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Ma XZ, Zhou N, Luo X, Guo SQ, Mai P. Update understanding on diagnosis and histopathological examination of atrophic gastritis: A review. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16:4080-4091. [DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i10.4080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) is a complex syndrome in which long-term chronic inflammatory stimulation causes gland atrophy in the gastric mucosa, reducing the stomach's ability to secrete gastric juice and pepsin, and interfering with its normal physiological function. Multiple pathogenic factors contribute to CAG incidence, the most common being Helicobacter pylori infection and the immune reactions resulting from gastric autoimmunity. Furthermore, CAG has a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, including gastroenterology and extra-intestinal symptoms and signs, such as hematology, neurology, and oncology. Therefore, the initial CAG evaluation should involve the examination of clinical and serological indicators, as well as diagnosis confirmation via gastroscopy and histopathology if necessary. Depending on the severity and scope of atrophy affecting the gastric mucosa, a histologic staging system (Operative Link for Gastritis Assessment or Operative Link on Gastritis intestinal metaplasia) could also be employed. Moreover, chronic gastritis has a higher risk of progressing to gastric cancer (GC). In this regard, early diagnosis, treatment, and regular testing could reduce the risk of GC in CAG patients. However, the optimal interval for endoscopic monitoring in CAG patients remains uncertain, and it should ideally be tailored based on individual risk evaluations and shared decision-making processes. Although there have been many reports on CAG, the precise etiology and histopathological features of the disease, as well as the diagnosis of CAG patients, are yet to be fully elucidated. Consequently, this review offers a detailed account of CAG, including its key clinical aspects, aiming to enhance the overall understanding of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Zhen Ma
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gansu Provincial People's Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Ni Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an International Medical Center, Xi’an 710000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiu Luo
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Si-Qi Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gansu Provincial People's Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Ping Mai
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gansu Provincial People's Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
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Granot M, Beinvogl BC, Schvimer M, Goldsmith JD, Matar M, Ben Tov A, Feler AY, Nachum N, Morgenstern S, Mayer C, Shamir R, Weiss B, Shouval DS. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of pediatric patients with autoimmune gastritis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2024; 79:501-509. [PMID: 39010761 DOI: 10.1002/jpn3.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is a rare chronic inflammatory disorder with potential long-term sequelae including gastric neoplasia. There is limited data on the natural history of pediatric AIG. We aimed to characterize the clinical course and outcomes of children with AIG. METHODS This was a multicenter retrospective study that included pediatric patients diagnosed with AIG between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2021. Diagnosis of AIG was based on the demonstration of histological corpus-predominant atrophic gastritis, with or without positive antiparietal cell (APCA) or anti-intrinsic factor (IF) antibodies. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, endoscopic, and histologic data were retrieved, along with follow-up data. RESULTS Thirty-three patients, (23 females [69.7%], median age 12.0 [interquartile range 7.0-15.0] years at diagnosis) were identified. Twenty-two patients (66.7%) had positive APCA and/or anti-IF serology. The most common presenting manifestation was iron deficiency anemia (75%), and accompanying autoimmune disorders were significantly more common in patients with positive serology (62% vs. 18%, p < 0.05). Pseudo-pyloric or intestinal-type metaplasia was present at diagnosis in eight patients (24%), and 11 additional patients (33%) developed metaplasia during a median follow-up time of 27 (17.5-48.3) months. One patient developed a type 1 gastric neuroendocrine tumor. Helicobacter pylori was identified in only one patient, while two patients had prior eradication. Endoscopic and histologic improvements weren't identified in any patients. CONCLUSIONS AIG should be considered in patients with autoimmunity and resistant iron-deficiency anemia. H. pylori infection may not be associated with pediatric AIG. The development of neuroendocrine tumor in one patient, and the high rates of metaplasia, highlight the importance of surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Granot
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Beate C Beinvogl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Schvimer
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Jeffrey D Goldsmith
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manar Matar
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Amir Ben Tov
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Institute, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anat Y Feler
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Institute, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nurit Nachum
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sara Morgenstern
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Pathology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Chen Mayer
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Raanan Shamir
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Batia Weiss
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dror S Shouval
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel
