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Stenberg K, Novotny GW, Lutz TA, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Bjørnvad CR. Obesity-induced changes in gene expression in feline adipose and skeletal muscle tissue. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:1262-1278. [PMID: 36591865 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Indoor-confined cats are prone to developing obesity due to a sedentary life and an energy intake exceeding energy requirements. As in humans, feline obesity decreases insulin sensitivity and increases the risk of developing feline diabetes mellitus, but the pathophysiological mechanisms are currently poorly understood. Human obesity-related metabolic alterations seem to relate to changes in the expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism, insulin action and inflammation. The objective of the current study was to investigate changes in the expression of genes relating to obesity, glucose metabolism and inflammation in cats with non-experimentally induced obesity. Biopsies from the sartorius muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue were obtained from 73 healthy, neutered, indoor-confined domestic shorthaired cats ranging from lean to obese. Quantification of obesity-related gene expression levels relative to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. A negative association between obesity and adiponectin expression was observed in the adipose tissue (mean ± SD; normal weight, 27.30 × 10-3 ± 77.14 × 10-3 ; overweight, 2.89 × 10-3 ± 0.38 × 10-3 and obese, 2.93 × 10-3 ± 4.20 × 10-3 , p < 0.05). In muscle, the expression of peroxisome proliferative activated receptor-γ2 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 was increased in the obese compared to the normal-weight cats, and resistin was increased in the normal-weight compared to the overweight cats. There were no detectable obesity-related changes in the messenger RNA levels of inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, a possible obesity-related low-grade inflammation caused by increased expression of key proinflammatory regulators was not observed. This could imply that the development of feline obesity and ensuing insulin resistance may not be based on tissue-derived inflammation, but caused by several determining factors, many of which still need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrine Stenberg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Guy W Novotny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Departments of Hematology/Pathology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse-Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Charlotte Reinhard Bjørnvad
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Mazaki-Tovi M, Bolin SR, Schenck PA. Adipokines secretion in feline primary adipose tissue culture in response to dietary fatty acids. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:324. [PMID: 31492181 PMCID: PMC6731618 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity in cats has been associated with alterations in adipokines including: adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have multiple beneficial effects on obesity-associated disorders, and therefore may alleviate these alterations. This study aimed to determine the effects of body condition, fat depot, troglitazone, and different fatty acids on secretion of adiponectin, IL6 and TNFα from adipose tissue of healthy cats. Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue samples were collected from 18 healthy intact female cats, and body condition score (Range 3–7/9) was determined. Concentrations of adiponectin were measured in mature adipocytes cultures and concentrations of IL6 and TNFα were measured in stromovascular cells cultures following treatment with control medium, troglitazone at 10 μM, eicosapentaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, or palmitic acid, at 25, 50, or 100 μM. Results Stromovascular cells of visceral origin secreted higher concentrations of IL6 than corresponding cells of subcutaneous origin (P = 0.003). Arachidonic acid treatment at 25, 50, and 100 μM increased IL6 secretion in subcutaneous (P = 0.045, P = 0.002, and P < 0.001, respectively) and visceral (P = 0.034, P = 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively) stromovascular cells. Eicosapentaenoic acid treatment increased TNFα secretion in subcutaneous stromovascular cells at 25, 50, and 100 μM (P = 0.002, P = 0.001, and P = 0.015, respectively) and in visceral stromovascular cells at 50 μM (P < 0.001). No significant effect on medium adiponectin concentration was observed following troglitazone treatment (P = 0.4) or fatty acids treatments at 25 (P = 0.2), 50 (P = 0.8), or 100 (P = 0.7) μM. Body condition score did not have significant effects on medium concentrations of adiponectin (P = 0.4), IL6 (P = 0.1), or TNFα (P = 0.8). Conclusions This study demonstrated higher basal secretion of IL6 from visceral compared to subcutaneous adipose tissue, a stimulatory effect of arachidonic acid on secretion of IL6 and a stimulatory effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on TNFα from feline adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mazaki-Tovi
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Present address: Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - S R Bolin
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - P A Schenck
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Present address: Veterinary Consulting, Dewitt, MI, 48820, USA
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Abstract
The domestication and urbanization of dogs and cats has dramatically altered their environment and behavior. Human and pet obesity is a global concern, particularly in developed countries. An increased incidence of chronic disease is associated with obesity secondary to low-grade systemic inflammation. This article reviews current research into the genetic, dietary, and physiologic factors associated with obesity, along with use of "omics" technology to better understand and characterize this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Hamper
- Hamper Veterinary Nutritional Consulting, 9160 Crestview Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46240, USA.
