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Lan YW, Chen CE, Huang TT, Huang TH, Chen CM, Chong KY. Antrodia cinnamomea extract alleviates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice by inhibiting the mTOR pathway. Biomed J 2024:100720. [PMID: 38679198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2024.100720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive diffuse parenchymal lung disorder with a high mortality rate. Studies have indicated that injured lung tissues release various pro-inflammatory factors, and produce a large amount of nitric oxide. There is also accumulation of collagen and oxidative stress-induced injury, collectively leading to pulmonary fibrosis. Antrodia cinnamomea is an endemic fungal growth in Taiwan, and its fermented extracts exert anti-inflammatory effects to alleviate liver damages. Hence, we hypothesized and tested the feasibility of using A. cinnamomea extracts for treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS The TGF-β1-induced human lung fibroblast cells (MRC-5) in vitro cell assay were used to evaluate the effects of A. cinnamomea extracts on the collagen production in MRC-5. Eight-week-old ICR mice were intratracheally administered bleomycin and then fed with an A. cinnamomea extract on day 3 post-administration of bleomycin. At day 21 post-bleomycin administration, the pulmonary functional test, the expression level of inflammation- and fibrosis-related genes in the lung tissue, and the histopathological change were examined. RESULTS The A. cinnamomea extract significantly attenuated the expression level of collagen in the TGF-β1-induced MRC-5 cells. In the A. cinnamome-treated bleomycin-induced lung fibrotic mice, the bodyweight increased, pulmonary functions improved, the lung tissues expression level of inflammatory factor and the fibrotic indicator were decreased, and the histopathological results showed the reduction of thickening of the inter-alveolar septa. CONCLUSIONS The Antrodia cinnamomea extract significant protects mice against bleomycin-induced lung injuries through improvement of body weight gain and lung functions, and attenuation of expression of inflammatory and fibrotic indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Wei Lan
- Phoenix Children's Health Research Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Chia-En Chen
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Teng Huang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Hung Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Mu Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; The IEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center and the Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kowit-Yu Chong
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences Division of Biotechnology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Hyperbaric Oxygen Medical Research Lab, Bone and Joint Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Centre for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia.
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He X, Zhong Z, Wang Q, Jia Z, Lu J, Chen J, Liu P. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of bleomycin-induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis rats treated with cryptotanshinone. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1127219. [PMID: 36969870 PMCID: PMC10034131 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1127219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cryptotanshinone(CTS), a compound derived from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza, has been linked to various of diseases, particularly pulmonary fibrosis. In the current study, we investigated the benefit of CTS on Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats induced by bleomycin (BLM) and established high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) methods to compare pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in subsequent normal and modulated SD rats.Methods: The therapeutic effect of CTS on BLM-induced SD rats was evaluated using histopathology, lung function and hydroxyproline content measurement, revealing that CTS significantly improved SD rats induced by BLM. Additionally, a simple, rapid, sensitive and specific HPLC-MS/MS method was developed to determine the pharmacokinetics of various components in rat plasma.Results: Pharmacokinetic studies indicated that CTS was slowly absorbed by oral administration and had low bioavailability and a slow clearance rate. The elimination of pulmonary fibrosis in 28-day rats was slowed down, and the area under the curve was increased compared to the control group. Long-term oral administration of CTS did not accumulate in vivo, but the clearance was slowed down, and the steady-state blood concentration was increased. The tissue distribution study revealed that CTS exposure in the lungs and liver.Discussion: The lung CTS exposure was significantly higher in the model group than in the control group, suggesting that the pathological changes of pulmonary fibrosis were conducive to the lung exposure of CTS and served as the target organ of CTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun He
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Zhong
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quan Wang
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenmao Jia
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Lu, ; Jianwen Chen, ; Peiqing Liu,
| | - Jianwen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Lu, ; Jianwen Chen, ; Peiqing Liu,
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Lu, ; Jianwen Chen, ; Peiqing Liu,
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3
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Beach TA, Groves AM, Williams JP, Finkelstein JN. Modeling radiation-induced lung injury: lessons learned from whole thorax irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:129-144. [PMID: 30359147 PMCID: PMC6483900 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1532619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Models of thoracic irradiation have been developed as clinicians and scientists have attempted to decipher the events that led up to the pulmonary toxicity seen in human subjects following radiation treatment. The most common model is that of whole thorax irradiation (WTI), applied in a single dose. Mice, particularly the C57BL/6J strain, has been frequently used in these investigations, and has greatly informed our current understanding of the initiation and progression of radiation-induced lung injury (RILI). In this review, we highlight the sequential progression and dynamic nature of RILI, focusing primarily on the vast array of information that has been gleaned from the murine model. Ample evidence indicates a wide array of biological responses that can be seen following irradiation, including DNA damage, oxidative stress, cellular senescence and inflammation, all triggered by the initial exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) and heterogeneously maintained throughout the temporal progression of injury, which manifests as acute pneumonitis and later fibrosis. It appears that the early responses of specific cell types may promote further injury, disrupting the microenvironment and preventing a return to homeostasis, although the exact mechanisms driving these responses remains somewhat unclear. Attempts to either prevent or treat RILI in preclinical models have shown some success by targeting these disparate radiobiological processes. As our understanding of the dynamic cellular responses to radiation improves through the use of such models, so does the likelihood of preventing or treating RILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A. Beach
