Zinc oxide nanoparticles: a promising nanomaterial for biomedical applications

Microplastics enhance the adsorption capacity of zinc oxide nanoparticles: Interactive mechanisms and influence factors

Microplastics (MPs) are of particular concern due to their ubiquitous occurrence and propensity to interact and concentrate various waterborne contaminants from aqueous surroundings. Studies on the interaction and joint toxicity of MPs on engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) are exhaustive, but limited research on the effect of MPs on the properties of ENPs in multi-solute systems. Here, the effect of MPs on adsorption ability of ENPs to antibiotics was investigated for the first time. The results demonstrated that MPs enhanced the adsorption affinity of ENPs to antibiotics and MPs before and after aging showed different effects on ENPs. Aged polyamide prevented aggregation of ZnONPs by introducing negative charges, whereas virgin polyamide affected ZnONPs with the help of electrostatic attraction. FT-IR and XPS analyses were used to probe the physicochemical interactions between ENPs and MPs. The results showed no chemical interaction and electrostatic interaction was the dominant force between them. Furthermore, the adsorption rate of antibiotics positively correlated with pH and humic acid but exhibited a negative correlation with ionic strength. Our study highlights that ENPs are highly capable of accumulating and transporting antibiotics in the presence of MPs, which could result in a widespread distribution of antibiotics and an expansion of their environmental risks and toxic effects on biota. It also improves our understanding of the mutual interaction of various co-existing contaminants in aqueous environments.

Mechanistic insights into zinc oxide nanoparticles induced embryotoxicity via H3K9me3 modulation

The widespread application of nanoparticles (NPs) in various fields has raised health concerns, especially in reproductive health. Our research has shown zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) exhibit the most significant toxicity to pre-implantation embryos in mice compared to other common NPs. In patients undergoing assisted reproduction technology (ART), a significant negative correlation was observed between Zn concentration and clinical outcomes. Therefore, this study explores the impact of ZnONPs exposure on pre-implantation embryonic development and its underlying mechanisms. We revealed that both in vivo and in vitro exposure to ZnONPs impairs pre-implantation embryonic development. Moreover, ZnONPs were found to reduce the pluripotency of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), as evidenced by teratoma and diploid chimera assays. Employing multi-omics approaches, including RNA-Seq, CUT&Tag, and ATAC-seq, the embryotoxicity mechanisms of ZnONPs were elucidated. The findings indicate that ZnONPs elevate H3K9me3 levels, leading to increased heterochromatin and consequent inhibition of gene expression related to development and pluripotency. Notably, Chaetocin, a H3K9me3 inhibitor, sucessfully reversed the embryotoxicity effects induced by ZnONPs. Additionally, the direct interaction between ZnONPs and H3K9me3 was verified through pull-down and immunoprecipitation assays. Collectively, these findings offer new insights into the epigenetic mechanisms of ZnONPs toxicity, enhancing our understanding of their impact on human reproductive health.

Examining the Influence of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Bulk Zinc Oxide on Rat Brain Functions: a Comprehensive Neurobehavioral, Antioxidant, Gene Expression, and Histopathological Investigation

The study aimed to assess the impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) on rats' neurobehavior compared to bulk zinc oxide (BZnO). Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to five groups. The control group received Tween 80 (10%), while the ZnONP groups were given ZnONPs at 5 and 10 mg/kg body weight dosages, and the bulk zinc oxide (BZnO) groups received BZnO at the same dosages. Behavioral observations, neurobehavioral examinations, and assessments of brain tissue oxidative markers, neurotransmitter levels, and histopathological changes were performed. The results indicated that ZnONP at a dosage of 5 mg/kg improved general behavior, locomotor activity, memory, and recognition and reduced fearfulness in rats. Conversely, the higher dosage of 10 mg/kg and the bulk form had adverse effects on general behavior, locomotor activity, and learning ability, with the bulk form demonstrating the most severe impact-znONP-5 treatment increased antioxidant enzyme levels and decreased inflammatory markers. BZnO-5 exhibited lower oxidative stress markers, although still higher than BZnO-10. Furthermore, ZnONP-5 and BZnO-5 increased neurotransmitter levels compared to higher dosages. ZnONP-5 upregulated the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA, while BZnO-5 showed increased BDNF mRNA expression and decreased expression of genes related to apoptosis and inflammation. In summary, ZnONPs at 5 mg/kg demonstrated positive effects on rat brain function and behavior, while higher dosages and the bulk form had detrimental effects. In conclusion, the studies emphasized the importance of further assessing various doses and forms of zinc oxide on brain health, highlighting the significance of dosage considerations when using nanomaterials.

Recent advancements in nanomedicine as a revolutionary approach to treating multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma, the second most common hematological malignancy, remains incurable with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 50 % and recurrence rates near 100 %, despite significant attempts to develop effective medicines. Therefore, there is a pressing demand in the medical field for innovative and more efficient treatments for MM. Currently, the standard approach for treating MM involves administering high-dose chemotherapy, which frequently correlates with improved results; however, one major limiting factor is the significant side effects of these medications. Furthermore, the strategies used to deliver medications to tumors limit their efficacy, whether by rapid clearance from circulation or an insufficient concentration in cancer cells. Cancer treatment has shifted from cytotoxic, nonspecific chemotherapy regimens to molecularly targeted, rationally developed drugs with improved efficacy and fewer side effects. Nanomedicines may provide an effective alternative way to avoid these limits by delivering drugs into the complicated bone marrow microenvironment and efficiently reaching myeloma cells. Putting drugs into nanoparticles can make their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles much better. This can increase the drug's effectiveness in tumors, extend its time in circulation in the blood, and lower its off-target toxicity. In this review, we introduce several criteria for the rational design of nanomedicine to achieve the best anti-tumoral therapeutic results. Next, we discuss recent advances in nanomedicine for MM therapy.

ZnO-Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite for Paclitaxel Delivery and Enhanced Toxicity in Breast Cancer Cells

A ZnO-Graphene oxide nanocomposite (Z-G) was prepared in order to exploit the biomedical features of each component in a single anticancer material. This was achieved by means of an environmentally friendly synthesis, taking place at a low temperature and without the involvement of toxic reagents. The product was physicochemically characterized. The ZnO-to-GO ratio was determined through thermogravimetric analysis, while scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to provide insight into the morphology of the nanocomposite. Using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, it was possible to confirm that the graphene flakes were homogeneously coated with ZnO. The crystallite size of the ZnO nanoparticles in the new composite was determined using X-ray powder diffraction. The capacity of Z-G to enhance the toxicity of the anticancer drug Paclitaxel towards breast cancer cells was assessed via a cell viability study, showing the remarkable anticancer activity of the obtained system. Such results support the potential use of Z-G as an anticancer agent in combination with a common chemotherapeutic like Paclitaxel, leading to new chemotherapeutic formulations.

Efficient chromium removal from leather industrial wastewater in batch experimental study: Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Ficus benghalensis extracts

The urgent need to address the severe environmental risk posed by chromium-contaminated industrial wastewater necessitates the development of eco-friendly cleanup methodologies. Utilizing the Ficus benghalensis plant extracts, the present study aims to develop green zinc oxide nanoparticles for the removal of Cr metal ions from wastewater. The leaves of Ficus benghalensis, often known as the banyan tree, were used to extract a solution for synthesizing ZnO NPs. These nanoparticles were developed with the goal of efficiently eliminating chromium (Cr) from industrial effluents. Batch studies were carried out to assess the efficiency of these synthesized ZnO NPs in treating leather industrial effluent, with aiming for optimal chromium removal. This involved measuring the nanoparticles' capacity to adsorb Cr ions from wastewater samples by comparing chromium levels before and after treatment. Removal efficiency for Cr was estimated through the batches such as optimization of pH, contact time, initial Cr concentration and sorbent dose of ZnO NPs were of the batches. These synthesized ZnO NPs were found to be successful in lowering chromium levels in wastewater to meet permissible limit. The nanoparticles exhibited their highest absorption capacity, reaching 94 % (46 mg/g) at pH 4, with a contact time of 7 hours with the optimum sorbent dose of 0.6 g/L. Hence, the excellent adsorption capabilities of these nanoparticles, together with their environmentally benign manufacturing technique, provide a long-term and efficient solution for chromium-contaminated wastewater treatment. Its novel nature has the potential to significantly improve the safety and cleanliness of water ecosystems, protecting the both i.e. human health and the environment.

