inhibiting TGFβ signaling and functions both in cis and in trans to maintain prostate homeostasis and to support prostate regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Rai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Omar Awad Alsaidan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Houjian Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
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18
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Piraino LR, Benoit DSW, DeLouise LA. Salivary Gland Tissue Engineering Approaches: State of the Art and Future Directions. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071723. [PMID: 34359893 PMCID: PMC8303463 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland regeneration is important for developing treatments for radiation-induced xerostomia, Sjögren’s syndrome, and other conditions that cause dry mouth. Culture conditions adopted from tissue engineering strategies have been used to recapitulate gland structure and function to study and regenerate the salivary glands. The purpose of this review is to highlight current trends in the field, with an emphasis on soluble factors that have been shown to improve secretory function in vitro. A PubMed search was conducted to identify articles published in the last 10 years and articles were evaluated to identify the most promising approaches and areas for further research. Results showed increasing use of extracellular matrix mimetics, such as Matrigel®, collagen, and a variety of functionalized polymers. Soluble factors that provide supportive cues, including fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and neurotrophic factors, as well as chemical inhibitors of Rho-associated kinase (ROCK), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and transforming growth factor β receptor (TGFβR) have shown increases in important markers including aquaporin 5 (Aqp5); muscle, intestine, and stomach expression 1 (Mist1); and keratin (K5). However, recapitulation of tissue function at in vivo levels is still elusive. A focus on identification of soluble factors, cells, and/or matrix cues tested in combination may further increase the maintenance of salivary gland secretory function in vitro. These approaches may also be amenable for translation in vivo to support successful regeneration of dysfunctional glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay R. Piraino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; (L.R.P.); (D.S.W.B.)
| | - Danielle S. W. Benoit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; (L.R.P.); (D.S.W.B.)
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Lisa A. DeLouise
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; (L.R.P.); (D.S.W.B.)
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Correspondence:
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19
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Tanaka J, Mishima K. Application of regenerative medicine to salivary gland hypofunction. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2021; 57:54-59. [PMID: 33995711 PMCID: PMC8102160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry mouth results from hypofunction of the salivary glands due to Sjögren's syndrome (SS), various medications, and radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. In severe cases of salivary gland hypofunction, sialagogues are not always effective due to the loss of salivary parenchyma. Therefore, regenerative medicine using stem cell therapy is a promising treatment for severe cases. Stem cells are classified into three groups: tissue stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Tissue stem cells, such as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and salivary stem/progenitor cells, could rescue irradiation-induced salivary gland hypofunction. Both HSCs and MSCs can rescue salivary gland hypofunction through soluble factors in a paracrine manner, while salivary stem/progenitor cells can reconstitute the damaged salivary glands. In fact, we clarified that CD133-positive cells in mouse submandibular glands showed stem cell features, which reconstituted the damaged salivary glands. Furthermore, we focused on the challenge of producing functional salivary glands that are three-dimensionally induced from mouse ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Tanaka
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Mishima
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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20
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Barisón MJ, Pereira IT, Waloski Robert A, Dallagiovanna B. Reorganization of Metabolism during Cardiomyogenesis Implies Time-Specific Signaling Pathway Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1330. [PMID: 33572750 PMCID: PMC7869011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the cell differentiation process involves the characterization of signaling and regulatory pathways. The coordinated action involved in multilevel regulation determines the commitment of stem cells and their differentiation into a specific cell lineage. Cellular metabolism plays a relevant role in modulating the expression of genes, which act as sensors of the extra-and intracellular environment. In this work, we analyzed mRNAs associated with polysomes by focusing on the expression profile of metabolism-related genes during the cardiac differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We compared different time points during cardiac differentiation (pluripotency, embryoid body aggregation, cardiac mesoderm, cardiac progenitor and cardiomyocyte) and showed the immature cell profile of energy metabolism. Highly regulated canonical pathways are thoroughly discussed, such as those involved in metabolic signaling and lipid homeostasis. We reveal the critical relevance of retinoic X receptor (RXR) heterodimers in upstream retinoic acid metabolism and their relationship with thyroid hormone signaling. Additionally, we highlight the importance of lipid homeostasis and extracellular matrix component biosynthesis during cardiomyogenesis, providing new insights into how hESCs reorganize their metabolism during in vitro cardiac differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruno Dallagiovanna
- Basic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto Carlos Chagas-FIOCRUZ-PR, Rua Professor Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775, Curitiba, PR 81350-010, Brazil; (M.J.B.); (I.T.P.); (A.W.R.)
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21
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Mochizuki H, Futatsumori H, Suzuki E, Kimata K. A quantitative method to detect non-antithrombin-binding 3-O-sulfated units in heparan sulfate. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100115. [PMID: 33234593 PMCID: PMC7948761 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate is synthesized by most animal cells and interacts with numerous proteins via specific sulfation motifs to regulate various physiological processes. Various 3-O-sulfated motifs are considered to be key in controlling the binding specificities to the functional proteins. One such motif synthesized by 3-O-sulfotransferase-1 (3OST-1) serves as a binding site for antithrombin (AT) and has been thoroughly studied because of its pharmacological importance. However, the physiological roles of 3-O-sulfates produced by other 3OST isoforms, which do not bind AT, remain obscure, in part due to the lack of a standard method to analyze this rare modification. This study aims to establish a method for quantifying 3-O-sulfated components of heparan sulfate, focusing on non-AT-binding units. We previously examined the reaction products of human 3OST isoforms and identified five 3-O-sulfated components, including three non-AT-binding disaccharides and two AT-binding tetrasaccharides, as digestion products of heparin lyases. In this study, we prepared these five components as a standard saccharide for HPLC analysis. Together with eight non-3-O-sulfated disaccharides, a standard mixture of 13 units was prepared. Using reverse-phase ion-pair HPLC with a postcolumn fluorescent labeling system, the separation conditions were optimized to quantify the 13 units. Finally, we analyzed the compositional changes of 3-O-sulfated units in heparan sulfate from P19 cells before and after neuronal differentiation. We successfully detected the 3-O-sulfated units specifically expressed in the differentiated neurons. This is the first report that shows the quantification of three non-AT-binding 3-O-sulfated units and establishes a new approach to explore the physiological functions of 3-O-sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Mochizuki
- Central Research Laboratories, Seikagaku Corporation, Higashiyamato, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Futatsumori
- Central Research Laboratories, Seikagaku Corporation, Higashiyamato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Suzuki
- Central Research Laboratories, Seikagaku Corporation, Higashiyamato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Kimata
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
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22
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Ok SM, Ho D, Lynd T, Ahn YW, Ju HM, Jeong SH, Cheon K. Candida Infection Associated with Salivary Gland-A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2020; 10:E97. [PMID: 33396602 PMCID: PMC7795466 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species are common global opportunistic pathogens that could repeatedly and chronically cause oral mucosa infection and create an inflammatory environment, leading to organ dysfunction. Oral Candida infections may cause temporary or permanent damage to salivary glands, resulting in the destruction of acinar cells and the formation of scar tissue. Restricted function of the salivary glands leads to discomfort and diseases of the oral mucosa, such as dry mouth and associated infection. This narrative review attempts to summarize the anatomy and function of salivary glands, the associations between Candida and saliva, the effects of Candida infection on salivary glands, and the treatment strategies. Overall, clinicians should proactively manage Candida infections by educating patients on oral hygiene management for vulnerable populations, conducting frequent checks for a timely diagnosis, and providing an effective treatment plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Min Ok
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (S.-m.O.); (Y.-W.A.); (H.-M.J.); (S.-H.J.)
- Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (D.H.); (T.L.)
| | - Donald Ho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (D.H.); (T.L.)
| | - Tyler Lynd
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (D.H.); (T.L.)
| | - Yong-Woo Ahn
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (S.-m.O.); (Y.-W.A.); (H.-M.J.); (S.-H.J.)
- Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Hye-Min Ju
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (S.-m.O.); (Y.-W.A.); (H.-M.J.); (S.-H.J.)
- Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Jeong
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (S.-m.O.); (Y.-W.A.); (H.-M.J.); (S.-H.J.)
- Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Kyounga Cheon
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (D.H.); (T.L.)
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23
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3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate interactors target synaptic adhesion molecules from neonatal mouse brain and inhibit neural activity and synaptogenesis in vitro. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19114. [PMID: 33154448 PMCID: PMC7644699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) chains, covalently linked to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG), promote synaptic development and functions by connecting various synaptic adhesion proteins (AP). HS binding to AP could vary according to modifications of HS chains by different sulfotransferases. 3-O-sulfotransferases (Hs3sts) produce rare 3-O-sulfated HSs (3S-HSs), of poorly known functions in the nervous system. Here, we showed that a peptide known to block herpes simplex virus by interfering with 3S-HSs in vitro and in vivo (i.e. G2 peptide), specifically inhibited neural activity, reduced evoked glutamate release, and impaired synaptic assembly in hippocampal cell cultures. A role for 3S-HSs in promoting synaptic assembly and neural activity is consistent with the synaptic interactome of G2 peptide, and with the detection of Hs3sts and their products in synapses of cultured neurons and in synaptosomes prepared from developing brains. Our study suggests that 3S-HSs acting as receptors for herpesviruses might be important regulators of neuronal and synaptic development in vertebrates.
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24
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Gulberti S, Mao X, Bui C, Fournel-Gigleux S. The role of heparan sulfate maturation in cancer: A focus on the 3O-sulfation and the enigmatic 3O-sulfotransferases (HS3STs). Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 62:68-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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25
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Rutledge EA, McMahon AP. Mutational analysis of genes with ureteric progenitor cell-specific expression in branching morphogenesis of the mouse kidney. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:765-774. [PMID: 32017326 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ureteric progenitor cells (UPCs) within the branch tips of the arborizing ureteric epithelium of the kidney's developing collecting system establish the shape and cellular organization of the collecting network, and drive the nephrogenic program through their interactions with nephron progenitor cells. In a previous study, expression screening identified a cohort of genes showing UPC-enriched expression including D17H6S56E-5, Hs3st3a1, Hs3st3b1, and Tmem59l. Each of these is also enriched in branch tips of assembling airways of the developing lungs. Here, we used Crispr-CAS9 directed gene editing to mutate each of these targets to address their potential role(s) in UPC programs. RESULTS Single (D17H6S56E-5 and Tmem59l) and double (Hs3st3a1 and Hs3st3b1) mutants were viable, fertile, and displayed varying frequencies of ureter duplications and no overt lung phenotype. Ureter duplications arise spontaneously through multiple outgrowths of the ureteric bud at the onset of kidney development. Tmem59l mutants and Hs3st3a1/Hs3st3b1 compound mutants showed a weakly penetrant, but statistically significant increase in duplicated ureters compared to C57BL6/J and SW wild-type mouse strains. CONCLUSIONS Tmem59l and Hs3st3a1/Hs3st3b1 activities contribute to the regulatory programs restricting ureteric outgrowth in the developing mouse kidney. However, the low penetrance of the observed phenotype precludes a detailed analysis of their specific actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A Rutledge
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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26
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Dhurandhare VM, Pagadala V, Ferreira A, Muynck LD, Liu J. Synthesis of 3- O-Sulfated Disaccharide and Tetrasaccharide Standards for Compositional Analysis of Heparan Sulfate. Biochemistry 2019; 59:3186-3192. [PMID: 31608625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
3-O-Sulfation on the glucosamine sugar unit in heparan sulfate (HS) is linked to various biological functions, including the anticoagulant activity to treat thrombotic disorders in hospitals. The 3-O-sulfated glucosamine is biosynthesized by heparan sulfate glucosamine 3-sulfotransferases. Because of its biological significance, there is a need for 3-O-sulfated oligosaccharide standards to facilitate the compositional analysis of HS. These oligosaccharides must contain a Δ4,5-unsaturated uronic acid (ΔUA) residue at the nonreducing end, which is due to the depolymerization reaction catalyzed by heparin lyases used during the compositional analysis procedure. Here, we describe a protocol for the preparation of one 3-O-sulfated disaccharide (compound 4) and three 3-O-sulfated tetrasaccharides (compound 1-3) in a milligram scale. The synthesis of 3-O-sulfated disaccharide and tetrasaccharide standards was completed by degrading synthetic octasaccharides using heparin lyases. Further analysis revealed that 3-O-sulfated oligosaccharide standards are labile under basic conditions, confirming the findings from a previous study. The unwanted degradation was reduced by decreasing the pH in the presence of phosphate buffer. The 3-O-sulfated oligosaccharide standards are reagents to characterize 3-O-sulfation in HS derived from biological sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Manohar Dhurandhare
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Vijayakanth Pagadala
- Glycan Therapeutics, LLC, 617 Hutton Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Andreia Ferreira
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium.,VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Louis De Muynck
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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27
