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Mulu W, Joossens M, Kibret M, Van den Abeele AM, Houf K. Campylobacter occurrence and antimicrobial resistance profile in under five-year-old diarrheal children, backyard farm animals, and companion pets. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012241. [PMID: 38833441 PMCID: PMC11178231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis disproportionately affects children under five in low-income countries. However, epidemiological and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) information at the children-animal interface is lacking. We hypothesized that Campylobacter is a major cause of enteritis in children in Ethiopia, and contact with animals is a potential source of transmission. The objective of the study was to determine Campylobacter occurrence and its AMR in children under five with diarrhea, backyard farm animals, and companion pets. Stool from 303 children and feces from 711 animals were sampled. Campylobacter was isolated through membrane filtration on modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar plates under microaerobic incubation, and the technique showed to be feasible for use in regions lacking organized laboratories. Typical isolates were characterized with MALDI-TOF MS and multiplex PCR. Of 303 children, 20% (n = 59) were infected, with a higher proportion in the 6 to 11-month age group. Campylobacter occurred in 64% (n = 14) of dogs and 44% (n = 112) of poultry. Campylobacter jejuni was present in both a child and animal species in 15% (n = 23) of 149 households positive for Campylobacter. MICs using the gradient strip diffusion test of 128 isolates displayed resistance rates of 20% to ciprofloxacin and 11% to doxycycline. MICs of ciprofloxacin and doxycycline varied between C. coli and C. jejuni, with higher resistance in C. coli and poultry isolates. Campylobacter infection in children and its prevalent excretion from backyard poultry and dogs is a understudied concern. The co-occurrence of C. jejuni in animals and children suggest household-level transmission As resistance to ciprofloxacin and doxycycline was observed, therapy of severe campylobacteriosis should consider susceptibility testing. Findings from this study can support evidence-based diagnosis, antimicrobial treatment, and further investigations on the spread of AMR mechanisms for informed One Health intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondemagegn Mulu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Marie Joossens
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mulugeta Kibret
- Department of Biology, Science College, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Anne-Marie Van den Abeele
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Sint-Lucas Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kurt Houf
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Wemakor A, Bukari M, Atariba R. Household food insecurity, low maternal social support and maternal common mental disorders in East Mamprusi Municipality, Ghana. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1255. [PMID: 37380991 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16157-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Both household food insecurity and maternal common mental disorders are public health concerns in Ghana but studies on them, and their interrelatedness are scarce. Social support is an independent determinant of mental health but can also moderate the link between risk factors and mental illness. Identifying the risk factors of mental illness may provide opportunities for intervention and help reduce disease burden and impact. This study examined the association between household food insecurity or low maternal social support and maternal common mental disorders in East Mamprusi Municipality, Ghana. METHODS This was a community-based, cross-sectional study involving 400 mothers with children 6-23 months selected using multi-stage sampling. Summary scores for household food insecurity, maternal social support, and maternal common mental disorders were measured using Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES), Medical Outcome Study Social Support Scale (SSS), and WHO Self-Reporting Questionnaire 20 items (SRQ-20) respectively in personal interviews. Poisson regression models were fitted to determine the association of household food insecurity or low maternal social support with maternal common mental disorders, controlling for selected socio-demographic variables. RESULTS The mean age of the participants was 26.7 (± 6.68) years, and the mean FIES, SSS, and SRQ-20 scores were 5.62 [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 5.29-5.96] out of 8, 43.12 (95% CI: 41.34-44.90) out of 100, and 7.91 (95% CI: 7.38-8.45) out of 19 respectively. About two-thirds of the households (71.9%), and 72.7% and 49.5% of the women had food insecurity, low social support and probable common mental disorder respectively. In the adjusted analyses, a unit increase in FIES score was associated to a 4% increment in the predicted SRQ-20 score [Incident Risk Ratio (IRR) 1.04; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.02, 1.06; p = 0.001], and the predicted SRQ-20 score of the women belonging to low social support category was 38% higher compared to that of women of high social support category (IRR 1.38; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.66; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION The prevalence of household food insecurity and common mental disorders among mothers are high, and both household food insecurity and low social support are significantly related to common mental disorders in women. Interventions to reduce both household food insecurity, and common mental disorders in women are warranted, and should include social support for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Wemakor
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box TL 1883, Tamale, Ghana.
| | - Mohammed Bukari
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box TL 1883, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Raymond Atariba
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box TL 1883, Tamale, Ghana
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Hossain MI, Nasrin S, Das R, Palit P, Sultana AA, Sobi RA, Khan SH, Dash S, Chisti MJ, Ahmed T, Faruque ASG. Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Campylobacter Infections and Child Growth in South Asia: Analyzing Data from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:1204-1211. [PMID: 37127268 PMCID: PMC10540126 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is a major cause of food-borne gastrointestinal illnesses worldwide, predominantly affecting children under 5 years of age. This study examined potential associations of symptomatic (with diarrhea) and asymptomatic (without diarrhea) Campylobacter infections with child growth among children under 5 years of age in South Asia. The Global Enteric Multicenter Study was conducted from 2007 to 2011 with a case-control design. Children were followed for 60 days after enrollment. Stool culture was performed to isolate Campylobacter spp. Among the 22,567 enrolled children, 9,439 were symptomatic, with 786 (8.28%) testing positive for Campylobacter. Conversely, 13,128 asymptomatic healthy controls were included, with 1,057 (8.05%) testing positive for Campylobacter. Growth faltering was observed in the symptomatic group, particularly among children aged 0-11 months (-0.19 height-for-age z score [HAZ]; 95% CI: -0.36, -0.03; P = 0.018) and 24-59 months (-0.16 HAZ; 95% CI: -0.28, -0.04; P = 0.010). However, in the asymptomatic group, growth faltering was observed only in the 24- to 59-month age group, in terms of HAZ (-0.15 HAZ; 95% CI: -0.24, -0.05; P = 0.002) and weight-for-height z score (-0.16; 95% CI: -0.26, -0.06; P = 0.001). These findings underscore the importance of immediate and enhanced introduction of preventive modalities to reduce the burden of Campylobacter infections and reduce their long-term sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Iqbal Hossain
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- James P. Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sabiha Nasrin
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Rina Das
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Parag Palit
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Al-Afroza Sultana
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rukaeya Amin Sobi
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Soroar Hossain Khan
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sampa Dash
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammod Jobayer Chisti
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- James P. Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Abu Syed Golam Faruque
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Stunted children display ectopic small intestinal colonization by oral bacteria, which cause lipid malabsorption in experimental models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2209589119. [PMID: 36197997 PMCID: PMC9573096 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209589119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is an inflammatory syndrome postulated to contribute to stunted child growth and to be associated with intestinal dysbiosis and nutrient malabsorption. However, the small intestinal contributions to EED remain poorly understood. This study aimed to assess changes in the proximal and distal intestinal microbiota in the context of stunting and EED and to test for a causal role of these bacterial isolates in the underlying pathophysiology. We performed a cross-sectional study in two African countries recruiting roughly 1,000 children aged 2 to 5 years and assessed the microbiota in the stomach, duodenum, and feces. Upper gastrointestinal samples were obtained from stunted children and stratified according to stunting severity. Fecal samples were collected. We then investigated the role of clinical isolates in EED pathophysiology using tissue culture and animal models. We find that small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is extremely common (>80%) in stunted children. SIBO is frequently characterized by an overgrowth of oral bacteria, leading to increased permeability and inflammation and to replacement of classical small intestinal strains. These duodenal bacterial isolates decrease lipid absorption in both cultured enterocytes and mice, providing a mechanism by which they may exacerbate EED and stunting. Further, we find a specific fecal signature associated with the EED markers fecal calprotectin and alpha-antitrypsin. Our study shows a causal implication of ectopic colonization of oral bacterial isolated from the small intestine in nutrient malabsorption and gut leakiness in vitro. These findings have important therapeutic implications for modulating the microbiota through microbiota-targeted interventions.