Advanced Dental Care: β-Chitosan Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Targeting Cariogenic Microorganisms

Introduction Dental caries, primarily caused by cariogenic microorganisms, remains a significant global health concern. β-Chitosan, known for its biofilm-targeting properties, and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs), recognized for their potent antimicrobial effects, offer a promising approach for caries prevention and treatment. This study investigates the synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial properties of β-Chitosan-derived ZnO NPs (β-Ch-ZnO-NPs) against these pathogens. Methodology β-Chitosan from fresh squid bones was isolated using demineralization and deproteinization methods. β-Ch-ZnO-NPs were synthesized and characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to confirm their size, shape, and stability. Antibacterial efficacy(agar well plate method)was assessed through standardized assays, demonstrating significant inhibition of cariogenic bacteria. The results were represented as mean± standard deviation. The Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc analysis (Mann-Whitney U test) was conducted for statistical analysis. Molecular docking studies (blind docking method) were conducted to elucidate the interactions between β-Ch-ZnO-NPs and key bacterial enzymes involved in microbial genetic material synthesis, also known as dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH, PDB ID-2J0Y). Results The synthesized β-Ch-ZnO-NPs exhibited well-defined characteristics verified by UV-vis spectroscopy and FTIR confirming their nanoparticulate nature and stability. The antimicrobial effects of Streptomycin (50 µg/mL) and β-Ch-ZnO-NPs were compared across various microorganisms. β-Ch-ZnO-NPs at 100 µg/mL consistently showed larger inhibition zones than Streptomycin and β-Ch-ZnO-NPs at 50 µg/mL against Escherichia coli​​, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans.This suggests that β-Ch-ZnO-NPs at a higher concentration have potent antimicrobial activity across a broad spectrum of pathogens, highlighting their potential as effective antimicrobial agents. Kruskal-Wallis test showed statistically significant differences (P < 0.001) for all microbes, and post hoc analysis (Mann-Whitney U test) confirmed the P-value was less than 0.05. Molecular docking studies indicated strong binding affinities between β-Ch-ZnO-NPs and bacterial enzymes crucial for biofilm formation, suggesting inhibition of enzyme activity critical for bacterial virulence and survival. Conclusions This study highlights the synergistic potential of β-Chitosan and zinc oxide NPs in combating dental caries. The synthesized β-Ch-ZnO-NPs demonstrated effective antimicrobial activity against cariogenic microorganisms, attributed to their ability to disrupt bacterial metabolism and inhibit biofilm formation. Molecular docking analysis provided mechanistic insights into how β-Ch-ZnO-NPs interact with bacterial enzymes, reinforcing their role in impeding biofilm development. Overall, the findings support using β-Ch-ZnO-NPs as a promising therapeutic strategy for preventing and treating dental caries, leveraging their combined biofilm-targeting capabilities and antimicrobial effects.

Enhanced healing of burn wounds by multifunctional alginate-chitosan hydrogel enclosing silymarin and zinc ‎oxide ‎nanoparticles

Multifunctional wound dressings have been applied for burn injuries to avoid complications and promote tissue regeneration. In the present study, we fabricated a natural alginate-chitosan hydrogel comprising silymarin and green-synthesized zinc ‎oxide ‎nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). Then, the physicochemical attributes of ZnO NPs and loaded hydrogels were analyzed. Afterward, wound healing efficacy was evaluated in a rat model of full-thickness dermal burn wounds. The findings indicated that ZnO NPs were synthesized via reduction with phytochemicals from Elettaria cardamomum seeds extract. The microscopic images exhibited fairly spherical ZnO NPs (35-45 nm), and elemental analysis verified the relevant composition. The hydrogel, containing silymarin and biosynthesized ZnO NPs, displayed a uniform appearance, smooth surfaces, and a porous structure. Moreover, infrared spectroscopy ‎identified functional groups, confirming the successful loading without adverse interactions. The obtained hydrogel exhibited great water absorption, high porosity, sustainable degradation for several days, and enhanced antioxidant capability of the combined loaded component. In vivo studies revealed faster and superior wound healing, achieving nearly complete closure by day 21. Histopathology confirmed improved cell growth, tissue regeneration, collagen deposition, and neovascularization. It is believed that this multifunctional hydrogel-based wound dressing can be applied for effective burn wound treatment.

ZnO nanoparticles encapsulated cellulose-lignin film for antibacterial and biodegradable food packaging

Foodborne illness caused by consuming foods contaminated by pathogens remains threating to the public health. Despite considerable efforts of using renewable source materials, it is highly demanding to fabricate food packaging with multiple properties including eco-friendliness, bactericidal effect and biocompatibility. Here, sodium lignosulfonate (SL) and ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were used as functional filler and structure components, respectively, on the cellulose nanofibers (CNFs)-based films, which endows the produced membrane (CNF/SL-ZnO) the UV-light blocking, antioxidant, and antimicrobial characteristics. Due to the interconnected polymeric structure, the prepared CNF/SL-ZnO films possessed considerable mechanical properties, thermal stability, and good moisture barrier capability. Moreover, the tested samples exhibited an improved shelf life in food packaging. Furthermore, metagenome analysis revealed superior biodegradability of obtained films with negligible side effect on the soil microenvironment. Therefore, the biocompatible, degradable, and antibacterial CNF/SL-ZnO film holds enormous potential for sustainable uses including food packaging.

Inorganic nanoparticle-based treatment approaches for colorectal cancer: recent advancements and challenges

Colorectal cancer, the third most prevalent cancer globally, contributes significantly to mortality rates, with over 1.9 million reported cases and nearly 935,000 fatalities annually. Surgical resection is a primary approach for localized colorectal tumors, with adjunct therapies like chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted/immunotherapy considered depending on the tumor stage. However, despite preferences for targeted and immunotherapy post-surgery, chemotherapy remains commonly chosen due to its lower cost and high cancer-killing efficiency. Yet, chemotherapy faces issues such as tumor resistance and severe side effects. Nanotechnology has emerged in cancer therapy by alleviating the drawbacks of current treatment approaches. In the past few decades, inorganic nanoparticles have shown promise in combating colorectal cancer, offering advantages over conventional chemotherapy. Compared to organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles exhibit properties like photosensitivity, conductivity, magnetic allure, and thermal proficiency, allowing them to function as both drug carriers and therapeutic agents. Derived primarily from carbon, silica, metals, and metal oxides, they offer superior drug-loading capacity, heightened quantum yield, and participation in advanced photothermal and photodynamic therapies. This review provides a brief overview of the pathophysiology of colorectal cancer and the pivotal role of inorganic nanoparticles in photothermal therapy photodynamic therapy, and drug delivery. Additionally, it discusses numerous inorganic nanoparticles in colorectal cancer therapy based on recent literature.

pH-Sensitive doxorubicin delivery using zinc oxide nanoparticles as a rectified theranostic platform: in vitro anti-proliferative, apoptotic, cell cycle arrest and in vivo radio-distribution studies

Despite enormous advancements in its management, cancer is the world's primary cause of mortality. Therefore, tremendous strides were made to produce intelligent theranostics with mitigated side effects and improved specificity and efficiency. Thus, we developed a pH-sensitive theranostic platform composed of dextran immobilized zinc oxide nanoparticles, loaded with doxorubicin and radiolabeled with the technetium-99m radionuclide (99mTc-labelled DOX-loaded ZnO@dextran). The platform measured 11.5 nm in diameter with -12 mV zeta potential, 88% DOX loading efficiency and 98.5% radiolabeling efficiency. It showed DOX release in a pH-responsive manner, releasing 93.1% cumulatively at pH 5 but just 7% at pH 7.4. It showed improved intracellular uptake, which resulted in a high growth suppressive effect against MCF-7 cancer cells as compared to the free DOX. It boasted a 4 times lower IC50 than DOX, indicating its significant anti-proliferative potential (0.14 and 0.55 μg ml-1, respectively). The in vitro biological evaluation revealed that its molecular mode of anti-proliferative action included downregulating Cdk-2, which provoked G1/S cell cycle arrest, and upregulating both the intracellular ROS level and caspase-3, which induced apoptosis and necrosis. The in vivo experiments in Ehrlich-ascites carcinoma bearing mice demonstrated that DOX-loaded ZnO@dextran showed a considerable 4-fold increase in anti-tumor efficacy compared to DOX. Moreover, by utilizing the diagnostic radionuclide (99mTc), the radiolabeled platform (99mTc-labelled DOX-loaded ZnO@dextran) was in vivo monitored in tumor-bearing mice, revealing high tumor accumulation (14% ID g-1 at 1 h p.i.) and reduced uptake in non-target organs with a 17.5 T/NT ratio at 1 h p.i. Hence, 99mTc-labelled DOX-loaded ZnO@dextran could be recommended as a rectified tumor-targeted theranostic platform.

Zinc nanoparticles coated with doxorubicin-conjugated alginate as a radiation sensitizer in triple-negative breast cancer cells

The main treatment modalities for breast cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, and each treatment will bring different side effects. Design and synthesizing a novel nanostructure for chemo-radiotherapy has been proposed as an effective method in consideration to enhance the drug efficiency as well as improve the effect of radiotherapy. This study aimed to synthesize zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) coated with alginate conjugated with Doxorubicin (Dox) drug and investigate its effects along with X-irradiation on MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cell line. ZnNPs coated with alginate were synthesized and conjugated to Dox by covalent bonding and characterized using various physicochemical tests. A hemolysis test was used to assess blood biocompatibility. The radiosensitization properties and anti-cancer effects of the synthesized nanostructures were tested by cell uptake, cell viability, apoptosis, cell cycle, and scratch assays with and without radiation exposure. The physicochemical characterization results showed that the synthesis of nanostructures was successfully carried out. The obtained results from the cell uptake assay showed the effective absorption of nanostructures by the cells. The Zn@Alg-Dox NPs significantly reduced cell growth, increased apoptosis, inhibited cell migration, and led to the arrest of different cell cycle phases in both conditions with and without X-ray exposure. Coating ZnNPs with alginate and Doxorubicin conjugation leads to an increase the radiation sensitivity in radiotherapy as well as therapeutic efficiency. Therefore, Zn@Alg-Dox NPs can be used as radiosensitizing nanomedicine for in vivo studies in the future.