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Orlova E, Carlson JC, Lee MK, Feingold E, McNeil DW, Crout RJ, Weyant RJ, Marazita ML, Shaffer JR. Pilot GWAS of caries in African-Americans shows genetic heterogeneity. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:215. [PMID: 31533690 PMCID: PMC6751797 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental caries is the most common chronic disease in the US and disproportionately affects racial/ethnic minorities. Caries is heritable, and though genetic heterogeneity exists between ancestries for a substantial portion of loci associated with complex disease, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of caries specifically in African Americans has not been performed previously. METHODS We performed exploratory GWAS of dental caries in 109 African American adults (age > 18) and 96 children (age 3-12) from the Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia (COHRA1 cohort). Caries phenotypes (DMFS, DMFT, dft, and dfs indices) assessed by dental exams were tested for association with 5 million genotyped or imputed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), separately in the two age groups. The GWAS was performed using linear regression with adjustment for age, sex, and two principal components of ancestry. A maximum of 1 million adaptive permutations were run to determine empirical significance. RESULTS No loci met the threshold for genome-wide significance, though some of the strongest signals were near genes previously implicated in caries such as antimicrobial peptide DEFB1 (rs2515501; p = 4.54 × 10- 6) and TUFT1 (rs11805632; p = 5.15 × 10- 6). Effect estimates of lead SNPs at suggestive loci were compared between African Americans and Caucasians (adults N = 918; children N = 983). Significant (p < 5 × 10- 8) genetic heterogeneity for caries risk was found between racial groups for 50% of the suggestive loci in children, and 12-18% of the suggestive loci in adults. CONCLUSIONS The genetic heterogeneity results suggest that there may be differences in the contributions of genetic variants to caries across racial groups, and highlight the critical need for the inclusion of minorities in subsequent and larger genetic studies of caries in order to meet the goals of precision medicine and to reduce oral health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Orlova
- Department of Human Genetics, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - J C Carlson
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - M K Lee
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Dept. of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - E Feingold
- Department of Human Genetics, Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, USA
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Dept. of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D W McNeil
- Departments of Psychology, & Dental Practice and Rural Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA
| | - R J Crout
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - R J Weyant
- Department of Dental Public Health and Information Management, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - M L Marazita
- Department of Human Genetics, Pittsburgh, USA
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Dept. of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J R Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, Pittsburgh, USA.
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Dept. of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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28
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Aints A, Mölder S, Salumets A. EXTL3-interacting endometriosis-specific serum factors induce colony formation of endometrial stromal cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12562. [PMID: 31467315 PMCID: PMC6715673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48840-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a benign chronic condition characterized by the existence of endometrial-like stroma and glandular tissue in extrauterine locations. The molecular mechanisms of its pathogenesis have not been elucidated. We have studied the role of EXTL3 (exostosin-like 3) in endometriosis and found that it is expressed in endometrial tissue as well as endometriosis lesions. We have found that serum from endometriosis patients contains a factor or factors, which interact with EXTL3 resulting in strongly increased colony formation in regenerating cell culture. We also found increased anti-EXTL3 antibodies in endometriosis patients’ sera. EXTL3 is an N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase, performing a key step in heparan sulfate (HS) glucosaminoglycan synthesis. Many viruses replicate in regenerating epithelial cells and use HS as a receptor for cell entry. We measured antibody titres to viruses, which use HS as a receptor for cell entry, and found rarely increased titres for these viruses in endometriosis sera, whereas titres to viruses using other receptors were equally distributed in study groups. The data indicate that perturbation of HS metabolism is associated with endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alar Aints
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51014, Estonia. .,Kvintest OÜ, Tartu, 50410, Estonia.
| | - Signe Mölder
- Competence Centre on Health Technologies AS, Tartu, 50410, Estonia
| | - Andres Salumets
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51014, Estonia.,Competence Centre on Health Technologies AS, Tartu, 50410, Estonia.,Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50411, Estonia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
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29
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Mitroulia A, Gavriiloglou M, Athanasiadou P, Bakopoulou A, Poulopoulos A, Panta P, Patil S, Andreadis D. Salivary Gland Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration: An Update on Possible Therapeutic Application. J Contemp Dent Pract 2019; 20:978-986. [PMID: 31797858 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to combine literature and experimental data concerning the impact of salivary gland (SG) stem cells (SCs) and their therapeutic prospects in tissue regeneration. So far, SCs were isolated from human and rodent major and minor SGs that enabled their regeneration. Several scaffolds were also combined with "SCs" and different "proteins" to achieve guided differentiation, although none have been proven as ideal. A new aspect of SC therapy aims to establish a vice versa relationship between SG and other ecto- or endodermal organs such as the pancreas, liver, kidneys, and thyroid. SC therapy could be a cheap and simple, non-traumatic, and individualized therapy for medically challenging cases like xerostomia and major organ failures. Functional improvement has been achieved in these organs, but till date, the whole organ in vivo regeneration was not achieved. Concerns about malignant formations and possible failures are yet to be resolved. In this review article, we highlight the basic embryology of SGs, existence of SG SCs with a detailed exploration of various cellular markers, scaffolds for tissue engineering, and, in the later part, cover potential therapeutic applications with a special focus on the pancreas and liver. Keywords: Salivary gland stem cells, Stem cell therapy, Tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Mitroulia
- Department of Oral Medicine/Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marianna Gavriiloglou
- Department of Oral Medicine/Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Poluxeni Athanasiadou
- Department of Oral Medicine/Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athina Bakopoulou
- Department of Prosthodontics and Implantology-Tissue Regeneration Unit, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Poulopoulos
- Department of Oral Medicine/Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Prashanth Panta
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, MNR Dental College and Hospital, Sangareddy, Telangana, India, Phone: +91 9701806830, e-mail:
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dimitrios Andreadis
- Department of Oral Medicine/Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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30