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Rouhani S, Griffin NW, Yori PP, Olortegui MP, Siguas Salas M, Rengifo Trigoso D, Moulton LH, Houpt ER, Barratt MJ, Kosek MN, Gordon JI. Gut Microbiota Features Associated With Campylobacter Burden and Postnatal Linear Growth Deficits in a Peruvian Birth Cohort. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71:1000-1007. [PMID: 31773126 PMCID: PMC7428392 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter infection is associated with impaired growth of children, even in the absence of symptoms. To examine the underlying mechanisms, we evaluated associations between Campylobacter infection, linear growth, and fecal microbial community features in a prospective birth cohort of 271 children with a high burden of diarrhea and stunting in the Amazonian lowlands of Peru. METHODS Campylobacter was identified using a broadly reactive, genus-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 16S rRNA-based analyses were used to identify bacterial taxa in fecal samples at ages 6, 12, 18, and 24 months (N = 928). Associations between infection, growth, and gut microbial community composition were investigated using multiple linear regression adjusting for within-child correlations, age, and breastfeeding. Indicator species analyses identified taxa specifically associated with Campylobacter burden. RESULTS Ninety-three percent (251) of children had Campylobacter present in asymptomatic fecal samples during the follow-up period. A 10% increase in the proportion of stools infected was associated with mean reductions of 0.02 length-for-age z scores (LAZ) at 3, 6, and 9 months thereafter (P < .01). We identified 13 bacterial taxa indicative of cumulative Campylobacter burden and 14 taxa significantly associated with high or low burden of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, norovirus, or Giardia. CONCLUSIONS Campylobacter infection is common in this cohort and associated with changes in microbial community composition. These results support the notion that disruptions to the fecal microbiota may help explain the observed effects of asymptomatic infections on growth in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Rouhani
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas W Griffin
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Pablo Peñataro Yori
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Asociación Benéfica Proyectos en Informática Medicina y Salud, Iquitos, Peru
| | | | - Mery Siguas Salas
- Asociación Benéfica Proyectos en Informática Medicina y Salud, Iquitos, Peru
| | | | - Lawrence H Moulton
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric R Houpt
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael J Barratt
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Margaret N Kosek
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Gordon
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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A Report of Two Clinical Coinfections with Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in Infantile Dysentery. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.80116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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do Nascimento Veras H, Medeiros PHQS, Ribeiro SA, Freitas TM, Santos AKS, Amaral MSMG, Bona MD, Havt A, Lima IFN, Lima NL, Di Moura A, Leite ÁM, Soares AM, Filho JQ, Guerrant RL, Lima AAM. Campylobacter jejuni virulence genes and immune-inflammatory biomarkers association with growth impairment in children from Northeastern Brazil. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 37:2011-2020. [PMID: 30051355 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. have been associated with anthropometric Z-score decrements, but the role of specific virulence genes associated with these outcomes has not been explored. This study aimed to investigate whether specific Campylobacter jejuni virulence-related gene and immune-inflammatory biomarkers are associated with malnutrition in children from Northeastern Brazil. A case-control study was performed in Fortaleza, Brazil. Children aging 6-24 months were characterized as malnourished (cases) if weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ) = 2 and as nourished (controls) if WAZ ≥ 1. DNA samples were extracted from stools and screened for C. jejuni/coli by real-time PCR. A subsequent C. jejuni-specific PCR was employed and positive samples were evaluated for 18 C. jejuni virulence genes by using four multiplex PCRs. C. jejuni was detected in 9.71% (33/340) of the children's samples, being 63.63% (21/33) from nourished and 37.37% (12/33) from malnourished children. The cadF, iamA, cheW, and sodB genes were the most frequent genes (100%, 90.9%, 87.9%, and 75.8%, respectively), while some others (ceuE, jlpA, pldA, and pVir) showed low rates (all below 6%). Malnourished children were significantly associated with infection with C. jejuni strains lacking cdtB gene (active subunit of cytolethal distending toxin) and harboring flgE gene (flagellar hook protein). These strains were also associated with children presenting increased serum SAA and sCD-14, but decreased IgG anti-LPS. These data reinforce the impact of Campylobacter jejuni infection on children without diarrhea and highlight the contribution of a specific virulence gene profile, cdtB(-)flgE(+) and increased systemic response in malnutrition children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herlice do Nascimento Veras
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semiarid, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430270, Brazil.