Advancements in the Synthesis and Functionalization of Zinc Oxide-Based Nanomaterials for Enhanced Oral Cancer Therapy

The fabrication of zinc oxide-based nanomaterials (including natural and synthetic polymers like sulfated polysaccharide, chitosan, and polymethyl methacrylate) has potential to improve oral cancer treatment strategies. This comprehensive review explores the diverse synthesis methods employed to fabricate zinc oxide nanomaterials tailored for oral cancer applications. Several synthesis processes, particularly sol-gel, hydrothermal, and chemical vapor deposition approaches, are thoroughly studied, highlighting their advantages and limitations. The review also examines how synthesis parameters, such as precursor selection, the reaction temperature, and growth conditions, influence both the physicochemical attributes and biological efficacy of the resulting nanomaterials. Furthermore, recent advancements in surface functionalization and modification strategies targeted at improving the targeting specificity and pharmaceutical effectiveness of zinc oxide-based nanomaterials in oral cancer therapy are elucidated. Additionally, the review provides insights into the existing issues and prospective views in the field, emphasizing the need for further research to optimize synthesis methodologies and elucidate the mechanisms underlying the efficacy of zinc oxide-based nanoparticles in oral cancer therapy.

Naringenin-Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites Amalgamated Polymeric Gel Augmented Drug Delivery and Attenuated Experimental Cutaneous Candidiasis in Balb/c Mice: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Naringenin (NRG) inhibits the fungal 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase accountable for ergosterol synthesis in Candida albicans (C. albicans), a causative agent for cutaneous candidiasis. In present research, NRG was complexed with ZnO nanomaterial (NRG-Zn2+) to synthesize NRG-Zn2+ nanocomposites. The particle size and ζ-potential of NRG-Zn2+ nanocomposites were respectively estimated to be 180.33 ± 1.22-nm and - 3.92 ± 0.35-mV. In silico data predicted the greater affinity of NRG-Zn2+ nanocomposite for 14α-demethylase and ceramide in comparison to NRG alone. Later, NRG-Zn2+ nanocomposites solution was transformed in to naringenin-zinc oxide nanocomposites loaded chitosan gel (NRG-Zn-CS-Gel) with viscosity and firmness of 854806.7 ± 52386.43 cP and 698.27 ± 10.35 g, respectively. The ex-vivo skin permeation demonstrated 70.49 ± 5.22% skin retention, significantly greater (P < 0.05) than 44.48 ± 3.06% of naringenin loaded chitosan gel (NRG-CS-Gel) and 31.24 ± 3.28% of naringenin solution (NRG Solution). NRG-Zn-CS-Gel demonstrated 6.71 ± 0.84% permeation of NRG with a flux value of 0.046 ± 0.01-µg/cm2/h. The MIC50 of NRG-Zn-CS-Gel against C. albicans was estimated to be 0.156-µg/mL with FICI (fractional inhibitory concentration index) of 0.018 that consequently exhibited synergistic efficacy. Further, NRG-Zn-CS-Gel demonstrated superior antifungal efficacy in C. albicans induced cutaneous candidiasis infection in Balb/c mice. The fungal burden in NRG-Zn-CS-Gel treated group was 109 ± 25 CFU/mL, significantly lower (P < 0.05) than positive control (2260 ± 446 CFU/mL), naringenin loaded chitosan gel (NRG-CS-Gel; 928 ± 127 CFU/mL) and chitosan gel (CS-Gel; 2116 ± 186 CFU/mL) treated mice. Further, histopathology examination and cytokine profiling of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 revealed the healing of skin and inflammation associated with cutaneous candidiasis infection. In conclusion, NRG-Zn-CS-Gel may be a potential candidate for translating in to a clinical viable topical nanotherapeutic.

ZNPs reduce epidermal mechanical strain resistance by promoting desmosomal cadherin endocytosis via mTORC1-TFEB-BLOC1S3 axis

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNPs) are widely used in sunscreens and nanomedicines, and it was recently confirmed that ZNPs can penetrate stratum corneum into deep epidermis. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the impact of ZNPs on epidermis. In this study, ZNPs were applied to mouse skin at a relatively low concentration for one week. As a result, desmosomes in epidermal tissues were depolymerized, epidermal mechanical strain resistance was reduced, and the levels of desmosomal cadherins were decreased in cell membrane lysates and increased in cytoplasmic lysates. This finding suggested that ZNPs promote desmosomal cadherin endocytosis, which causes desmosome depolymerization. In further studies, ZNPs were proved to decrease mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity, activate transcription factor EB (TFEB), upregulate biogenesis of lysosome-related organelle complex 1 subunit 3 (BLOC1S3) and consequently promote desmosomal cadherin endocytosis. In addition, the key role of mTORC1 in ZNP-induced decrease in mechanical strain resistance was determined both in vitro and in vivo. It can be concluded that ZNPs reduce epidermal mechanical strain resistance by promoting desmosomal cadherin endocytosis via the mTORC1-TFEB-BLOC1S3 axis. This study helps elucidate the biological effects of ZNPs and suggests that ZNPs increase the risk of epidermal fragmentation.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles damage the prefrontal lobe in mouse: Behavioral impacts and key mechanisms

Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have dualistic properties due to their advantage and toxicity. However, the impact and mechanisms of ZnO NPs on the prefrontal lobe have limited research. This study investigates the behavioral changes following exposure to ZnO NPs (34 mg/kg, 30 days), integrating multiple behaviors and bioinformatics analysis to identify critical factors and regulatory mechanisms. The essential differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including ORC1, DSP, AADAT, SLITRK6, and STEAP1. Analysis of the DEGs based on fold change reveals that ZnO NPs primarily regulate cell survival, proliferation, and apoptosis in neural cells, damaging the prefrontal lobe. Moreover, disruption of cell communication, mineral absorption, and immune pathways occurs. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) further shows enrichment of behavior, neuromuscular process, signal transduction in function, synapses-related, cAMP signaling, and immune pathways. Furthermore, alternative splicing (AS) genes highlight synaptic structure/function, synaptic signal transduction, immune responses, cell proliferation, and communication.

Composite Microgels Loaded with Doxorubicin-Conjugated Amine-Functionalized Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticles for Stimuli-Responsive Sustained Drug Release

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to address the need for efficient drug delivery with high drug encapsulation efficiency and sustained drug release. We aim to create nanoparticle-loaded microgels for potential applications in treatment development.

Methods

We adopted the process of ionic gelation to generate microgels from sodium alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose. These microgels were loaded with doxorubicin-conjugated amine-functionalized zinc ferrite nanoparticles (AZnFe-NPs). The systems were characterized using various techniques. Toxicity was evaluated in MCF-7 cells. In vitro release studies were conducted at different pH levels at 37 oC, with the drug release kinetics being analyzed using various models.

Results

The drug encapsulation efficiency of the created carriers was as high as 70%. The nanoparticle-loaded microgels exhibited pH-responsive behavior and sustained drug release. Drug release from them was mediated via a non-Fickian type of diffusion.

Conclusion

Given their high drug encapsulation efficiency, sustained drug release and pH-responsiveness, our nanoparticle-loaded microgels show promise as smart carriers for future treatment applications. Further development and research can significantly benefit the field of drug delivery and treatment development.

Green synthesis, characterization, and hepatoprotective effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Moringa oleifera leaves in CCl4-treated albino rats

Hepatotoxin carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) causes liver injury. This research aims to create ZnO-NPs using green synthesis from Moringa oleifera (MO) leaves aqueous extract, and chemically prepared and confirming the synthesis by specialized equipment analysis. The sizes formed of ZnO-NPs were 80 and 55 nm for chemical and green methods, respectively. In addition, to study their ability to protect Wistar Albino male rats against oxidative stress exposed to carbon tetrachloride. MO leaf aqueous extract, green synthesized ZnO-NPs, and ZnO-NPs prepared chemically at 100 and 200 mg/kg BW per day were investigated for their hepatoprotective effects on liver enzyme biomarkers, renal biomarkers, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, hematological parameters, and histopathological changes. Compared to the control group, all liver and kidney indicators were considerably elevated after the CCl4 injection. However, the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the liver was significantly reduced after the CCl4 injection. These outcomes indicate that MO leaf aqueous extract, greenly synthesized ZnO-NPs, and ZnO-NPs chemically prepared can restore normal liver and kidney function and activity, as well as hematological and antioxidant enzymes. The highest impact on enhancing the hepatoprotective effect was recorded for rats that received green synthesized ZnO-NPs. The increased drug delivery mechanism of green synthesized ZnO-NPs resulted in a higher protective effect than that of MO leaf aqueous extract.

