1
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Loduca Lima V, Soares LCM, Pereira LA, Nascimento PA, Cirillo LRN, Sakuma HT, da Veiga GL, Abucham-Neto JZ, Fonseca FLA. Ophthalmic Manifestations Among Patients Surviving COVID-19. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:1747-1755. [PMID: 37193252 PMCID: PMC10182800 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s399806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim To identify ocular findings related to SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients after the resolution of COVID-19 using complete ocular examinations and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods In this cross-sectional study, conducted from May 30 to October 30, 2020, patients who recovered from various stages COVID-19 underwent eye examination and multimodal retinal imaging (Retinographies and Spectral-OCT). Results We included 50 patients, 29 (58%) males, median age of 46.5 [standard deviation 15.8]. Of these, 42% (21) had mild, 18% (9) had severe and 40% (20) had critical disease. The median time interquartile range (IQR) between symptom onset and ocular examination was 55 days [IQR 39-71]. Seven patients (14%) reported ophthalmic symptoms, transitory low visual acuity (6%) and retroocular pain (8%). On OCT, one patient without comorbidities had sectoral retinal pallor suggestive of acute retinal ischaemia and oedema of the retina's inner layers and atrophy. All findings progressively and spontaneously improved months after resolution of COVID-19. Conclusion Patients with COVID-19 present findings compatible with the general population depending on age and comorbidities; nevertheless, acute retinal findings associated with the disease may be present, such as caused either by the direct effects of retinal SARS-CoV-2 infection, by indirect effects of the cytokine storm or by the pro-thrombotic state associated with COVID-19. Therefore, retinal involvement in patients with COVID-19 remains subject to considerable discussion and study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vagner Loduca Lima
- Departamento de Oftalmologia, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Glaucia Luciano da Veiga
- Departamento de Oftalmologia, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, Brasil
- Correspondence: Glaucia Luciano da Veiga, Departamento de Oftalmologia, Faculdade de Medicina ABC, 2000 Lauro Gomes Avenue, Santo André, SP, 09069-870, Brazil, Tel +55 11 4993-5488, Email
| | | | - Fernando Luiz Affonso Fonseca
- Departamento de Oftalmologia, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, Brasil
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Federal de São Paulo/UNIFESP, Diadema, Brasil
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2
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D’Alessandro E, Kawasaki A, Eandi CM. Pathogenesis of Vascular Retinal Manifestations in COVID-19 Patients: A Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2710. [PMID: 36359227 PMCID: PMC9687698 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pandemic infection secondary to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) had an important impact on the general population affecting not only respiratory tract but also many other organs. Ocular manifestations are quite common at the level of the anterior segment (conjunctivitis, dry eye), while posterior segment and, in particular, retinal findings are less frequent. In the retina, COVID-19 is associated with vascular events. Since retinal arteries and veins represent an accessible window to the microvasculature of the rest of the body, a better understanding of the profile of retinal vascular occlusive events may help elucidate mechanisms of thrombo-occlusive complications in other organs in patients affected by COVID-19. In this review, we conducted a systematic literature search focused on retinal arterial and/or retinal venous manifestations. Twenty-one studies were included, describing a wide range of manifestations from mild signs like cotton wool spots, focal and flame-shaped hemorrhages, and vein dilation to more severe retinal artery and vein occlusions. Two principal pathogenetic mechanisms are considered responsible for these complications: a hypercoagulative state and a massive inflammatory response leading to a disseminated intravascular coagulation-like syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa D’Alessandro
- Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Hôpital Ophtalmique Jules Gonin, University of Lausanne, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aki Kawasaki
- Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Hôpital Ophtalmique Jules Gonin, University of Lausanne, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chiara M. Eandi
- Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Hôpital Ophtalmique Jules Gonin, University of Lausanne, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
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3