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Vining KH, Lombaert IMA, Patel VN, Kibbey SE, Pradhan-Bhatt S, Witt RL, Hoffman MP. Neurturin-containing laminin matrices support innervated branching epithelium from adult epithelial salispheres. Biomaterials 2019; 216:119245. [PMID: 31200143 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell transplantation of autologous adult biopsies, grown ex vivo as epithelial organoids or expanded as spheroids, are proposed treatments to regenerate damaged branching organs. However, it is not clear whether transplantation of adult organoids or spheroids alone is sufficient to initiate a fetal-like program of branching morphogenesis in which coordinated branching of multiple cell types including nerves, mesenchyme and blood vessels occurs. Yet this is an essential concept for the regeneration of branching organs such as lung, pancreas, and lacrimal and salivary glands. Here, we used factors identified from fetal organogenesis to maintain and expand adult murine and human epithelial salivary gland progenitors in non-adherent spheroid cultures, called salispheres. These factors stimulated critical developmental pathways, and increased expression of epithelial progenitor markers such as Keratin5, Keratin14, FGFR2b and KIT. Moreover, physical recombination of adult salispheres in a laminin-111 extracellular matrix with fetal salivary mesenchyme, containing endothelial and neuronal cells, only induced branching morphogenesis when neurturin, a neurotrophic factor, was added to the matrix. Neurturin was essential to improve neuronal survival, axon outgrowth, innervation of the salispheres, and resulted in the formation of branching structures with a proximal-distal axis that mimicked fetal branching morphogenesis, thus recapitulating organogenesis. Epithelial progenitors were also maintained, and developmental differentiation programs were initiated, showing that the fetal microenvironment provides a template for adult epithelial progenitors to initiate branching and differentiation. Further delineation of secreted and physical cues from the fetal niche will be useful to develop novel regenerative therapies that instruct adult salispheres to resume a developmental-like program in vitro and to regenerate branching organs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Vining
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20842, USA; Medical Research Scholars Program, Office of Clinical Research Training and Medical Education, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20842, USA; University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Current Address: John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138. USA
| | - I M A Lombaert
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20842, USA; Current Address: Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, North Campus Research Center, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - V N Patel
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20842, USA
| | - S E Kibbey
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20842, USA
| | - S Pradhan-Bhatt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA; Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA; Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, 19713, USA
| | - R L Witt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA; Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA; Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, 19713, USA; Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - M P Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20842, USA.
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31
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Diao J, Liu J, Wang S, Chang M, Wang X, Guo B, Yu Q, Yan F, Su Y, Wang Y. Sweat gland organoids contribute to cutaneous wound healing and sweat gland regeneration. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:238. [PMID: 30858357 PMCID: PMC6411741 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Sweat glands perform a vital thermoregulatory function in mammals. Like other skin components, they originate from epidermal progenitors. However, they have low regenerative potential in response to injury. We have established a sweat gland culture and expansion method using 3D organoids cultures. The epithelial cells derived from sweat glands in dermis of adult mouse paw pads were embedded into Matrigel and formed sweat gland organoids (SGOs). These organoids maintained remarkable stem cell features and demonstrated differentiation capacity to give rise to either sweat gland cells (SGCs) or epidermal cells. Moreover, the bipotent SGO-derived cells could be induced into stratified epidermis structures at the air−liquid interface culture in a medium tailored for skin epidermal cells in vitro. The SGCs embedded in Matrigel tailored for sweat glands formed epithelial organoids, which expressed sweat-gland-specific markers, such as cytokeratin (CK) 18 and CK19, aquaporin (AQP) 5 and αATP. More importantly, they had potential of regeneration of epidermis and sweat gland when they were transplanted into the mouse back wound and claw pad with sweat gland injury, respectively. In summary, we established and optimized culture conditions for effective generation of mouse SGOs. These cells are candidates to restore impaired sweat gland tissue as well as to improve cutaneous skin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmei Diao
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyong Wang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyang Chang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Baolin Guo
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Qunfang Yu
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Yan
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Su
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfang Wang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, 100850, Beijing, China.
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32
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Ferreras L, Moles A, Situmorang GR, El Masri R, Wilson IL, Cooke K, Thompson E, Kusche-Gullberg M, Vivès RR, Sheerin NS, Ali S. Heparan sulfate in chronic kidney diseases: Exploring the role of 3-O-sulfation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:839-848. [PMID: 30794825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the main feature of chronic kidney disease is the development of renal fibrosis. Heparan Sulfate (HS) is involved in disease development by modifying the function of growth factors and cytokines and creating chemokine gradients. In this context, we aimed to understand the function of HS sulfation in renal fibrosis. Using a mouse model of renal fibrosis, we found that total HS 2-O-sulfation was increased in damaged kidneys, whilst, tubular staining of HS 3-O-sulfation was decreased. The expression of HS modifying enzymes significantly correlated with the development of fibrosis with HS3ST1 demonstrating the strongest correlation. The pro-fibrotic factors TGFβ1 and TGFβ2/IL1β significantly downregulated HS3ST1 expression in both renal epithelial cells and renal fibroblasts. To determine the implication of HS3ST1 in growth factor binding and signalling, we generated an in vitro model of renal epithelial cells overexpressing HS3ST1 (HKC8-HS3ST1). Heparin Binding EGF like growth factor (HB-EGF) induced rapid, transient STAT3 phosphorylation in control HKC8 cells. In contrast, a prolonged response was demonstrated in HKC8-HS3ST1 cells. Finally, we showed that both HS 3-O-sulfation and HB-EGF tubular staining were decreased with the development of fibrosis. Taken together, these data suggest that HS 3-O-sulfation is modified in fibrosis and highlight HS3ST1 as an attractive biomarker of fibrosis progression with a potential role in HB-EGF signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ferreras
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Anna Moles
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Gerhard R Situmorang
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Rana El Masri
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Imogen L Wilson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Katie Cooke
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Emily Thompson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Marion Kusche-Gullberg
- University of Bergen, Department of Biomedicine, Jonas Lies vei 91, N-5009 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Neil S Sheerin
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK; Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom
| | - Simi Ali
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK.