| | - Pedro H Q S Medeiros
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semiarid, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430270, Brazil
| | - Samilly A Ribeiro
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semiarid, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430270, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Freitas
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semiarid, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430270, Brazil
| | - Ana K S Santos
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semiarid, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430270, Brazil
| | - Marília S M G Amaral
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semiarid, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430270, Brazil
| | - Mariana D Bona
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semiarid, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430270, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Havt
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semiarid, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430270, Brazil
| | - Ila F N Lima
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semiarid, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430270, Brazil
| | - Noélia L Lima
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semiarid, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430270, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Di Moura
- Institute for the Promotion of Nutrition and Human Development, 15 Professor Carlos Lobo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60281-740, Brazil
| | - Álvaro M Leite
- Institute for the Promotion of Nutrition and Human Development, 15 Professor Carlos Lobo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60281-740, Brazil
| | - Alberto M Soares
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semiarid, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430270, Brazil
| | - José Q Filho
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semiarid, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430270, Brazil
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semiarid, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430270, Brazil
- Center for Global Health & Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health and Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, 1400 W Main Street, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-1379, USA
- Institute for the Promotion of Nutrition and Human Development, 15 Professor Carlos Lobo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60281-740, Brazil
| | - Aldo A M Lima
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semiarid, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430270, Brazil
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Adams NL, Rose TC, Hawker J, Violato M, O’Brien SJ, Barr B, Howard VJK, Whitehead M, Harris R, Taylor-Robinson DC. Relationship between socioeconomic status and gastrointestinal infections in developed countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191633. [PMID: 29360884 PMCID: PMC5779704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between socioeconomic status (SES) and health is well-documented; however limited evidence on the relationship between SES and gastrointestinal (GI) infections exists, with published studies producing conflicting results. This systematic review aimed to assess the association between SES and GI infection risk, and explore possible sources of heterogeneity in effect estimates reported in the literature. METHODS MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and grey literature were searched from 1980 to October 2015 for studies reporting an association between GI infections and SES in a representative population sample from a member-country of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Harvest plots and meta-regression were used to investigate potential sources of heterogeneity such as age; level of SES variable; GI infection measurement; and predominant mode of transmission. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO: CRD42015027231. RESULTS In total, 6021 studies were identified; 102 met the inclusion criteria. Age was identified as the only statistically significant potential effect modifier of the association between SES and GI infection risk. For children, GI infection risk was higher for those of lower SES versus high (RR 1.51, 95% CI;1.26-1.83), but there was no association for adults (RR 0.79, 95% CI;0.58-1.06). In univariate analysis, the increased risk comparing low and high SES groups was significantly higher for pathogens spread by person-to-person transmission, but lower for environmental pathogens, as compared to foodborne pathogens. CONCLUSIONS Disadvantaged children, but not adults, have greater risk of GI infection compared to their more advantaged counterparts. There was high heterogeneity and many studies were of low quality. More high quality studies are needed to investigate the association between SES and GI infection risk, and future research should stratify analyses by age and pathogen type. Gaining further insight into this relationship will help inform policies to reduce inequalities in GI illness in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L. Adams
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tanith C. Rose
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Hawker
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mara Violato
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Health Economics Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J. O’Brien
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Barr
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria J. K. Howard
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Whitehead
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ross Harris
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Taylor-Robinson
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Souza CO, Vieira MACS, Batista FMA, Eulálio KD, Neves JMM, Sá LC, Monteiro LCR, Almeida-Neto WS, Azevedo RSS, Costa DL, Cruz ACR. Serological Markers of Recent Campylobacter jejuni Infection in Patients with Guillain-Barré Syndrome in the State of Piauí, Brazil, 2014-2016. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:586-588. [PMID: 29313470 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In countries where poliomyelitis has been eradicated, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is the leading cause of acute flaccid paralysis. The range of infections that precede GBS in Brazil is unknown. Campylobacter jejuni infection is the most frequent trigger of GBS worldwide. Given the lack of systematic surveillance of diarrheal diseases, particularly in adults, the incidence of enteritis caused by C. jejuni in developing countries is unknown. From 2014 to 2016, pretreatment serum samples from 63 GBS patients were tested by immunoglobulin M (IgM) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for C. jejuni. Campylobacter jejuni IgM antibodies were detected in 17% (11/63) of the samples. There was no association between serological positivity (IgM) for C. jejuni and the occurrence of diarrhea among the investigated cases (P = 0.36). Hygiene measures, basic sanitation, and precautions during handling and preparation of food of animal origin may help prevent acute flaccid paralysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintya O Souza
- Department of Bacteriology and Mycology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A C S Vieira
- Post-graduation Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil.,Department of Health Surveillance, Teresina Municipal Health Secretariat, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil.,Natan Portella Institute of Tropical Medicine, Piauí State Health Secretariat, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Francisca M A Batista
- Department of Health Surveillance, Piauí State Health Secretariat, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Kelsen D Eulálio
- Department of Health Surveillance, Teresina Municipal Health Secretariat, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil.,Natan Portella Institute of Tropical Medicine, Piauí State Health Secretariat, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | - Laís C Sá
- Department of Health Surveillance, Piauí State University Hospital, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Leni C R Monteiro
- Department of Bacteriology and Mycology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Walfrido S Almeida-Neto
- Natan Portella Institute of Tropical Medicine, Piauí State Health Secretariat, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Raimunda S S Azevedo
- Department of Arbovirology and Haemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Dorcas L Costa
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Ana C R Cruz
- Department of Arbovirology and Haemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
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Determinant Variables, Enteric Pathogen Burden, Gut Function and Immune-related Inflammatory Biomarkers Associated With Childhood Malnutrition: A Prospective Case-Control Study in Northeastern Brazil. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2017; 36:1177-1185. [PMID: 28230705 PMCID: PMC5568907 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Malnutrition results in serious consequences for growth and cognitive development in children. We studied select child and maternal biologic factors, socioeconomic factors, enteric pathogenic burden and gut function biomarkers in 402 children 6-24 months of age in Northeastern Brazil. In this prospective case-control study, not being fed colostrum [odds ratio (OR): 3.29, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.73-6.26], maternal age ≥18 years (OR: 1.88, 95% CI: 1.10-3.22) and no electric fan (OR: 2.46, 95% CI: 1.22-4.96) or bicycle (OR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.10-2.95) in the household were positively associated, and higher birth weight (OR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.19-0.38), larger head circumference (OR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.66-0.82) and shortness of breath in the last 2 weeks (OR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.27-0.90) were negatively associated with malnutrition. Subclinical enteric pathogen infections were common, and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli infections were more prevalent in malnourished children (P = 0.045). Biomarkers such as the lactulose-mannitol test, myeloperoxidase, neopterin and calprotectin were highly elevated in both malnourished and nourished children. Nourished children had a better systemic immune response than the malnourished children, as detected by elevated serum amyloid A-1 and soluble cluster of differentiation protein 14 biomarkers (P < 0.001). Serum amyloid A-1 and soluble cluster of differentiation protein 14 were also associated with better nutritional Z scores. Neonatal, maternal and socioeconomic factors were associated with malnutrition in children. There was a substantial subclinical enteric pathogen burden, particularly with enteroaggregative E. coli, in malnourished children.
