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Tapia MA, Jin XT, Tucker BR, Thomas LN, Walker NB, Kim VJ, Albertson SE, Damuka N, Krizan I, Edassery S, Savas JN, Sai KKS, Jones SR, Drenan RM. Relapse-like behavior and nAChR sensitization following intermittent access nicotine self-administration. Neuropharmacology 2022; 212:109066. [PMID: 35461879 PMCID: PMC9527938 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many tobacco smokers consume nicotine intermittently, but the underlying mechanisms and neurobiological changes associated with intermittent nicotine intake are unclear. Understanding intermittent nicotine intake is a high priority, as it could promote therapeutic strategies to attenuate tobacco consumption. We examined nicotine intake behavior and neurobiological changes in male rats that were trained to self-administer nicotine during brief (5 min) trials interspersed with longer (15 min) drug-free periods. Rats readily adapted to intermittent access (IntA) SA following acquisition on a continuous access (ContA) schedule. Probabilistic analysis of IntA nicotine SA suggested reduced nicotine loading behavior compared to ContA, and nicotine pharmacokinetic modeling revealed that rats taking nicotine intermittently may have increased intake to maintain blood levels of nicotine that are comparable to ContA SA. After IntA nicotine SA, rats exhibited an increase in unreinforced responses for nicotine-associated cues (incubation of craving) and specific alterations in the striatal proteome after 7 days without nicotine. IntA nicotine SA also induced nAChR functional upregulation in the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN), and it enhanced nicotine binding in the brain as determined via [11C]nicotine positron emission tomography. Reducing the saliency of the cue conditions during the 5 min access periods attenuated nicotine intake, but incubation of craving was preserved. Together, these results indicate that IntA conditions promote nicotine SA and nicotine seeking after a nicotine-free period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Tapia
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Xiao-Tao Jin
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Brenton R. Tucker
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Leanne N. Thomas
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Noah B. Walker
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Veronica J. Kim
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Steven E. Albertson
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Naresh Damuka
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ivan Krizan
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Seby Edassery
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey N. Savas
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Sara R. Jones
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ryan M. Drenan
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA,Corresponding author. (R.M. Drenan)
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McNealy KR, Houser SD, Barrett ST, Bevins RA. Investigating sex differences and the effect of drug exposure order in the sensory reward-enhancing effects of nicotine and d-amphetamine alone and in combination. Neuropharmacology 2022; 202:108845. [PMID: 34678376 PMCID: PMC8627442 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine enhances the rewarding effects of other environmental stimuli; this reward-enhancement encourages and maintains nicotine consumption. Nicotine use precedes other psychostimulant use, but receiving a stimulant prescription also predicts future smoking. Previously, no study has investigated effects of drug exposure order in reward-enhancement, nor with nicotine and d-amphetamine. Thus, we aimed to investigate how drug exposure order impacted the reward-enhancing effects of nicotine and d-amphetamine, alone and in combination. We used 20 male and 20 female Sprague-Dawley rats. Enhancement was investigated within-subjects by examining responding maintained by a visual stimulus reinforcer following a pre-session injection of either d-amphetamine (Sal, 0.1, 0.3, or 0.6 mg/kg) or nicotine (Sal, 0.03, 0.06, 0.1, 0.3 mg/kg). Twenty rats (10 M, 10 F) completed enhancement testing with nicotine before d-amphetamine. The other 20 rats (10 M, 10 F) completed testing with d-amphetamine before nicotine. Following these phases, rats were then given two pre-session injections: one of d-amphetamine (Sal, 0.1, 0.3, or 0.6 mg/kg) and another of nicotine (Sal, 0.03, 0.06, 0.1, or 0.3 mg/kg). Experiencing amphetamine before nicotine increased reward-enhancing effects of nicotine. Females exhibited greater effects of d-amphetamine on reward-enhancement, with no effect of exposure order. During the interaction phase, receiving nicotine before amphetamine enhanced the interaction between nicotine and d-amphetamine for females whereas amphetamine before nicotine heightened this interaction for males. From this, prior and current amphetamine use, in addition to sex, should be considered when treating nicotine dependency and when examining factors driving poly-substance use involving nicotine and d-amphetamine. Keywords: Adderall, ADHD, Dexedrine, operant, smoking, polysubstance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R McNealy
- Department of Psychology University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 238 Burnett Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0308, USA
| | - Sydney D Houser
- Department of Psychology University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 238 Burnett Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0308, USA
| | - Scott T Barrett
- Department of Psychology University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 238 Burnett Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0308, USA
| | - Rick A Bevins
- Department of Psychology University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 238 Burnett Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0308, USA.