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May AJ, Cruz-Pacheco N, Emmerson E, Gaylord EA, Seidel K, Nathan S, Muench MO, Klein OD, Knox SM. Diverse progenitor cells preserve salivary gland ductal architecture after radiation-induced damage. Development 2018; 145:dev.166363. [PMID: 30305288 DOI: 10.1242/dev.166363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ductal system of the salivary gland has long been postulated to be resistant to radiation-induced damage, a common side effect incurred by head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. Yet, whether the ducts are capable of regenerating after genotoxic injury, or whether damage to ductal cells induces lineage plasticity, as has been reported in other organ systems, remains unknown. Here, using the murine salivary gland, we show that two ductal progenitor populations, marked exclusively by KRT14 and KIT, maintain non-overlapping ductal compartments after radiation exposure but do so through distinct cellular mechanisms. KRT14+ progenitor cells are fast-cycling cells that proliferate in response to radiation-induced damage in a sustained manner and divide asymmetrically to produce differentiated cells of the larger granulated ducts. Conversely, KIT+ intercalated duct cells are long-lived progenitors for the intercalated ducts that undergo few cell divisions either during homeostasis or after gamma radiation, thus maintaining ductal architecture with slow rates of cell turnover. Together, these data illustrate the regenerative capacity of the salivary ducts and highlight the heterogeneity in the damage responses used by salivary progenitor cells to maintain tissue architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J May
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Noel Cruz-Pacheco
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elaine Emmerson
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eliza A Gaylord
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kerstin Seidel
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sara Nathan
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA .,Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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34
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The role of SDF1 in prostate epithelial morphogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:6886-6897. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Wu J, Wei J, Hogan JD, Chopra P, Joshi A, Lu W, Klein J, Boons GJ, Lin C, Zaia J. Negative Electron Transfer Dissociation Sequencing of 3-O-Sulfation-Containing Heparan Sulfate Oligosaccharides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1262-1272. [PMID: 29564812 PMCID: PMC6004244 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Among dissociation methods, negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) has been proven the most useful for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) sequencing because it produces informative fragmentation, a low degree of sulfate losses, high sensitivity, and translatability to multiple instrument types. The challenge, however, is to distinguish positional sulfation. In particular, NETD has been reported to fail to differentiate 4-O- versus 6-O-sulfation in chondroitin sulfate decasaccharide. This raised the concern of whether NETD is able to differentiate the rare 3-O-sulfation from predominant 6-O-sulfation in heparan sulfate (HS) oligosaccharides. Here, we report that NETD generates highly informative spectra that differentiate sites of O-sulfation on glucosamine residues, enabling structural characterizations of synthetic HS isomers containing 3-O-sulfation. Further, lyase-resistant 3-O-sulfated tetrasaccharides from natural sources were successfully sequenced. Notably, for all of the oligosaccharides in this study, the successful sequencing is based on NETD tandem mass spectra of commonly observed deprotonated precursor ions without derivatization or metal cation adduction, simplifying the experimental workflow and data interpretation. These results demonstrate the potential of NETD as a sensitive analytical tool for detailed, high-throughput structural analysis of highly sulfated GAGs. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Wu
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, 5th Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Juan Wei
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, 5th Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - John D Hogan
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Pradeep Chopra
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Apoorva Joshi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Weigang Lu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Joshua Klein
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584, Utrecht, CG, Netherlands
| | - Cheng Lin
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, 5th Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, 5th Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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36
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Emmerson E, Knox SM. Salivary gland stem cells: A review of development, regeneration and cancer. Genesis 2018; 56:e23211. [PMID: 29663717 PMCID: PMC5980780 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Salivary glands are responsible for maintaining the health of the oral cavity and are routinely damaged by therapeutic radiation for head and neck cancer as well as by autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome. Regenerative approaches based on the reactivation of endogenous stem cells or the transplant of exogenous stem cells hold substantial promise in restoring the structure and function of these organs to improve patient quality of life. However, these approaches have been hampered by a lack of knowledge on the identity of salivary stem cell populations and their regulators. In this review we discuss our current knowledge on salivary stem cells and their regulators during organ development, homeostasis and regeneration. As increasing evidence in other systems suggests that progenitor cells may be a source of cancer, we also review whether these same salivary stem cells may also be cancer initiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Emmerson
- The MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Sarah M. Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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37
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Yang J, Hsieh PH, Liu X, Zhou W, Zhang X, Zhao J, Xu Y, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Liu J. Construction and characterisation of a heparan sulphate heptasaccharide microarray. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:1743-1746. [PMID: 28106177 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc08204a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A targeted heptasaccharide library was synthesised to prepare a heparan sulphate (HS) microarray. The array was probed with two glycan-binding proteins, HS 3-O-sulphotransferase 1 and antithrombin, demonstrating the binding selectivity between HS and proteins. The HS microarray technique will accelerate the understanding of the structure and function relationships of HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Yang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. and College of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China
| | - Po-Hung Hsieh
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Wen Zhou
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. and School of Chinese Medical Material, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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38
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Hosseini ZF, Nelson DA, Moskwa N, Sfakis LM, Castracane J, Larsen M. FGF2-dependent mesenchyme and laminin-111 are niche factors in salivary gland organoids. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.208728. [PMID: 29361536 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.208728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial progenitor cells are dependent upon a complex 3D niche to promote their proliferation and differentiation during development, which can be recapitulated in organoids. The specific requirements of the niche remain unclear for many cell types, including the proacinar cells that give rise to secretory acinar epithelial cells that produce saliva. Here, using ex vivo cultures of E16 primary mouse submandibular salivary gland epithelial cell clusters, we investigated the requirement for mesenchymal cells and other factors in producing salivary organoids in culture. Native E16 salivary mesenchyme, but not NIH3T3 cells or mesenchymal cell conditioned medium, supported robust protein expression of the progenitor marker Kit and the acinar/proacinar marker AQP5, with a requirement for FGF2 expression by the mesenchyme. Enriched salivary epithelial clusters that were grown in laminin-enriched basement membrane extract or laminin-111 together with exogenous FGF2, but not with EGF, underwent morphogenesis to form organoids that displayed robust expression of AQP5 in terminal buds. Knockdown of FGF2 in the mesenchyme or depletion of mesenchyme cells from the organoids significantly reduced AQP5 levels even in the presence of FGF2, suggesting a requirement for autocrine FGF2 signaling in the mesenchyme cells for AQP5 expression. We conclude that basement membrane proteins and mesenchyme cells function as niche factors in salivary organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab F Hosseini
