1
|
Garschall K, Pascual-Carreras E, García-Pascual B, Filimonova D, Guse A, Johnston IG, Steinmetz PRH. The cellular basis of feeding-dependent body size plasticity in sea anemones. Development 2024; 151:dev202926. [PMID: 38980277 PMCID: PMC11267454 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Many animals share a lifelong capacity to adapt their growth rates and body sizes to changing environmental food supplies. However, the cellular and molecular basis underlying this plasticity remains only poorly understood. We therefore studied how the sea anemones Nematostella vectensis and Aiptasia (Exaiptasia pallida) respond to feeding and starvation. Combining quantifications of body size and cell numbers with mathematical modelling, we observed that growth and shrinkage rates in Nematostella are exponential, stereotypic and accompanied by dramatic changes in cell numbers. Notably, shrinkage rates, but not growth rates, are independent of body size. In the facultatively symbiotic Aiptasia, we show that growth and cell proliferation rates are dependent on the symbiotic state. On a cellular level, we found that >7% of all cells in Nematostella juveniles reversibly shift between S/G2/M and G1/G0 cell cycle phases when fed or starved, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrate that polyp growth and cell proliferation are dependent on TOR signalling during feeding. Altogether, we provide a benchmark and resource for further investigating the nutritional regulation of body plasticity on multiple scales using the genetic toolkit available for Nematostella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Garschall
- Michael Sars Centre, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Belén García-Pascual
- Department for Mathematics, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Daria Filimonova
- Michael Sars Centre, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annika Guse
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Iain G. Johnston
- Department for Mathematics, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bush SJ, Nikola R, Han S, Suzuki S, Yoshida S, Simons BD, Goriely A. Adult Human, but Not Rodent, Spermatogonial Stem Cells Retain States with a Foetal-like Signature. Cells 2024; 13:742. [PMID: 38727278 PMCID: PMC11083513 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenesis involves a complex process of cellular differentiation maintained by spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Being critical to male reproduction, it is generally assumed that spermatogenesis starts and ends in equivalent transcriptional states in related species. Based on single-cell gene expression profiling, it has been proposed that undifferentiated human spermatogonia can be subclassified into four heterogenous subtypes, termed states 0, 0A, 0B, and 1. To increase the resolution of the undifferentiated compartment and trace the origin of the spermatogenic trajectory, we re-analysed the single-cell (sc) RNA-sequencing libraries of 34 post-pubescent human testes to generate an integrated atlas of germ cell differentiation. We then used this atlas to perform comparative analyses of the putative SSC transcriptome both across human development (using 28 foetal and pre-pubertal scRNA-seq libraries) and across species (including data from sheep, pig, buffalo, rhesus and cynomolgus macaque, rat, and mouse). Alongside its detailed characterisation, we show that the transcriptional heterogeneity of the undifferentiated spermatogonial cell compartment varies not only between species but across development. Our findings associate 'state 0B' with a suppressive transcriptomic programme that, in adult humans, acts to functionally oppose proliferation and maintain cells in a ready-to-react state. Consistent with this conclusion, we show that human foetal germ cells-which are mitotically arrested-can be characterised solely as state 0B. While germ cells with a state 0B signature are also present in foetal mice (and are likely conserved at this stage throughout mammals), they are not maintained into adulthood. We conjecture that in rodents, the foetal-like state 0B differentiates at birth into the renewing SSC population, whereas in humans it is maintained as a reserve population, supporting testicular homeostasis over a longer reproductive lifespan while reducing mutagenic load. Together, these results suggest that SSCs adopt differing evolutionary strategies across species to ensure fertility and genome integrity over vastly differing life histories and reproductive timeframes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Bush
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Rafail Nikola
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Seungmin Han
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Shinnosuke Suzuki
- Division of Germ Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Shosei Yoshida
- Division of Germ Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Benjamin D. Simons
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- Wellcome—MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
| | - Anne Goriely
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gambino G, Iacopetti P, Guidi P, Ippolito C, Linsalata S, Salvetti A, Rossi L. Cell quiescence in planarian stem cells, interplay between p53 and nutritional stimuli. Open Biol 2022; 12:220216. [PMID: 36541101 PMCID: PMC9768645 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell quiescence appeared early in evolution as an adaptive response to adverse conditions (i.e. nutrient depletion). In metazoans, quiescence has been involved in additional processes like tissue homeostasis, which is made possible by the presence of adult stem cells (ASCs). Cell cycle control machinery is a common hub for quiescence entrance, and evidence indicates a role for p53 in establishing the quiescent state of undamaged cells. Mechanisms responsible for waking up quiescent cells remain elusive, and nutritional stimulus, as a legacy of its original role, still appears to be a player in quiescence exit. Planarians, rich in ASCs, represent