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Badeti S, Jiang Q, Naghizadeh A, Tseng HC, Bushkin Y, Marras SAE, Nisa A, Tyagi S, Chen F, Romanienko P, Yehia G, Evans D, Lopez-Gonzalez M, Alland D, Russo R, Gause W, Shi L, Liu D. Development of a novel human CD147 knock-in NSG mouse model to test SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:88. [PMID: 35690792 PMCID: PMC9187929 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00822-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An animal model that can mimic the SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans is critical to understanding the rapidly evolving SARS-CoV-2 virus and for development of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to combat emerging mutants. Studies show that the spike proteins of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 bind to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2, a well-recognized, functional receptor for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) to mediate viral entry. Several hACE2 transgenic (hACE2Tg) mouse models are being widely used, which are clearly invaluable. However, the hACE2Tg mouse model cannot fully explain: (1) low expression of ACE2 observed in human lung and heart, but lung or heart failure occurs frequently in severe COVID-19 patients; (2) low expression of ACE2 on immune cells, but lymphocytopenia occurs frequently in COVID-19 patients; and (3) hACE2Tg mice do not mimic the natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. Moreover, one of most outstanding features of coronavirus infection is the diversity of receptor usage, which includes the newly proposed human CD147 (hCD147) as a possible co-receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry. It is still debatable whether CD147 can serve as a functional receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection or entry. RESULTS Here we successfully generated a hCD147 knock-in mouse model (hCD147KI) in the NOD-scid IL2Rgammanull (NSG) background. In this hCD147KI-NSG mouse model, the hCD147 genetic sequence was placed downstream of the endogenous mouse promoter for mouse CD147 (mCD147), which creates an in vivo model that may better recapitulate physiological expression of hCD147 proteins at the molecular level compared to the existing and well-studied K18-hACE2-B6 (JAX) model. In addition, the hCD147KI-NSG mouse model allows further study of SARS-CoV-2 in the immunodeficiency condition which may assist our understanding of this virus in the context of high-risk populations in immunosuppressed states. Our data show (1) the human CD147 protein is expressed in various organs (including bronchiolar epithelial cells) in hCD147KI-NSG mice by immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry; (2) hCD147KI-NSG mice are marginally sensitive to SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to WT-NSG littermates characterized by increased viral copies by qRT-PCR and moderate body weight decline compared to baseline; (3) a significant increase in leukocytes in the lungs of hCD147KI-NSG mice, compared to infected WT-NSG mice. CONCLUSIONS hCD147KI-NSG mice are more sensitive to COVID-19 infection compared to WT-NSG mice. The hCD147KI-NSG mouse model can serve as an additional animal model for further interrogation whether CD147 serve as an independent functional receptor or accessory receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiaditya Badeti
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Ave., CC-H1218, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- School of Graduate Studies, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Qingkui Jiang
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Alireza Naghizadeh
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Ave., CC-H1218, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Hsiang-Chi Tseng
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Ave., CC-H1218, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Yuri Bushkin
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Salvatore A E Marras
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Annuurun Nisa
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Sanjay Tyagi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Ave., CC-H1218, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Peter Romanienko
- Genome Editing Shared Resources, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Ghassan Yehia
- Genome Editing Shared Resources, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Deborah Evans
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Ave., CC-H1218, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Moises Lopez-Gonzalez
- Regional Bio-Containment Laboratory, Center for COVID-19 Response and Pandemic Preparedness (CCRP2), Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - David Alland
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Riccardo Russo
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - William Gause
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Ave., CC-H1218, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Lanbo Shi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Ave., CC-H1218, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
- School of Graduate Studies, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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4