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA.,Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular, Developmental and Neural Biology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Deirdre A Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Nicholas Moskwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA.,Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular, Developmental and Neural Biology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Lauren M Sfakis
- Colleges of Nanoscale Sciences and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Rd, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - James Castracane
- Colleges of Nanoscale Sciences and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Rd, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Melinda Larsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
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39
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Kwon HR, Nelson DA, DeSantis KA, Morrissey JM, Larsen M. Endothelial cell regulation of salivary gland epithelial patterning. Development 2017; 144:211-220. [PMID: 28096213 DOI: 10.1242/dev.142497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Perfusion-independent regulation of epithelial pattern formation by the vasculature during organ development and regeneration is of considerable interest for application in restoring organ function. During murine submandibular salivary gland development, the vasculature co-develops with the epithelium during branching morphogenesis; however, it is not known whether the vasculature has instructive effects on the epithelium. Using pharmacological inhibitors and siRNA knockdown in embryonic organ explants, we determined that VEGFR2-dependent signaling is required for salivary gland epithelial patterning. To test directly for a requirement for endothelial cells in instructive epithelial patterning, we developed a novel ex vivo cell fractionation/reconstitution assay. Immuno-depletion of CD31+ endothelial cells in this assay confirmed a requirement for endothelial cells in epithelial patterning of the gland. Depletion of endothelial cells or inhibition of VEGFR2 signaling in organ explants caused an aberrant increase in cells expressing the ductal proteins K19 and K7, with a reduction in Kit+ progenitor cells in the endbuds of reconstituted glands. Addition of exogenous endothelial cells to reconstituted glands restored epithelial patterning, as did supplementation with the endothelial cell-regulated mesenchymal factors IGFBP2 and IGFBP3. Our results demonstrate that endothelial cells promote expansion of Kit+ progenitor cells and suppress premature ductal differentiation in early developing embryonic submandibular salivary gland buds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Ryong Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA.,Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular, Developmental, and Neural Biology, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Deirdre A Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Kara A DeSantis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA.,Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular, Developmental, and Neural Biology, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Jennifer M Morrissey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Melinda Larsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA
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40
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He H, Huang M, Sun S, Wu Y, Lin X. Epithelial heparan sulfate regulates Sonic Hedgehog signaling in lung development. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006992. [PMID: 28859094 PMCID: PMC5597256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The tree-like structure of the mammalian lung is generated from branching morphogenesis, a reiterative process that is precisely regulated by numerous factors. How the cell surface and extra cellular matrix (ECM) molecules regulate this process is still poorly understood. Herein, we show that epithelial deletion of Heparan Sulfate (HS) synthetase Ext1 resulted in expanded branching tips and reduced branching number, associated with several mesenchymal developmental defects. We further demonstrate an expanded Fgf10 expression and increased FGF signaling activity in Ext1 mutant lungs, suggesting a cell non-autonomous mechanism. Consistent with this, we observed reduced levels of SHH signaling which is responsible for suppressing Fgf10 expression. Moreover, reactivating SHH signaling in mutant lungs rescued the tip dilation phenotype and attenuated FGF signaling. Importantly, the reduced SHH signaling activity did not appear to be caused by decreased Shh expression or protein stability; instead, biologically active form of SHH proteins were reduced in both the Ext1 mutant epithelium and surrounding wild type mesenchymal cells. Together, our study highlights the epithelial HS as a key player for dictating SHH signaling critical for lung morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua He
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meina Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shenfei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yihui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- * E-mail: ,
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41
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Rutledge EA, Benazet JD, McMahon AP. Cellular heterogeneity in the ureteric progenitor niche and distinct profiles of branching morphogenesis in organ development. Development 2017; 144:3177-3188. [PMID: 28705898 DOI: 10.1242/dev.149112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis creates arborized epithelial networks. In the mammalian kidney, an epithelial progenitor pool at ureteric branch tips (UBTs) creates the urine-transporting collecting system. Using region-specific mouse reporter strains, we performed an RNA-seq screen, identifying tip- and stalk-enriched gene sets in the developing collecting duct system. Detailed in situ hybridization studies of tip-enriched predictions identified UBT-enriched gene sets conserved between the mouse and human kidney. Comparative spatial analysis of their UBT niche expression highlighted distinct patterns of gene expression revealing novel molecular heterogeneity within the UBT progenitor population. To identify kidney-specific and shared programs of branching morphogenesis, comparative expression studies on the developing mouse lung were combined with in silico analysis of the developing mouse salivary gland. These studies highlight a shared gene set with multi-organ tip enrichment and a gene set specific to UBTs. This comprehensive analysis extends our current understanding of the ureteric branch tip niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A Rutledge
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jean-Denis Benazet
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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42
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Papy-Garcia D, Albanese P. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans as key regulators of the mesenchymal niche of hematopoietic stem cells. Glycoconj J 2017; 34:377-391. [PMID: 28577070 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-017-9773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The complex microenvironment that surrounds hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow niche involves different coordinated signaling pathways. The stem cells establish permanent interactions with distinct cell types such as mesenchymal stromal cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts or endothelial cells and with secreted regulators such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and their receptors. These interactions are mediated through adhesion to extracellular matrix compounds also. All these signaling pathways are important for stem cell fates such as self-renewal, proliferation or differentiation, homing and mobilization, as well as for remodeling of the niche. Among these complex molecular cues, this review focuses on heparan sulfate (HS) structures and functions and on the role of enzymes involved in their biosynthesis and turnover. HS associated to core protein, constitute the superfamily of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) present on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix of all tissues. The key regulatory effects of major medullar HSPGs are described, focusing on their roles in the interactions between hematopoietic stem cells and their endosteal niche, and on their ability to interact with Heparin Binding Proteins (HBPs). Finally, according to the relevance of HS moieties effects on this complex medullar niche, we describe recent data that identify HS mimetics or sulfated HS signatures as new glycanic tools and targets, respectively, for hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cell based therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulce Papy-Garcia
- CRRET Laboratory, Université Paris Est, EA 4397 Université Paris Est Créteil, ERL CNRS 9215, F-94010, Créteil, France
| | - Patricia Albanese
- CRRET Laboratory, Université Paris Est, EA 4397 Université Paris Est Créteil, ERL CNRS 9215, F-94010, Créteil, France.