a suitable system in which we characterized a quiescent population of ASCs, the dorsal midline cord (DMC) cells, exhibiting unique transcriptional features and maintained quiescent by p53 and awakened upon feeding. The function of DMC cells is puzzling and we speculate that DMC cells, despite retaining ancient properties, might represent a functional drift in which quiescence has been recruited to provide evolutionary advantages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetana Gambino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Volta 4, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Iacopetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Volta 4, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Guidi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Volta 4, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Ippolito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefania Linsalata
- Medical Physics Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Salvetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Volta 4, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Rossi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Volta 4, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Buzgariu W, Aubry-Lachainaye JP, Galliot B. Studying Stem Cell Biology in Intact and Whole-Body Regenerating Hydra by Flow Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2450:373-398. [PMID: 35359319 PMCID: PMC9761490 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2172-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The freshwater Hydra polyp is a versatile model to study whole-body regeneration from a developmental as well as a cellular point of view. The outstanding regenerative capacities of Hydra are based on its three populations of adult stem cells located in the central body column of the animal. There, these three populations, gastrodermal epithelial, epidermal epithelial, and interstitial, continuously cycle in homeostatic conditions, and their activity is locally regulated after mid-gastric bisection. Moreover, they present an unusual cycling behavior with a short G1 phase and a pausing in G2. This particular cell cycle has been studied for a long time with classical microscopic methods. We describe here two flow cytometry methods that provide accurate and reproducible quantitative data to monitor cell cycle regulation in homeostatic and regenerative contexts. We also present a cell sorting procedure based on flow cytometry, whereby stem cells expressing a fluorescent reporter protein in transgenic lines can be enriched for use in applications such as transcriptomic, proteomic, or cell cycle analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Buzgariu
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, iGE3, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | - Brigitte Galliot
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, iGE3, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chrysostomou E, Flici H, Gornik SG, Salinas-Saavedra M, Gahan JM, McMahon ET, Thompson K, Hanley S, Kilcoyne M, Schnitzler CE, Gonzalez P, Baxevanis AD, Frank U. A cellular and molecular analysis of SoxB-driven neurogenesis in a cnidarian. eLife 2022; 11:78793. [PMID: 35608899 PMCID: PMC9173746 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis is the generation of neurons from stem cells, a process that is regulated by SoxB transcription factors (TFs) in many animals. Although the roles of these TFs are well understood in bilaterians, how their neural function evolved is unclear. Here, we use Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus, a member of the early-branching phylum Cnidaria, to provide insight into this question. Using a combination of mRNA in situ hybridization, transgenesis, gene knockdown, transcriptomics, and in vivo imaging, we provide a comprehensive molecular and cellular analysis of neurogenesis during embryogenesis, homeostasis, and regeneration in this animal. We show that SoxB genes act sequentially at least in some cases. Stem cells expressing Piwi1 and Soxb1, which have broad developmental potential, become neural progenitors that express Soxb2 before differentiating into mature neural cells. Knockdown of SoxB genes resulted in complex defects in embryonic neurogenesis. Hydractinia neural cells differentiate while migrating from the aboral to the oral end of the animal, but it is unclear whether migration per se or exposure to different microenvironments is the main driver of their fate determination. Our data constitute a rich resource for studies aiming at addressing this question, which is at the heart of understanding the origin and development of animal nervous systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Chrysostomou
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Hakima Flici
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Sebastian G Gornik
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Miguel Salinas-Saavedra
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - James M Gahan
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Emma T McMahon
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Kerry Thompson
- Centre for Microscopy and Imaging, Discipline of Anatomy, National University of Ireland, GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Shirley Hanley
- National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Michelle Kilcoyne
- Carbohydrate Signalling Group, Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Christine E Schnitzler
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of FloridaSt. Augustine, FloridaUnited States,Department of Biology, University of FloridaGainesville, FloridaUnited States
| | - Paul Gonzalez
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MarylandUnited States
| | - Andreas D Baxevanis
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MarylandUnited States
| | - Uri Frank