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Badeti S, Jiang Q, Naghizadeh A, Tseng HC, Bushkin Y, Marras SAE, Nisa A, Tyagi S, Chen F, Romanienko P, Yehia G, Evans D, Lopez-Gonzalez M, Alland D, Russo R, Gause W, Shi L, Liu D. Development of a Novel Human CD147 Knock-in NSG Mouse Model to Test SARS-CoV-2 Viral Infection. RESEARCH SQUARE 2022:rs.3.rs-1431484. [PMID: 35475172 PMCID: PMC9040682 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1431484/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: An animal model that can mimic the SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans is critical to understanding the rapidly evolving SARS-CoV-2 virus and for development of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to combat emerging mutants. Studies show that the spike proteins of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 bind to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2, a well-recognized, functional receptor for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) to mediate viral entry. Several hACE2 transgenic (hACE2Tg) mouse models are being widely used, which are clearly invaluable. However, the hACE2Tg mouse model cannot fully explain: 1) low expression of ACE2 observed in human lung and heart, but lung or heart failure occurs frequently in severe COVID-19 patients; 2) low expression of ACE2 on immune cells, but lymphocytopenia occurs frequently in COVID-19 patients; and 3) hACE2Tg mice do not mimic the natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. Moreover, one of most outstanding features of coronavirus infection is the diversity of receptor usage, which includes the newly proposed human CD147 (hCD147) as a possible co-receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry. It is still debatable whether CD147 can serve as a functional receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection or entry. Results: Here we successfully generated a hCD147 knock-in mouse model (hCD147KI) in the NOD- scid IL2Rgamma null (NSG) background. In this hCD147KI-NSG mouse model, the hCD147 genetic sequence was placed downstream of the endogenous mouse promoter for mouse CD147 (mCD147), which creates an in vivo model that may better recapitulate physiological expression of hCD147 proteins at the molecular level compared to the existing and well-studied K18-hACE2-B6 (JAX) model. In addition, the hCD147KI-NSG mouse model allows further study of SARS-CoV-2 in the immunodeficiency condition which may assist our understanding of this virus in the context of high-risk populations in immunosuppressed states. Our data show 1) the human CD147 protein is expressed in various organs (including bronchiolar epithelial cells) in hCD147KI-NSG mice by immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry; 2) hCD147KI-NSG mice are marginally sensitive to SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to WT-NSG littermates characterized by increased viral copies by qRT-PCR and moderate body weight decline compared to baseline; 3) a significant increase in leukocytes in the lungs of hCD147KI-NSG mice, compared to infected WT-NSG mice. Conclusions: hCD147KI-NSG mice are more sensitive to COVID-19 infection compared to WT-NSG mice. The hCD147KI-NSG mouse model can serve as an additional animal model for further interrogation whether CD147 serve as an independent functional receptor or accessory receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fei Chen
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
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5
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Behl T, Kaur I, Aleya L, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Bungau S. CD147-spike protein interaction in COVID-19: Get the ball rolling with a novel receptor and therapeutic target. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:152072. [PMID: 34863742 PMCID: PMC8634688 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The combat against the Corona virus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), has created a chaos among the healthcare institutions and researchers, in turn accelerating the dire need to curtail the infection spread. The already established entry mechanism, via ACE2 has not yet successfully aided in the development of a suitable and reliable therapy. Taking in account the constant progression and deterioration of the cases worldwide, a different perspective and mechanistic approach is required, which has thrown light onto the cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147) transmembrane protein, as a novel route for SARS-CoV-2 entry. Despite lesser affinity towards COVID-19 virus, as compared to ACE2, this receptor provides a suitable justification behind elevated blood glucose levels in infected patients, retarded COVID-19 risk in women, enhanced susceptibility in geriatrics, greater infection susceptibility of T cells, infection prevalence in non-susceptible human cardiac pericytes and so on. The manuscript invokes the title role and distribution of CD147 in COVID-19 as an entry receptor and mediator of endocytosis-promoted entry of the virus, along with the "catch and clump" hypothesis, thereby presenting its Fundamental significance as a therapeutic target for potential candidates, such as Azithromycin, melatonin, statins, beta adrenergic blockers, ivermectin, Meplazumab etc. Thus, the authors provide a comprehensive review of a different perspective in COVID-19 infection, aiming to aid the researchers and virologists in considering all aspects of viral entry, in order to develop a sustainable and potential cure for the 2019 COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Ishnoor Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environment Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, France
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania.