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
- These authors contributed equally to this publication
| | - Angela M. Groves
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
- These authors contributed equally to this publication
| | - Jacqueline P. Williams
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Jacob N. Finkelstein
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
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4
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The Role of Immunity and Inflammation in IPF Pathogenesis. Respir Med 2019. [PMCID: PMC7120022 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99975-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
IPF is thought to be a consequence of repetitive micro-injury to ageing alveolar epithelium by factors including tobacco smoke, environmental exposures, microbial colonisation/infection, microaspiration, endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress, with resultant aberrant wound healing. Though partially effective antifibrotic therapies have focused attention away from older inflammation-based hypotheses for IPF pathogenesis, innate and adaptive immune cells and processes may play roles potentially in initiation and/or disease progression in IPF and/or in IPF acute exacerbations, based on multiple lines of evidence. Members of the Toll-like family of innate immune receptors have been implicated in IPF pathogenesis, including a potential modulatory role for the lung microbiome. A variety of chemokines are associated with the presence of IPF, and an imbalance of angiogenic chemokines has been linked to vascular remodelling in the disease. Subsets of circulating monocytes, including fibrocytes and segregated-nucleus-containing atypical monocytes (SatM), have been identified that may facilitate progression of fibrosis, and apoptosis-resistant pulmonary macrophages have been shown to demonstrate pro-fibrotic potential. Inflammatory cells that have been somewhat dismissed as irrelevant to IPF pathogenesis are being re-evaluated in light of new mechanistic data, such as activated neutrophils which release their chromatin in a process termed NETosis, which appears to mediate age-related murine lung fibrosis. A greater understanding is needed of the role of lymphoid aggregates, a histologic feature of IPF lungs found in close proximity to fibroblastic foci and highly suggestive of the presence of chronic immune responses in IPF, as are well-characterised activated circulating T lymphocytes and distinct autoantibodies that have been observed in IPF. There is a pressing need to discern whether or not the indisputably present immune dysregulation of IPF constitutes cause or effect in the ongoing search for more effective therapeutic strategies.
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Spagnolo P, Tzouvelekis A, Bonella F. The Management of Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:148. [PMID: 30013972 PMCID: PMC6036121 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the most common form of fibrosing idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, is an inexorably progressive disease with a 5-year survival of ~20%. In the last decade, our understanding of disease pathobiology has increased significantly and this has inevitably impacted on the approach to treatment. Indeed, the paradigm shift from a chronic inflammatory disorder to a primarily fibrotic one coupled with a more precise disease definition and redefined diagnostic criteria have resulted in a massive increase in the number of clinical trials evaluating novel candidate drugs. Most of these trials, however, have been negative, probably because of the multitude and redundancy of cell types, growth factors and profibrotic pathways involved in disease pathogenesis. As a consequence, until recently IPF has lacked effective therapies. Finally, in 2014, two large phase 3 clinical trials have provided robust evidence that pirfenidone, a compound with anti-fibrotic, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and nintedanib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor with selectivity for vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor and fibroblast growth factor receptors are able to slow down functional decline and disease progression with an acceptable safety profile. While this is a major achievement, neither pirfenidone nor nintedanib cures IPF and most patients continue to experience disease progression and/or exacerbation despite treatment. Therefore, in recent years increasingly more attention has been paid to preservation of quality of life and, in the advanced phase of the disease, palliation of symptoms. Lung transplantation, the only curative treatment, remains a viable option for only a minority of highly selected patients. The unmet medical need in IPF remains high, and more efficacious and better tolerated drugs are urgently needed. However, a truly effective therapeutic approach should also address quality of life and highly prevalent concomitant conditions and complications of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Spagnolo
- Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Argyris Tzouvelekis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Athens, Greece
| | - Francesco Bonella
- Interstitial and Rare Lung Disease Unit, Ruhrlandklinik, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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6