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vogg MC, Buzgariu W, Suknovic NS, Galliot B. Cellular, Metabolic, and Developmental Dimensions of Whole-Body Regeneration in Hydra. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a040725. [PMID: 34230037 PMCID: PMC8635000 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Here we discuss the developmental and homeostatic conditions necessary for Hydra regeneration. Hydra is characterized by populations of adult stem cells paused in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, ready to respond to injury signals. The body column can be compared to a blastema-like structure, populated with multifunctional epithelial stem cells that show low sensitivity to proapoptotic signals, and high inducibility of autophagy that promotes resistance to stress and starvation. Intact Hydra polyps also exhibit a dynamic patterning along the oral-aboral axis under the control of homeostatic organizers whose activity results from regulatory loops between activators and inhibitors. As in bilaterians, injury triggers the immediate production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) signals that promote wound healing and contribute to the reactivation of developmental programs via cell death and the de novo formation of new organizing centers from somatic tissues. In aging Hydra, regeneration is rapidly lost as homeostatic conditions are no longer pro-regenerative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Christian Vogg
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Wanda Buzgariu
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Nenad Slavko Suknovic
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Galliot
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rinkevich B, Ballarin L, Martinez P, Somorjai I, Ben-Hamo O, Borisenko I, Berezikov E, Ereskovsky A, Gazave E, Khnykin D, Manni L, Petukhova O, Rosner A, Röttinger E, Spagnuolo A, Sugni M, Tiozzo S, Hobmayer B. A pan-metazoan concept for adult stem cells: the wobbling Penrose landscape. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:299-325. [PMID: 34617397 PMCID: PMC9292022 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells (ASCs) in vertebrates and model invertebrates (e.g. Drosophila melanogaster) are typically long‐lived, lineage‐restricted, clonogenic and quiescent cells with somatic descendants and tissue/organ‐restricted activities. Such ASCs are mostly rare, morphologically undifferentiated, and undergo asymmetric cell division. Characterized by ‘stemness’ gene expression, they can regulate tissue/organ homeostasis, repair and regeneration. By contrast, analysis of other animal phyla shows that ASCs emerge at different life stages, present both differentiated and undifferentiated phenotypes, and may possess amoeboid movement. Usually pluri/totipotent, they may express germ‐cell markers, but often lack germ‐line sequestering, and typically do not reside in discrete niches. ASCs may constitute up to 40% of animal cells, and participate in a range of biological phenomena, from whole‐body regeneration, dormancy, and agametic asexual reproduction, to indeterminate growth. They are considered legitimate units of selection. Conceptualizing this divergence, we present an alternative stemness metaphor to the Waddington landscape: the ‘wobbling Penrose’ landscape. Here, totipotent ASCs adopt ascending/descending courses of an ‘Escherian stairwell’, in a lifelong totipotency pathway. ASCs may also travel along lower stemness echelons to reach fully differentiated states. However, from any starting state, cells can change their stemness status, underscoring their dynamic cellular potencies. Thus, vertebrate ASCs may reflect just one metazoan ASC archetype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baruch Rinkevich
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, POB 9753, Tel Shikmona, Haifa, 3109701, Israel
| | - Loriano Ballarin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Pedro Martinez
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Ildiko Somorjai
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, Scotland, UK
| | - Oshrat Ben-Hamo
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, POB 9753, Tel Shikmona, Haifa, 3109701, Israel
| | - Ilya Borisenko
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, University Embankment, 7/9, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Eugene Berezikov
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Ereskovsky
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, University Embankment, 7/9, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, Avignon University, Jardin du Pharo, 58 Boulevard Charles Livon, Marseille, 13007, France.,Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulitsa Vavilova, 26, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Eve Gazave
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Denis Khnykin
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Bygg 19, Gaustad Sykehus, Sognsvannsveien 21, Oslo, 0188, Norway
| | - Lucia Manni
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Olga Petukhova
- Collection of Vertebrate Cell Cultures, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Amalia Rosner
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, POB 9753, Tel Shikmona, Haifa, 3109701, Israel
| | - Eric Röttinger
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice, 06107, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, Federative Research Institute - Marine Resources (IFR MARRES), 28 Avenue de Valrose, Nice, 06103, France
| | - Antonietta Spagnuolo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, 80121, Italy
| | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Stefano Tiozzo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06234 Villefranche-sur-Mer, Villefranche sur Mer, Cedex, France
| | - Bert Hobmayer