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Lenti MV, Miceli E, Lahner E, Natalello G, Massironi S, Schiepatti A, Zingone F, Sciola V, Rossi RE, Cannizzaro R, De Giorgi EM, Gregorio V, Fazzino E, Gentile A, Petrucci C, Dilaghi E, Pivetta G, Vanoli A, Luinetti O, Paulli M, Anderloni A, Vecchi M, Biagi F, Repici A, Savarino EV, Joudaki S, Delliponti M, Pasini A, Facciotti F, Farinati F, D'Elios MM, Della Bella C, Annibale B, Klersy C, Corazza GR, Di Sabatino A. Distinguishing Features of Autoimmune Gastritis Depending on Previous Helicobacter pylori Infection or Positivity to Anti-Parietal Cell Antibodies: Results From the Autoimmune gastRitis Italian netwOrk Study grOup (ARIOSO). Am J Gastroenterol 2024:00000434-990000000-01233. [PMID: 38976374 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To describe the clinical features and the risk of developing gastric tumors in patients with autoimmune gastritis (AIG). METHODS This was a retrospective, longitudinal, multicenter study conducted at 8 Italian tertiary referral centers. We retrieved clinical data from all histologically proven patients with AIG. Differences between Helicobacter pylori -exposed vs H. pylori -naive and anti-parietal cell antibody (PCA)-positive vs PCA-negative patients were investigated. The rate of gastric adenocarcinoma and type 1 gastric neuroendocrine neoplasm (gNEN) was assessed. A multivariable model for factors associated with gNEN was fitted. RESULTS A total of 1,598 patients with AIG (median age 58 years, interquartile range 46-68; F:M ratio 2.7:1) were included. H. pylori -naive patients were more likely to have a first-degree family history of AIG (14.7% vs 8.9%; P = 0.012), type 1 diabetes mellitus (4.9% vs 2.3%; P = 0.025), and pernicious anemia (30.9% vs 21.1%; P = 0.003). PCA-positive patients had significantly more associated autoimmune diseases (59.0% vs 42.9%; P < 0.001) and were more likely to have been diagnosed by a case-finding strategy (15.3% vs 2.6%; P < 0.001). Overall, 15 cases (0.9%) of gastric adenocarcinoma and 153 cases (9.6%) of gNEN occurred, with a global rate of 0.12 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.07-0.20) and 1.22 (95% CI 1.03-1.42) per 100 person/year, respectively. Having a vitamin B12/iron deficiency manifestation at AIG diagnosis was associated with a 16.44 (95% CI 9.94-27.20 P < 0.001) hazard ratio of gNEN. DISCUSSION The "pure" AIG pattern has typical features of an autoimmune disease and seems to be unrelated to H. pylori . In a tertiary referral setting, the risk of developing overt gastric adenocarcinoma is low, while patients with vitamin B12 deficiency complications at onset may benefit from a more intense endoscopic follow-up for early gNEN detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vincenzo Lenti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Miceli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Edith Lahner
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Natalello
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Massironi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori; University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Annalisa Schiepatti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Gastroenterology Unit of Pavia Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabiana Zingone
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy, Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale-Università Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Sciola
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Elisa Rossi
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Renato Cannizzaro
- Oncological Gastroenterology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Italy, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Elena Maria De Giorgi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Virginia Gregorio
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Erica Fazzino
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Gentile
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Clarissa Petrucci
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuele Dilaghi
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Pivetta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vanoli
- Unit of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, and IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ombretta Luinetti
- Unit of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, and IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Paulli
- Unit of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, and IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Anderloni
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Vecchi
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Biagi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Gastroenterology Unit of Pavia Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Repici
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vincenzo Savarino
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy, Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale-Università Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Shamim Joudaki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariangela Delliponti
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pasini
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Facciotti
- IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy; University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Farinati
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy, Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale-Università Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Mario Milco D'Elios
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Della Bella
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Bruno Annibale
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Catherine Klersy
- Biostatistics & Clinical Trial Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gino Roberto Corazza
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Sabatino