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McNealy KR, Ramsay ME, Barrett ST, Bevins RA. Reward-enhancing effects of d-amphetamine and its interactions with nicotine were greater in female rats and persisted across schedules of reinforcement. Behav Pharmacol 2021; 32:435-447. [PMID: 34010168 PMCID: PMC8266728 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine enhances the value of environmental stimuli and rewards, and reward enhancement can maintain nicotine consumption. Stimulants such as d-amphetamine are misused more by women and are commonly co-used with nicotine. d-Amphetamine potentiates nicotine's effects in human and animal research. To date, there are no published studies examining this interaction in a reward-enhancement task. The current study sought to investigate the reward-enhancing effects of nicotine alongside and coadministered with d-amphetamine. Further, we evaluated the persistence of reward enhancement across ratio and temporal schedules of reinforcement. We used 10 male and 10 female Sprague-Dawley rats. Enhancement was assessed within subjects by examining active lever pressing for a visual stimulus reinforcer on variable ratio 3, variable interval 30 s and variable time 30 s - variable ratio 3 schedules. Before 1-h sessions, rats received one injection of saline, 0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg d-amphetamine and one of saline or 0.4 mg/kg nicotine, making six possible drug combinations (saline + saline, saline + nicotine, 0.1 d-amphetamine + aline, 0.1 d-amphetamine + nicotine, 0.3 d-amphetamine + saline and 0.3 d-amphetamine + nicotine) experienced in a randomized order by each rat. When d-amphetamine was coadministered with nicotine, we found an interaction effect on reward enhancement that persisted across schedules of reinforcement. Males and females exhibited reward enhancement by 0.3 d-amphetamine, while only females showed reward enhancement by 0.1 d-amphetamine. Further, females responded more for the visual stimulus than males in all d-amphetamine conditions. Future studies should assess how reward enhancement is involved in high nicotine-amphetamine comorbidity rates and enhanced amphetamine misuse in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R McNealy
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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Overby PF, Daniels CW, Del Franco A, Goenaga J, Powell GL, Gipson CD, Sanabria F. Effects of nicotine self-administration on incentive salience in male Sprague Dawley rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1121-1130. [PMID: 29374305 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4829-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Prolonged use of nicotine appears to enhance incentive salience, a motivational-cognitive process that transforms an otherwise neutral stimulus into a "wanted" stimulus. It has been suggested that nicotinic enhancement of incentive salience contributes to the potential of relapse in individuals with tobacco addiction. However, there are two main limitations of prior research that caution this claim: (a) the use of passive experimentally delivered nicotine and (b) the use of sign-tracking as an index of incentive salience, without acknowledging the competing nature of goal- and sign-tracking responses. OBJECTIVES To determine whether nicotinic enhancement of incentive salience attributed to non-nicotinic stimuli occurs when rats self-administer nicotine, and whether it is facilitated by a prior history of nicotine self-administration. METHODS Twenty-three male rats were trained daily, for 24 days, on a nicotine self-administration (SA) paradigm in the morning, and on a four-conditioned-stimuli Pavlovian conditioned approach (4-CS PCA) task in the afternoon. Self-administration was followed by extinction and cue reinstatement. A subcutaneous nicotine challenge was performed during the last 7 days of the study. RESULTS Nicotine self-administration selectively enhanced sign-tracking in the 4-CS PCA. Upon extinction, sign-tracking quickly declined to control levels. Experimenter-administered nicotine enhanced sign-tracking similarly regardless of nicotine history. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that nicotinic enhancement of incentive salience is transient, and a previous history of nicotine use does not cause further sensitization. Taken together, these results suggest that nicotine enhances incentive salience, particularly-and perhaps exclusively-while onboard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula F Overby
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA
| | - Carter W Daniels
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA
| | - Armani Del Franco
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA
| | - Julianna Goenaga
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA
| | - Gregory L Powell
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA
| | - Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA
| | - Federico Sanabria
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA.