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr, Innsbruck, 256020, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Suknovic N, Tomczyk S, Colevret D, Perruchoud C, Galliot B. The ULK1 kinase, a necessary component of the pro-regenerative and anti-aging machinery in Hydra. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 194:111414. [PMID: 33338499 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydra vulgaris (Hv) has a high regenerative potential and negligible senescence, as its stem cell populations divide continuously. In contrast, the cold-sensitive H. oligactis (Ho_CS) rapidly develop an aging phenotype under stress, with epithelial stem cells deficient for autophagy, unable to maintain their self-renewal. Here we tested in aging, non-aging and regenerating Hydra the activity and regulation of the ULK1 kinase involved in autophagosome formation. In vitro kinase assays show that human ULK1 activity is activated by Hv extracts but repressed by Ho_CS extracts, reflecting the ability or inability of their respective epithelial cells to initiate autophagosome formation. The factors that keep ULK1 inactive in Ho_CS remain uncharacterized. Hv_Basel1 animals exposed to the ULK1 inhibitor SBI-0206965 no longer regenerate their head, indicating that the sustained autophagy flux recorded in regenerating Hv_AEP2 transgenic animals expressing the DsRed-GFP-LC3A autophagy tandem sensor is necessary. The SBI-0206965 treatment also alters the contractility of intact Hv_Basel1 animals, and leads to a progressive reduction of animal size in Hv_AEP2, similarly to what is observed in ULK1(RNAi) animals. We conclude that the evolutionarily-conserved role of ULK1 in autophagy initiation is crucial to maintain a dynamic homeostasis in Hydra, which supports regeneration efficiency and prevents aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Suknovic
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Szymon Tomczyk
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Delphine Colevret
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Chrystelle Perruchoud
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Galliot
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hiebert LS, Simpson C, Tiozzo S. Coloniality, clonality, and modularity in animals: The elephant in the room. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2020; 336:198-211. [PMID: 32306502 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nearly half of the animal phyla contain species that propagate asexually via agametic reproduction, often forming colonies of genetically identical modules, that is, ramets, zooids, or polyps. Clonal reproduction, colony formation, and modular organization have important consequences for many aspects of organismal biology. Theories in ecology, evolution, and development are often based on unitary and, mainly, strictly sexually reproducing organisms, and though colonial animals dominate many marine ecosystems and habitats, recognized concepts for the study of clonal species are often lacking. In this review, we present an overview of the study of colonial and clonal animals, from the historic interests in this subject to modern research in a range of topics, including immunology, stem cell biology, aging, biogeography, and ecology. We attempt to portray the fundamental questions lying behind the biology of colonial animals, focusing on how colonial animals challenge several dogmas in biology as well as the remaining puzzles still to be answered, of which there are many.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurel S Hiebert
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Carl Simpson
- Department of Geological Sciences and Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Stefano Tiozzo
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Quiescent Neural Stem Cells for Brain Repair and Regeneration: Lessons from Model Systems. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:213-226. [PMID: 32209453 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent progenitors that are responsible for producing all of the neurons and macroglia in the nervous system. In adult mammals, NSCs reside predominantly in a mitotically dormant, quiescent state, but they can proliferate in response to environmental inputs such as feeding or exercise. It is hoped that quiescent NSCs could be activated therapeutically to contribute towards repair in humans. This will require an understanding of quiescent NSC heterogeneities and regulation during normal physiology and following brain injury. Non-mammalian vertebrates (zebrafish and salamanders) and invertebrates (Drosophila) offer insights into brain repair and quiescence regulation that are difficult to obtain using rodent models alone. We review conceptual progress from these various models, a first step towards harnessing quiescent NSCs for therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
|
11
|
Tomczyk S, Suknovic N, Schenkelaars Q, Wenger Y, Ekundayo K, Buzgariu W, Bauer C, Fischer K, Austad S, Galliot B. Deficient autophagy in epithelial stem cells drives aging in the freshwater cnidarian Hydra. Development 2020; 147:dev.177840. [PMID: 31862842 PMCID: PMC6983715 DOI: 10.1242/dev.177840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hydra possesses three distinct stem cell populations that continuously self-renew and prevent aging in Hydra vulgaris. However, sexual animals from the H. oligactis cold-sensitive strain Ho_CS develop an aging phenotype upon gametogenesis induction, initiated by the loss of interstitial stem cells. Animals stop regenerating, lose their active behaviors and die within 3 months. This phenotype is not observed in the cold-resistant strain Ho_CR. To dissect the mechanisms of Hydra aging, we compared the self-renewal of epithelial stem cells in these two strains and found it to be irreversibly reduced in aging Ho_CS but sustained in non-aging Ho_CR. We also identified a deficient autophagy in Ho_CS epithelial cells, with a constitutive deficiency in autophagosome formation as detected with the mCherry-eGFP-LC3A/B autophagy sensor, an inefficient response to starvation as evidenced by the accumulation of the autophagosome cargo protein p62/SQSTM1, and a poorly inducible autophagy flux upon proteasome inhibition. In the non-aging H. vulgaris animals, the blockade of autophagy by knocking down WIPI2 suffices to induce aging. This study highlights the essential role of a dynamic autophagy flux to maintain epithelial stem cell renewal and prevent aging. Summary: Lack of epithelial stem cell renewal and deficient epithelial autophagy are the major causes of aging in Hydra oligactis, whereas lowering autophagy efficiency in the non-aging Hydra vulgaris induces an aging phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Tomczyk