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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Rugge M, Genta RM, Malfertheiner P, Dinis-Ribeiro M, El-Serag H, Graham DY, Kuipers EJ, Leung WK, Park JY, Rokkas T, Schulz C, El-Omar EM. RE.GA.IN.: the Real-world Gastritis Initiative-updating the updates. Gut 2024; 73:407-441. [PMID: 38383142 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-331164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
At the end of the last century, a far-sighted 'working party' held in Sydney, Australia addressed the clinicopathological issues related to gastric inflammatory diseases. A few years later, an international conference held in Houston, Texas, USA critically updated the seminal Sydney classification. In line with these initiatives, Kyoto Global Consensus Report, flanked by the Maastricht-Florence conferences, added new clinical evidence to the gastritis clinicopathological puzzle.The most relevant topics related to the gastric inflammatory diseases have been addressed by the Real-world Gastritis Initiative (RE.GA.IN.), from disease definitions to the clinical diagnosis and prognosis. This paper reports the conclusions of the RE.GA.IN. consensus process, which culminated in Venice in November 2022 after more than 8 months of intense global scientific deliberations. A forum of gastritis scholars from five continents participated in the multidisciplinary RE.GA.IN. consensus. After lively debates on the most controversial aspects of the gastritis spectrum, the RE.GA.IN. Faculty amalgamated complementary knowledge to distil patient-centred, evidence-based statements to assist health professionals in their real-world clinical practice. The sections of this report focus on: the epidemiology of gastritis; Helicobacter pylori as dominant aetiology of environmental gastritis and as the most important determinant of the gastric oncogenetic field; the evolving knowledge on gastric autoimmunity; the clinicopathological relevance of gastric microbiota; the new diagnostic horizons of endoscopy; and the clinical priority of histologically reporting gastritis in terms of staging. The ultimate goal of RE.GA.IN. was and remains the promotion of further improvement in the clinical management of patients with gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Rugge
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Azienda Zero, Veneto Tumour Registry, Padua, Italy
| | - Robert M Genta
- Gastrointestinal Pathology, Inform Diagnostics Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peter Malfertheiner
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Ludwig Maximilian Universität Klinikum München, Munich, Germany
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Infektiologie, Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mario Dinis-Ribeiro
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center & RISE@CI-IPO, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Gastroenterology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hashem El-Serag
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Houston VA Health Services Research & Development Center of Excellence, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David Y Graham
- Department of Medicine, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ernst J Kuipers
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jin Young Park
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Theodore Rokkas
- Gastroenterology, Henry Dunant Hospital Center, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Emad M El-Omar
- Microbiome Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Polyakova V, Bodunova N, Rumyantsev K, Khatkov I, Bordin D, Bilyalov A, Sviridov P, Yanova T. Genetic Determinants of Autoimmune Gastritis. BIONANOSCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-023-01068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Gender-sex differences in autoimmune atrophic gastritis. Transl Res 2022; 248:1-10. [PMID: 35470008 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gender-sex differences in autoimmune diseases are gaining increasing attention due to their effects on prevalence and clinical features. Data on gender-sex differences in autoimmune atrophic gastritis (AAG), a chronic not-self-limiting inflammatory condition characterized by corpus-oxyntic mucosa atrophy sparing the antrum, are lacking. This study aimed to assess possible gender-sex differences of clinical, serological, histological, and genetic features in AAG patients. Cross-sectional study on 435 patients with histological-AAG, stratified according to female-male gender. In subsets of patients, serum gastric-autoantibodies against intrinsic-factor (IFA) and parietal-cells (PCA) by luminescent-immunoprecipitation-system (LIPS) (n = 81) and of HLA-DRB1-genotyping (n = 89) were available and stratified according to sex. Female AAG-patients were preponderant: 69.2%vs30.8%, P < 0.0001(ratio 2.2:1). Females were more frequently PCA and/or IFA-positive than males (90.9%vs73.1%, P = 0.0361). HLA-DRB1*06-alleles were significantly more frequent in females [30%vs4%, P = 0.01, OR 10.1(95%CI 1.3-80.4); HLA-DRB1*04-alleles were more frequent and HLA-DRB1*03 and *05-alleles less frequent in females without reaching statistical significance. At logistic regression, iron-deficiency-anemia [OR 3.6(95%CI 1.9-7.0)], body-mass-index <25m2/kg [OR 3.1(95%CI 1.7-5.6)], autoimmune-thyroid-disease [OR 2.5(95%CI 1.4-4.5), and dyspepsia [OR 2.4(95%CI 1.4-4.3) were significantly associated to females. Body-mass-index>25m2/kg [OR 3.2(95%CI1.8-5.6)], absence of autoimmune-thyroid-disease [OR 2.3(95%CI 1.3-4.2)] and dyspepsia [OR 2.1(95%CI 1.2-3.7)], smoking habit [OR 1.8(95%CI 1.1-3.1)], and pernicious-anemia [OR 1.7(95%CI 1.0-3.0)], were significantly associated to males. AAG was preponderant in women who showed stronger autoimmune serological responsiveness and different HLA-DRB1 association. AAG showed differential clinical profiles in female and male patients occurring mainly in normal weight, dyspeptic women with iron-deficiency anemia and autoimmune thyroid disease, but in overweight male smokers with pernicious anemia. Stratification for sex and gender should be considered in future genetic, immunological, and clinical studies on autoimmune atrophic gastritis.