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Frazão MR, Medeiros MIC, Duque SDS, Falcão JP. Pathogenic potential and genotypic diversity of Campylobacter jejuni: a neglected food-borne pathogen in Brazil. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:350-359. [PMID: 28317494 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose and methodology.Campylobacter jejuni is a major zoonotic pathogen that causes food-borne gastroenteritis worldwide. However, there are only a few studies available that have molecularly characterized C. jejuni strains isolated in Brazil. The aim of this study was to genotype 111 C. jejuni strains isolated from sick humans (43), monkey faeces (19), chicken faeces (14), chicken meat (33) and sewage (2) between 1996 and 2016 in Brazil using flaA-SVR (short variable region) sequencing and PFGE. Furthermore, the presence of 16 virulence genes was analysed by PCR. RESULTS Using PFGE and flaA-SVR sequencing, the 111 C. jejuni strains studied were grouped into three and two clusters, respectively, and some strains of different origin presented a similarity of ≥80 %. In total, 35 flaA-SVR alleles were detected. Alleles gt45, gt49 and gt57 were the most prevalent, in contrast with those frequently described in the PubMLST database. All 111 C. jejuni strains contained the genes flaA, flhA, cadF, docA, cdtA, cdtB, cdtC, iamA, ciaB, sodB, dnaJ, pldA, racR and csrA. The wlaN gene was detected in 11 strains (9.9 %), and the virB11 in just one strain (0.9 %). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the pathogenic potential of the C. jejuni strains studied was highlighted by the high frequency of the majority of the virulence genes searched. The flaA-SVR sequencing and PFGE results showed that some of the strains studied presented a high genotypic similarity, suggesting potential for transmission between animal sources and humans in this country. Altogether, the results characterize further C. jejuni isolates from Brazil, an important producer and exporter of chicken meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miliane Rodrigues Frazão
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Juliana Pfrimer Falcão
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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12
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Gomes CN, Souza RA, Passaglia J, Duque SS, Medeiros MIC, Falcão JP. Genotyping of Campylobacter coli strains isolated in Brazil suggests possible contamination amongst environmental, human, animal and food sources. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:80-90. [PMID: 26531157 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni are two of the most common causative agents of food-borne gastroenteritis in numerous countries worldwide. In Brazil, campylobacteriosis is under diagnosed and under-reported, and few studies have molecularly characterized Campylobacter spp. in this country. The current study genotyped 63 C. coli strains isolated from humans (n512), animals (n521), food (n510) and the environment (n520) between 1995 and 2011 in Brazil. The strains were genotyped using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), sequencing the short variable region (SVR) of the flaA gene ( flaA-SVR) and high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA) of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) locus to better understand C. coli genotypic diversity and compare the suitability of these three methods for genotyping this species. Additionally, the discrimination index (DI) of each of these methods was assessed. Some C. coli strains isolated from clinical and non-clinical origins presented ≥80 % genotypic similarity by PFGE and flaA-SVR sequencing. HRMA of the CRISPR locus revealed only four different melting profiles. In total, 22 different flaA-SVR alleles were detected. Of these, seven alleles, comprising gt1647–gt1653, were classified as novel. The most frequent genotypes were gt30 and gt1647. This distribution reveals the diversity of selected Brazilian isolates in comparison with the alleles described in the PubMLST database. The DIs for PFGE, flaA–SVR sequencing and CRISPR-HRMA were 0.986, 0.916 and 0.550, respectively. PFGE and flaA-SVR sequencing were suitable for subtyping C. coli strains, in contrast to CRISPR-HRMA. The high genomic similarity amongst some C. coli strains confirms the hypothesis that environmental and food sources potentially lead to human and animal contamination in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina N Gomes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-USP, Av. do Café, s/no, Campus Universitário USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Roberto A Souza
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-USP, Av. do Café, s/no, Campus Universitário USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Passaglia
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-USP, Av. do Café, s/no, Campus Universitário USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Sheila S Duque
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Pavilhão Rocha Lima, sala 516, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Marta I C Medeiros
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz de Ribeirão Preto, Rua Minas, 877 Ribeirão Preto, SP 14085-410, Brazil
| | - Juliana P Falcão
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-USP, Av. do Café, s/no, Campus Universitário USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
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do Nascimento Veras H, da Silva Quetz J, Lima IFN, Rodrigues TS, Havt A, Rey LC, Mota RMS, Soares AM, Singhal M, Weigl B, Guerrant R, Lima AAM. Combination of different methods for detection of Campylobacter spp. in young children with moderate to severe diarrhea. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 128:7-9. [PMID: 27350584 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. were detected - using culture, ELISA, PCR, and qPCR - among children (0-36months) with moderate to severe diarrhea in Northeastern Brazil. Our data showed that either the qPCR alone or PCR along with ELISA might be an alternative to culture to diagnose Campylobacter due to their enhanced sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herlice do Nascimento Veras
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid & Clinical Research Unit/Center for Global Health, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE 60430-270, Brazil.