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6
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Ad’hiah AH, Al-Bayatee NT, Ahmed AA. Coronavirus disease 19 and risk of hyperglycemia among Iraqi patients. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2021; 22:82. [PMID: 38624830 PMCID: PMC8616632 DOI: 10.1186/s43042-021-00207-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 213 patients with COVID-19 who did not have a clinical history of diabetes at hospital admission. One week after hospitalization, they were stratified by random blood glucose levels. It was found that 25.4, 22.5 and 52.1% of COVID-19 patients were classified as normoglycemia, prediabetes and diabetes, respectively. The study indicated that diabetes may be a risk factor for COVID-19 or the disease may be associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali H. Ad’hiah
- Tropical-Biological Research Unit, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriya, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Noor T. Al-Bayatee
- Biotechnology Department, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Aeshah A. Ahmed
- Biotechnology Department, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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7
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Bansal R, Markan A, Gautam N, Guru RR, Lakshmi PVM, Katoch D, Agarwal A, Singh MP, Suri V, Mohindra R, Sahni N, Bhalla A, Malhotra P, Gupta V, Puri GD. Retinal Involvement in COVID-19: Results From a Prospective Retina Screening Program in the Acute and Convalescent Phase. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:681942. [PMID: 34249972 PMCID: PMC8264127 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.681942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To detect retinal involvement in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in acute and convalescent phase by their fundus screening. Methods: In a prospective, cross-sectional, observational study (July–November 2020), 235 patients (142 acute and 93 convalescent phase) underwent fundus screening in a tertiary care center in North India. For convalescent phase, “hospitalized” patients (73) were screened at least 2 weeks after hospital discharge, and “home-isolated” patients (20) were screened 17 days after symptom onset/COVID-19 testing. Results: None in acute phase showed any retinal lesion that could be attributed exclusively to COVID-19. Five patients (5.38%) in convalescent phase had cotton wool spots (CWSs) with/without retinal hemorrhage, with no other retinal finding, and no visual symptoms, seen at a median of 30 days from COVID-19 diagnosis. Conclusions: CWSs (and retinal hemorrhages) were an incidental finding in COVID-19, detected only in the convalescent phase. These patients were much older (median age = 69 years) than the average age of our sample and had systemic comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, etc.). We propose the term “COVID-19 retinopathy” to denote the presence of CWSs at the posterior pole, occasionally associated with intraretinal hemorrhages, in the absence of ocular inflammation in patients with a history of COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Bansal
- Advanced Eye Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashish Markan
- Advanced Eye Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nitin Gautam
- Advanced Eye Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rashmi Ranjan Guru
- Department of Hospital Administration, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - P V M Lakshmi
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deeksha Katoch
- Advanced Eye Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Aniruddha Agarwal
- Advanced Eye Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mini P Singh
- Department of Virology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vikas Suri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ritin Mohindra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neeru Sahni
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashish Bhalla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pankaj Malhotra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vishali Gupta
- Advanced Eye Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - G D Puri
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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8
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Role of host factors in SARS-CoV-2 entry. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100847. [PMID: 34058196 PMCID: PMC8160279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic transmission of highly pathogenic coronaviruses into the human population is a pressing concern highlighted by the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Recent work has helped to illuminate much about the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into the cell, which determines host- and tissue-specific tropism, pathogenicity, and zoonotic transmission. Here we discuss current findings on the factors governing SARS-CoV-2 entry. We first reviewed key features of the viral spike protein (S) mediating fusion of the viral envelope and host cell membrane through binding to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. We then examined the roles of host proteases including transmembrane protease serine 2 and cathepsins in processing S for virus entry and the impact of this processing on endosomal and plasma membrane virus entry routes. We further discussed recent work on several host cofactors that enhance SARS-CoV-2 entry including Neuropilin-1, CD147, phosphatidylserine receptors, heparan sulfate proteoglycans, sialic acids, and C-type lectins. Finally, we discussed two key host restriction factors, i.e., interferon-induced transmembrane proteins and lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus E, which can disrupt SARS-CoV-2 entry. The features of SARS-CoV-2 are presented in the context of other human coronaviruses, highlighting unique aspects. In addition, we identify the gaps in understanding of SARS-CoV-2 entry that will need to be addressed by future studies.