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Esposito G, Dottori L, Pivetta G, Ligato I, Dilaghi E, Lahner E. Pernicious Anemia: The Hematological Presentation of a Multifaceted Disorder Caused by Cobalamin Deficiency. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081672. [PMID: 35458234 PMCID: PMC9030741 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pernicious anemia is still a neglected disorder in many medical contexts and is underdiagnosed in many patients. Pernicious anemia is linked to but different from autoimmune gastritis. Pernicious anemia occurs in a later stage of autoimmune atrophic gastritis when gastric intrinsic factor deficiency and consequent vitamin B12 deficiency may occur. The multifaceted nature of pernicious anemia is related to the important role of cobalamin, which, when deficient, may lead to several dysfunctions, and thus, the proteiform clinical presentations of pernicious anemia. Indeed, pernicious anemia may lead to potentially serious long-term complications related to micronutrient deficiencies and their consequences and the development of gastric cancer and type 1 gastric neuroendocrine tumors. When not recognized in a timely manner or when pernicious anemia is diagnosed with delay, these complications may be potentially life-threatening and sometimes irreversible. The current review aimed to focus on epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical presentations of pernicious anemia in an attempt to look beyond borders of medical specialties. It aimed to focus on micronutrient deficiencies besides the well-known vitamin B12 deficiency, the diagnostic approach for pernicious anemia, its long-term complications and optimal clinical management, and endoscopic surveillance of patients with pernicious anemia.
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Conti L, Annibale B, Lahner E. Autoimmune Gastritis and Gastric Microbiota. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111827. [PMID: 33228138 PMCID: PMC7699377 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune atrophic gastritis is an organ-specific immune-mediated condition characterized by atrophy of the oxyntic mucosa. Autoimmune atrophic gastritis (AIG) is characterized by a progressive loss of acid-secreting parietal cells leading to hypo-achlorhydria. Due to this peculiar intra-gastric environment, gastric microbiota composition in individuals with autoimmune atrophic gastritis was first supposed and then recently reported to be different from subjects with a normal acidic healthy stomach. Recent data confirm the prominent role of Helicobacter pylori as the main bacterium responsible for gastric disease and long-term complications. However, other bacteria than Helicobacter pylori, for example, Streptococci, were found in subjects who developed gastric cancer and in subjects at risk of this fearful complication, as well as those with autoimmune gastritis. Gastric microbiota composition is challenging to study due to the acidic gastric environment, the difficulty of obtaining representative samples of the entire gastric microbiota, and the possible contamination by oral or throat microorganisms, which can potentially lead to the distortion of the original gastric microbial composition, but innovative molecular approaches based on the analysis of the hyper-variable region of the 16S rRNA gene have been developed, permitting us to obtain an overall microbial composition view of the RNA gene that is present only in prokaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edith Lahner
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0633775695 (L.C. & B.A. & E.L.)
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Lenti MV, Rugge M, Lahner E, Miceli E, Toh BH, Genta RM, De Block C, Hershko C, Di Sabatino A. Autoimmune gastritis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020; 6:56. [PMID: 32647173 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-020-0187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is an increasingly prevalent, organ-specific, immune-mediated disorder characterized by the destruction of gastric parietal cells, leading to the loss of intrinsic factor and reduced acid output. These alterations result in malabsorption of iron, vitamin B12 (pernicious anaemia) and potentially other micronutrients. For several years, most studies have focused on pernicious anaemia only, generating confusion between the two entities. In AIG, the gastric proton pump, H+/K+ ATPase, is the major autoantigen recognized by autoreactive T cells. The T cell-dependent activation of B cells stimulates the production of anti-parietal cell antibodies, the serological hallmark of AIG. The role of Helicobacter pylori infection in activating or favouring the autoimmune process is still uncertain. Early histopathological alterations allowing a more precise and prompt recognition have recently been described. AIG is burdened by a substantial diagnostic delay as it can present with varied clinical signs including, among others, gastrointestinal symptoms and neuropsychiatric manifestations. In advanced stages, AIG might progress to neuroendocrine tumours and gastric adenocarcinoma. Management includes early detection through a proactive case-finding strategy, micronutrient supplementation and endoscopic surveillance. This Primer comprehensively describes the most important insights regarding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of AIG, focusing on the most controversial, outstanding issues and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vincenzo Lenti
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Massimo Rugge
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Edith Lahner
- Department of Surgical-Medical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Digestive and Liver Disease Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Miceli
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ban-Hock Toh
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert M Genta
- Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christophe De Block
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Chaim Hershko
- Department of Hematology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Hematology Clinic and Central Clinical Laboratories, Clalit Health Services, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Antonio Di Sabatino