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nenad Suknovic
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Quentin Schenkelaars
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yvan Wenger
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kazadi Ekundayo
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Wanda Buzgariu
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Bauer
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kathleen Fischer
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Steven Austad
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Brigitte Galliot
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The freshwater polyp Hydra provides a potent model system for investigating the conditions that promote wound healing, reactivation of a developmental process and, ultimately, regeneration of an amputated body part. Hydra polyps can also be dissociated to the single cell level and can regenerate a complete body axis from aggregates, behaving as natural organoids. In recent years, the ability to exploit Hydra has been expanded with the advent of new live-imaging approaches, genetic manipulations that include stable transgenesis, gene silencing and genome editing, and the accumulation of high-throughput omics data. In this Primer, we provide an overview of Hydra as a model system for studying regeneration, highlighting recent results that question the classical self-enhancement and long-range inhibition model supposed to drive Hydra regeneration. We underscore the need for integrative explanations incorporating biochemical as well as mechanical signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias C Vogg
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Galliot
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Charisios D Tsiairis
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
McKeown CR, Cline HT. Nutrient restriction causes reversible G2 arrest in Xenopus neural progenitors. Development 2019; 146:146/20/dev178871. [PMID: 31649012 DOI: 10.1242/dev.178871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient status affects brain development; however, the effects of nutrient availability on neural progenitor cell proliferation in vivo are poorly understood. Without food, Xenopus laevis tadpoles enter a period of stasis during which neural progenitor proliferation is drastically reduced, but resumes when food becomes available. Here, we investigate how neural progenitors halt cell division in response to nutrient restriction and subsequently re-enter the cell cycle upon feeding. We demonstrate that nutrient restriction causes neural progenitors to arrest in G2 of the cell cycle with increased DNA content, and that nutrient availability triggers progenitors to re-enter the cell cycle at M phase. Initiation of the nutrient restriction-induced G2 arrest is rapamycin insensitive, but cell cycle re-entry requires mTOR. Finally, we show that activation of insulin receptor signaling is sufficient to increase neural progenitor cell proliferation in the absence of food. A G2 arrest mechanism provides an adaptive strategy to control brain development in response to nutrient availability by triggering a synchronous burst of cell proliferation when nutrients become available. This may be a general cellular mechanism that allows developmental flexibility during times of limited resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hollis T Cline
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Transgenesis in Hydra to characterize gene function and visualize cell behavior. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:2069-2090. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
15
|
Sutcu HH, Ricchetti M. Loss of heterogeneity, quiescence, and differentiation in muscle stem cells. Stem Cell Investig 2018; 5:9. [PMID: 29780813 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2018.03.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle stem cells in the adult display heterogeneity that has been functionally linked to their behavior, self-renewal capacity, and resistance to stress in hostile environments. Behavioral heterogeneity emerges also during developmental myogenesis. Muscle stem cell diversity may be functionally linked to the changing needs of skeletal muscle regeneration. Intriguingly, dramatic reduction of stem cell diversity, the "clonal drift", that implies loss of stem cells and related expansion of clonally related stem cells has been reported for tissue replacement in several adult tissues and suggested in the zebrafish embryo. A recent study shows clonal drift of muscle stem cells in the zebrafish embryo caused by inhibition of the cell cycle and directed by the homeobox protein Meox1. Although stem cell quiescence is associated with inhibition of the transition phase G0/G1 of the cell cycle, Meox1 triggers the muscle stem cell fate by an arrest in G2 phase. Why efficient muscle growth in the zebrafish embryo requires sacrificing stem cell heterogeneity in favor of a small number of dominant clones has not been elucidated. The significance of G2-halted stem cells, which are generally associated with robust regeneration capacity, is also intriguing. These processes are relevant for understanding organ growth and the mechanisms that govern stem cell quiescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haser Hasan Sutcu
- Stem Cells and Development, Team "Stability of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA", Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3738, Paris, France.,University Pierre and Marie Curie (Sorbonne Universities, ED515), Paris, France
| | - Miria Ricchetti