Metallic nanoparticles and treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (LC) is an infectious vector-borne disease caused by parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania. Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been investigated as alternatives for the treatment of LC owing to their small size and high surface area. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effect of MNPs in the treatment of LC through experimental, in vitro and in vivo investigations.

METHODS

The databases used were MEDLINE/ PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Science Direct. Manual searches of the reference lists of the included studies and grey literature were also performed. English language and experimental in vitro and in vivo studies using different Leishmania species, both related to MNP treatment, were included. This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021248245).

RESULTS

A total of 93 articles were included. Silver nanoparticles are the most studied MNPs, and L. tropica is the most studied species. Among the mechanisms of action of MNPs in vitro, we highlight the production of reactive oxygen species, direct contact of MNPs with the biomolecules of the parasite, and release of metal ions.

CONCLUSION

MNPs may be considered a promising alternative for the treatment of LC, but further studies are needed to define their efficacy and safety.

A comprehensive review on the biomedical frontiers of nanowire applications

This comprehensive review examines the immense capacity of nanowires, nanostructures characterized by unbounded dimensions, to profoundly transform the field of biomedicine. Nanowires, which are created by combining several materials using techniques such as electrospinning and vapor deposition, possess distinct mechanical, optical, and electrical properties. As a result, they are well-suited for use in nanoscale electronic devices, drug delivery systems, chemical sensors, and other applications. The utilization of techniques such as the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) approach and template-assisted approaches enables the achievement of precision in synthesis. This precision allows for the customization of characteristics, which in turn enables the capability of intracellular sensing and accurate drug administration. Nanowires exhibit potential in biomedical imaging, neural interfacing, and tissue engineering, despite obstacles related to biocompatibility and scalable manufacturing. They possess multifunctional capabilities that have the potential to greatly influence the intersection of nanotechnology and healthcare. Surmounting present obstacles has the potential to unleash the complete capabilities of nanowires, leading to significant improvements in diagnostics, biosensing, regenerative medicine, and next-generation point-of-care medicines.

Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Applications of Aerva persica Aqueous-Root Extract-Mediated Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles

In the present study, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by using aqueous extracts of Aerva persica roots. Characterization of as-prepared ZnO nanoparticles was carried out using different techniques, including powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and BET surface area analysis. Morphological analysis confirmed the small, aggregated flake-shaped morphology of as-synthesized ZnO nanostructures. The as-prepared ZnO nanoparticles were analyzed for their potential application as anti-inflammatory (using in vivo inhibition of carrageenan induced paw edema) and antioxidant (using in vitro radical scavenging activity) agents. The ZnO nanoparticles were found to have a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity comparable to that of standard ascorbic acid (antioxidant) and indomethacin (anti-inflammatory drug). Therefore, due to their ecofriendly synthesis, nontoxicity, and biocompatible nature, zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized successfully from roots extract of the plant Aerva persica with potent efficiencies can be utilized for different biomedical applications.

Zinc hybrid polyester barrier membrane accelerates guided tissue regeneration

Barrier membranes play a pivotal role in the success of guided periodontal tissue regeneration. The biodegradable barriers predominantly used in clinical practice often lack sufficient barrier strength, antibacterial properties, and bioactivity, frequently leading to suboptimal regeneration outcomes. Although with advantages in mechanical strength, biodegradability and plasticity, bioinert aliphatic polyesters as barrier materials are usually polymerized via toxic catalysts, hard to be functionalized and lack of antibacterial properties. To address these challenges, we propose a new concept that controlled release of bioactive substance on the whole degradation course can give a bioinert aliphatic polyester bioactivity. Thus, a Zn-based catalytic system for polycondensation of dicarboxylic acids and diols is created to prepare zinc covalent hybrid polyester (PBS/ZnO). The atomically-dispersed Zn2+ ions entering main chain of polyester molecules endow PBS/ZnO barrier with antibacterial properties, barrier strength, excellent biocompatibility and histocompatibility. Further studies reveal that relying on long-term controlled release of Zn2+ ions, the PBS/ZnO membrane greatly expedites osteogenetic effect in guided tissue regeneration (GTR) by enhancing the mitochondrial function of macrophages to induce M2 polarization. These findings show a novel preparation strategy of bioactive polyester biomaterials based on long term controlled release of bioactive substance that integrates catalysis, material structures and function customization.

Sustainable whey proteins-nanostructured zinc oxide-based films for the treatment of chronic wounds: New insights from biopharmaceutical studies

Chronic wounds represent silent epidemic affecting a large portion of the world population, especially the elders; in this context, the development of advanced bioactive dressings is imperative to accelerate wound healing process, while contrasting or preventing infections. The aim of the present work was to provide a deep characterization of the functional and biopharmaceutical properties of a sustainable thin and flexible films, composed of whey proteins alone (WPI) and added with nanostructured zinc oxide (WPZ) and intended for the management of chronic wounds. The potential of whey proteins-based films as wound dressings has been confirmed by their wettability, hydration properties, elastic behavior upon hydration, biodegradation propensity and, when added with nanostructured zinc oxide, antibacterial efficacy against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, i.e. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In-vitro experiments, performed on normal human dermal fibroblasts, confirmed film cytocompatibility, also revealing the possible role of Zn2+ ions in promoting fibroblast proliferation. Finally, in-vivo studies on rat model confirmed film suitability to act as wound dressing, since able to ensure a regular healing process while providing effective protection from infections. In particular, both films WPI and WPZ are responsible for the formation in the wound bed of a continuous collagen layer similar to that of healthy skin.

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Trigger Autophagy in the Human Multiple Myeloma Cell Line RPMI8226: an In Vitro Study

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant clonal proliferative plasma cell tumor. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are used for antibacterial and antitumor applications in the biomedical field. This study investigated the autophagy-induced effects of ZnO NPs on the MM cell line RPMI8226 and the underlying mechanism. After RPMI8226 cells were exposed to various concentrations of ZnO NPs, the cell survival rate, morphological changes, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, cell cycle arrest, and autophagic vacuoles were monitored. Moreover, we investigated the expression of Beclin 1 (Becn1), autophagy-related gene 5 (Atg5), and Atg12 at the mRNA and protein levels, as well as the level of light chain 3 (LC3). The results showed that ZnO NPs could effectively inhibit the proliferation and promote the death of RPMI8226 cells in vitro in a dose- and time-dependent manner. ZnO NPs increased LDH levels, enhanced monodansylcadaverine (MDC) fluorescence intensity, and induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phases in RPMI8226 cells. Moreover, ZnO NPs significantly increased the expression of Becn1, Atg5, and Atg12 at the mRNA and protein levels and stimulated the production of LC3. We further validated the results using the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3‑MA). Overall, we observed that ZnO NPs can trigger autophagy signaling in RPMI8226 cells, which may be a potential therapeutic approach for MM.

Mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation by ZnO nanoparticles and polyurethane bimodal foam nanocomposites

Mesenchymal stem cells with tissue repair capacity involve in regenerative medicine. MSCs can promote bone repair when employed with nano scaffolds/particles. Here, the MTT and Acridine Orange assay enabled the cytotoxic concentration of Zinc oxide nanoparticles and Polyurethane evaluation. Following culturing adipose tissue-derived MSCs, ADSCs' proliferation, growth, and osteogenic differentiation in the presence of PU with and without ZnO NPs is tracked by a series of biological assays, including Alkaline Phosphatase activity, Calcium deposition, alizarin red staining, RT-PCR, scanning electron microscope, and immunohistochemistry. The results showed boosted osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs in the presence of 1% PU scaffold and ZnO NPS and can thus apply as a new bone tissue engineering matrix. The expression level of Osteonectin, Osteocalcin, and Col1 increased in PU-ZnO 1% on the 7th and 14th days. There was an increase in the Runx2 gene expression on the 7th day of differentiation in PU-ZnO 1%, while it decreased on day 14th. In conclusion, Polyurethane nano scaffolds supported the MSCs' growth and rapid osteogenic differentiation. The PU-ZnO helps not only with cellular adhesion and proliferation but also with osteogenic differentiation.

Recent advancements in sustainable synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using various plant extracts for environmental remediation

The sustainable synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using plant extracts has gained significant attention in recent years due to its eco-friendly nature and potential applications in numerous fields. This synthetic approach reduces the reliance on non-renewable resources and eliminates the need for hazardous chemicals, minimizing environmental pollution and human health risks. These ZnO-NPs can be used in environmental remediation applications, such as wastewater treatment or soil remediation, effectively removing pollutants and improving overall ecosystem health. These NPs possess a high surface area and band gap of 3.2 eV, can produce both OH° (hydroxide) and O2-° (superoxide) radicals for the generation of holes (h+) and electrons (e-), resulting in oxidation and reduction of the pollutants in their valence band (VB) and conduction band (CB) resulting in degradation of dyes (95-100% degradation of MB, MO, and RhB dyes), reduction and removal of heavy metal ions (Cu2+, Pb2+, Cr6+, etc.), degradation of pharmaceutical compounds (paracetamol, urea, fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin)) using photocatalysis. Here, we review an overview of various plant extracts used for the green synthesis of ZnO NPs and their potential applications in environmental remediation including photocatalysis, adsorption, and heavy metal remediation. This review summarizes the most recent studies and further research perspectives to explore their applications in various fields.