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43
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Wang Z, Hsieh PH, Xu Y, Thieker D, Chai EJE, Xie S, Cooley B, Woods RJ, Chi L, Liu J. Synthesis of 3-O-Sulfated Oligosaccharides to Understand the Relationship between Structures and Functions of Heparan Sulfate. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5249-5256. [PMID: 28340300 PMCID: PMC5624809 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The sulfation at the 3-OH position of glucosamine is an important modification in forming structural domains for heparan sulfate to enable its biological functions. Seven 3-O-sulfotransferase isoforms in the human genome are involved in the biosynthesis of 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate. As a rare modification present in heparan sulfate, the availability of 3-O-sulfated oligosaccharides is very limited. Here, we report the use of a chemoenzymatic synthetic approach to synthesize six 3-O-sulfated oligosaccharides, including three hexasaccharides and three octasaccharides. The synthesis was achieved by rearranging the enzymatic modification sequence to accommodate the substrate specificity of 3-O-sulfotransferase 3. We studied the impact of 3-O-sulfation on the conformation of the pyranose ring of 2-O-sulfated iduronic acid using NMR, and on the correlation between ring conformation and anticoagulant activity. We identified a novel octasaccharide that interacts with antithrombin and displays anti factor Xa activity. Interestingly, the octasaccharide displays a faster clearance rate than fondaparinux, an FDA-approved pentasaccharide drug, in a rat model, making this octasaccharide a potential short-acting anticoagulant drug candidate that could reduce bleeding risk. Having access to a set of critically important 3-O-sulfated oligosaccharides offers the potential to develop new heparan sulfate-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangjie Wang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, China
| | - Po-Hung Hsieh
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - David Thieker
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Evangeline Juan En Chai
- School of Pharmacy, University College London , 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Shaoshuai Xie
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, China
| | - Brian Cooley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Robert J Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Lianli Chi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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44
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Wang S, Sekiguchi R, Daley WP, Yamada KM. Patterned cell and matrix dynamics in branching morphogenesis. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:559-570. [PMID: 28174204 PMCID: PMC5350520 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201610048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wang et al. discuss the intricate processes required during embryogenesis for the formation of the branched architecture of organs such as the lung, kidney, and blood vessels. Many embryonic organs undergo branching morphogenesis to maximize their functional epithelial surface area. Branching morphogenesis requires the coordinated interplay of multiple types of cells with the extracellular matrix (ECM). During branching morphogenesis, new branches form by “budding” or “clefting.” Cell migration, proliferation, rearrangement, deformation, and ECM dynamics have varied roles in driving budding versus clefting in different organs. Elongation of the newly formed branch and final maturation of the tip involve cellular mechanisms that include cell elongation, intercalation, convergent extension, proliferation, and differentiation. New methodologies such as high-resolution live imaging, tension sensors, and force-mapping techniques are providing exciting new opportunities for future research into branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohe Wang
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Rei Sekiguchi
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - William P Daley
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kenneth M Yamada
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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45
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Patel VN, Pineda DL, Hoffman MP. The function of heparan sulfate during branching morphogenesis. Matrix Biol 2017; 57-58:311-323. [PMID: 27609403 PMCID: PMC5329135 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis is a fundamental process in the development of diverse epithelial organs such as the lung, kidney, liver, pancreas, prostate, salivary, lacrimal and mammary glands. A unifying theme during organogenesis is the importance of epithelial cell interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and growth factors (GFs). The diverse developmental mechanisms giving rise to these epithelial organs involve many organ-specific GFs, but a unifying paradigm during organogenesis is the regulation of GF activity by heparan sulfates (HS) on the cell surface and in the ECM. This primarily involves the interactions of GFs with the sulfated side-chains of HS proteoglycans. HS is one of the most diverse biopolymers and modulates GF binding and signaling at the cell surface and in the ECM of all tissues. Here, we review what is known about how HS regulates branching morphogenesis of epithelial organs with emphasis on the developing salivary gland, which is a classic model to investigate epithelial-ECM interactions. We also address the structure, biosynthesis, turnover and function of HS during organogenesis. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms that control HS dynamics may aid in the development of therapeutic interventions for diseases and novel strategies for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali N Patel
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Dallas L Pineda
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Matthew P Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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46
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Delos M, Hellec C, Foulquier F, Carpentier M, Allain F, Denys A. Participation of 3- O-sulfated heparan sulfates in the protection of macrophages by herpes simplex virus-1 glycoprotein D and cyclophilin B against apoptosis. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 7:133-148. [PMID: 28174681 PMCID: PMC5292672 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfates (HS) are involved in numerous biological processes, which rely on their ability to interact with a large panel of proteins. Although the reaction of 3‐O‐sulfation can be catalysed by the largest family of HS sulfotransferases, very few mechanisms have been associated with this modification and to date, only glycoprotein D (gD) of herpes simplex virus‐1 (HSV‐1 gD) and cyclophilin B (CyPB) have been well‐described as ligands for 3‐O‐sulfated HS. Here, we hypothesized that both ligands could induce the same responses via a mechanism dependent on 3‐O‐sulfated HS. First, we checked that HSV‐1 gD was as efficient as CyPB to induce the activation of the same signalling events in primary macrophages. We then demonstrated that both ligands efficiently reduced staurosporin‐induced apoptosis and modulated the expression of apoptotic genes. In addition to 3‐O‐sulfated HS, HSV‐1 gD was reported to interact with other receptors, including herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), nectin‐1 and ‐2. Thus, we decided to identify the contribution of each binding site in the responses triggered by HSV‐1 gD and CyPB. We found that knock‐down of 3‐O‐sulfotransferase 2, which is the main 3‐O‐sulfated HS‐generating enzyme in macrophages, strongly reduced the responses induced by both ligands. Moreover, silencing the expression of HVEM rendered macrophages unresponsive to either HSV‐1 gD and CyPB, thus indicating that both proteins induced the same responses by interacting with a complex formed by 3‐O‐sulfated HS and HVEM. Collectively, our results suggest that HSV‐1 might hijack the binding sites for CyPB in order to protect macrophages against apoptosis for efficient infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Delos
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF) UMR 8576 CNRS University of Lille France
| | - Charles Hellec
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF) UMR 8576 CNRS University of Lille France
| | - François Foulquier
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF) UMR 8576 CNRS University of Lille France
| | - Mathieu Carpentier
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF) UMR 8576 CNRS University of Lille France
| | - Fabrice Allain
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF) UMR 8576 CNRS University of Lille France
| | - Agnès Denys
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF) UMR 8576 CNRS University of Lille France
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Three-Dimensional Bioprinting Nanotechnologies towards Clinical Application of Stem Cells and Their Secretome in Salivary Gland Regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:7564689. [PMID: 28090208 PMCID: PMC5206456 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7564689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland (SG) functional damage and severe dry mouth (or xerostomia) are commonly observed in a wide range of medical conditions from autoimmune to metabolic disorders as well as after radiotherapy to treat specific head and neck cancers. No effective therapy has been developed to completely restore the SG functional damage on the long-term and reverse the poor quality of life of xerostomia patients. Cell- and secretome-based strategies are currently being tested in vitro and in vivo for the repair and/or regeneration of the damaged SG using (1) epithelial SG stem/progenitor cells from salispheres or explant cultures as well as (2) nonepithelial stem cell types and/or their bioactive secretome. These strategies will be the focus of our review. Herein, innovative 3D bioprinting nanotechnologies for the generation of organotypic cultures and SG organoids/mini-glands will also be discussed. These bioprinting technologies will allow researchers to analyze the secretome components and extracellular matrix production, as well as their biofunctional effects in 3D mini-glands ex vivo. Improving our understanding of the SG secretome is critical to develop effective secretome-based therapies towards the regeneration and/or repair of all SG compartments for proper restoration of saliva secretion and flow into the oral cavity.