- Stem Cells and Development, Team "Stability of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA", Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3738, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lai AG, Aboobaker AA. EvoRegen in animals: Time to uncover deep conservation or convergence of adult stem cell evolution and regenerative processes. Dev Biol 2018; 433:118-131. [PMID: 29198565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
How do animals regenerate specialised tissues or their entire body after a traumatic injury, how has this ability evolved and what are the genetic and cellular components underpinning this remarkable feat? While some progress has been made in understanding mechanisms, relatively little is known about the evolution of regenerative ability. Which elements of regeneration are due to lineage specific evolutionary novelties or have deeply conserved roots within the Metazoa remains an open question. The renaissance in regeneration research, fuelled by the development of modern functional and comparative genomics, now enable us to gain a detailed understanding of both the mechanisms and evolutionary forces underpinning regeneration in diverse animal phyla. Here we review existing and emerging model systems, with the focus on invertebrates, for studying regeneration. We summarize findings across these taxa that tell us something about the evolution of adult stem cell types that fuel regeneration and the growing evidence that many highly regenerative animals harbor adult stem cells with a gene expression profile that overlaps with germline stem cells. We propose a framework in which regenerative ability broadly evolves through changes in the extent to which stem cells generated through embryogenesis are maintained into the adult life history.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvina G Lai
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - A Aziz Aboobaker
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Impact of cycling cells and cell cycle regulation on Hydra regeneration. Dev Biol 2018; 433:240-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
18
|
Özpolat BD, Handberg-Thorsager M, Vervoort M, Balavoine G. Cell lineage and cell cycling analyses of the 4d micromere using live imaging in the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii. eLife 2017; 6:30463. [PMID: 29231816 PMCID: PMC5764573 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell lineage, cell cycle, and cell fate are tightly associated in developmental processes, but in vivo studies at single-cell resolution showing the intricacies of these associations are rare due to technical limitations. In this study on the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii, we investigated the lineage of the 4d micromere, using high-resolution long-term live imaging complemented with a live-cell cycle reporter. 4d is the origin of mesodermal lineages and the germline in many spiralians. We traced lineages at single-cell resolution within 4d and demonstrate that embryonic segmental mesoderm forms via teloblastic divisions, as in clitellate annelids. We also identified the precise cellular origins of the larval mesodermal posterior growth zone. We found that differentially-fated progeny of 4d (germline, segmental mesoderm, growth zone) display significantly different cell cycling. This work has evolutionary implications, sets up the foundation for functional studies in annelid stem cells, and presents newly established techniques for live imaging marine embryos.
Collapse
|
19
|
Zeeshan M, Murugadas A, Ghaskadbi S, Ramaswamy BR, Akbarsha MA. Ecotoxicological assessment of cobalt using Hydra model: ROS, oxidative stress, DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis as mechanisms of toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 224:54-69. [PMID: 28222982 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying cobalt toxicity in aquatic species in general and cnidarians in particular remain poorly understood. Herein we investigated cobalt toxicity in a Hydra model from morphological, histological, developmental, and molecular biological perspectives. Hydra, exposed to cobalt (0-60 mg/L), were altered in morphology, histology, and regeneration. Exposure to standardized sublethal doses of cobalt impaired feeding by affecting nematocytes, which in turn affected reproduction. At the cellular level, excessive ROS generation, as the principal mechanism of action, primarily occurred in the lysosomes, which was accompanied by the upregulation of expression of the antioxidant genes SOD, GST, GPx, and G6PD. The number of Hsp70 and FoxO transcripts also increased. Interestingly, the upregulations were higher in the 24-h than in the 48-h time-point group, indicating that ROS overwhelmed the cellular defense mechanisms at the latter time-point. Comet assay revealed DNA damage. Cell cycle analysis indicated the induction of apoptosis accompanied or not by cell cycle arrest. Immunoblot analyses revealed that cobalt treatment triggered mitochondria-mediated apoptosis as inferred from the modulation of the key proteins Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3. From this data, we suggest the use of Hydra as a model organism for the risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Zeeshan
- Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Center, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India; Dept. of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Anbazhagan Murugadas
- Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Center, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India; Dept. of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Surendra Ghaskadbi
- Developmental Biology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India
| | | | - Mohammad Abdulkader Akbarsha
- Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Center, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dambroise E, Simion M, Bourquard T, Bouffard S, Rizzi B, Jaszczyszyn Y, Bourge M, Affaticati P, Heuzé A, Jouralet J, Edouard J, Brown S, Thermes C, Poupon A, Reiter E, Sohm F, Bourrat F, Joly JS. Postembryonic Fish Brain Proliferation Zones Exhibit Neuroepithelial-Type Gene Expression Profile. Stem Cells 2017; 35:1505-1518. [PMID: 28181357 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, neuroepithelial cells play an essential role in embryonic neurogenesis, whereas glial stem cells are the principal source of neurons at postembryonic stages. By contrast, neuroepithelial-like stem/progenitor (NE) cells have been shown to be present throughout life in teleosts. We used three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of cleared transgenic wdr12:GFP medaka brains to demonstrate that this cell type is widespread in juvenile and to identify new regions containing NE cells. We established the gene expression profile of optic tectum (OT) NE cells by cell sorting followed by RNA-seq. Our results demonstrate that most OT NE cells are indeed active stem cells and that some of them exhibit long G2 phases. We identified several novel pathways (e.g., DNA repair pathways) potentially involved in NE cell homeostasis. In situ hybridization studies showed that all NE populations in the postembryonic medaka brain have a similar molecular signature. Our findings highlight the importance of NE progenitors in medaka and improve our understanding of NE-cell biology. These cells are potentially useful not only for neural stem cell studies but also for improving the characterization of neurodevelopmental diseases, such as microcephaly. Stem Cells 2017;35:1505-1518.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Dambroise
- INRA CASBAH Group, Neuro-PSI, UMR 9197, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Matthieu Simion
- INRA CASBAH Group, Neuro-PSI, UMR 9197, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | - Barbara Rizzi
- Tefor Core Facility, TEFOR Infrastructure, Neuro-PSI, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | - Pierre Affaticati
- Tefor Core Facility, TEFOR Infrastructure, Neuro-PSI, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Aurélie Heuzé
- INRA CASBAH Group, Neuro-PSI, UMR 9197, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Julia Jouralet
- Plateforme BM-Gif, Imagif, UMR 9198, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Joanne Edouard
- UMS AMAGEN CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Frédéric Sohm
- UMS AMAGEN CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Franck Bourrat
- INRA CASBAH Group, Neuro-PSI, UMR 9197, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gahan JM, Bradshaw B, Flici H, Frank U. The interstitial stem cells in Hydractinia and their role in regeneration. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 40:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
22
|
Wenger Y, Buzgariu W, Galliot B. Loss of neurogenesis in Hydra leads to compensatory regulation of neurogenic and neurotransmission genes in epithelial cells. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150040. [PMID: 26598723 PMCID: PMC4685579 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydra continuously differentiates a sophisticated nervous system made of mechanosensory cells (nematocytes) and sensory-motor and ganglionic neurons from interstitial stem cells. However, this dynamic adult neurogenesis is dispensable for morphogenesis. Indeed animals depleted of their interstitial stem cells and interstitial progenitors lose their active behaviours but maintain their developmental fitness, and regenerate and bud when force-fed. To characterize the impact of the loss of neurogenesis in Hydra, we first performed transcriptomic profiling at five positions along the body axis. We found neurogenic genes predominantly expressed along the central body column, which contains stem cells and progenitors, and neurotransmission genes predominantly expressed at the extremities, where the nervous system is dense. Next, we performed transcriptomics on animals depleted of their interstitial cells by hydroxyurea, colchicine or heat-shock treatment. By crossing these results with cell-type-specific transcriptomics, we identified epithelial genes up-regulated upon loss of neurogenesis: transcription factors (Dlx, Dlx1, DMBX1/Manacle, Ets1, Gli3, KLF11, LMX1A, ZNF436, Shox1), epitheliopeptides (Arminins, PW peptide), neurosignalling components (CAMK1D, DDCl2, Inx1), ligand-ion channel receptors (CHRNA1, NaC7), G-Protein Coupled Receptors and FMRFRL. Hence epitheliomuscular cells seemingly enhance their sensing ability when neurogenesis is compromised. This unsuspected plasticity might reflect the extended multifunctionality of epithelial-like cells in early eumetazoan evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Wenger
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGe3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - W Buzgariu
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGe3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - B Galliot
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGe3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Murugadas A, Zeeshan M, Thamaraiselvi K, Ghaskadbi S, Akbarsha MA. Hydra as a model organism to decipher the toxic effects of copper oxide nanorod: Eco-toxicogenomics approach. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29663. [PMID: 27417574 PMCID: PMC4945869 DOI: 10.1038/srep29663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has emerged as a powerful field of applied research. However, the potential toxicity of nano-materials is a cause of concern. A thorough toxicological investigation is required before a nanomaterial is evaluated for application of any kind. In this context, there is concerted effort to find appropriate test systems to assess the toxicity of nanomaterials. Toxicity of a nanomaterial greatly depends on its physicochemical properties and the biological system with which it interacts. The present research was carried out with a view to generate data on eco-toxicological impacts of copper oxide nanorod (CuO NR) in Hydra magnipapillata 105 at organismal, cellular and molecular levels. Exposure of hydra to CuO NR resulted in severe morphological alterations in a concentration- as well as duration-dependent manner. Impairment of feeding, population growth, and regeneration was also observed. In vivo and in vitro analyses revealed induction of oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and molecular machinery of apoptotic cell death, accompanied by disruption of cell cycle progression. Taken together, CuO nanorod is potentially toxic to the biological systems. Also, hydra offers potential to be used as a convenient model organism for aquatic ecotoxicological risk assessment of nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anbazhagan Murugadas