Synthesis of green zinc-oxide nanoparticles and its dose-dependent beneficial effect on spermatozoa during preservation: sperm functional integrity, fertility and antimicrobial activity

Introduction: The development of an effective extender is important for semen preservation and the artificial insemination (AI) industry. This study demonstrates the beneficial effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) as an additive to semen extenders to improve semen quality, fertility, and antibacterial activity during liquid preservation in a boar model. Methods: Initially, to find out the safe concentration of ZnO-NPs in sperm cells, a wide range of ZnO-NP concentrations (0, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1,000 μM) were co-incubated with sperm at 37°C for a cytotoxic study. These NP concentrations were compared to their salt control zinc acetate (ZA) at the same concentrations and to a control group. The effect of the different concentrations of ZnO-NPs on sperm motility, membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and apoptosis was assessed. Accordingly, the non-toxic dose was selected and supplemented in MODENA extender to determine its beneficial effect on the boar semen parameters mentioned and the lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels during liquid preservation at 16°C for 6 days. The non-cytotoxic dosage was subsequently chosen for AI, fertility investigations, and the evaluation of the antibacterial efficacy of ZnO-NPs during preservation hours. An antibacterial study of ZnO-NPs and its salt control at doses of 10 μM and 50 μM was carried out by the colony forming unit (CFU) method. Results and discussion: The cytotoxic study revealed that 5, 10, and 50 μM of ZnO-NPs are safe. Consequently, semen preserved in the MODENA extender, incorporating the non-toxic dose, exhibited 10 and 50 μM ZnO-NPs as the optimal concentrations for beneficial outcomes during liquid preservation at 16°C. ZnO-NPs of 10 μM concentration resulted in a significantly (p < 0.05) improved conception rate of 86.95% compared to the control of 73.13%. ZnO-NPs of 10 and 50 μM concentrations exhibit potent antimicrobial action by reducing the number of colonies formed with days of preservation in comparison to the negative control. The investigation concluded that the incorporation of 10 μM ZnO-NPs led to enhancements in sperm motility, membrane integrity, and MMP, attributed to a reduction in the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. This improvement was accompanied by a concurrent increase in fertility rates, including farrowing rate and litter size, during the liquid preservation process. Furthermore, ZnO-NPs exhibited an antimicrobial effect, resulting in decreased bacterial growth while preserving boar semen at 16°C for 6 days. These findings suggest that ZnO-NPs could serve as a viable alternative to antibiotics, potentially mitigating antibiotic resistance concerns within the food chain.

Fabrication of bioinspired keratin/sodium alginate based biopolymeric mat loaded with herbal drug and green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles as a dual drug antimicrobial wound dressing

Dual drug antibacterial wound dressings with biological materials possess crucial wound healing characteristics including biocompatibility, non-toxicity, degradability, mechanical strength and antibacterial properties. The study focusses on fabricating keratin (K)‑sodium alginate (A) based wound dressings by loading green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using C. roseus (leaf extract) and M. recutita (Chamomile flower part) herbal drug (CH) as a bioactive dual antibacterial wound dressing for the first time. The optimized ZnO NPs and CH exhibits strong physiochemical and electrostatic interactions (FT-IR, XRD and SEM) on the fabricated K-A-CH-ZnO biopolymeric mats. Moreover, the tiny porous network of the biopolymeric mat enhances thermal stability, hydrophilicity, mechanical strength and explores the water vapor transmission (2538.07 g/m2/day) and oxygen permeability (7.38 ± 0.31 g/m2) to maintain moist environment and cell-material interactions. During enzymatic degradation studies, ZnO NPs and CH of biopolymeric mat not only retains structural integrity but also increases the characteristic of swelling with sustained drug release (57 %) in 144 h which accelerates wound healing process. Also, K-A-CH-ZnO mat exhibited excellent antibacterial effects against B. subtilis and E. coli. Furthermore, NIH 3T3 fibroblast cell behavior using MTT assay and in vivo evaluations of biopolymeric mat depicted enhanced biocompatibility with increased collagen deposition at the wound site as a prominent dual drug medicated antimicrobial wound dressing.

Experimental and density functional theory studies on some metal oxides and the derived nanoclusters: a comparative effects on human ferritin

A comprehensive investigation into the green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) has garnered significant attention due to its commendable reliability, sustainability, and environmentally friendly attributes. Green synthesis methods play a crucial role in mitigating the adverse effects associated with conventional approaches employed for nanostructure preparation. This research endeavors to examine the impact of ginger plant extract-assisted green synthesis of metal oxides NPs on the serum ferritin levels of anemic diabetic patients in vitro, focusing specifically on α-Fe2O3 and ZnO NPs. Sixty diabetic volunteers with anemia (35-50 years) and thirty healthy volunteers were enrolled as controls. The assessment was conducted using the VIDAS Ferritin (FER) assay. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy measurements were performed to elucidate the intrinsic and extrinsic transitions of these NPs, affirming the successful formation of α-structured iron oxide. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,2p) level of theory to investigate the geometry optimization and molecular electrostatic potential maps of the NPs. Furthermore, TD-DFT calculations were employed to explore their frontier molecular orbitals and various quantum chemical parameters. The binding affinity and interaction types of ZnO and α-Fe2O3 NPs to the active site of the human H-Chain Ferritin (PDB ID: 2FHA) target were determined with the help of molecular docking. Results unveiled the crystalline structure of ZnO and the α-structure of α-Fe2O3. Analysis of the frontier molecular orbitals and dipole moment values demonstrated that ZnO (total dipole moment (D) = 5.80 µ) exhibited superior chemical reactivity, biological activity, and stronger molecular interactions with diverse force fields compared to α-Fe2O3 (D = 2.65 µ). Molecular docking of the metal oxides NPs with human H-chain ferritin provided evidence of robust hydrogen bond interactions and metal-acceptor bonds between the metal oxides and the target protein. This finding could have a great impact on using metal oxides NPs-ferritin as a therapeutic protein, however, further studies on their toxicity are required.

Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Bacillus paramycoides for In Vitro Biological Activities and In Vivo Assessment Against Hepatorenal Injury Induced by CCl4 in Rats

Recently, impressive developments in the field of nanotechnology have been achieved. The study aimed to synthetize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) from locally isolated terrestrial Bacillus paramycoides (MCCC 1A04098) bacteria and assess its role as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer agent. The antioxidant activity was done using the percentage of DPPH scavenging method. The antibacterial activity was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Candida albicans. The anti-proliferation assay against hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines was estimated by neutral red assay. The apoptotic effect of ZnONP was measured by flow cytometry. The in vivo evaluation was carried out against hepatorenal injuries induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats comparing with silymarin as a reference drug. The oxidative stress markers, liver and kidney function enzyme indices, lipid profile, and the histological features of the liver and kidney were also examined. ZnONPs revealed antioxidant and antibacterial effects. It also exerted cytotoxic and apoptotic effect in a dose dependent manner without any toxicity on normal cell line. ZnONPs improved all the biochemical parameters under investigation to varying degrees, and the histological pictures of the liver and kidney confirmed the results. In conclusion, ZnONPs were successfully synthesized from the terrestrial Bacillus paramycoides and recorded in vitro antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial effects as well as in vivo anti-hepatorenal toxicity effects.

Bio-valorization of Tagetes floral waste extract in fabrication of self-healing Schiff-base nanocomposite hydrogels for colon cancer remedy

The drastic boom in floriculture and social events in religious and recreational places has inevitably led to generation of tremendous floral waste across the globe. Marigold (Tagetes erecta) is one of the most common loose flowers offered for the same. Generally discarded, these Tagetes floral wastes could be valorized for biogenic syntheses. In this study, we have utilized the floral extract towards green synthesis of nano ZnO, the formation of which was affirmed from different analytical techniques. Bionanocomposite Schiff-base hydrogel composed of chitosan and dialdehyde pectin was fabricated by the facile strategy of in situ polymer cross-linking, and the ZnO nanoparticles were embedded in the hydrogel matrix. The hydrogel exhibited remarkable self-healing ability. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were enhanced owing to nano ZnO. Furthermore, it was hemocompatible and biodegradable. A controlled release drug profile for 5-fluorouracil from the hydrogel was accomplished in the colorectum. The exposure of the drug-loaded nanocomposite hydrogel demonstrated improved anticancer effects in HT-29 colon cancer cells. The findings of this study altogether put forth the successful biovalorization of Tagetes floral waste extract for colon cancer remedy.