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Moro F, Orrù A, Marzo CM, Di Clemente A, Cervo L. mGluR2/3 mediates short-term control of nicotine-seeking by acute systemic N-acetylcysteine. Addict Biol 2018; 23:28-40. [PMID: 27558879 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic self-administration of nicotine induces maladaptive changes in the cortico-accumbal glutamate (Glu) network. Consequently, re-exposure to nicotine-associated cues raises extracellular Glu in the nucleus accumbens reinstating drug-seeking. Restoring basal concentrations of extracellular Glu, thereby increasing tonic activation of the presynaptic group II metabotropic Glu receptors (mGluR2/3) with N-acetylcysteine (N-AC), might offer a valid therapeutic approach for maintaining smoking abstinence. Although N-AC modulates nicotine-seeking behavior by drug-associated stimuli in abstinent rats, it is still unclear whether it occurs through activation of mGluR2/3. Male Wistar rats were trained to associate discriminative stimuli (SD s) with the availability of intravenous nicotine (0.03 mg/kg/65 µl/2-second/infusion) or oral saccharin (100 µl of 50 mg/l) self-administration versus non-reward. Reinforced response was followed by a cue signaling 20-second time-out (CSs). Once the training criterion was met, rats underwent lever press extinction, without reinforcers, SD s and CSs. Re-exposure to nicotine or saccharin SD+ /CS+ , but not non-reward SD- /CS- , revived responding on the previously reinforced lever. Acute N-AC, 100 but not 60 or 30 mg/kg i.p., reduced cue-induced nicotine-seeking. N-AC 100 mg/kg did not modify cue-induced saccharin-seeking behavior or influenced locomotor activity. Blocking mGluR2/3 with the selective antagonist LY341495, 1 mg/kg i.p., completely prevented the antirelapse activity of N-AC. The finding that N-AC prevents cue-induced nicotine-seeking by stimulating mGluR2/3 might indicate a therapeutic opportunity for acute cue-controlled nicotine-seeking. Future studies could evaluate the persistent effects of chronic N-AC in promoting enduring suppression of nicotine-cue conditioned responding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Moro
- Experimental Psychopharmacology, Department of Neuroscience; IRCCS-Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research; Italy
| | - Alessandro Orrù
- Experimental Psychopharmacology, Department of Neuroscience; IRCCS-Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research; Italy
| | - Claudio Marcello Marzo
- Experimental Psychopharmacology, Department of Neuroscience; IRCCS-Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research; Italy
| | - Angelo Di Clemente
- Experimental Psychopharmacology, Department of Neuroscience; IRCCS-Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research; Italy
| | - Luigi Cervo
- Experimental Psychopharmacology, Department of Neuroscience; IRCCS-Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research; Italy
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Peartree NA, Chandler KN, Goenaga JG, Dado NR, Molla H, Dufwenberg MA, Campagna A, Mendoza R, Cheung TH, Talboom JS, Neisewander JL. Social context has differential effects on acquisition of nicotine self-administration in male and female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1815-1828. [PMID: 28361264 PMCID: PMC5451305 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4590-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONAL Smoking typically begins during adolescence or early adulthood in a social context, yet the role of social context in animal models is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES The present study examined the effect of social context on acquisition of nicotine self-administration. METHODS Sixty-day-old male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to press a lever for nicotine (0.015 mg/kg, IV) or saline infusions (males only) on a fixed ratio (FR1) schedule of reinforcement across nine sessions in duplex chambers that were conjoined with either a solid wall or a wall containing wire mesh creating a social context between rat dyads (social visual, auditory, and olfactory cues). In a subsequent experiment, sex differences and dose-dependent effects of nicotine [0 (saline), 0.015 or 0.03 mg/kg, IV] were directly compared in rats trained in the isolated or social context on a schedule progressing from FR1 to FR3. These rats were given 20 sessions followed by 3 extinction sessions. RESULTS We consistently found transient social facilitation of low-dose nicotine self-administration in males during the first session. However, across training overall, we found social suppression of nicotine intake that was most prominent in females during later sessions. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings suggest that at the age of transition from adolescence to adulthood, a social context enhances the initial reinforcing effects of nicotine in males, but protects against nicotine intake during later sessions especially in females. These findings highlight the importance of sex and social context in studying neural mechanisms involved in initiation of nicotine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A. Peartree
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, United States
| | - Kayla N. Chandler
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, United States
| | - Julianna G. Goenaga
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, United States
| | - Nora R. Dado
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, United States
| | - Hanna Molla
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, United States
| | - Martin A. Dufwenberg
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, United States
| | - Allegra Campagna
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, United States
| | - Rachel Mendoza
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, United States
| | - Timothy H.C. Cheung
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, United States,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, United States
| | - Joshua S. Talboom
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, United States,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, United States