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Lahner E, Conti L, Cicone F, Capriello S, Cazzato M, Centanni M, Annibale B, Virili C. Thyro-entero-gastric autoimmunity: Pathophysiology and implications for patient management. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 34:101373. [PMID: 31864909 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2019.101373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The association between autoimmune atrophic gastritis and thyroid disorders has been observed since the early 1960s and the expression "thyrogastric syndrome" was coined to indicate the presence of thyroid autoantibodies or autoimmune thyroid disease in patients with pernicious anemia, a late clinical stage of autoimmune atrophic gastritis. More recently, it was confirmed that autoimmune thyroid disorders, in particular Hashimoto's thyroiditis, may be frequently associated with other organ-specific, immune-mediated disorders, such as autoimmune atrophic gastritis or celiac disease. The association of Hashimoto's thyroiditis with autoimmune atrophic gastritis or celiac disease in adult patients is currently considered part of the polyglandular autoimmune syndromes which include several autoimmune disorders associated with an autoaggressive impairment of endocrine glands. From a clinical point of view, the thyro-entero-gastric autoimmunity may lead to potentially serious consequences like anemia, micronutrients deficiencies, and drugs malabsorption, as well as to an increased risk for malignancies. These alterations may frequently present in an underhand manner, with consequent diagnostic and treatment delays. Many aspects of the association between thyroid, gastric and intestinal autoimmune diseases still await clarification. The present review focuses on the embryological, genetic and pathophysiological aspects of thyro-entero-gastric autoimmunity. In particular, the current diagnostic criteria of autoimmune thyroid disease, autoimmune atrophic gastritis, and celiac disease are reviewed, along with the evidences for their association in poly-autoimmunity syndromes. The benefits of proactive screening of autoimmune thyroid disorders in patients with autoimmune gastritis or enteropathy and viceversa are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Lahner
- Medical-Surgical Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, School of Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Conti
- Medical-Surgical Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, School of Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cicone
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Silvia Capriello
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cazzato
- Medical-Surgical Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, School of Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Centanni
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Annibale
- Medical-Surgical Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, School of Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Virili
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Lahner E, Zagari RM, Zullo A, Di Sabatino A, Meggio A, Cesaro P, Lenti MV, Annibale B, Corazza GR. Chronic atrophic gastritis: Natural history, diagnosis and therapeutic management. A position paper by the Italian Society of Hospital Gastroenterologists and Digestive Endoscopists [AIGO], the Italian Society of Digestive Endoscopy [SIED], the Italian Society of Gastroenterology [SIGE], and the Italian Society of Internal Medicine [SIMI]. Dig Liver Dis 2019; 51:1621-1632. [PMID: 31635944 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2019.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) is an underdiagnosed condition characterised by translational features going beyond the strict field of gastroenterology as it may manifest itself by a variable spectrum of gastric and extra-gastric symptoms and signs. It is relatively common among older adults in different parts of the world, but large variations exist. Helicobacter pylori-related CAG [multifocal] and autoimmune CAG (corpus-restricted) are apparently two different diseases, but they display overlapping features. Patients with cobalamin and/or iron deficiency anaemia or autoimmune disorders, including autoimmune thyroiditis and type 1 diabetes mellitus, should be offered screening for CAG. Pepsinogens, gastrin-17, and anti-H. pylori antibodies serum assays seem to be reliable non-invasive screening tools for the presence of CAG, helpful to identify individuals to refer to gastroscopy with five standard gastric biopsies in order to obtain histological confirmation of diagnosis. Patients with CAG are at increased risk of developing gastric cancer, and they should be estimated with histological staging systems (OLGA or OLGIM). H. pylori eradication may be beneficial by modifying the natural history of atrophy, but not that of intestinal metaplasia. Patients with advanced stages of CAG (Stage III/IV OLGA or OLGIM) should undergo endoscopic surveillance every three years, those with autoimmune CAG every three-five years. In patients with CAG, a screening for autoimmune thyroid disease and micronutrient deficiencies, including iron and vitamin B12, should be performed. The optimal treatment for dyspeptic symptoms in patients with CAG remains to be defined. Proton pump inhibitors are not indicated in hypochlorhydric CAG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Lahner
- Department of Surgical-Medical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Digestive and Liver Disease Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Angelo Zullo
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, 'Nuovo Regina Margherita' Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Sabatino
- First Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alberto Meggio
- Department of Gastroenterology, Trento and Rovereto Hospital, Trento, Italy
| | - Paola Cesaro
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Vincenzo Lenti
- First Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Bruno Annibale
- Department of Surgical-Medical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Digestive and Liver Disease Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gino Roberto Corazza