| | - Josiane da Silva Quetz
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid & Clinical Research Unit/Center for Global Health, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Ila Fernanda Nunes Lima
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid & Clinical Research Unit/Center for Global Health, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Tamara Silva Rodrigues
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid & Clinical Research Unit/Center for Global Health, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Havt
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid & Clinical Research Unit/Center for Global Health, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Luís Carlos Rey
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid & Clinical Research Unit/Center for Global Health, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Salani Mota
- Science Center/Unit of Statistics, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Alberto Melo Soares
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid & Clinical Research Unit/Center for Global Health, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Mitra Singhal
- Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), Seattle, WA 98107, USA
| | - Bernhard Weigl
- Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), Seattle, WA 98107, USA
| | - Richard Guerrant
- Center for Global Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Aldo Angelo Moreira Lima
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid & Clinical Research Unit/Center for Global Health, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE 60430-270, Brazil
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14
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Risk factors associated with Campylobacter detected by PCR in humans and animals in rural Cambodia. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:2979-2988. [PMID: 27334412 PMCID: PMC5080667 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881600114x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter are worldwide-occurring zoonotic bacteria, with the species Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli commonly associated with diarrhoea in children in low-income countries. In this cross-sectional study, the prevalence of C. jejuni and C. coli in human and livestock faecal samples was detected by PCR and zoonotic risk factors associated with human Campylobacter positivity were identified. In total 681 humans and 753 livestock (chickens, ducks, pigs, cattle) from 269 households were sampled. Children aged <16 years were more frequently Campylobacter positive (19%) than adults (8%) and multilevel logistic models revealed that human C. jejuni positivity was associated with the following household practices: home-slaughtering [odds ratio (OR) 2·4, P = 0·01], allowing animals access to sleeping and food preparation areas (OR 2·8, P = 0·02), and eating undercooked meat (OR 6·6, P = 0·05), while frequent consumption of beef was protective (OR 0·9, P = 0·05). Associations were stronger for home-slaughtering (OR 4·9, P = 0·004) with C. jejuni infection in children only. Campylobacter was highly prevalent in pigs (72%) and chickens (56%) and risk factors associated with human Campylobacter positivity were identified throughout the meat production chain. The findings underline the importance of studying source attributions throughout the production chain and the need for upgraded understanding of Campylobacter epidemiology in low-income countries.
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15
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Laprade N, Cloutier M, Lapen DR, Topp E, Wilkes G, Villemur R, Khan IUH. Detection of virulence, antibiotic resistance and toxin (VAT) genes in Campylobacter species using newly developed multiplex PCR assays. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 124:41-7. [PMID: 27012738 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter species are one of the leading causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. This twofold study was sought to: i) develop and optimize four single-tube multiplex PCR (mPCR) assays for the detection of six virulence (ciaB, dnaJ, flaA, flaB, pldA and racR), three toxin (cdtA, cdtB and cdtC) and one antibiotic resistance tet(O) genes in thermophilic Campylobacter spp. and ii) apply and evaluate the developed mPCR assays by testing 470 previously identified C. jejuni, C. coli and C. lari isolates from agricultural water. In each mPCR assay, a combination of two or three sets of primer pairs for virulence, antibiotic resistance and toxin (VAT) genes was used and optimized. Assay 1 was developed for the detection of dnaJ, racR and cdtC genes with expected amplification sizes of 720, 584 and 182bp. Assay 2 generated PCR amplicons for tet(O) and cdtA genes of 559 and 370bp. Assay 3 amplified cdtB ciaB, and pldA genes with PCR amplicon sizes of 620, 527 and 385bp. Assay 4 was optimized for flaA and flaB genes that generated PCR amplicons of 855 and 260bp. The primer pairs and optimized PCR protocols did not show interference and/or cross-amplification with each other and generated the expected size of amplification products for each target VAT gene for the C. jejuni ATCC 33291 reference strain. Overall, all ten target VAT genes were detected at a variable frequency in tested isolates of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. where cdtC, flaB, ciaB, cdtB, cdtA and pldA were commonly detected compared to the flaA, racR, dnaJ and tet(O) genes which were detected with less frequency. The developed mPCR assays are simple, rapid, reliable and sensitive tools for simultaneously assessing potential pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance profiling in thermophilic Campylobacter spp. The mPCR assays will be useful in diagnostic and analytical settings for routine screening of VAT characteristics of Campylobacter spp. as well as being applicable in epidemiological studies by providing information that could be related to the risk of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Laprade
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre (ORDC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michel Cloutier
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre (ORDC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - David R Lapen
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre (ORDC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Edward Topp
- London Research and Development Centre (LRDC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Graham Wilkes
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre (ORDC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Richard Villemur
- INRS-Institute Armand-Frappier Research Centre, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Izhar U H Khan
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre (ORDC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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16
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Osbjer K, Tano E, Chhayheng L, Mac‐Kwashie AO, Fernström L, Ellström P, Sokerya S, Sokheng C, Mom V, Chheng K, San S, Davun H, Boqvist S, Rautelin H, Magnusson U. Detection of
Campylobacter
in human and animal field samples in Cambodia. APMIS 2016; 124:508-15. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Osbjer
- Division of Reproduction Department of Clinical Sciences Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Eva Tano
- Department of Medical Sciences Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | | | | | - Lise‐Lotte Fernström
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Department of Medical Sciences Clinical Microbiology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology Zoonosis Science Center Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Seng Sokerya
- Centre for Livestock and Agriculture Development Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - Choup Sokheng
- National Institute of Public Health Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - Veng Mom
- National Institute of Public Health Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | | | - Sorn San
- National Veterinary Research Institute Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - Holl Davun
- National Veterinary Research Institute Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - Sofia Boqvist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Hilpi Rautelin
- Department of Medical Sciences Clinical Microbiology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Ulf Magnusson
- Division of Reproduction Department of Clinical Sciences Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
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17
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Silva DTD, Tejada TS, Blum-Menezes D, Dias PA, Timm CD. Campylobacter species isolated from poultry and humans, and their analysis using PFGE in southern Brazil. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 217:189-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent work has added to the understanding of the burden of Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, and non-jejuni/coli Campylobacter strains in children living in the developing world. RECENT FINDINGS New diagnostic modalities and carefully designed field studies are demonstrating that the burden of Campylobacter diarrhea in children in the developing world has been greatly underestimated. Furthermore, there is emerging recognition of an association between Campylobacter infection and malnutrition. Important progress has been made toward a Campylobacter jejuni vaccine. Finally, evidence of antibiotic resistance continues to be an important issue that is accentuated by the realization that the burden of disease is greater than previously recognized. SUMMARY Additional research is needed to refine our understanding of the epidemiology of Campylobacter infections in developing countries, in particular to improve estimates of the burden of Campylobacter diarrhea in endemic settings, to determine the impact of recurrent Campylobacter infections on child development, and to describe the prevalence and clinical significance of non-jejuni/coli Campylobacter infections. Progressive antibiotic resistance of isolates argues for augmented and expanded control measures of antibiotics in livestock. Continued work in vaccine development is warranted as is the extension of data available on the serotypes related to burden in different areas of the world and the relationship of serotypes to disease severity.