Synthesis and Characterization of the Zinc-Oxide: Tin-Oxide Nanoparticle Composite and Assessment of Its Antibacterial Activity: An In Vitro Study

Introduction Nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used for biomedical applications. Various methods of synthesis of NPs have been performed and the sol-gel technique is one of the most common and feasible methods. ZnO and SnO2 NPs are widely used due to their interesting properties and versatile medical applications. The present study aimed to synthesize a composite of ZnO- SnO2 NPs and evaluate its structural, morphological, and antibacterial properties. Materials and methods ZnO-SnO2 NPs were prepared via the sol-gel technique. The morphological study was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging, the structural study was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and chemical studies were performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). Antibacterial properties of the NPs were assessed by the agar diffusion test and the area of bacterial growth that was inhibited was measured under high and low concentrations of the NPs. Results The SEM analysis confirmed the irregular shape and elemental composition of the synthesized NPs. The purity of the NPs was confirmed by the EDAX spectrum, which indicates the weight percentages of the elements in the NPs as follows: Sn-53.8%, Zn-12.5%, O-29.1%, and C-4.7%. The chemical bonds between the NPs were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. XRD analysis confirmed the high degree of crystallinity of the NPs and orthorhombic structure of SnO2 and the hexagonal structure of ZnO. The zone of inhibition against S. aureus, S. mutans, and E. coli for low concentrations of the NPs was 24 mm, 26 mm, and 30 mm and for high concentrations of the NPs it was 26 mm, 28 mm, and 31mm and these values were similar to the control antibiotics.  Conclusion ZnO- SnO2 NPs were successfully prepared by the sol-gel method. The presence of NPs was confirmed and successfully characterized. The prepared NPs had a good antimicrobial effect against the tested pathogens.

Effect of localized electrochemical pH and temperature synergistic modification on the structural and antibacterial properties of pectin/polyvinyl alcohol/zinc oxide nanorod films

Two low-methoxy pectins (LMPs) were obtained by local electrochemical pH modification using an H-type double-layer water bath sealed electrochemical cell at the voltage of 180 V for 3 h. The weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of citrus peel pectin (CPP) prepared in the anodic part at room temperature (CPP-A5/RT) and in the cathodic part at 5 °C (CPP-C5/RT) were 346 kDa and 328 kDa, respectively, and the degrees of methylation (DM) were 36.8 % and 11.9 %. Moreover, the second-order kinetic model was most appropriate for the degradation processes, as free radicals were generated in the anodic part and β-elimination occurred in the cathodic part. Subsequently, CPP-A5/RT and CPP-C5/RT were utilized to fabricate food packaging film blending with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), bcZnO (ZnO coupled with bentonite and colophony) nanorods, and Ca2+ ions by casting method. Then the prepared films were studied for their ability to maintain the freshness of strawberries. The addition of Ca2+ ions and bcZnO nanorods increased the thickness, water contact angle (WCA), and mechanical properties of the composite films, while decreased water vapor permeability (WVP). Therefore, the CPP-based films, supplemented with bcZnO nanorods and crosslinked with Ca2+ ions by "egg-box" model, can serve as an antibacterial food packaging material for food preservation.

3D-Printed Multifunctional Ag/CeO2/ZnO Reinforced Hydroxyapatite-Based Scaffolds with Effective Antibacterial and Mechanical Properties

Conventional three-dimensional (3D)-printed hydroxyapatite (HA)-based constructs have limited utility in bone tissue engineering due to their poor mechanical properties, elevated risk of microbial infection, and limited pore interconnectivity. 3D printing of complex multiple components to fabricate fully interconnected scaffolds is a challenging task; here, in this work, we have developed a procedure for fabrication of printable ink for complex systems containing multinanomaterials, i.e., HAACZ (containing 1 wt % Ag, 4 wt % CeO2, and 6 wt % ZnO) with better shear thinning and shape retention properties. Moreover, 3D-printed HAACZ scaffolds showed a modulus of 143.8 GPa, a hardness of 10.8 GPa, a porosity of 59.6%, effective antibacterial properties, and a fully interconnected pore network to be an ideal construct for bone healing. Macropores with an average size of ∼469 and ∼433 μm within the scaffolds of HA and HAACZ and micropores with an average size of ∼0.6 and ∼0.5 μm within the strut of HA and HAACZ were developed. The distribution of fully interconnected micropores was confirmed using computerized tomography, whereas the distribution of micropores within the strut was visualized using Voronoi tessellation. The water contact angle studies revealed the most suitable hydrophilic range of water contact angles of ∼71.7 and ∼76.6° for HA and HAACZ, respectively. HAACZ scaffolds showed comparable apatite formation and cytocompatibility as that of HA. Antibacterial studies revealed effective antibacterial properties for the HAACZ scaffold as compared to HA. There was a decrease in bacterial cell density for HAACZ from 1 × 105 to 1.2 × 103 cells/mm2 against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and from 1.9 × 105 to 5.6 × 103 bacterial cells/mm2 against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus). Overall, the 3D-printed HAACZ scaffold resulted in mechanical properties, comparable to those of the cancellous bone, interconnected macro- and microporosities, and excellent antibacterial properties, which could be utilized for bone healing.

Ultrasmall iron-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles for ferroptosis assisted sono-chemodynamic cancer therapy

The efficacy and biosafety of sonodynamic therapy (SDT) are closely related to the properties of sonosensitizers. Inorganic sonosensitizers with high chemical stability and low dark toxicity are generally limited by slow metabolism and accumulation in vivo. Combined treatment strategies by inducing more redox imbalance are expected to improve the efficacy of sonodynamic antitumor therapy. Herein, we report the development of ultra-small iron-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (FZO NPs) to achieve synergistic sono-chemodynamic therapy and low accumulation in vivo. The surface of FZO NPs with diameter of 5 nm was modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and polyethylene glycol 600 to obtain FZO-ASP with good aqueous stability. FZO-ASP with iron doping could trigger Fenton reaction and induce ferroptosis in cancer cells. With the assistance of ultrasonic energy, FZO-ASP demonstrated enhanced inhibitory effects on proliferation of various cancer cells and murine breast tumor growth than undoped counterpart. In addition, FZO-ASP injected intravenously could be effectively excreted in vivo and showed no obvious cumulative toxicity to the treated mice. Hence, this type of ultra-small iron-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles could serve as a safe and efficient sonosensitizer agent for synergistic sono-chemodynamic cancer therapy.

Exploring the antibacterial and dermatitis-mitigating properties of chicken egg white-synthesized zinc oxide nano whiskers

Introduction

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have garnered considerable interest in biomedical research primarily owing to their prospective therapeutic implications in combatting pathogenic diseases and microbial infections. The primary objective of this study was to examine the biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanowhiskers (ZnO-NWs) using chicken egg white (albumin) as a bio-template. Furthermore, this study aimed to explore the potential biomedical applications of ZnO NWs in the context of infectious diseases.

Methods

The NWs synthesized through biological processes were observed using electron microscopy, which allowed for detailed examination of their characteristics. The results of these investigations indicated that the NWs exhibited a size distribution ranging from approximately 10 to 100 nm. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) mapping analyses successfully corroborated the size, dimensions, and presence of biological constituents during their formation. In this study, XTT assay and confocal imaging were employed to provide evidence of the efficacy of ZnO-NWs in the eradication of bacterial biofilms. The target bacterial strains were Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, we sought to address pertinent concerns regarding the biocompatibility of the ZnO-NWs. This was achieved through comprehensive evaluation of the absence of cytotoxicity in normal HEK-293T and erythrocytes.

Results

The findings of this investigation unequivocally confirmed the biocompatibility of the ZnO-NWs. The biosynthesized ZnO-NWs demonstrated a noteworthy capacity to mitigate the dermatitis-induced consequences induced by Staphylococcus aureus in murine models after a therapeutic intervention lasting for one week.

Discussion

This study presents a comprehensive examination of the biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanowhiskers (ZnO-NWs) derived from chicken egg whites. These findings highlight the considerable potential of biosynthesized ZnO-NWs as a viable option for the development of therapeutic agents targeting infectious diseases. The antibacterial efficacy of ZnO-NWs against both susceptible and antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, as well as their ability to eradicate biofilms, suggests their promising role in combating infectious diseases. Furthermore, the confirmed biocompatibility of ZnO-NWs opens avenues for their safe use in biomedical applications. Overall, this research underscores the therapeutic promise of ZnO-NWs and their potential significance in future biomedical advancements.

Bioactive ZnO Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, Characterization and Potential Antimicrobial Applications

In recent years, biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have gained tremendous attention because of their safe and non-toxic nature and distinctive biomedical applications. A diverse range of microbes (bacteria, fungi and yeast) and various parts (leaf, root, fruit, flower, peel, stem, etc.) of plants have been exploited for the facile, rapid, cost-effective and non-toxic synthesis of ZnONPs. Plant extracts, microbial biomass or culture supernatant contain various biomolecules including enzymes, amino acids, proteins, vitamins, alkaloids, flavonoids, etc., which serve as reducing, capping and stabilizing agents during the biosynthesis of ZnONPs. The biosynthesized ZnONPs are generally characterized using UV-VIS spectroscopy, TEM, SEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, etc. Antibiotic resistance is a serious problem for global public health. Due to mutation, shifting environmental circumstances and excessive drug use, the number of multidrug-resistant pathogenic microbes is continuously rising. To solve this issue, novel, safe and effective antimicrobial agents are needed urgently. Biosynthesized ZnONPs could be novel and effective antimicrobial agents because of their safe and non-toxic nature and powerful antimicrobial characteristics. It is proven that biosynthesized ZnONPs have strong antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic microorganisms including multidrug-resistant bacteria. The possible antimicrobial mechanisms of ZnONPs are the generation of reactive oxygen species, physical interactions, disruption of the cell walls and cell membranes, damage to DNA, enzyme inactivation, protein denaturation, ribosomal destabilization and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, the biosynthesis of ZnONPs using microbes and plants and their characterization have been reviewed comprehensively. Also, the antimicrobial applications and mechanisms of biosynthesized ZnONPs against various pathogenic microorganisms have been highlighted.