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48
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Gromova A, Voronov DA, Yoshida M, Thotakura S, Meech R, Dartt DA, Makarenkova HP. Lacrimal Gland Repair Using Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:88-98. [PMID: 28170196 PMCID: PMC5442743 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the lacrimal gland (LG) is the primary contributor to the aqueous layer of the tear film. Production of tears in insufficient quantity or of inadequate quality may lead to aqueous‐deficiency dry eye (ADDE). Currently there is no cure for ADDE. The development of strategies to reliably isolate LG stem/progenitor cells from the LG tissue brings great promise for the design of cell replacement therapies for patients with ADDE. We analyzed the therapeutic potential of epithelial progenitor cells (EPCPs) isolated from adult wild‐type mouse LGs by transplanting them into the LGs of TSP‐1−/− mice, which represent a novel mouse model for ADDE. TSP‐1−/− mice are normal at birth but progressively develop a chronic form of ocular surface disease, characterized by deterioration, inflammation, and secretory dysfunction of the lacrimal gland. Our study shows that, among c‐kit‐positive epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM+) populations sorted from mouse LGs, the c‐kit+dim/EpCAM+/Sca1−/CD34−/CD45− cells have the hallmarks of an epithelial cell progenitor population. Isolated EPCPs express pluripotency factors and markers of the epithelial cell lineage Runx1 and EpCAM, and they form acini and ducts when grown in reaggregated three‐dimensional cultures. Moreover, when transplanted into injured or “diseased” LGs, they engraft into acinar and ductal compartments. EPCP‐injected TSP‐1−/− LGs showed reduction of cell infiltration, differentiation of the donor EPCPs within secretory acini, and substantial improvement in LG structural integrity and function. This study provides the first evidence for the effective use of adult EPCP cell transplantation to rescue LG dysfunction in a model system. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:88–98
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Gromova
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dmitry A. Voronov
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences and A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico‐Chemical Biology of the Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Miya Yoshida
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Suharika Thotakura
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robyn Meech
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Darlene A. Dartt
- Department of Ophthalmology Harvard Medical School, Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Helen P. Makarenkova
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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Lombaert I, Movahednia MM, Adine C, Ferreira JN. Concise Review: Salivary Gland Regeneration: Therapeutic Approaches from Stem Cells to Tissue Organoids. Stem Cells 2016; 35:97-105. [PMID: 27406006 PMCID: PMC6310135 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The human salivary gland (SG) has an elegant architecture of epithelial acini, connecting ductal branching structures, vascular and neuronal networks that together function to produce and secrete saliva. This review focuses on the translation of cell- and tissue-based research toward therapies for patients suffering from SG hypofunction and related dry mouth syndrome (xerostomia), as a consequence of radiation therapy or systemic disease. We will broadly review the recent literature and discuss the clinical prospects of stem/progenitor cell and tissue-based therapies for SG repair and/or regeneration. Thus far, several strategies have been proposed for the purpose of restoring SG function: (1) transplanting autologous SG-derived epithelial stem/progenitor cells; (2) exploiting nonepithelial cells and/or their bioactive lysates; and (3) tissue engineering approaches using 3D (three-dimensional) biomaterials loaded with SG cells and/or bioactive cues to mimic in vivo SGs. We predict that further scientific improvement in each of these areas will translate to effective therapies toward the repair of damaged glands and the development of miniature SG organoids for the fundamental restoration of saliva secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Lombaert
- Department of Biologic & Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Biointerfaces Institute, North Campus Research Complex, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mohammad M Movahednia
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, 119083, Singapore
| | - Christabella Adine
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joao N Ferreira
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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50
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Hsieh PH, Thieker DF, Guerrini M, Woods RJ, Liu J. Uncovering the Relationship between Sulphation Patterns and Conformation of Iduronic Acid in Heparan Sulphate. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29602. [PMID: 27412370 PMCID: PMC4944151 DOI: 10.1038/srep29602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The L-iduronic acid (IdoA) residue is a critically important structural component in heparan sulphate polysaccharide for the biological functions. The pyranose ring of IdoA is present in (1)C4-chair, (2)SO-skew boat, and less frequently, in (4)C1-chair conformations. Here, we analyzed the conformation of IdoA residue in eight hexasaccharides by NMR. The data demonstrate a correlation between the conformation of IdoA and sulphations in the surrounding saccharide residues. For the 2-O-sulpho IdoA residue, a high degree of sulphation on neighboring residues drives ring dynamics towards the (2)SO-skew boat conformer. In contrast, the nonsulphated IdoA residue is pushed towards the (1)C4-chair conformer when the neighboring residues are highly sulphated. Our data suggest that the conformation of IdoA is regulated by the sulphation pattern of nearby saccharides that is genetically controlled by the heparan sulphate biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hung Hsieh
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - David F. Thieker
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche ‘G. Ronzoni’, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Robert J. Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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