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19
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Fusco V, Quero GM. Culture-Dependent and Culture-Independent Nucleic-Acid-Based Methods Used in the Microbial Safety Assessment of Milk and Dairy Products. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 13:493-537. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzina Fusco
- Nal. Research Council of Italy; Inst. of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA); Bari Italy
| | - Grazia Marina Quero
- Nal. Research Council of Italy; Inst. of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA); Bari Italy
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20
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Maue AC, Poly F, Guerry P. A capsule conjugate vaccine approach to prevent diarrheal disease caused by Campylobacter jejuni. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:1499-504. [PMID: 24632556 DOI: 10.4161/hv.27985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of diarrheal disease and results in high levels of morbidity and economic loss in both industrialized and developing regions of the world. To date, prior vaccine approaches have failed to confer protection against this enteric pathogen. Key challenges to the development of a practical Campylobacter vaccine for human use include a lack of understanding of Campylobacter pathogenesis and well-defined immune correlates of protection. With the discovery that C. jejuni expresses a capsule polysaccharide associated with virulence, a conjugate vaccine approach is currently being evaluated. Conjugate vaccines have been successfully developed and implemented against other invasive mucosal pathogens including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Hemophilus influenzae. Furthermore, Shigella-based conjugate vaccines based on lipopolysaccharide have shown promising results in field trials. A prototype C. jejuni conjugate vaccine is currently entering human testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Maue
- Enteric Diseases Department; Naval Medical Research Center; Silver Spring, MD USA
| | - Frédéric Poly
- Enteric Diseases Department; Naval Medical Research Center; Silver Spring, MD USA
| | - Patricia Guerry
- Enteric Diseases Department; Naval Medical Research Center; Silver Spring, MD USA
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21
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Silva D, Tejada T, Cunha C, Lopes N, Agostinetto A, Collares T, Leon P, Timm C. Ocorrência de Campylobacter em carne de frango, fezes de frango e humanas e pesquisa dos genes cdt. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352014000100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foram coletadas 100 amostras de conteúdo fecal de aves de corte, 100 de produtos de frango (coxa, sobrecoxa, asa, dorso, carne moída e fígado) e 100 de fezes de humanos, e analisadas para pesquisa de Campylobacter. Realizou-se a determinação da espécie e da presença dos genes cdt, responsáveis pela codificação da toxina citoletal distensiva (CDT), através da técnica da PCR. A bactéria foi isolada de 61% das amostras de fezes de frango, 20% de produtos de frango e 3% de fezes de humanos. A maioria dos isolados foi determinada como C. jejuni . Destes, 93,5% apresentaram os genes para a toxina CDT. Apesar de a ocorrência de Campylobacter em fezes de humanos ter sido baixa, a prevalência em frangos de corte e produtos de frango foi elevada, fato que, aliado à presença dos genes cdt na maioria dos isolados, representa risco potencial para os consumidores. Esses resultados são indicativos da necessidade de medidas preventivas no sistema de produção e de boas práticas de fabricação na indústria, de forma a minimizar a contaminação dos produtos e diminuir o risco para os consumidores.
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22
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Schmidt PJ, Pintar KDM, Fazil AM, Flemming CA, Lanthier M, Laprade N, Sunohara MD, Simhon A, Thomas JL, Topp E, Wilkes G, Lapen DR. Using Campylobacter spp. and Escherichia coli data and Bayesian microbial risk assessment to examine public health risks in agricultural watersheds under tile drainage management. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:3255-3272. [PMID: 23623467 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Human campylobacteriosis is the leading bacterial gastrointestinal illness in Canada; environmental transmission has been implicated in addition to transmission via consumption of contaminated food. Information about Campylobacter spp. occurrence at the watershed scale will enhance our understanding of the associated public health risks and the efficacy of source water protection strategies. The overriding purpose of this study is to provide a quantitative framework to assess and compare the relative public health significance of watershed microbial water quality associated with agricultural BMPs. A microbial monitoring program was expanded from fecal indicator analyses and Campylobacter spp. presence/absence tests to the development of a novel, 11-tube most probable number (MPN) method that targeted Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter lari. These three types of data were used to make inferences about theoretical risks in a watershed in which controlled tile drainage is widely practiced, an adjacent watershed with conventional (uncontrolled) tile drainage, and reference sites elsewhere in the same river basin. E. coli concentrations (MPN and plate count) in the controlled tile drainage watershed were statistically higher (2008-11), relative to the uncontrolled tile drainage watershed, but yearly variation was high as well. Escherichia coli loading for years 2008-11 combined were statistically higher in the controlled watershed, relative to the uncontrolled tile drainage watershed, but Campylobacter spp. loads for 2010-11 were generally higher for the uncontrolled tile drainage watershed (but not statistically significant). Using MPN data and a Bayesian modelling approach, higher mean Campylobacter spp. concentrations were found in the controlled tile drainage watershed relative to the uncontrolled tile drainage watershed (2010, 2011). A second-order quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was used, in a relative way, to identify differences in mean Campylobacter spp. infection risks among monitoring sites for a hypothetical exposure scenario. Greater relative mean risks were obtained for sites in the controlled tile drainage watershed than in the uncontrolled tile drainage watershed in each year of monitoring with pair-wise posterior probabilities exceeding 0.699, and the lowest relative mean risks were found at a downstream drinking water intake reference site. The second-order modelling approach was used to partition sources of uncertainty, which revealed that an adequate representation of the temporal variation in Campylobacter spp. concentrations for risk assessment was achieved with as few as 10 MPN data per site. This study demonstrates for the first time how QMRA can be implemented to evaluate, in a relative sense, the public health implications of controlled tile drainage on watershed-scale water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Schmidt
- Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of Canada, 255 Woodlawn Rd. W., Unit 120, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Lima IFN, Boisen N, Silva JDQ, Havt A, de Carvalho EB, Soares AM, Lima NL, Mota RMS, Nataro JP, Guerrant RL, Lima AÂM. Prevalence of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and its virulence-related genes in a case-control study among children from north-eastern Brazil. J Med Microbiol 2013; 62:683-693. [PMID: 23429698 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.054262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is an important agent that causes endemic and epidemic diarrhoeal diseases worldwide. Several EAEC virulence-related genes (VRGs) have been described but their role in the clinical outcome of infection is not completely defined. This study investigated the prevalence of EAEC and potential associations of its VRGs with risk of or protection from diarrhoeal diseases in children from urban communities in north-eastern Brazil. The case-control study included 166 children, who had their stools evaluated for the EAEC diagnostic genes (aaiC and aatA) using PCR. Positive samples were further analysed by multiplex PCR and identified 18 VRGs. EAEC was found in the same proportion in both groups (41%). The plasmid-borne gene encoding a hexosyltransferase homologue (capU) was the most frequently detected (89.6%), followed by dispersin protein (aap, 58.2%) and EAEC HilA homologue (eilA, 57.8%). The AAF/III fimbrial subunit (agg3A) gene was observed at lower frequency (1.5%). Plasmid-encoded toxin (pet) or AAF/II fimbrial subunit (aafA) was associated significantly with disease. AAF/IV fimbrial subunit (agg4A) or hypothetical plasmid-encoded haemolysin (orf61) was detected significantly more in controls than in children with diarrhoea. In addition, one set of genes in combination, aaiC and agg3/4C but lacking agg4A and orf61, was associated with diarrhoea cases; and another one, orf61 in the absence of pet and aafA, was correlated with control children. These data confirm a high prevalence, endemicity and heterogeneity of EAEC strains in the developing urban areas of north-eastern Brazil. Statistical correlation between cases and controls was seen with either isolated or combined sets of genes, suggesting that the pathophysiology of EAEC infection involves a complex and dynamic modulation of several VRGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ila Fernanda Nunes Lima