- First Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Insights Into Pediatric Autoimmune Gastritis: Is There a Role for Helicobacter pylori Infection? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2019; 68:e99-e104. [PMID: 30664567 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastric mucosa, mainly described in adults presenting with pernicious anemia. It results from antibody-mediated destruction of parietal cells, but the precise initiating event is unknown. The pathogenicity of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) has been suggested but not established. This study aimed to better characterize AIG in pediatric patients and to address the possible role of H pylori infection. METHODS Descriptive single-center study, retrospectively describing 20 patients with a diagnosis of AIG based on positivity for anti-parietal cell autoantibodies, in addition to analytical and/or histological findings of oxyntic mucosa atrophy. RESULTS In the majority (18/20), AIG diagnosis was suggested during investigation of refractory iron-deficient anemia. One patient had dyspepsia and none of the others had gastrointestinal symptoms. Fifty-five percent (11/20) were H pylori positive, but there were no significant differences regarding mean hemoglobin values at presentation (10.6 ± 2.5 vs 9.5 ± 1.0 g/dL, P > 0.05), analytical indicators of gastric atrophy (gastrin, 564.4 ± 184 vs 721.2 ± 220.6 pg/mL, P > 0.05), or in the presence or the grade of oxyntic mucosa atrophy. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight that AIG may have an age-dependent presentation; thus, we can consider a pediatric phenotype that in contrast to adults, is manifested by refractory iron-deficient anemia and associated with parietal cell autoantibody positivity, but not intrinsic factor autoantibodies. A correlation between H pylori and AIG was not evident in the current study and it is still unclear whether H pylori is a trigger for AIG.
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13
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Deficiency of micronutrients in patients affected by chronic atrophic autoimmune gastritis: A single-institution observational study. Dig Liver Dis 2019; 51:505-509. [PMID: 30236765 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic atrophic autoimmune gastritis (CAAG) leads to vitamin B12 deficiency, but other micronutrient deficiencies are largely understudied. AIMS To investigate the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies in CAAG patients and their potential relationship with the grading of gastric atrophy or entero-chromaffin-like cells hyperplasia or body mass index (BMI). METHODS From 2005 to 2016 a number of CAAG patients underwent regular follow-up with annual blood testing and upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy every years. RESULTS Out of the 122 CAAG patients checked (100 F; median age 65 years), 76 presented nutritional deficiencies, single in 24 and multiple in 52 cases: a deficiency of B12 and iron showed in 42 patients, 25-OH vitamin D lacked in 76 and folic acid in 6 cases. 25-OH vitamin D levels directly correlated with B12 levels and were significantly lower in patients with macronodular than in those with linear or micronodular hyperplasia. No significant correlation was observed between B12, folic acid or ferritin levels and BMI, blood gastrin levels, the grading of gastric atrophy or ECL cells hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS 25-OH vitamin D deficiency was the main one in CAAG patients: its correlation with B12 deficiency may indicate underlying shared pathogenic mechanisms, although further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
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Massironi S, Zilli A, Elvevi A, Invernizzi P. The changing face of chronic autoimmune atrophic gastritis: an updated comprehensive perspective. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:215-222. [PMID: 30639639 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kahaly GJ, Zimmermann J, Hansen MP, Gundling F, Popp F, Welcker M. Endokrinologie als Schnittstelle in der interdisziplinären Inneren Medizin. Internist (Berl) 2017; 58:308-328. [DOI: 10.1007/s00108-017-0201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Oftedal BE, Hellesen A, Erichsen MM, Bratland E, Vardi A, Perheentupa J, Kemp EH, Fiskerstrand T, Viken MK, Weetman AP, Fleishman SJ, Banka S, Newman WG, Sewell WAC, Sozaeva LS, Zayats T, Haugarvoll K, Orlova EM, Haavik J, Johansson S, Knappskog PM, Løvås K, Wolff ASB, Abramson J, Husebye ES. Dominant Mutations in the Autoimmune Regulator AIRE Are Associated with Common Organ-Specific Autoimmune Diseases. Immunity 2015; 42:1185-96. [PMID: 26084028 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene is crucial for establishing central immunological tolerance and preventing autoimmunity. Mutations in AIRE cause a rare autosomal-recessive disease, autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1), distinguished by multi-organ autoimmunity. We have identified multiple cases and families with mono-allelic mutations in the first plant homeodomain (PHD1) zinc finger of AIRE that followed dominant inheritance, typically characterized by later onset, milder phenotypes, and reduced penetrance compared to classical APS-1. These missense PHD1 mutations suppressed gene expression driven by wild-type AIRE in a dominant-negative manner, unlike CARD or truncated AIRE mutants that lacked such dominant capacity. Exome array analysis revealed that the PHD1 dominant mutants were found with relatively high frequency (>0.0008) in mixed populations. Our results provide insight into the molecular action of AIRE and demonstrate that disease-causing mutations in the AIRE locus are more common than previously appreciated and cause more variable autoimmune phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bergithe E Oftedal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Alexander Hellesen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Martina M Erichsen
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Eirik Bratland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ayelet Vardi
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jaakko Perheentupa
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Helen Kemp
- Department of Human Metabolism, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Torunn Fiskerstrand
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Marte K Viken
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anthony P Weetman
- Department of Human Metabolism, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Sarel J Fleishman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Siddharth Banka
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - William G Newman
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - W A C Sewell