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Sisson TH, Christensen PJ, Muraki Y, Dils AJ, Chibucos L, Subbotina N, Tohyama K, Horowitz JC, Matsuo T, Bailie M, Nikam S, Hazama M. Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibition reduces lung fibrosis following targeted type II alveolar epithelial cell injury. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13753. [PMID: 29952109 PMCID: PMC6021279 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis of the lung constitutes a major clinical challenge and novel therapies are required to alleviate the associated morbidity and mortality. Investigating the antifibrotic efficacy of drugs that are already in clinical practice offers an efficient strategy to identify new therapies. The phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors, approved for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, harbor therapeutic potential for pulmonary fibrosis by augmenting the activity of endogenous antifibrotic mediators that signal through cyclic AMP. In this study, we tested the efficacy of several PDE4 inhibitors including a novel compound (Compound 1) in a murine model of lung fibrosis that results from a targeted type II alveolar epithelial cell injury. We also compared the antifibrotic activity of PDE4 inhibition to the two therapies that are FDA-approved for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (pirfenidone and nintedanib). We found that both preventative (day 0-21) and therapeutic (day 11-21) dosing regimens of the PDE4 inhibitors significantly ameliorated the weight loss and lung collagen accumulation that are the sequelae of targeted epithelial cell damage. In a therapeutic protocol, the reduction in lung fibrosis with PDE4 inhibitor administration was equivalent to pirfenidone and nintedanib. Treatment with this class of drugs also resulted in a decrease in plasma surfactant protein D concentration, a reduction in the plasma levels of several chemokines implicated in lung fibrosis, and an in vitro inhibition of fibroblast profibrotic gene expression. These results motivate further investigation of PDE4 inhibition as a treatment for patients with fibrotic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Sisson
- Pulmonary and Critical Care DivisionDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Paul J. Christensen
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineWilliam Beaumont Medical CenterTroyMichigan
| | - Yo Muraki
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaJapan
| | - Anthony J. Dils
- Pulmonary and Critical Care DivisionDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Lauren Chibucos
- Pulmonary and Critical Care DivisionDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Natalya Subbotina
- Pulmonary and Critical Care DivisionDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichigan
| | | | - Jeffrey C. Horowitz
- Pulmonary and Critical Care DivisionDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichigan
| | | | - Marc Bailie
- In Vivo FacilityDepartment of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan
| | - Sham Nikam
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaJapan
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7
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Maarman GJ. Natural Antioxidants as Potential Therapy, and a Promising Role for Melatonin Against Pulmonary Hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 967:161-178. [PMID: 29047086 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasma and serum samples, and lung/heart tissue of pulmonary hypertension (PH) patients and animal models of PH display elevated oxidative stress. Moreover, the severity of PH and levels of oxidative stress increase concurrently, which suggests that oxidative stress could be utilized as a biomarker for PH progression. Accumulating evidence has well established that oxidative stress is also key role player in the development of PH. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that natural antioxidants improved PH condition, and, therefore, antioxidant therapy has been proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy against PH. These natural antioxidants include medicinal plant extracts and compounds such as resveratrol and melatonin. Recent studies suggest that melatonin provides health benefit against PH, by enhancing antioxidant capacity, increasing vasodilation, counteracting lung and cardiac fibrosis, and stunting right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy/failure. This chapter comprehensively reviews and discusses a variety of natural antioxidants and their efficacy in modulating experimental PH. This chapter also demonstrates that antioxidant therapy remains a therapeutic strategy for PH, and particularly identifies melatonin as a safe, cost-effective, and promising antioxidant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald J Maarman
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa (HICRA) and MRC Inter-University, Cape Heart Group, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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8
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Goodwin J, Choi H, Hsieh MH, Neugent ML, Ahn JM, Hayenga HN, Singh PK, Shackelford DB, Lee IK, Shulaev V, Dhar S, Takeda N, Kim JW. Targeting Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α/Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 1 Axis by Dichloroacetate Suppresses Bleomycin-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2018; 58:216-231. [PMID: 28915065 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0186oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases. Aberrantly activated myofibroblasts are the primary pathological driver of fibrotic progression, yet how various microenvironmental influences, such as hypoxia, contribute to their sustained activation and differentiation is poorly understood. As a defining feature of hypoxia is its impact on cellular metabolism, we sought to investigate how hypoxia-induced metabolic reprogramming affects myofibroblast differentiation and fibrotic progression, and to test the preclinical efficacy of targeting glycolytic metabolism for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrotic progression was evaluated in two independent, fibroblast-specific, promoter-driven, hypoxia-inducible factor (Hif) 1A knockout mouse models and in glycolytic inhibitor, dichloroacetate-treated mice. Genetic and pharmacological approaches were used to explicate the role of metabolic reprogramming in myofibroblast differentiation. Hypoxia significantly enhanced transforming growth factor-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation through HIF-1α, whereas overexpression of the critical HIF-1α-mediated glycolytic switch, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) was sufficient to activate glycolysis and potentiate myofibroblast differentiation, even in the absence of HIF-1α. Inhibition of the HIF-1α/PDK1 axis by genomic deletion of Hif1A or pharmacological inhibition of PDK1 significantly attenuated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Our findings suggest that HIF-1α/PDK1-mediated glycolytic reprogramming is a critical metabolic alteration that acts to promote myofibroblast differentiation and fibrotic progression, and demonstrate that targeting glycolytic metabolism may prove to be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jung-Mo Ahn
- 2 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and
| | - Heather N Hayenga
- 3 Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- 4 Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - David B Shackelford
- 5 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- 6 Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Vladimir Shulaev