SERS-substrates based on ZnO nanoflowers prepared by green synthesis

ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) with a flower-like morphology, synthesized by an affordable colloidal route using an aqueous fungi extract of Ganoderma lucidum as a reducing agent and stabilizer, are investigated as SERS-substrate. Each "flower" has large effective surface that is preserved at packing particles into a dense film and thus exhibits an advantageous property for SERS and similar sensing applications. The mycoextract used in our low-cost and green synthesis as surface stabilizer allows subsequent deposition of metal NPs or layers. One type of SERS substrates studied here was ZnO NPs decorated in situ in the solution by Ag NPs, another type was prepared by thermally evaporating Ag layer on the ZnO NP film on a substrate. A huge difference in the enhancement of the same analyte in the solution and in the dried form is found and discussed. Detection down to 10-7 M of standard dye analytes such as rhodamine 6G and methylene blue was achieved without additional optimization of the SERS substrates. The observed SERS-activity demonstrate the potential of both the free-standing flower-like ZnO NPs and thereof made dense films also for other applications where large surface area accessible for the external agent is crucial, such as catalysis or sensing.

Methotrexate-conjugated zinc oxide nanoparticles exert a substantially improved cytotoxic effect on lung cancer cells by inducing apoptosis

In the current study, we report the synthesis of methotrexate-conjugated zinc oxide nanoparticles (MTX-ZnONPs) and their high efficacy against lung cancer cells. Conjugation of MTX with ZnONPs was authenticated by UV-vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This drug-nanoconjugate also showed high drug-loading efficiency. The therapeutic efficacy of MTX-ZnONPs was further tested in vitro against A549 cells, and the results of MTT and LDH release assays showed that MTX-ZnONPs, in addition to free MTX, were efficient in exerting cytotoxic effect on A549 cells; however, the effectiveness of MTX-ZnONPs was found to be considerably enhanced at very low doses compared to that of free MTX. Moreover, ZnONPs alone significantly inhibited the cell viability of A549 cells at a much higher concentration compared to MTX-ZnONPs and MTX. Furthermore, the cytomorphology of A549 cells was characterized by cellular shrinkage and detachment from the surface in all the treatment groups. Similarly, A549 cells, in all the treatment groups, showed fragmented and condensed nuclei, indicating the initiation of apoptosis. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ψm) in A549 cells showed a gradual loss in all the treatment groups. Results of the qualitative and quantitative analyses depicted increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in A549 cells. The results of the caspase activity assay showed that MTX-ZnONPs andfree MTX caused significant activation of caspase-9, -8, and -3 in A549 cells; however, the effect of MTX-ZnONPs was more profound at very low doses compared to that of free MTX. Thus, our results showed high efficacy of MTX-ZnONPs, suggesting efficient intracellular delivery of the drug by ZnONPs as nanocarriers.

Antiviral activity of zinc against hepatitis viruses: current status and future prospects

Viral hepatitis is a major public health concern globally. World health organization aims at eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030. Among the hepatitis causing viruses, hepatitis B and C are primarily transmitted via contaminated blood. Hepatitis A and E, which gets transmitted primarily via the feco-oral route, are the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis. Although vaccines are available against some of these viruses, new cases continue to be reported. There is an urgent need to devise a potent yet economical antiviral strategy against the hepatitis-causing viruses (denoted as hepatitis viruses) for achieving global elimination of viral hepatitis. Although zinc was known to mankind for a long time (since before Christ era), it was identified as an element in 1746 and its importance for human health was discovered in 1963 by the pioneering work of Dr. Ananda S. Prasad. A series of follow up studies involving zinc supplementation as a therapy demonstrated zinc as an essential element for humans, leading to establishment of a recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of 15 milligram zinc [United States RDA for zinc]. Being an essential component of many cellular enzymes and transcription factors, zinc is vital for growth and homeostasis of most living organisms, including human. Importantly, several studies indicate potent antiviral activity of zinc. Multiple studies have demonstrated antiviral activity of zinc against viruses that cause hepatitis. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the findings on antiviral activity of zinc against hepatitis viruses, discusses the mechanisms underlying the antiviral properties of zinc and summarizes the prospects of harnessing the therapeutic benefit of zinc supplementation therapy in reducing the disease burden due to viral hepatitis.

Autophagy regulation by inorganic, organic, and organic/inorganic hybrid nanoparticles: Organelle damage, regulation factors, and potential pathways

The rapid development of nanotechnology requires a more thorough understanding of the potential health effects caused by nanoparticles (NPs). As a programmed cell death, autophagy is one of the biological effects induced by NPs, which maintain intracellular homeostasis by degrading damaged organelles and removing aggregates of defective proteins through lysosomes. Currently, autophagy has been shown to be associated with the development of several diseases. A significant number of research have demonstrated that most NPs can regulate autophagy, and their regulation of autophagy is divided into induction and blockade. Studying the autophagy regulation by NPs will facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of the toxicity of NPs. In this review, we will illustrate the effects of different types of NPs on autophagy, including inorganic NPs, organic NPs, and organic/inorganic hybrid NPs. The potential mechanisms by which NPs regulate autophagy are highlighted, including organelle damage, oxidative stress, inducible factors, and multiple signaling pathways. In addition, we list the factors influencing NPs-regulated autophagy. This review may provide basic information for the safety assessment of NPs.

Effective-by-method for the preparation of folic acid-coated TiO2 nanoparticles with high targeting potential for apoptosis induction against bladder cancer cells (T24)

The research's goal is to create the surfaces of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) in a layer of folic acid (FA) that can effectively target human bladder cancer cells (T24). An efficient method for creating FA-coated TiO2 NPs was used, and many tools have been used to analyze its physicochemical properties. The cytotoxic effects of FA-coated NPs on T24 cells and the mechanisms of apoptosis generation were examined employing a variety of methodologies. The prepared FA-coated TiO2 NPs suspensions with a hydrodynamic diameter around 37 nm and a negative surface charge of -30 mV reduced T24 cell proliferation with stronger IC50 value (21.8 ± 1.9 μg/ml) than TiO2 NPs (47.8 ± 2.5 μg/ml). This toxicity resulted in apoptosis induction (16.63%) that was caused through enhanced reactive oxygen species formation and stopping the cell cycle over G2/M phase. Moreover, FA-TiO2 NPs raised the expression levels of P53, P21, BCL2L4, and cleaved Caspase-3, while decreasing Bcl-2, Cyclin B, and CDK1 in treated cells. Overall, these findings revealed efficient targeting of the FA-TiO2 NPs resulted in increasing cellular internalization caused increased apoptosis in T24 cells. As a result, FA-TiO2 NPs might be a viable treatment for human bladder cancer.

Recent advances in the synthesis, characterization and biomedical applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have become the widely used metal oxide nanoparticles and drawn the interest of global researchers due to their biocompatibility, low toxicity, sustainability and cost-effective properties. Due to their unique optical and chemical properties, it emerges as a potential candidate in the fields of optical, electrical, food packaging and biomedical applications. Biological methods using green or natural routes are more environmentally friendly, simple and less use of hazardous techniques than chemical and/or physical methods in the long run. In addition, ZnONPs are less harmful and biodegradable while having the ability to greatly boost pharmacophore bioactivity. They play an important role in cell apoptosis because they enhance the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and release zinc ions (Zn2+), causing cell death. Furthermore, these ZnONPs work well in conjunction with components that aid in wound healing and biosensing to track minute amounts of biomarkers connected to a variety of illnesses. Overall, the present review discusses the synthesis and most recent developments of ZnONPs from green sources including leaves, stems, bark, roots, fruits, flowers, bacteria, fungi, algae and protein, as well as put lights on their biomedical applications such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, wound healing, and drug delivery, and modes of action associated. Finally, the future perspectives of biosynthesized ZnONPs in research and biomedical applications are discussed.