| | - Janet L. Neisewander
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, United States,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, United States,Corresponding author: Dr. Janet L. Neisewander, The School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, United States. Tel.: +1 480 965 0209; fax: + 1 480 965 6899, (J.L. Neisewander)
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Design and development of a modified runway model of mouse drug self-administration. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21944. [PMID: 26902717 PMCID: PMC4763295 DOI: 10.1038/srep21944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study established a novel mouse model of a runway drug self-administration in our laboratory. The operant runway apparatus consisted of three long runways arranged in a zig-zag manner. The methodology consisted of six distinct phases: habituation, preconditioning, conditioning, post-conditioning, extinction and reinstatement. The effects of saline were compared with escalating doses of either ethanol (0.5–4.0 g/kg, i.p), heroin (5–40 mg/kg, i.p), or nicotine (0.1–0.5mg/kg, i.p) administered in the goal box during the conditioning phase (day 1 to day 5). A significant decrease in the time of trained (conditioned) mice to reach the goal box confirmed the subjects’ motivation to seek those drugs on day 6 (expression). The mice were then subjected to non-rewarded extinction trials for 5 days over which run times were significantly increased. After 5 days of abstinence, a priming dose of ethanol or heroin (1/5th of maximum dose used in conditioning) significantly reinstated the drug-seeking behavior. These results suggest that the modified runway model can serve as a powerful behavioral tool for the study of the behavioral and neurobiological bases of drug self-administration and, as such, is appropriate simple but powerful tool for investigating the drug-seeking behavior of laboratory mice.
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Yager LM, Robinson TE. Individual variation in the motivational properties of a nicotine cue: sign-trackers vs. goal-trackers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3149-60. [PMID: 25980485 PMCID: PMC4536151 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3962-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Individuals vary in the extent to which they attribute incentive salience to reward cues. Discrete food and drug (cocaine and opioid) cues become more attractive, eliciting approach toward them, and more "wanted," in that they serve as more effective conditioned reinforcers, in some rats (sign-trackers, STs), than in others (goal-trackers, GTs). OBJECTIVES We asked whether there is similar variation in the extent to which a cue associated with a drug from another class, nicotine, acquires incentive motivational properties. METHODS First, a Pavlovian conditioned approach procedure was used to identify rats that attribute incentive salience to a food cue (i.e., STs and GTs). We then measured the extent to which a cue (a light) paired with intravenous nicotine injections acquired two properties of an incentive stimulus: (1) the ability to elicit approach toward it, and (2) the ability to act as a conditioned reinforcer. RESULTS In contrast to previous findings with food, cocaine, and opioid cues, we found that the nicotine cue was equally attractive in STs and GTs, eliciting dose-dependent approach behavior in both. However, the nicotine cue was a more effective conditioned reinforcer in STs than in GTs. CONCLUSIONS We suggest the dissociation between these two measures of incentive salience attribution may be related to the fact that when present (as in the test of Pavlovian approach), nicotine can act as a potent "incentive amplifier," and by this action, nicotine may render cues especially salient for all animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Terry E. Robinson
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Terry E. Robinson, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St, East Hall, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, Tel.: +1 734 763 4361,
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A generalized matching law analysis of cocaine vs. food choice in rhesus monkeys: effects of candidate 'agonist-based' medications on sensitivity to reinforcement. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 146:52-60. [PMID: 25439054 PMCID: PMC4272824 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated reductions in cocaine choice produced by either continuous 14-day phendimetrazine and d-amphetamine treatment or removing cocaine availability under a cocaine vs. food choice procedure in rhesus monkeys. The aim of the present investigation was to apply the concatenated generalized matching law (GML) to cocaine vs. food choice dose-effect functions incorporating sensitivity to both the relative magnitude and price of each reinforcer. Our goal was to determine potential behavioral mechanisms underlying pharmacological treatment efficacy to decrease cocaine choice. METHODS A multi-model comparison approach was used to characterize dose- and time-course effects of both pharmacological and environmental manipulations on sensitivity to reinforcement. RESULTS GML models provided an excellent fit of the cocaine choice dose-effect functions in individual monkeys. Reductions in cocaine choice by both pharmacological and environmental manipulations were principally produced by systematic decreases in sensitivity to reinforcer price and non-systematic changes in sensitivity to reinforcer magnitude. CONCLUSIONS The modeling approach used provides a theoretical link between the experimental analysis of choice and pharmacological treatments being evaluated as candidate 'agonist-based' medications for cocaine addiction. The analysis suggests that monoamine releaser treatment efficacy to decrease cocaine choice was mediated by selectively increasing the relative price of cocaine. Overall, the net behavioral effect of these pharmacological treatments was to increase substitutability of food pellets, a nondrug reinforcer, for cocaine.