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India.,Mahatma Gandhi - Doerenkamp Center for Alternatives to Use of Animals in Life Science Education, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Mohammed Zeeshan
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India.,Mahatma Gandhi - Doerenkamp Center for Alternatives to Use of Animals in Life Science Education, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Kaliannan Thamaraiselvi
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Surendra Ghaskadbi
- Developmental Biology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India
| | - Mohammad Abdulkader Akbarsha
- Mahatma Gandhi - Doerenkamp Center for Alternatives to Use of Animals in Life Science Education, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bukowska B, Rogalska A, Forma E, Brys M, Marczak A. Why a Combination of WP 631 and Epo B is an Improvement on the Drugs Singly - Involvement in the Cell Cycle and Mitotic Slippage. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 17:1299-308. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.3.1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
25
|
Buzgariu W, Al Haddad S, Tomczyk S, Wenger Y, Galliot B. Multi-functionality and plasticity characterize epithelial cells in Hydra. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e1068908. [PMID: 26716072 PMCID: PMC4681288 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1068908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial sheets, a synapomorphy of all metazoans but porifers, are present as 2 layers in cnidarians, ectoderm and endoderm, joined at their basal side by an extra-cellular matrix named mesoglea. In the Hydra polyp, epithelial cells of the body column are unipotent stem cells that continuously self-renew and concomitantly express their epitheliomuscular features. These multifunctional contractile cells maintain homeostasis by providing a protective physical barrier, by digesting nutrients, by selecting a stable microbiota, and by rapidly closing wounds. In addition, epithelial cells are highly plastic, supporting the adaptation of Hydra to physiological and environmental changes, such as long starvation periods where survival relies on a highly dynamic autophagy flux. Epithelial cells also play key roles in developmental processes as evidenced by the organizer activity they develop to promote budding and regeneration. We propose here an integrative view of the homeostatic and developmental aspects of epithelial plasticity in Hydra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Buzgariu
- Department of Genetics and Evolution; Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGe3); Faculty of Sciences; University of Geneva; Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Al Haddad
- Department of Genetics and Evolution; Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGe3); Faculty of Sciences; University of Geneva; Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Tomczyk
- Department of Genetics and Evolution; Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGe3); Faculty of Sciences; University of Geneva; Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y Wenger
- Department of Genetics and Evolution; Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGe3); Faculty of Sciences; University of Geneva; Geneva, Switzerland
| | - B Galliot
- Department of Genetics and Evolution; Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGe3); Faculty of Sciences; University of Geneva; Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Adult stem cells face the challenge of maintaining tissue homeostasis by self-renewal while maintaining their proliferation potential over the lifetime of an organism. Continuous proliferation can cause genotoxic/metabolic stress that can compromise the genomic integrity of stem cells. To prevent stem cell exhaustion, highly proliferative adult tissues maintain a pool of quiescent stem cells that divide only in response to injury and thus remain protected from genotoxic stress. Hydra is a remarkable organism with highly proliferative stem cells and ability to regenerate at whole animal level. Intriguingly, hydra does not display consequences of high proliferation, such as senescence or tumour formation. In this study, we investigate if hydra harbours a pool of slow-cycling stem cells that could help prevent undesirable consequences of continuous proliferation. Hydra were pulsed with the thymidine analogue 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) and then chased in the absence of EdU to monitor the presence of EdU-retaining cells. A significant number of undifferentiated cells of all three lineages in hydra retained EdU for about 8–10 cell cycles, indicating that these cells did not enter cell cycle. These label-retaining cells were resistant to hydroxyurea treatment and were predominantly in the G2 phase of cell cycle. Most significantly, similar to mammalian quiescent stem cells, these cells rapidly entered cell division during head regeneration. This study shows for the first time that, contrary to current beliefs, cells in hydra display heterogeneity in their cell cycle potential and the slow-cycling cells in this population enter cell cycle during head regeneration. These results suggest an early evolution of slow-cycling stem cells in multicellular animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niraimathi Govindasamy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Supriya Murthy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Yashoda Ghanekar
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| |
Collapse
|