- Path Links Immunology, Scunthorpe General Hospital, Scunthorpe DN15 7BH, UK
| | - Leila S Sozaeva
- Endocrinological Research Center, Institute of Pediatric Endocrinology, Moscow 117036, Russian Federation
| | - Tetyana Zayats
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Elizaveta M Orlova
- Endocrinological Research Center, Institute of Pediatric Endocrinology, Moscow 117036, Russian Federation
| | - Jan Haavik
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Stefan Johansson
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Per M Knappskog
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristian Løvås
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Anette S B Wolff
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jakub Abramson
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eystein S Husebye
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
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Lahner E, Galli G, Esposito G, Pilozzi E, Corleto VD, Annibale B. Updated features associated with type 1 gastric carcinoids patients: a single-center study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:1447-55. [PMID: 25309981 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2014.968859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Data on clinical presentation and associated features of patients with type 1 gastric carcinoids (T1-GCs) are scanty. This study aimed to provide detailed data on a series of patients with T1-GCs. MATERIAL AND METHODS Clinical, laboratory, endoscopic, and histological data were assessed from 31 T1-GCs patients (cross-sectional design), consecutively diagnosed in a tertiary center according to a standardized diagnostic protocol. T1-GCs were diagnosed at baseline or follow-up gastroscopy for atrophic gastritis in 74.2% and 25.8% of patients, respectively. RESULTS Seventy-one percent of T1-GC patients were female. Age ranged from 23 to 78 (median 58 years). T1-GCs were more frequently diagnosed between 40-49 years (35.5%) and 60-69 years (32.3%) (p = 0.0383). Thyroid disease was present in 54.8% (in 29% autoimmune). All 31 patients had either cobalamin or iron deficiency with or without anemia. Manifest pernicious anemia was present in 67.7% of patients and cobalamin deficiency without anemia in 9.7% patients. Iron deficiency anemia was present in 29% and iron deficiency without anemia in 12.9% of patients. In 48.4% of patients, T1-GCs appeared as polyps, which were single in all cases and had a median size of 4 mm (range 2-15 mm). In patients with polypoid T1-GCs, thyroid disease of autoimmune and nonautoimmune origin (p = 0.0181) was more frequently associated. CONCLUSION This study shows that T1-GCs may be diagnosed at any age. Autoimmune features are frequently present as well as cobalamin and iron deficiency. The copresence of autoimmune diseases and micronutrient deficiencies should be accurately investigated, in particular in patients with polypoid T1-GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Lahner
- Department of Digestive and Liver Disease, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Medical School, Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
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18
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Ryberg A, Petersson F, Redeen S, Eriksson O, Borch K. Host Gene Polymorphisms in Relation to Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Associated Diseases in a Population Based Cohort. Gastroenterology Res 2013; 6:207-218. [PMID: 27785255 PMCID: PMC5051128 DOI: 10.4021/gr578w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This prospective population based cohort study explores possible associations between host gene polymorphisms, blood group and life style factors on the one hand, and Helicobacter pylori infection, peptic ulcer, and the grade of inflammation, atrophy and intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa, on the other hand. Methods The study population (472 volunteers) has previously undergone screening with gastroduodenoscopy, biopsy and blood sampling. The host gene polymorphisms of IL1B-31C/T, IFNGR1-56T/C, the IL1RN VNTR in exon 2 and the HLA-DRB1 gene alleles were analyzed using PCR and pyrosequencing. Results H. pylori infection was negatively related to HLA DRB1*03 (odds ratio (OR) 95% CI: 0.388 - 0.989) and was more frequent in individuals with blood group O than A (OR 95% CI: 1.121 - 2.677). There was a lower risk of moderate to severe inflammation in the antrum among individuals with IL1B-31 TC compared to CC carriers (OR 95% CI: 0.094 - 0.733). The IL1RN*L2 genotype was associated with higher risk of IM in the antrum than the *LL genotype (OR 95% CI: 1.570 - 15.878). There was a negative relation between the HLA DRB1 alleles *04 (OR 95% CI: 0.234 - 0.831) and *08 (OR 95% CI: 0.013 - 0.915), and IM in the antrum. Conclusion The IL1RN VNTR and the IL1β-31 alleles seem to be associated with intestinal metaplasia of the corpus mucosa and the grade of inflammation of the antrum, respectively. However, no unambiguous correlations could be identified between the host polymorphisms and the occurrence of H. pylori infection, peptic ulcer, and the grade of inflammation, atrophy and IM of the gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ryberg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Centre for Diagnostics, County Council of Ostergotland, Sweden; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Petersson
- Department of Pathology, National University Health System Singapore. Previously Department of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Redeen
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Sweden
| | - Olle Eriksson
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Linkoping University, Sweden
| | - Kurt Borch
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Sweden
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DiGiacomo D, Santonicola A, Zingone F, Troncone E, Caria MC, Borgheresi P, Parrilli G, Ciacci C. Human leukocyte antigen DQ2/8 prevalence in non-celiac patients with gastrointestinal diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:2507-2513. [PMID: 23674852 PMCID: PMC3646141 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i16.2507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the prevalence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQ2/8 alleles in Southern Italians with liver and gastrointestinal (GI) diseases outside of celiac disease.