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Rupprecht LE, Smith TT, Schassburger RL, Buffalari DM, Sved AF, Donny EC. Behavioral mechanisms underlying nicotine reinforcement. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 24:19-53. [PMID: 25638333 PMCID: PMC4536896 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13482-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable deaths worldwide, and nicotine, the primary psychoactive constituent in tobacco, drives sustained use. The behavioral actions of nicotine are complex and extend well beyond the actions of the drug as a primary reinforcer. Stimuli that are consistently paired with nicotine can, through associative learning, take on reinforcing properties as conditioned stimuli. These conditioned stimuli can then impact the rate and probability of behavior and even function as conditioning reinforcers that maintain behavior in the absence of nicotine. Nicotine can also act as a conditioned stimulus (CS), predicting the delivery of other reinforcers, which may allow nicotine to acquire value as a conditioned reinforcer. These associative effects, establishing non-nicotine stimuli as conditioned stimuli with discriminative stimulus and conditioned reinforcing properties as well as establishing nicotine as a CS, are predicted by basic conditioning principles. However, nicotine can also act non-associatively. Nicotine directly enhances the reinforcing efficacy of other reinforcing stimuli in the environment, an effect that does not require a temporal or predictive relationship between nicotine and either the stimulus or the behavior. Hence, the reinforcing actions of nicotine stem both from the primary reinforcing actions of the drug (and the subsequent associative learning effects) as well as the reinforcement enhancement action of nicotine which is non-associative in nature. Gaining a better understanding of how nicotine impacts behavior will allow for maximally effective tobacco control efforts aimed at reducing the harm associated with tobacco use by reducing and/or treating its addictiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alan F. Sved
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh
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Smith TT, Schassburger RL, Buffalari DM, Sved AF, Donny EC. Low-dose nicotine self-administration is reduced in adult male rats naïve to high doses of nicotine: implications for nicotine product standards. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2014; 22:453-459. [PMID: 24999867 PMCID: PMC4543309 DOI: 10.1037/a0037396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Product standards that greatly reduce the content of nicotine within cigarettes may result in improved public health. The study presented here used an animal model to investigate whether individuals who start smoking after implementation of regulation may be affected differently from current smokers who form the basis of most clinical studies. One group of adult male rats (n = 14/group) acquired nicotine self-administration at a high nicotine dose (60 μg/kg/infusion) before experiencing a reduction to one to three low doses of nicotine (3.75, 7.5, or 15 μg/kg/infusion) or vehicle. Their self-administration behavior at the low doses was compared with a group of adult male rats given the opportunity to acquire nicotine self-administration at one of the same low doses or vehicle (n = 7-14/group). Second, the self-administration behavior of the acquisition group of rats was compared with their own self-administration behavior after experience self-administering a high dose of nicotine. A cocktail of non-nicotine cigarette smoke constituents was included in the vehicle for all rats across all phases of the study. Rats with a history of self-administering a high dose of nicotine had a higher rate of self-administration across the low doses than rats with no history. In addition, the number of earned infusions increased after rats experienced self-administration of a higher dose of nicotine. These data show that low-dose nicotine self-administration is higher after a dose reduction than during acquisition. If a nicotine reduction policy were implemented, then this policy may be especially effective at reducing acquisition of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alan F. Sved
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh
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12
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Garcia KLP, Lê AD, Tyndale RF. Effect of food training and training dose on nicotine self-administration in rats. Behav Brain Res 2014; 274:10-8. [PMID: 25101539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Few studies investigate factors that influence acquisition in nicotine self-administration (NSA), such as food training and training dose. Most have utilized peak doses along nicotine's dose-response curve (15 and 30μg/kg) that establish NSA in the majority of animals. To investigate the specific and combined effects of training and dose on NSA acquisition, separate and head-to-head experiments using food training (FT) or spontaneous acquisition (SP) at multiple doses on the ascending limb of the dose-response curve were tested. First, rats underwent FT or SP under fixed ratio (FR1 and FR2) and progressive ratio (PR) schedules using 7.5-30μg/kg nicotine. More rats acquired NSA with FT vs. SP at 3.75μg/kg (56% vs. 38%) and 7.5μg/kg (88% vs. 40%, p<0.05) and FT rats responded higher under PR. Based on these findings, rats then underwent identical NSA acquisition and PR (with and without nicotine), extinction and reinstatement induced by cue exposure and nicotine in a head-to-head comparison of FT and SP using 7.5μg/kg. Acquisition differences were replicated: 100% FT and 60% SP rats met criteria (p<0.05). Without nicotine (cue only), no FT rats and 8% SP rats met criteria. FR and PR responding, extinction, and cue and nicotine-induced reinstatement did not differ between FT and SP. FT versus SP enhances acquisition at lower nicotine doses but does not alter subsequent behaviours. Lower doses can reinforce NSA and be used, in the absence of FT, to study influences on acquisition more closely modelling the initial phases of human smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine L P Garcia