- 7 Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Shanta Dhar
- 8 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and.,9 Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; and
| | - Norihiko Takeda
- 10 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Targeting the renin-angiotensin system as novel therapeutic strategy for pulmonary diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2017; 40:9-17. [PMID: 29288933 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a major role in regulating electrolyte balance and blood pressure. RAS has also been implicated in the regulation of inflammation, proliferation and fibrosis in pulmonary diseases such as asthma, acute lung injury (ALI), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Current therapeutics suffer from some drawbacks like steroid resistance, limited efficacies and side effects. Novel intervention is definitely needed to offer optimal therapeutic strategy and clinical outcome. This review compiles and analyses recent investigations targeting RAS for the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases. Inhibition of the upstream angiotensin (Ang) I/Ang II/angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1R) pathway and activation of the downstream angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/Ang (1-7)/Mas receptor pathway are two feasible strategies demonstrating efficacies in various pulmonary disease models. More recent studies favor the development of targeting the downstream ACE2/Ang (1-7)/Mas receptor pathway, in which diminazene aceturate, an ACE2 activator, GSK2586881, a recombinant ACE2, and AV0991, a Mas receptor agonist, showed much potential for further development. As the pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases is so complex that RAS modulation may be used alone or in combination with existing drugs like corticosteroids, pirfenidone/nintedanib or endothelin receptor antagonists for different pulmonary diseases. Personalized medicine through genetic screening and phenotyping for angiotensinogen or ACE would aid treatment especially for non-responsive patients. This review serves to provide an update on the latest development in the field of RAS targeting for pulmonary diseases, and offer some insights into future direction.
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Tang J, Li J, Li G, Zhang H, Wang L, Li D, Ding J. Spermidine-mediated poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles containing fluorofenidone for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:6687-6704. [PMID: 28932114 PMCID: PMC5598552 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s140569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive, fatal lung disease with poor survival. The advances made in deciphering this disease have led to the approval of different antifibrotic molecules, such as pirfenidone and nintedanib. An increasing number of studies with particles (liposomes, nanoparticles [NPs], microspheres, nanopolymersomes, and nanoliposomes) modified with different functional groups have demonstrated improvement in lung-targeted drug delivery. In the present study, we prepared, characterized, and evaluated spermidine (Spd)-modified poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs as carriers for fluorofenidone (AKF) to improve the antifibrotic efficacy of this drug in the lung. Spd-AKF-PLGA NPs were prepared and functionalized by modified solvent evaporation with Spd and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-PLGA groups. The size of Spd-AKF-PLGA NPs was 172.5±4.3 nm. AKF release from NPs was shown to fit the Higuchi model. A549 cellular uptake of an Spd-coumarin (Cou)-6-PLGA NP group was found to be almost twice as high as that of the Cou-6-PLGA NP group. Free Spd and difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) were preincubated in A549 cells to prove uptake of Spd-Cou-6-PLGA NPs via a polyamine-transport system. As a result, the uptake of Spd-Cou-6-PLGA NPs significantly decreased with increased Spd concentrations in incubation. At higher Spd concentrations of 50 and 500 µM, uptake of Spd-Cou-6-PLGA NPs reduced 0.34- and 0.49-fold from that without Spd pretreatment. After pretreatment with DFMO for 36 hours, cellular uptake of Spd-Cou-6-PLGA NPs reached 1.26-fold compared to the untreated DFMO group. In a biodistribution study, the drug-targeting index of Spd-AKF-PLGA NPs in the lung was 3.62- and 4.66-fold that of AKF-PLGA NPs and AKF solution, respectively. This suggested that Spd-AKF-PLGA NPs accumulated effectively in the lung. Lung-histopathology changes and collagen deposition were observed by H&E staining and Masson staining in an efficacy study. In the Spd-AKF-PLGA NP group, damage was further improved compared to the AKF-PLGA NP group and AKF-solution group. The results indicated that Spd-AKF-PLGA NPs are able to be effective nanocarriers for anti-pulmonary fibrosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changsha Medical University
| | - Jianming Li
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha
| | - Guo Li
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha
| | - Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu
| | - Dai Li
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinsong Ding
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha
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Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis ((IPF) is the most common disease from a group of interstitial lung diseases, which occurs mainly in middle-aged and elderly people. Over the past decade, there have been considerable changes in approaches to diagnosing and treating IPF. The paper presents an update on the epidemiology of IPF, the results of new studies of its pathogenesis, and main approaches to diagnosing the disease. In addition, there is new evidence on therapy for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Avdeev
- Research Institute of Pulmonology, Federal Biomedical Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Yan Y, Du S, Ji Y, Su N, Wang Y, Mei X, Zhu W, He D, Lu Y, Zhang C, Xing XH. Discovery of enzymatically depolymerized heparins capable of treating Bleomycin-induced pulmonary injury and fibrosis in mice. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 174:82-88. [PMID: 28821136 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heparin has recently been shown to slow down idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) process and improve survival of patients in some cases. To improve the anti-IPF function while minimizing their side effects, we developed heparin libraries with different structures depolymerized by single or combined heparinases, and systematically screened the efficacy of the different heparins for treatment of Bleomycin-induced pulmonary injury and fibrosis using mice model. Then we characterized the structural properties of the components capable of treating pulmonary injury and fibrosis by use of chip-based amide hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC)-fourier transform (FT)-ESI-MS, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Our results showed that the depolymerized heparins with relative higher molecular weight (I-2 and III-2) by the respective heparinase I and III protected mice from the induced pulmonary injury and fibrosis. In addition, the selected depolymerized heparins inhibited high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB-1) expression, prevented E-cadhesin from downregulation, and reduced fibroblasts accumulation in the mouse lung tissue. Our study suggested that the depolymerized heparins of I-2 and III-2 with the most significant efficacy might target several pathways in alleviating the induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishu Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shanshan Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Nan Su