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Hoenig M, Pach N, Thomaseth K, Le A, Schaeffer D, Ferguson DC. Cats differ from other species in their cytokine and antioxidant enzyme response when developing obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:E407-14. [PMID: 23408676 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obese cats show many similarities to obese people, including insulin resistance and an increased diabetes risk. However, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease are not seen in cats. In people, they are associated with the development of an inflammatory response, which, we hypothesized, does not occur in cats. DESIGN AND METHODS Twenty neutered cats of equal gender distribution were allowed to gain weight by offering food ad libitum and were examined before and at 10, 30, 60, and 100% weight gain. All cats reached 60% of weight gain, 12 cats gained 100% in 12 months. RESULTS Fat was equally distributed between subcutaneous and visceral depots. Insulin-independent glucose uptake increased and insulin sensitivity decreased with increasing adiposity. However, baseline glucose concentrations were unchanged suggesting a decrease in EGP. Inflammatory cytokines (Il-1, IL-6, TNFa) and catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase did not change. Insulin, proinsulin, and leptin were positively and adiponectin negatively correlated with adiposity. Heat production increased with obesity, but became less when body weight gain was > 60%. CONCLUSIONS This indicates that metabolism adapts more appropriately to the higher intake of calories in the initial phase of obesity but slows at higher body fat content. This likely contributes to the difficulty to lose weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarethe Hoenig
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
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de Godoy MRC, Swanson KS. COMPANION ANIMALS SYMPOSIUM: Nutrigenomics: Using gene expression and molecular biology data to understand pet obesity1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:2949-64. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. R. C. de Godoy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - K. S. Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
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Effect of dietary iodine on thyroid hormones and energy blood metabolites in lactating goats. Animal 2013; 7:60-5. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731112001073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Mostyn A, Bos PM, Litten JC, Laws J, Symonds ME, Clarke L. Differential effects of thyroid hormone manipulation and beta adrenoceptor agonist administration on uncoupling protein mRNA abundance in adipose tissue and thermoregulation in neonatal pigs. Organogenesis 2012; 4:182-7. [PMID: 19279731 DOI: 10.4161/org.4.3.6505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We have shown that there is significant disparity in the expression of uncoupling proteins (UCP) 2 and 3 between modern-commercial and ancient-Meishan porcine genotypes, commercial pigs also have higher plasma triiodothyronine (T(3)) in on the first day of life. T(3) and the sympathetic nervous system are both known to regulate UCPs in rodents and humans; their role in regulating these proteins in the pig is unknown. This study examined whether thyroid hormone manipulation or administration of a selective beta3 adrenoceptor agonist (ZD) influenced plasma hormones, colonic temperature and UCP expression in adipose tissue of two breeds of pig. To mimic the differences observed in thyroid hormone status, piglets from Meishan and commercial litters were randomly assigned to control (1 ml/kg water), T(3) (10 mg/kg) (Meishan only), methimazole (a commonly used antithyroid drug) (50 mg/kg) (commercial only) or ZD (10 mg/kg) oral administration for the first 4 days of postnatal life. Adipose tissue UCP2/3 mRNA abundance was measured on day 4 using PCR. T(3) administration raised plasma T(3) concentrations and increased colonic temperature on day 4. UCP3 mRNA abundance was higher in Meishan, than commercial piglets (p = 0.042) and was downregulated following T(3) administration (p = 0.014). Irrespective of genotype, ZD increased UCP2 mRNA abundance (Meishan p = 0.05, commercial p = 0.03). Expression of neither UCP2 nor 3 was related to colonic temperature, regardless of treatment. In conclusion, we have demonstrated a dissociation between thyroid hormones and the sympathetic nervous system in the regulation of UCPs in porcine adipose tissue. We have also suggested that expression of adipose tissue UCP2 and 3 are not related to body temperature in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Mostyn
- Centre for Reproduction and Early Life; Institute of Clinical Research; University Hospital; Nottingham United Kingdom
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Clark MH, Ferguson DC, Bunick D, Hoenig M. Molecular and histological evidence of brown adipose tissue in adult cats. Vet J 2012; 195:66-72. [PMID: 22840208 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) can influence glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism in rodents. Active BAT is now known to be present in adult humans, and interventions targeting BAT are being investigated for the treatment of human obesity and disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism. Domestic cats, like humans, are at increasing risk for obesity and diabetes but little is known about the presence and role of BAT in adult cats. The purpose of this study was to determine if brown adipocytes, identifiable by histological features and molecular markers, were present in the fat depots of adult cats. Adipose tissue samples from intrascapular, perirenal, and subcutaneous depots of eleven 8-12 year old cats (6 lean, 5 obese), were analyzed by real-time PCR for brown adipocyte markers uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and Type II iodothyronine 5'deiodinase (D2), by histological examination and by immunohistochemistry for UCP1. UCP1 mRNA was detectable in interscapular and subcutaneous depots in all cats, and in the perirenal depot in 10/11 cats. D2 mRNA was detectable in all depots from all cats. Multilocular adipocytes were identified in the interscapular depots of 4/11 cats and these were positive for UCP1 immunoreactivity. The results demonstrate that UCP1-expressing brown adipocytes are present in multiple depots of adult lean and long-term obese cats, even at 8-12 years of age. It is possible that dietary components or pharmacological agents that influence brown fat activity could exert a relevant biological effect in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Clark
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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Abstract
Obesity is the most common nutritional disorder of cats and is a risk factor for diabetes. Similar to developments in obese people, obese cats show peripheral tissue insulin resistance and may demonstrate glucose intolerance when challenged with pharmacological amounts of glucose. However, they compensate well for the insulin resistance and do not show elevated glucose concentrations when monitored during their regular daily routine, including postprandial periods. This is possible because obese cats in the fasted and postprandial state are able to maintain hepatic insulin sensitivity and decrease endogenous glucose production, which allows them to maintain normoglycemia. Also dissimilar to what is seen in many obese humans, cats do not develop atherosclerosis and clinical hypertension. The time course for progression to overt diabetes of obese cats is unknown. One might speculate that diabetes develops when the liver finally becomes insulin resistant and/or insulin secretion becomes too low to overcome increased glucose production. In addition, amyloid, demonstrated to be deposited in islet of chronically obese cats, may contribute to a reduction in insulin secretion by reducing functional β-cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarethe Hoenig
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA.