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology & Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anh Dzung Lê
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology & Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology & Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Panlilio LV, Zanettini C, Barnes C, Solinas M, Goldberg SR. Prior exposure to THC increases the addictive effects of nicotine in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:1198-208. [PMID: 23314220 PMCID: PMC3656362 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although it is more common for drug abuse to progress from tobacco to cannabis, in many cases cannabis use develops before tobacco use. Epidemiological evidence indicates that prior cannabis use increases the likelihood of becoming dependent on tobacco. To determine whether this effect might be due to cannabis exposure per se, in addition to any genetic, social, or environmental factors that might contribute, we extended our series of studies on 'gateway drug' effects in animal models of drug abuse. Rats were exposed to THC, the main psychoactive constituent of cannabis, for 3 days (two intraperitoneal injections/day). Then, starting 1 week later, they were allowed to self-administer nicotine intravenously. THC exposure increased the likelihood of acquiring the nicotine self-administration response from 65% in vehicle-exposed rats to 94% in THC-exposed rats. When the price of nicotine was manipulated by increasing the response requirement, THC-exposed rats maintained higher levels of intake than vehicle-exposed rats, indicating that THC exposure increased the value of nicotine reward. These results contrast sharply with our earlier findings that prior THC exposure did not increase the likelihood of rats acquiring either heroin or cocaine self-administration, nor did it increase the reward value of these drugs. The findings obtained here suggest that a history of cannabis exposure might have lasting effects that increase the risk of becoming addicted to nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh V Panlilio
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Claudio Zanettini
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Chanel Barnes
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marcelo Solinas
- Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, INSERM U-1084, Poitiers, France,University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Steven R Goldberg
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA,Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA, Tel: +1 443 740 2519, Fax: +1 443 740 2733, E-mail:
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene M. Heyman
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467; ,
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15
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Donny EC, Taylor TG, LeSage MG, Levin M, Buffalari DM, Joel D, Sved AF. Impact of tobacco regulation on animal research: new perspectives and opportunities. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 14:1319-38. [PMID: 22949581 PMCID: PMC3611983 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act in the United States and the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco or Health ratified by over 170 countries render scientific investigations into the abuse liability, harm, and effects of tobacco more critical than ever. A key area to explore relates to the potential regulation of nicotine content in cigarettes. Determining the nicotine content per cigarette below which smokers reliably reduce their consumption of and dependence on cigarettes, an idea proposed almost 20 years ago (Benowitz & Henningfield, 1994), could be a powerful approach to reduce the abuse liability and consequent harm from cigarettes. However, this approach is laden with potentially complex issues. Many of these complications can be studied using animal models, but they require a particular perspective. METHODS Herein, we review several challenges for animal researchers interested in nicotine reduction as examples of how this perspective dictates new approaches to animal research. These include defining the threshold nicotine dose for maintaining self-administration, evaluating the differential impact of various implementation strategies, assessing the factors that could interact with nicotine to alter the reinforcement threshold, describing the role of cues in maintaining low dose nicotine self-administration, and examining individual differences in response to nicotine reduction. CONCLUSIONS Researchers who study tobacco using animal models have the opportunity to play a central role in the regulatory science of tobacco and conduct studies that directly inform policy decisions that could impact the lives of millions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Donny
- Department of Psychology, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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