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9
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Badeti S, Tseng HC, Romanienko P, Yehia G, Liu D. Development of a Novel Human CD147 Transgenic NSG Mouse Model to test SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Immune Responses. RESEARCH SQUARE 2021. [PMID: 33851148 PMCID: PMC8043462 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-396257/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An animal model that can mimic the SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans is critical to understanding the newly emerged, rapidly spreading SARS-CoV-2 and development of therapeutic strategies. Studies show that the spike (S) proteins of SARS-CoV (SARS-CoV-S-1-S) and SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2-S) bind to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2, a well-recognized, functional receptor for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) to mediate viral entry. Several hACE2 transgenic (hACE2Tg) mouse models are being widely used, which is clearly invaluable. However, the hACE2Tg mouse model cannot fully explain: 1) low expression of ACE2 observed in human lung and heart, but lung or heart failure occurs frequently in severe COVID-19 patients); 2) low expression of ACE2 on immune cells, but lymphocytopenia occurs frequently in COVID-19 patients; and 3) hACE2Tg mice do not develop strong clinical disease following SARS-CoV-2 infection in contrast to SARS-CoV-1. Moreover, one of most outstanding features of coronaviruses is the diversity of receptor usage, which includes the newly proposed human CD147 (hCD147) as a receptor for SARS-CoV-2-S. It is still debatable whether CD147 can serve as a functional receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection or entry. Here we successfully generated a hCD147Tg mouse model in the NOD-scid IL2Rgammanull (NSG) background. In this hCD147Tg-NSG mouse model, the hCD147 genetic sequence was placed following the endogenous mouse promoter for mouse CD147 (mCD147), which creates an in vivo model that may better recapitulate physiological expression of CD147 proteins at the molecular level compared to the existing and well-studied K18-hACE2-B6 model. In addition, the hCD147Tg-NSG mouse model allows further study of SARS-CoV-2 in the immunodeficiency condition which may assist our understanding of this virus in the context of high-risk populations with immunosuppressed conditions. The hCD147Tg-NSG mouse mode can serve as an additional animal model for interrogate whether CD147 serve as an independent functional receptor or accessory receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry and immune responses.
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10
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Jevnikar K, Jaki Mekjavic P, Vidovic Valentincic N, Petrovski G, Globocnik Petrovic M. An Update on COVID-19 Related Ophthalmic Manifestations. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2021; 29:684-689. [PMID: 33826465 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2021.1896008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To summarize ophthalmic manifestations of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) reported in the literature thus far.Methods: The PubMed database was systematically searched through October 24, 2020, to identify relevant articles using the following search terms: ("COVID-19" OR "SARS-CoV-2") AND ("eye" OR "ophthalmology" OR "retina" OR "retinal findings" OR "cornea" OR "conjunctiva"). Only articles published in English were included in this review.Results: The reported prevalence of ophthalmic manifestations is generally low, but correlates positively with the severity of the disease. Most commonly reported ocular manifestations are conjunctivitis, conjunctival hyperemia and chemosis. Retinal findings include microhemorrhages and flame-shaped hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, dilated veins, and tortuous vessels.Conclusion: Considering the COVID-19 cases have reached pandemic dimensions and are surging, yet again, it is of utmost importance to determine its ophthalmic manifestations and prevent their vision threatening complications. Further studies are warranted to establish whether the retinal findings appear due to the COVID-19 or are an incidental finding in patients with a preexisting diabetic or hypertensive retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Jevnikar
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Polona Jaki Mekjavic
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Natasa Vidovic Valentincic
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Goran Petrovski
- Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mojca Globocnik Petrovic
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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11