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiang Mei
- Bio-Cell Co. Ltd, Beijing 100000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenming Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dong He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuan Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China; Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin-Hui Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China; Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Beach TA, Johnston CJ, Groves AM, Williams JP, Finkelstein JN. Radiation induced pulmonary fibrosis as a model of progressive fibrosis: Contributions of DNA damage, inflammatory response and cellular senescence genes. Exp Lung Res 2017; 43:134-149. [PMID: 28534660 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2017.1318975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Purpose/Aim of Study: Studies of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) have resulted in DNA damage, inflammatory response, and cellular senescence being widely hypothesized to play a role in the progression of the disease. Utilizing these aforementioned terms, genomics databases were interrogated along with the term, "pulmonary fibrosis," to identify genes common among all 4 search terms. Findings were compared to data derived from a model of radiation-induced progressive pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF) to verify that these genes are similarly expressed, supporting the use of radiation as a model for diseases involving PF, such as human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). MATERIALS AND METHODS In an established model of RIPF, C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 12.5 Gy thorax irradiation and sacrificed at 24 hours, 1, 4, 12, and 32 weeks following exposure, and lung tissue was compared to age-matched controls by RNA sequencing. RESULTS Of 176 PF associated gene transcripts identified by database interrogation, 146 (>82%) were present in our experimental model, throughout the progression of RIPF. Analysis revealed that nearly 85% of PF gene transcripts were associated with at least 1 other search term. Furthermore, of 22 genes common to all four terms, 16 were present experimentally in RIPF. CONCLUSIONS This illustrates the validity of RIPF as a model of progressive PF/IPF based on the numbers of transcripts reported in both literature and observed experimentally. Well characterized genes and proteins are implicated in this model, supporting the hypotheses that DNA damage, inflammatory response and cellular senescence are associated with the pathogenesis of PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A Beach
- a Department of Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , New York , USA
| | - Carl J Johnston
- a Department of Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , New York , USA.,b Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology , University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester , New York , USA
| | - Angela M Groves
- b Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology , University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester , New York , USA
| | - Jacqueline P Williams
- a Department of Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , New York , USA
| | - Jacob N Finkelstein
- a Department of Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , New York , USA.,b Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology , University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester , New York , USA
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14
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Sibinska Z, Tian X, Korfei M, Kojonazarov B, Kolb JS, Klepetko W, Kosanovic D, Wygrecka M, Ghofrani HA, Weissmann N, Grimminger F, Seeger W, Guenther A, Schermuly RT. Amplified canonical transforming growth factor-β signalling via heat shock protein 90 in pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:13993003.01941-2015. [PMID: 28182573 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01941-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial lung fibroblast activation coupled with extracellular matrix production is a pathological signature of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and is governed by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smad signalling. We sought to define the role of heat shock protein (HSP)90 in profibrotic responses in IPF and to determine the therapeutic effects of HSP90 inhibition in a murine model of pulmonary fibrosis.We investigated the effects of HSP90 inhibition in vitro by applying 17-AAG (17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin) to lung fibroblasts and A549 cells and in vivo by administering 17-DMAG (17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin) to mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.HSP90 expression was increased in (myo)fibroblasts from fibrotic human and mouse lungs compared with controls. 17-AAG inhibited TGF-β1-induced extracellular matrix production and transdifferentiation of lung fibroblasts and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of A549 cells. The antifibrotic effects were associated with TGF-β receptor disruption and inhibition of Smad2/3 activation. Co-immunoprecipitation revealed that HSP90β interacted with TGF-β receptor II and stabilised TGF-β receptors. Furthermore, 17-DMAG improved lung function and decreased fibrosis and matrix metalloproteinase activity in the lungs of bleomycin-challenged mice.In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate that HSP90 inhibition blocks pulmonary fibroblast activation and ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaneta Sibinska
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany.,Both authors contributed equally
| | - Xia Tian
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany.,Both authors contributed equally
| | - Martina Korfei
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Baktybek Kojonazarov