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid and Clinical Research Unit/Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Nadia Boisen
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Alexandre Havt
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid and Clinical Research Unit/Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Eunice Bobo de Carvalho
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid and Clinical Research Unit/Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Alberto Melo Soares
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid and Clinical Research Unit/Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Noélia Leal Lima
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid and Clinical Research Unit/Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Salani Mota
- Departament of Statistics and Applied Mathematics, Science Center, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - James P Nataro
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Richard Littleton Guerrant
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid and Clinical Research Unit/Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Aldo Ângelo Moreira Lima
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid and Clinical Research Unit/Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Lee G, Pan W, Peñataro Yori P, Paredes Olortegui M, Tilley D, Gregory M, Oberhelman R, Burga R, Chavez CB, Kosek M. Symptomatic and asymptomatic Campylobacter infections associated with reduced growth in Peruvian children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2036. [PMID: 23383356 PMCID: PMC3561130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although diarrheal illnesses are recognized as both a cause and effect of undernutrition, evidence for the effect of specific enteropathogens on early childhood growth remains limited. We estimated the effects of undernutrition as a risk factor for campylobacteriosis, as well as associations between symptomatic and asymptomatic Campylobacter infections and growth. Methodology/Principal Findings Using data from a prospective cohort of 442 children aged 0–72 months, the effect of nutritional status on the incidence of Campylobacter infection was estimated using uni- and multivariate Poisson models. Multivariate regression models were developed to evaluate the effect of Campylobacter infection on weight gain and linear growth. Overall, 8.3% of diarrheal episodes were associated with Campylobacter (crude incidence rate = 0.37 episodes/year) and 4.9% of quarterly asymptomatic samples were Campylobacter positive. In univariate models, the incidence of Campylobacter infection was marginally higher in stunted than non-stunted children (IRR 1.270, 95% CI (0.960, 1.681)(p = 0.095). When recent diarrheal burdens were included in the analysis, there was no difference in risk between stunted and unstunted children. Asymptomatic and symptomatic Campylobacter infections were associated with reduced weight gain over a three-month period (65.5 g (95% CI: −128.0, −3.0)(p = 0.040) and 43.9 g (95% CI:−87.6, −1.0)(p = 0.049) less weight gain, respectively). Symptomatic Campylobacter infections were only marginally associated with reduced linear growth over a nine month period (−0.059 cm per episode, 95% CI: −0.118, 0.001)(p = 0.054), however relatively severe episodes were associated with reduced linear growth (−0.169 cm/episode, 95% CI −0.310, −0.028)(p = 0.019). Conclusions/Significance Our findings suggest that Campylobacter is not as benign as commonly assumed, and that there is evidence to support expanding the indications for antibiotic therapy in campylobacteriosis in children. Campylobacter is a common cause of diarrheal disease among children at risk for growth failure in the developing world. We evaluated risk factors for Campylobacter infection as well as the association between symptomatic and asymptomatic Campylobacter infections and child growth over three and nine-month periods. Undernourished (stunted) children were more likely to experience a Campylobacter infection, but adjusting for a recent history of diarrheal disease attenuated this relationship. Both symptomatic and asymptomatic infections were associated with poorer weight gain and symptomatic Campylobacter infections were marginally associated with poorer linear growth on an order similar to what has been reported for other bacterial pathogens and less than what has been reported for some protozoal and parasitic infections. In a subset of severe infections that made up about twenty percent of total illnesses, the associations were poorer growth were of greater magnitude. Campylobacter infections are frequently viewed as benign, but our study suggests that this is not always the case. Rapid diagnostics for Campylobacter jejuni and coli could attenuate acquired linear growth deficits in populations where campylobacteriosis is highly endemic by facilitating improved case management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenyth Lee
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William Pan
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Pablo Peñataro Yori
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Biomedical Research, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Maribel Paredes Olortegui
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Biomedical Research, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Drake Tilley
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit Six, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Richard Oberhelman
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane School of Public Health, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Rosa Burga
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit Six, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Margaret Kosek
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Biomedical Research, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Iquitos, Peru
- * E-mail:
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25
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Kolling G, Wu M, Guerrant RL. Enteric pathogens through life stages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:114. [PMID: 22937528 PMCID: PMC3427492 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric infections and diarrheal diseases constitute pervasive health burdens throughout the world, with rates being highest at the two ends of life. During the first 2–3 years of life, much of the disease burden may be attributed to infection with enteric pathogens including Salmonella, rotavirus, and many other bacterial, viral, and protozoan organisms; however, infections due to Clostridium difficile exhibit steady increases with age. Still others, like Campylobacter infections in industrialized settings are high in early life (<2 years old) and increase again in early adulthood (called the “second weaning” by some). The reasons for these differences undoubtedly reside in part in pathogen differences; however, host factors including the commensal intestinal microbial communities, immune responses (innate and acquired), and age-dependant shifts likely play important roles. Interplay of these factors is illustrated by studies examining changes in human gut microbiota with inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. Recent gut microbial surveys have indicated dramatic shifts in gut microbial population structure from infants to young adults to the elders. An understanding of the evolution of these factors and their interactions (e.g., how does gut microbiota modulate the “inflamm-aging” process or vice versa) through the human life “cycle” will be important in better addressing and controlling these enteric infections and their consequences for both quality and quantity of life (often assessed as disability adjusted life-years or “DALYs”).