METHODS: HLA DQ2/8 status was assessed in 443 patients from three ambulatory gastroenterology clinics in Southern Italy (University of Federico II, Naples, Loreto Crispi Hospital, Ruggi D’Aragona Hospital, Salerno). Patients were grouped based on disease status [pre-post transplant liver disease, esophageal/gastric organic and functional diseases, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)] and DQ2/8 alleles, which correspond to a celiac disease genetic risk gradient. Subject allele frequencies were compared to healthy Italian controls.
RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-six out of four hundred and forty-three (44.2%) subjects, median age 56 years and 42.6% female, were DQ2/8 positive. When stratifying by disease we found that 86/188 (45.7%) patients with liver disease were HLA DQ2/8 positive, 39/73 (53.4%) with functional upper GI diseases and 19/41 (46.3%) with organic upper GI diseases were positive. Furthermore, 38/105 (36.2%) patients with IBS and 14/36 (38.9%) with IBD were HLA DQ2/8 positive (P = 0.21). Compared to healthy controls those with functional upper GI diseases disorders had a 1.8 times higher odds of DQ2/8 positivity. Those with liver disease had 1.3 times the odds, albeit not statistically significant, of DQ2/8 positivity. Both those with IBS and IBD had a lower odds of DQ2/8 positivity compared to healthy controls.
CONCLUSION: The proportion of individuals HLA DQ2/8 positive is higher in those with liver/upper functional GI disease and lower in IBS/IBD as compared to general population estimates.
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Toh BH, Chan J, Kyaw T, Alderuccio F. Cutting edge issues in autoimmune gastritis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2012; 42:269-78. [PMID: 21174235 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-010-8218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune gastritis is the outcome of a pathological CD4 T cell-mediated autoimmune response directed against the gastric H/K-ATPase. Silent initially, the gastric lesion becomes manifest in humans by the development of megaloblastic pernicious anemia arising from vitamin B12 deficiency. Cutting edge issues in this disease relate to its epidemiology, immunogenetics, a role for Helicobacter pylori as an infective trigger through molecular mimicry, its immunopathogenesis, associated organ-specific autoimmune diseases, laboratory diagnosis, and approaches to curative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ban-Hock Toh
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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21
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Abstract
Pernicious anemia is a macrocytic anemia due to cobalamin deficiency, which is the result of intrinsic factor deficiency. Pernicious anemia is associated with atrophic body gastritis, whose diagnostic criteria are based on the histologic evidence of gastric body atrophy associated with hypochlorhydria. Serological markers suggesting the presence of oxyntic mucosa damage are increased levels of fasting gastrin and decreased levels of Pepsinogen I. Without the now obsolete Schilling's test, intrinsic factor deficiency may not be proven, and gastric intrinsic factor output after pentagastric stimulation has been proposed. Intrinsic factor autoantibodies are useful surrogate markers of pernicious anemia. The management of patients with pernicious anemia should focus on the life-long replacement treatment with cobalamin and the monitoring to early diagnose an eventual onset of iron deficiency. Moreover, these patients should be advised about possible gastrointestinal long-term consequences, such as gastric cancer and carcinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Annibale
- Department of Digestive and Liver Disease, University Sapienza, Medical School, Ospedale Sant'Andrea, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy.
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