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Janina Susanne Kolb
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Walter Klepetko
- Agaplesion Lung Clinic Waldhof Elgershausen, Greifenstein, Germany.,Vienna Medical University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Djuro Kosanovic
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany.,Dept of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hossein Ardeschir Ghofrani
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Grimminger
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Guenther
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany.,Agaplesion Lung Clinic Waldhof Elgershausen, Greifenstein, Germany.,European IPF Network and European IPF Registry, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ralph T Schermuly
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
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15
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Reed NI, Tang YZ, McIntosh J, Wu Y, Molnar KS, Civitavecchia A, Sheppard D, DeGrado WF, Jo H. Exploring N-Arylsulfonyl-l-proline Scaffold as a Platform for Potent and Selective αvβ1 Integrin Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:902-907. [PMID: 27774126 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One small molecule inhibitor of αvβ1 integrin, c8, shows antifibrotic effects in multiple in vivo mouse models. Here we synthesized c8 analogues and systematically investigate their structure-activity relationships (SAR) in αvβ1 integrin inhibition. N-Phenylsulfonyl-l-homoproline analogues of c8 maintained excellent potency against αvβ1 integrin while retaining good selectivity over other RGD integrins. In addition, 2-aminopyridine or cyclic guanidine analogues were shown to be equally potent to c8. A rigid phenyl linker increased the potency compared to c8, but the selectivity over other RGD integrins diminished. These results can provide further insights on design of αvβ1 integrin inhibitors as antifibrotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilgun Isik Reed
- Department of Medicine, University of California−San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94153, United States
| | - You-Zhi Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California−San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Joel McIntosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California−San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Yibing Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California−San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Kathleen S. Molnar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California−San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Annafelicia Civitavecchia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California−San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Dean Sheppard
- Department of Medicine, University of California−San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94153, United States
| | - William F. DeGrado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California−San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Cardiovascular
Research Institute, University of California−San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Hyunil Jo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California−San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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16
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Safety and Tolerability of Alveolar Type II Cell Transplantation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Chest 2016; 150:533-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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17
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Lucattelli M, Fineschi S, Selvi E, Garcia Gonzalez E, Bartalesi B, De Cunto G, Lorenzini S, Galeazzi M, Lungarella G. Ajulemic acid exerts potent anti-fibrotic effect during the fibrogenic phase of bleomycin lung. Respir Res 2016; 17:49. [PMID: 27153807 PMCID: PMC4859981 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0373-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ajulemic acid (AjA) is a synthetic analogue of tetrahydrocannabinol that can prevent and limit progression of skin fibrosis in experimental systemic sclerosis. In this study we investigated whether AjA also prevents and modulates lung fibrosis induced by bleomycin (BLM) when administered in mice during the inflammatory or the fibrogenic phase of the model. Methods The anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic efficacy of AjA was evaluated in DBA/2 mice treated orally once a day starting either at day 0 (preventive treatment) or at day 8 (therapeutic treatment) after a single intratracheal instillation of BLM. AjA was given at a dose of 1 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg. Mice were sacrificed at day 8, 14 and 21 after BLM and lungs were processed for histology and morphometry, and examined for HO-proline content and for the expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSMAD2/3), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ). Results In the 1st week after BLM challenge, an acute inflammation characterized by neutrophil and macrophage accumulation was the main change present in lung parenchyma. The “switch” between inflammation and fibrosis occurs between day 8 and 14 after BLM instillation and involves the bronchi and vasculature. In the subsequent week (at day 21 after BLM instillation) bronchiolocentric fibrosis with significant increase of tissue collagen develops. The fibrotic response evaluated by morphometry and quantified as HO-proline in lung tissue at day 21 after BLM treatment was significantly reduced in mice receiving either AjA in the inflammatory or in early fibrogenic phase. AjA induces marked change in the expression pattern of products implicated in fibrogenesis, such as TGF-β1, pSMAD2/3, CTGF and α-SMA. In addition, AjA increases significantly the number of PPAR-γ positive cells and its nuclear localization. Conclusions AjA treatment, starting either at day 0 or at day 8 after BLM challenge, counteracts the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. The anti-fibrotic effectiveness of AjA is irrespective of timing of compound administration. Further clinical studies are necessary to establish whether AjA may represent a new therapeutic option for treating fibrotic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Lucattelli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Silvia Fineschi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Enrico Selvi
- and Rheumatology Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Bartalesi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Cunto
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Galeazzi
- and Rheumatology Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lungarella
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.