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Affiliation(s)
- Glynis Kolling
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Center for Global Health, University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Quetz JDS, Lima IFN, Havt A, Prata MMG, Cavalcante PA, Medeiros PHQS, Cid DAC, Moraes ML, Rey LC, Soares AM, Mota RMS, Weigl BH, Guerrant RL, Lima AAM. Campylobacter jejuni infection and virulence-associated genes in children with moderate to severe diarrhoea admitted to emergency rooms in northeastern Brazil. J Med Microbiol 2011; 61:507-513. [PMID: 22174372 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.040600-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is an important cause of foodborne gastroenteritis. We determined the occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, using culture-based methods and PCRs targeting virulence-associated genes (VAGs) among children aged ≤14 years who were treated for diarrhoea at emergency rooms in northeastern Brazil. Genomic DNA was extracted directly from stool samples collected from 366 children. A questionnaire was also applied to qualify the clinical conditions presented by each child at the time of admission. C. jejuni and C. coli were detected in 16.4 % (60/366) and 1.4 % (5/366) of the diarrhoeal samples, respectively, by PCR, a much higher proportion than that detected by conventional methods. C. jejuni VAGs were detected in the following proportions of hipO-positive samples: ciaB, 95 % (57/60); dnaJ, 86.7 % (52/60); racR, 98.3 % (59/60); flaA, 80 % (48/60); pldA, 45 % (27/60); cdtABC, 95 % (57/60); and pVir 0 % (0/60). Particular symptoms, such as blood in faeces, vomiting, fever, and/or abdominal pain, were not associated with detection of C. jejuni nor were they associated with any particular VAG or combination of VAGs (P>0.05). C. jejuni and its VAGs were detected in a substantial proportion of the children admitted. Further efforts shall be directed towards elucidating whether these genetic factors or their expressed proteins play a role in Campylobacter pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane da S Quetz
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid/Clinical Research Unit, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Ila F N Lima
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid/Clinical Research Unit, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Havt
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid/Clinical Research Unit, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Mara M G Prata
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid/Clinical Research Unit, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Paloma A Cavalcante
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid/Clinical Research Unit, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Pedro H Q S Medeiros
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid/Clinical Research Unit, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE 60430-270, Brazil
| | - David A C Cid
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid/Clinical Research Unit, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Milena L Moraes
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid/Clinical Research Unit, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Luís Carlos Rey
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid/Clinical Research Unit, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Alberto M Soares
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid/Clinical Research Unit, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Rosa M S Mota
- Science Center/Unit of Statistics, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Bernhard H Weigl
- Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), Seattle, Washington, WA 98107, USA
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Center for Global Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Aldo A M Lima
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid/Clinical Research Unit, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE 60430-270, Brazil
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27
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Sweeny JPA, Ryan UM, Robertson ID, Jacobson C. Cryptosporidium and Giardia associated with reduced lamb carcase productivity. Vet Parasitol 2011; 182:127-39. [PMID: 21719199 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
On two extensive sheep farms in southern Western Australia, 111 (Farm A) and 124 (Farm B) female crossbred lambs (2-6 weeks old) were randomly selected and individually identified using ear tags (a numbered tag and radio-frequency tag) at marking. On five separate occasions, faecal samples were collected and live weight, body condition score (BCS), faecal consistency score (FCS), breech fleece faecal soiling score and faecal dry matter percentage (DM%) were recorded. Lamb hot carcase weight (HCW) and dressing percentage were measured at slaughter. Faecal samples were screened by PCR for Cryptosporidium (18S rRNA, actin and 60 kDa glycoprotein [gp60] loci), Giardia duodenalis (glutamate dehydrogenase [gdh] and triosephosphate isomerise [tpi]) and Campylobacter jejuni (16S rRNA). Observation of Eimeria oocysts and faecal worm egg counts (WECs) were performed using a modified McMaster technique. The WECs were adjusted for FCS for analyses. Faecal samples were screened for patent strongylid infections using PCR (specifically ITS-2 nuclear ribosomal DNA for Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus spp. and Haemonchus contortus). Lambs positive for Cryptosporidium at least once had lighter HCWs by 1.25 kg (6.6%) (P=0.029) and 1.46 kg (9.7%) (P<0.001) compared to lambs never positive for Cryptosporidium for Farms A and B respectively. Similarly, dressing percentages were 1.7% (P=0.022) and 1.9% (P<0.001) lower in Cryptosporidium-positive lambs on Farms A and B respectively. Lambs positive for Giardia at least once had 0.69 kg (P<0.001) lighter HCWs and 1.7% (P<0.001) lower dressing percentages compared to lambs never positive for Giardia on Farm B only. Cryptosporidium-positive lambs at the second sampling were 4.72 (P=0.010) and 3.84 (P=0.002) times more likely to have non-pelleted faeces compared to Cryptosporidium-negative lambs for Farms A and B respectively. Breech fleece faecal soiling scores of Cryptosporidium-positive lambs were 3.36 (P=0.026) and 2.96 (P=0.047) times more likely to be moderate to severe (scores 3-5), compared to negative lambs at the second sampling for Farms A and B respectively. Live weight, growth rate and BCS were inconsistently associated with protozoa detection across different samplings and farms. Adjusted WEC was correlated positively with FCS and negatively with faecal DM%, differing between sampling occasions and farms. Campylobacter jejuni prevalence was very low (<1%). Adjusted WEC were not correlated with carcase attributes, growth rates or live weights. This study is the first to quantify productivity consequences of naturally acquired protozoa infections in lambs managed under extensive farming conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P A Sweeny
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.
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