Effects of Long-Term Dietary Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle on Liver Function, Deposition, and Absorption of Trace Minerals in Intrauterine Growth Retardation Pigs

To investigate the long-term effects of dietary zinc oxide nanoparticle (Nano-ZnO, 20-40 nm) on the relative organ weight, liver function, deposition, and absorption of trace minerals in intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) pigs, piglets were allocated to NBW (6 normal birth weight piglets fed basal diets), IUGR (6 IUGR piglets fed basal diets) and IUGR+NZ (6 IUGR piglets fed basal diets + 600 mg Zn/kg from Nano-ZnO) groups at weaning (21 days of age), which were sampled at 163 days of age. There were no noteworthy changes in the relative weight of organs, hepatic histomorphology, serum alkaline phosphatase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase activities, and Mn, Cu, and Fe concentrations in leg muscle, the liver, the tibia, and feces among the IUGR, NBW, and IUGR+NZ groups (P>0.05), and no intact Nano-ZnO in the jejunum, liver, and muscle was observed, while dietary Nano-ZnO increased the Zn concentrations in the tibia, the liver, serum, and feces (P<0.05) and mRNA expression of metallothionein (MT) 1A, MT2A, solute carrier family 39 member (ZIP) 4, ZIP14, ZIP8, divalent metal transporter 1, solute carrier family 30 member (ZnT) 1, ZnT4 and metal regulatory transcription factor 1, and ZIP8 protein expression in jejunal mucosa (P<0.05). Immunohistochemistry showed that dietary Nano-ZnO increased the relative optical density of ZIP8 (mainly expressed in cells of brush border) and MT2A (mainly expressed in villus lamina propria and gland/crypt) (P<0.05). In conclusion, long-term dietary Nano-ZnO showed no obvious side effects on the development of the major organs, liver function, and metabolism of Cu, Fe, and Mn in IUGR pigs, while it increased the Zn absorption and deposition via enhancing the expression of transporters (MT, ZIP, and ZnT families) in the jejunum, rather than via endocytosis as the form of intact nanoparticles.

Encapsulation of ZnO and Ho:ZnO Nanoparticles in the Core of Wrinkled Mesoporous Silica

Wrinkled mesoporous silica (WMS) has a flower- or dendritic-like morphology, tunable pore size, and highly ordered and accessible three-dimensional (3D) pore structures. In this research, a method to encapsulate semiconductor nanoparticles in the core of the wrinkled mesoporous silica during synthesis is described. Highly uniform zinc oxide and holmium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized by a sonochemical method. Zinc oxide and holmium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles have been encapsulated in wrinkled mesoporous silica during synthesis. The ZnO@WMS and Ho:ZnO@WMS particles have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-vis spectroscopy, fluorescence, dynamic light scattering (DLS), confocal microscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Cymbopogon citratus Extract and Its Antibacterial Activity

Excessive use of antimicrobial medications including antibiotics has led to the emerging menace of antimicrobial resistance, which, as per the World Health Organization (WHO), is among the top ten public health threats facing humanity, globally. This necessitates that innovative technologies be sought that can aid in the elimination of pathogens and hamper the spread of infections. Zinc oxide (ZnO) has multifunctionality owing to its extraordinary physico-chemical properties and functionality in a range of applications. In this research, ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized from zinc nitrate hexahydrate, by a green synthesis approach using Cymbopogon citratus extract followed by characterization of the NPs. The obtained X-ray diffraction peaks of ZnO NPs matched with the standard JCPDS card (no. 89-510). The particles had a size of 20-24 nm, a wurtzite structure with a high crystallinity, and hexagonal rod-like shape. UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed absorption peaks between 369 and 374 nm of ZnO NPs synthesized from C. citratus extract confirming the formation of ZnO. Fourier transform infrared confirmed the ZnO NPs as strong absorption bands were observed in the range of 381-403 cm-1 corresponding to Zn-O bond stretching. Negative values of the highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital for ZnO NPs indicated the good potential to form a stable ligand-protein complex. Docking results indicated favorable binding interaction between ZnO and DNA gyrase subunit b with a binding energy of -2.93 kcal/mol. ZnO NPs at various concentrations inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Minimum inhibitory concentration values of ZnO NPs against E. coli and S. aureus were found to be 92.07 ± 0.13 and 88.13 ± 0.35 μg/mL, respectively, at a concentration of 2 mg/mL. AO/EB staining and fluorescence microscopy revealed the ability of ZnO NPs to kill E. coli and S. aureus cells. Through the findings of this study, it has been shown that C. citratus extract can be used in a green synthesis approach to generate ZnO NPs, which can be employed as alternatives to antibiotics and a tool to eliminate drug-resistant microbes in the future.

A drug-loaded composite coating to improve osteogenic and antibacterial properties of Zn-1Mg porous scaffolds as biodegradable bone implants

Zinc (Zn) alloy porous scaffolds produced by additive manufacturing own customizable structures and biodegradable functions, having a great application potential for repairing bone defect. In this work, a hydroxyapatite (HA)/polydopamine (PDA) composite coating was constructed on the surface of Zn-1Mg porous scaffolds fabricated by laser powder bed fusion, and was loaded with a bioactive factor BMP2 and an antibacterial drug vancomycin. The microstructure, degradation behavior, biocompatibility, antibacterial performance and osteogenic activities were systematically investigated. Compared with as-built Zn-1Mg scaffolds, the rapid increase of Zn²⁺, which resulted to the deteriorated cell viability and osteogenic differentiation, was inhibited due to the physical barrier of the composite coating. In vitro cellular and bacterial assay indicated that the loaded BMP2 and vancomycin considerably enhanced the cytocompatibility and antibacterial performance. Significantly improved osteogenic and antibacterial functions were also observed according to in vivo implantation in the lateral femoral condyle of rats. The design, influence and mechanism of the composite coating were discussed accordingly. It was concluded that the additively manufactured Zn-1Mg porous scaffolds together with the composite coating could modulate biodegradable performance and contribute to effective promotion of bone recovery and antibacterial function.

New Eco-Friendly and Low-Energy Synthesis to Produce ZnO Nanoparticles for Real-World Scale Applications

This paper presents an original and sustainable method for producing ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) in response to global challenges (low energy requirements, low environmental impact, short production times, and high production yield). The method is based on an ion exchange process between an anionic resin and an aqueous ZnCl2 solution; it operates in one step at room temperature/ambient pressure without the need for complex apparatus or purification steps. From the kinetics, we observed the formation of pure simonkolleite, a zinc-layered hydroxide salt (Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O), after only 5 min of reaction. This compound, used elsewhere as a ZnO precursor after calcination at high temperatures, here decomposes at room temperature into ZnO, allowing extraordinary savings of time and energy. Finally, in only 90 min, pure and crystalline ZnO NPs are obtained, with a production yield > 99%. Several types of aggregates resulting from the self-assembly of small hexagonal platelets (solid or hollow in shape) were observed. Using our revolutionary method, we produced almost 10 kg of ZnO NPs per week without any toxic waste, significantly reducing energy consumption; this method allows transferring the use of these unique NPs from the laboratory environment to the real world.

Therapeutic Potential of Green-Engineered ZnO Nanoparticles on Rotenone-Exposed D. melanogaster (Oregon R+): Unveiling Ameliorated Biochemical, Cellular, and Behavioral Parameters

Nanotechnology holds significant ameliorative potential against neurodegenerative diseases, as it can protect the therapeutic substance and allow for its sustained release. In this study, the reducing and capping agents of Urtica dioica (UD), Matricaria chamomilla (MC), and Murraya koenigii (MK) extracts were used to synthesize bio-mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) against bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) and against rotenone-induced toxicities in D. melanogaster for the first time. Their optical and structural properties were analyzed via FT-IR, DLS, XRD, EDS, SEM, UV-Vis, and zeta potential. The antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the fabricated ZnO-NPs were evaluated employing cell-free models (DPPH and ABTS) and the well diffusion method, respectively. Rotenone (500 µM) was administered to Drosophila third instar larvae and freshly emerged flies for 24-120 h, either alone or in combination with plant extracts (UD, MC, an MK) and their biogenic ZnO-NPs. A comparative study on the protective effects of synthesized NPs was undertaken against rotenone-induced neurotoxic, cytotoxic, and behavioral alterations using an acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay, dye exclusion test, and locomotor parameters. The findings revealed that among the plant-derived ZnO-NPs, MK-ZnO NPs exhibit strong antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, followed by UD-ZnO NPs and MC-ZnO NPs. In this regard, ethno-nano medicinal therapeutic uses mimic similar effects in D. melanogaster by suppressing oxidative stress by restoring biochemical parameters (AchE and proteotoxicity activity) and lower cellular toxicity. These findings suggest that green-engineered ZnO-NPs have the potential to significantly enhance outcomes, with the promise of effective therapies for neurodegeneration, and could be used as a great alternative for clinical development.

Real-time spectroscopic monitoring of continuous-flow synthesis of zinc oxide nano-structures in femtosecond laser fabricated 3D microfluidic microchannels with integrated on-chip fiber probe array

Materials synthesis in a microfluidic environment enables the flexible and controllable production of various types of nanostructures which are of great potential in the fields of chemistry, environmental science, bioengineering, and medicine. Here, we demonstrate on-chip simultaneous continuous-flow synthesis and in situ spectrum diagnosis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials using a femtosecond-fabricated three-dimensional (3D) microchannel reactor integrated with an array of optical fiber probes. The microchannel reactor including 3D concentration gradient generators followed by 3D micromixing units provides high-efficiency manipulation of reactants with different concentrations as well as parallel reaction dynamics in an autonomous manner. The integrated optical fiber probe array allows precise and parallel spectroscopic detection in different microchannels with high spatial and temporal resolutions for screening the synthetic conditions. The synthesized ZnO nanostructures can be tailored in size, shape, and morphology by tuning the flow rates and reactant concentrations based on the spectroscopic signals detected with the fiber probe array.