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18
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Xia Y, Xia Y, Lv Q, Yue M, Qiao S, Yang Y, Wei Z, Dai Y. Madecassoside ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice through promoting the generation of hepatocyte growth factor via PPAR-γ in colon. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1219-35. [PMID: 26750154 PMCID: PMC5341335 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Madecassoside has potent anti-pulmonary fibrosis (PF) effects when administered p.o., despite having extremely low oral bioavailability. Herein, we explored the mechanism of this anti-PF effect with regard to gut hormones. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A PF model was established in mice by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin. Haematoxylin and eosin stain and Masson's trichrome stain were used to assess histological changes in the lung. Quantitative-PCR and Western blot detected mRNA and protein levels, respectively, and cytokines were measured by ELISA. Small interfering RNA was used for gene-silencing. EMSA was applied to detect DNA-binding activity. KEY RESULTS Administration of madecassoside, p.o., but not its main metabolite madecassic acid, exhibited a direct anti-PF effect in mice. However, i.p. madecassoside had no anti-PF effect. Madecassoside increased the expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in colon tissues, and HGF receptor antagonists attenuated its anti-PF effect. Madecassoside facilitated the secretion of HGF from colonic epithelial cells by activating the PPAR-γ pathway, as shown by an up-regulation of PPAR-γ mRNA expression, nuclear translocation and DNA-binding activity both in vitro and in vivo. Also GW9662, a selective PPAR-γ antagonist, almost completely prevented the madecassoside-induced increased expression of HGF and amelioration of PF. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The potent anti-PF effects induced by p.o. madecassoside in mice are not mediated by its metabolites or itself after absorption into blood. Instead, madecassoside increases the activity of PPAR-γ, which subsequently increases HGF expression in colonic epithelial cells. HGF then enters into the circulation and lung tissue to exert an anti-PF effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia MedicaChina Pharmaceutical University24 Tong Jia XiangNanjing210009China
| | - Yu‐Feng Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia MedicaChina Pharmaceutical University24 Tong Jia XiangNanjing210009China
| | - Qi Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia MedicaChina Pharmaceutical University24 Tong Jia XiangNanjing210009China
| | - Meng‐Fan Yue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia MedicaChina Pharmaceutical University24 Tong Jia XiangNanjing210009China
| | - Si‐Miao Qiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia MedicaChina Pharmaceutical University24 Tong Jia XiangNanjing210009China
| | - Yan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia MedicaChina Pharmaceutical University24 Tong Jia XiangNanjing210009China
| | - Zhi‐Feng Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia MedicaChina Pharmaceutical University24 Tong Jia XiangNanjing210009China
| | - Yue Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia MedicaChina Pharmaceutical University24 Tong Jia XiangNanjing210009China
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19
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Chow LN, Schreiner P, Ng BYY, Lo B, Hughes MR, Scott RW, Gusti V, Lecour S, Simonson E, Manisali I, Barta I, McNagny KM, Crawford J, Webb M, Underhill TM. Impact of a CXCL12/CXCR4 Antagonist in Bleomycin (BLM) Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis and Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) Induced Hepatic Fibrosis in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151765. [PMID: 26998906 PMCID: PMC4801399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 has been implicated in attenuation of bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic injury. In pulmonary fibrosis, published reports suggest that collagen production in the injured lung is derived from fibrocytes recruited from the circulation in response to release of pulmonary CXCL12. Conversely, in hepatic fibrosis, resident hepatic stellate cells (HSC), the key cell type in progression of fibrosis, upregulate CXCR4 expression in response to activation. Further, CXCL12 induces HSC proliferation and subsequent production of collagen I. In the current study, we evaluated AMD070, an orally bioavailable inhibitor of CXCL12/CXCR4 in alleviating BLM-induced pulmonary and CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice. Similar to other CXCR4 antagonists, treatment with AMD070 significantly increased leukocyte mobilization. However, in these two models of fibrosis, AMD070 had a negligible impact on extracellular matrix deposition. Interestingly, our results indicated that CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling has a role in improving mortality associated with BLM induced pulmonary injury, likely through dampening an early inflammatory response and/or vascular leakage. Together, these findings indicate that the CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling axis is not an effective target for reducing fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leola N. Chow
- The Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail: (LNC); (TMU)
| | - Petra Schreiner
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Betina Y. Y. Ng
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bernard Lo
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael R. Hughes
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - R. Wilder Scott
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vionarica Gusti
- The Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Samantha Lecour
- The Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eric Simonson
- The Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Irina Manisali
- The Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ingrid Barta
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kelly M. McNagny
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason Crawford
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Murray Webb
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - T. Michael Underhill
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail: (LNC); (TMU)
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20
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Sgalla G, Cocconcelli E, Tonelli R, Richeldi L. Novel drug targets for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Expert Rev Respir Med 2016; 10:393-405. [PMID: 26854382 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2016.1152186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, fatal lung disorder of unknown cause with a highly variable and unpredictable clinical course. The advances made in deciphering IPF pathobiology over the last decades have led to the approval of two anti-fibrotic molecules, pirfenidone and nintedanib, that showed to be effective in significantly reducing the rate of progression of the disease. Such pharmacological breakthroughs represent a dramatic change in the management of these patients and are reflected in updated international guidelines. However, the need to find a cure for this devastating disease remains unmet and the development of novel therapeutic agents remains hurdled by several factors. Here, we review the latest insights into therapeutic approaches for IPF and the available evidence for the most promising novel compounds currently under development, and discuss the challenges and evolution of IPF clinical research over the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Sgalla
- a Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit , University Hospital Southampton , Southampton , UK
| | - Elisabetta Cocconcelli
- b Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Section of Respiratory Diseases , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Roberto Tonelli
- c Department of Respiratory Diseases , University Hospital of Modena , Modena , Italy
| | - Luca Richeldi
- a Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit , University Hospital Southampton , Southampton , UK.,d Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University Hospital Southampton , Southampton , UK
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21
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Passing on the medicinal chemistry baton: training undergraduates to be industry-ready through research projects between the University of Nottingham and GlaxoSmithKline. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:880-7. [PMID: 26852693 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this article we describe a radically different industry-academia collaboration between the School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), aiming to train students in research and give them an insight into medicinal chemistry as practiced in industry. The project concerns the discovery of potent and selective αvβ6 integrin antagonists to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; the synthetic chemistry is performed by a group of ten final-year undergraduates and the biological and physicochemical screening data are generated by GSK. The project planning, organisation and operation are discussed, together with some of the challenges and rewards of working with undergraduates.