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Jaillardon L, Burger M, Siliart B. Leptin levels in hyperthyroid cats before and after treatment. Vet Rec 2012; 170:155. [PMID: 22124023 DOI: 10.1136/vr.100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Jaillardon
- Oniris, Department of Biology, Pathology and Food Sciences, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes F-44307, France.
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Mazaki-Tovi M, Abood SK, Schenck PA. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on serum concentrations of adipokines in healthy cats. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:1259-65. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.9.1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Zoran DL. Obesity in dogs and cats: a metabolic and endocrine disorder. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2010; 40:221-39. [PMID: 20219485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is defined as an accumulation of excessive amounts of adipose tissue in the body, and has been called the most common nutritional disease of dogs in Western countries. Most investigators agree that at least 33% of the dogs presented to veterinary clinics are obese, and that the incidence is increasing as human obesity increases in the overall population. Obesity is not just the accumulation of large amounts of adipose tissue, but is associated with important metabolic and hormonal changes in the body, which are the focus of this review. Obesity is associated with a variety of conditions, including osteoarthritis, respiratory distress, glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dystocia, decreased heat tolerance, some forms of cancer, and increased risk of anesthetic and surgical complications. Prevention and early recognition of obesity, as well as correcting obesity when it is present, are essential to appropriate health care, and increases both the quality and quantity of life for pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra L Zoran
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.
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Kley S, Hoenig M, Glushka J, Jin ES, Burgess SC, Waldron M, Jordan ET, Prestegard JH, Ferguson DC, Wu S, Olson DE. The impact of obesity, sex, and diet on hepatic glucose production in cats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 296:R936-43. [PMID: 19193946 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90771.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes in cats. The risk of developing diabetes is severalfold greater for male cats than for females, even after having been neutered early in life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of different metabolic pathways in the regulation of endogenous glucose production (EGP) during the fasted state considering these risk factors. A triple tracer protocol using (2)H(2)O, [U-(13)C(3)]propionate, and [3,4-(13)C(2)]glucose was applied in overnight-fasted cats (12 lean and 12 obese; equal sex distribution) fed three different diets. Compared with lean cats, obese cats had higher insulin (P < 0.001) but similar blood glucose concentrations. EGP was lower in obese cats (P < 0.001) due to lower glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis (GNG; P < 0.03). Insulin, body mass index, and girth correlated negatively with EGP (P < 0.003). Female obese cats had approximately 1.5 times higher fluxes through phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (P < 0.02) and citrate synthase (P < 0.05) than male obese cats. However, GNG was not higher because pyruvate cycling was increased 1.5-fold (P < 0.03). These results support the notion that fasted obese cats have lower hepatic EGP compared with lean cats and are still capable of maintaining fasting euglycemia, despite the well-documented existence of peripheral insulin resistance in obese cats. Our data further suggest that sex-related differences exist in the regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism in obese cats, suggesting that pyruvate cycling acts as a controlling mechanism to modulate EGP. Increased pyruvate cycling could therefore be an important factor in modulating the diabetes risk in female cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Kley
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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Jordan E, Kley S, Le NA, Waldron M, Hoenig M. Dyslipidemia in obese cats. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2008; 35:290-9. [PMID: 18692343 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2008.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an important endocrine disorder in cats and is a risk factor for diabetes similar to humans. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of long-term obesity and different diets (high protein, and high carbohydrate supplemented with saturated fatty acids or n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) on plasma lipids in the fasted and fed states in 12 lean (LEAN) and 12 obese (OBESE) cats with ultracentrifugation, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. OBESE had higher plasma non-esterified fatty acids and triglycerides, as well as very-low-density-lipoproteins (VLDL) consisting primarily of medium-sized particles. The concentration of low-density-lipoproteins (LDL) was comparable between the groups, although OBESE had mostly very small, whereas LEAN had mostly large particles. The concentration of high-density-lipoproteins (HDL) was lower in OBESE and consisted primarily of small particles. Plasma triglycerides, and triglycerides and cholesterol in all lipoproteins increased postprandially. Different diets had little effect on lipids. Our results show that long-term obese cats develop similar lipoprotein changes to humans, yet, hypertension and atherosclerosis have not been described in obese cats. This suggests that dyslipidemia alone is not sufficient to induce hypertension and atherosclerosis. Other anti-atherogenic factors may be present in the obese, dyslipidemic cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jordan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, United States
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