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Roshanshad A, Ashraf MA, Roshanshad R, Kharmandar A, Zomorodian SA, Ashraf H. Ocular Manifestations of Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Comprehensive Review. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2021; 16:234-247. [PMID: 34055261 PMCID: PMC8126735 DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v16i2.9087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from conjunctival involvement which is the most well-known ocular manifestation of coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19), there are multiple reports of the involvement of other ocular structures by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We comprehensively reviewed PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar for available evidence regarding COVID-19 various ocular manifestations, with special focus on less known and unusual ocular findings. We then categorized the findings based on the parts of the eye which was involved. In anterior sections of the eye, the involvement of the eyelid (tarsadenitis), conjunctiva and cornea (follicular conjunctivitis, pseudomembranous conjunctivitis, and keratoconjunctivitis), episclera (nodular episcleritis), uvea (anterior uveitis) were reported. Also, third, fourth, and sixth nerve palsy, retinal vasculitis, retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) changes (hyper-reflective lesions and increased retinal nerve fiber layer thickness [RNFLT]), optic neuritis, papillophlebitis, Miller Fisher syndrome, posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy (PRES), ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery occlusion, and polyneuritis cranialis were reported in different studies. Postmortem evaluation of COVID-19 patients detected no viral RNA in different anterior and posterior segments of the eyes. However, another study revealed a 21.4% positivity of the retinal biopsies of dead patients. The results of this study can help ophthalmologists to be vigilant when they see these findings in a suspected case of COVID-19. In addition, wearing face masks and protective goggles or eye shields are recommended, especially in high risk contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Roshanshad
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Ashraf
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Romina Roshanshad
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Kharmandar
- Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Ashraf
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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12
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Lani-Louzada R, Ramos CDVF, Cordeiro RM, Sadun AA. Retinal changes in COVID-19 hospitalized cases. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243346. [PMID: 33270751 PMCID: PMC7714146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the retinas of severely or critically ill COVID-19 patients during their hospital stay, at varying time points after symptoms onset. This was a case series observed during May 2020 in two referral centers for COVID-19 treatment in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 47 eyes from 25 hospitalized patients with severe or critical confirmed illness were evaluated. A handheld retinal camera was used to acquire bilateral fundus images at several time points after symptoms onset. Electronic health records were retrospectively analyzed and clinical data collected. Severe and critical diseases were noticed in 52% (13/25) and 48% (12/25) of enrolled patients, respectively. Retinal changes were present in 12% (3/25) of patients: a 35 year-old male demonstrated bilateral nerve fiber layer infarcts and microhemorrhages in the papillomacular bundle, but required mechanical ventilation and developed severe anemia and systemic hypotension, acute kidney injury and neurologic symptoms during the course of the disease (critical illness); a 56 year-old male, who required full enoxaparin anticoagulation due to particularly elevated D-dimer (>5.0 mcg/mL), demonstrated unilateral and isolated flame-shaped hemorrhages; and a 49 year-old hypertensive male showed bilateral and discrete retinal dot and blot microhemorrhages. The other 22 patients evaluated did not demonstrate convincing retinal changes upon examination. There was no correlation between disease severity and admission serum levels of CRP, D-dimer and ferritin. This was the first study to show that vascular retinal changes may be present in not insignificant numbers of severe or critical COVID-19 inpatients. These retinal changes, only seen after morbid developments, were likely secondary to clinical intercurrences or comorbidities instead of a direct damage by SARS-CoV-2, and may be important and easily accessible outcome measures of therapeutic interventions and sentinels of neurologic and systemic diseases during COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Lani-Louzada
- Hospital Nossa Senhora da Saúde, Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro (Hospital da Gamboa), Instituto de Oftalmologia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Mello Cordeiro
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Jacarepaguá, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Hospital de Clínicas Mário Lioni, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alfredo A. Sadun
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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13
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Akachar J, Bouricha EM, Hakmi M, Belyamani L, El Jaoudi R, Ibrahimi A. Identifying epitopes for cluster of differentiation and design of new peptides inhibitors against human SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD by an in-silico approach. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05739. [PMID: 33364503 PMCID: PMC7753134 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious and rapidly spreading infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In some cases, the disease can be fatal which resulted in more than one million deaths worldwide according the WHO. Currently, there is no effective vaccine or treatment for COVID-19, however many small-molecule inhibitors have shown potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and some of them are now under clinical trials. Despite their promising activities, the development of these small molecules for the clinical use can be limited by many factors like the off-target effect, the poor stability, and the low bioavailability. The clusters of differentiation CD147, CD209, CD299 have been identified as essential entry co-receptors for SARS-CoV-2 species specificity to humans, although the underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated. In this paper, protein-protein docking was utilized for identifying the critical epitopes in CD147, CD209 and CD299 which are involved in the binding with SARS-CoV-2 Spike receptor binding domain (RBD). The results of binding free energies showed a high affinity of SARS-CoV-2 RBD to CD299 receptor which was used as a reference to derive hypothetical peptide sequences with specific binding activities to SARS-CoV-2 RBD. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations of the newly designed peptides showed favorable binding features and stability with SARS-CoV-2 RBD and therefore can be further considered as potential candidates in future anti-SARS CoV-2 drug discovery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihane Akachar
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - El Mehdi Bouricha
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Hakmi
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Lahcen Belyamani
- Emergency Department, Military Hospital Mohammed V, Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Rachid El Jaoudi
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Azeddine Ibrahimi
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University in Rabat, Morocco
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14
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Hussen J, Kandeel M, Hemida MG, Al-Mubarak AIA. Antibody-Based Immunotherapeutic Strategies for COVID-19. Pathogens 2020; 9:E917. [PMID: 33167401 PMCID: PMC7694378 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Global efforts to contain the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) include the development of novel preventive vaccines and effective therapeutics. Passive antibody therapies using convalescent plasma, SARS-CoV-2 (Severe-Acute-Respiratory-Syndrome-Corona-Virus-2)-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), and the development of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are among the most promising strategies for prophylaxis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections. In addition, several immunomodulatory antibodies acting via several mechanisms to boost the host immune defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as to avoid the harmful overreaction of the immune system are currently under clinical trial. Our main objective is to present the current most up-to-date progress in some clinical trials registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. We highlight the pros and pitfalls of several SARS-CoV-2 antibody-based immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (J.H.); (M.G.H.)
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelshikh University, Kafrelshikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Maged Gomaa Hemida
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (J.H.); (M.G.H.)
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelshikh University, Kafrelshikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Abdullah I. A. Al-Mubarak
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (J.H.); (M.G.H.)
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15
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Guemes-Villahoz N, Burgos-Blasco B, Donate-Lopez J, Garcia-Feijoo J. Retinal findings in COVID-19 patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 168:108395. [PMID: 32866556 PMCID: PMC7455526 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juan Donate-Lopez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Instituto de investigación sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IsISSC), IIORC, Universidad Complutense, Spain
| | - Julian Garcia-Feijoo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Instituto de investigación sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IsISSC), IIORC, Universidad Complutense, Spain
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16
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de Figueiredo CS, Raony Í, Giestal-de-Araujo E. SARS-CoV-2 Targeting the Retina: Host-virus Interaction and Possible Mechanisms of Viral Tropism. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020; 28:1301-1304. [PMID: 32946292 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1799037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 10 (SARS-CoV-2). Recent studies demonstrated not only retinal impairments but also detected SARS-CoV-2 in the retina of patients with COVID-19. Purpose: This letter discusses the retinal tropism of SARS-CoV-2, describing possible routes for this coronavirus to reach the retina and cellular mechanisms involved in the retinal cell infection. Conclusions: Determining how SARS-CoV-2 can affect the retinal tissue is essential for the development of new therapeutic strategies and preventive measures, as well as for understanding the possible relationship between COVID-19 damage to the retina and to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ícaro Raony
- Department of Neurobiology, Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University , Niterói, Brazil.,School of Medicine, Federal Fluminense University , Niterói, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Giestal-de-Araujo
- Department of Neurobiology, Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University , Niterói, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation - INCT NIM, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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