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22
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Fagone P, Mangano K, Pesce A, Portale TR, Puleo S, Nicoletti F. Emerging therapeutic targets for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:369-75. [PMID: 26523773 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis represents a response to chronic injury, aimed at maintaining organ integrity. Hepatic fibrosis is mainly related to chronic viral hepatitis B or C (HBV or HCV), alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and biliary diseases. A deep understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying liver fibrosis has enabled the development of 'pathogenetic tailored' therapeutic interventions. However, effective drugs to prevent or revert hepatic fibrosis are still lacking. In this review, we discuss the cellular populations and the molecular pathways involved in liver fibrogenesis as well as the novel approaches currently being tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Fagone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Katia Mangano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Pesce
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, G.F. Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Teresa Rosanna Portale
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, G.F. Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Puleo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, G.F. Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this article, we summarize and discuss the most recent literature on personalized medicine in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a chronic progressive and almost invariably lethal disease of unknown cause. This review is timely as major advances in our understanding of disease pathobiology and improvements in molecular techniques have recently led to the identification of potential surrogates of diagnosis, prognosis and response to treatment. RECENT FINDINGS The most promising and advanced candidate biomarkers are presented based on their proposed mechanistic pathways (e.g. alveolar epithelial cell dysfunction, immune dysregulation, microbiome, extracellular matrix remodeling and fibroproliferation, epigenetic markers and metabolomics). Recent data suggest that components of the immune system may contribute to the development of IPF. A potential role for infections as a cofactor in disease development and progression or as a trigger in disease exacerbation has also recently been proposed. SUMMARY Clinical management of IPF is unsatisfactory because of limited availability of truly effective therapies, lack of accurate predictors of disease behavior and absence of simple short-term measures of therapeutic response. A number of putative biomarkers have been identified in patients with IPF, although none has been validated to the standard necessary for their use in either therapeutic trials or clinical practice. Currently, ongoing prospective longitudinal studies will hopefully permit such validation.
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Kreuter M, Bonella F, Wijsenbeek M, Maher TM, Spagnolo P. Pharmacological Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Current Approaches, Unsolved Issues, and Future Perspectives. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:329481. [PMID: 26779535 PMCID: PMC4686637 DOI: 10.1155/2015/329481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating condition with a 5-year survival of approximately 20%. The disease primarily occurs in elderly patients. IPF is a highly heterogeneous disorder with a clinical course that varies from prolonged periods of stability to episodes of rapid deterioration. In the last decade, improved understanding of disease mechanisms along with a more precise disease definition has allowed the design and completion of a number of high-quality clinical trials. Yet, until recently, IPF was essentially an untreatable disease. Finally, pirfenidone and nintedanib, two compounds with antifibrotic properties, have consistently proven effective in reducing functional decline and disease progression in IPF. This is a major breakthrough for patients and physicians alike, but there is still a long way to go. In fact, neither pirfenidone nor nintedanib is a cure for IPF, and most patients continue to progress despite treatment. As such, comprehensive care of patients with IPF, including management of comorbidities/complications and physical debility and timely referral for palliative care or, in a small number of highly selected patients, lung transplantation, remains essential. Several agents with high potential are currently being tested and many more are ready to be evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kreuter
- Center for Interstitial and Rare Lung Diseases, Pneumology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Thoraxklinik, University of Heidelberg, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRCH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesco Bonella
- Interstitial and Rare Lung Disease Unit, Ruhrlandklinik, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Marlies Wijsenbeek
- Department of Pulmonary Disease, Erasmus Medical Centre, University Hospital Rotterdam, 3015 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Toby M. Maher
- National Institute for Health Research Biological Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London SW3 6NP, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Paolo Spagnolo
- Medical University Clinic, Canton Hospital Baselland and University of Basel, 4410 Liestal, Switzerland
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Practical considerations in the pharmacologic treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2015; 21:479-89. [DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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