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Kurtz SP, Buttram ME. Ride hailing app use and drunk/drugged driving among young adult nightclub patrons. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2020; 22:20-25. [PMID: 33206567 PMCID: PMC8377752 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2020.1839060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nightclub patrons who consume alcohol and drugs in these venues would appear to be an important population to target with on-demand ride hailing app (RHA) services to reduce drunk/drugged driving (DUI). The present study is an exploratory examination of RHA use to avoid DUI behavior, as well as the perceived barriers and benefits of such RHA use, among young adult nightclub patrons in Miami who use drugs. METHODS Completers of a 2011-2015 randomized controlled trial of brief interventions to reduce health risk behaviors among young adult nightclub patrons were recruited to participate in a single self-administered computer-assisted interview about health risks, driving behaviors, and RHA perceptions and use. Recruitment (N = 123) began in June 2016 and ended in July 2017. Bivariable logistic regression and ANOVA models examined group differences between: (a) those who had used an RHA to avoid DUI vs. not; and (b) those who used RHAs as their primary mode of transportation to nightclubs vs. not. RESULTS About half were female (52.8%); median age was 29; 59.4% Hispanic, 31.7% Black, 8.1% white, 0.8% other race/ethnicity. Recent alcohol and marijuana use were almost universally endorsed, and more than half reported recent use/misuse of cocaine (72.4%), MDMA (63.4%), and prescription benzodiazepines (62.6%) and opioids (56.9%). More than 80% reported driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs in the past 12 months, and 17.1% experienced a DUI arrest in the prior two years. Almost two-thirds (65.9%) of participants had used an on-demand RHA to avoid DUI, but self-driving or riding in another's car were the most common (76.4%) primary modes of transportation to clubs. RHAs were the primary mode of travel to clubs for 21 (17.1%) respondents. Participants whose friends strongly disapproved of DUI were more than twice as likely to have used RHAs for this reason compared to those who had not done so. Those reporting RHA use to avoid DUI were less likely than others to have driven under the influence in the past 12 months and were somewhat more likely to endorse DUI-related risks. Those who used alternate modes of transportation were more likely than those who used RHAs as their primary mode of transportation to clubs to endorse the expense of RHAs and the lack of RHA drivers near their favorite clubs as barriers to RHA use to travel to nightclubs. CONCLUSIONS This novel study among a high-risk population points to the potential for on-demand RHAs to reduce DUI behaviors and arrests among young adult nightclub patrons who consume alcohol and/or drugs in the context of the club experience. Our findings point to key educational, peer support, and structural targets for intervention to increase the use of RHAs among this population, specifically, club-based incentives for increasing RHA availability and affordability. Research is needed to fully elucidate the findings of this exploratory study, including potential differences in intervention approaches depending on the location-specific public transportation options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Kurtz
- Center for Applied Research on Substance Use and Health Disparities, Nova Southeastern University, Miami, Florida
| | - Mance E Buttram
- Center for Applied Research on Substance Use and Health Disparities, Nova Southeastern University, Miami, Florida
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Buttram ME, Kurtz SP, Paul RJ. Sexual risk behaviours associated with unlicensed driving among young adults in Miami's electronic dance music nightclub scene. Sex Health 2019; 14:584-586. [PMID: 28578756 DOI: 10.1071/sh17073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Literature indicates that unlicensed driving (UD) offenders report substance use risk behaviours, yet data related to sexual risk behaviours is unknown. This study examined sexual and other risk behaviours among young adults in Miami, Florida, comparing UD and non-UD offenders (n=498). Compared with others, UD offenders were more likely to report group sex history, being high for sex half the time or more, purchasing sex and sexually transmissible infection history. Results suggest that locating sexual risk reduction interventions inside of the justice system would benefit UD offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mance E Buttram
- Center for Applied Research on Substance Use and Health Disparities, Nova Southeastern University, 7255 NE 4th Avenue, Suite 112, Miami, FL 33138, USA
| | - Steven P Kurtz
- Center for Applied Research on Substance Use and Health Disparities, Nova Southeastern University, 7255 NE 4th Avenue, Suite 112, Miami, FL 33138, USA
| | - Roddia J Paul
- Center for Applied Research on Substance Use and Health Disparities, Nova Southeastern University, 7255 NE 4th Avenue, Suite 112, Miami, FL 33138, USA
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Brief interventions for young adults who use drugs: The moderating effects of resilience and trauma. J Subst Abuse Treat 2019; 101:18-24. [PMID: 31174710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Among participants in an intervention clinical trial (N = 602), we examined resilience as a moderator of substance use outcomes by intervention condition and between participants with and without severe traumatic stress (STS). Eligibility included men and women ages 18-39 with recent multidrug use; drug treatment enrollees were excluded. Outcome measures were past 90-day frequencies of substance use and abstinence. Putative moderators were measured using the Resilience Research Centre's Adult Resilience Measure (RRC-ARM) and the Traumatic Stress Scale from the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN). Analyses employed hierarchical linear models. High resilience predicted better substance use outcomes, and the ordering of intervention effects for high resilience participants was stepwise by intervention condition intensity. Participants with low resilience scores had poorer outcomes, and those outcomes were largely unaffected by intervention condition. Participants without STS experienced the interventions similarly to the overall sample. Regardless of the level of resilience, however, participants with STS did not benefit from the interventions. The findings point to the importance of screening for both resilience and traumatic stress prior to intervention to maximize the impact of brief interventions for substance users, and also to link those needing more intensive approaches to additional services and professional care.
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Alcañiz M, Guillen M, Santolino M. Prevalence of drug use among drivers based on mandatory, random tests in a roadside survey. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199302. [PMID: 29920542 PMCID: PMC6007923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the context of road safety, this study aims to examine the prevalence of drug use in a random sample of drivers. Methods A stratified probabilistic sample was designed to represent vehicles circulating on non-urban roads. Random drug tests were performed during autumn 2014 on 521 drivers in Catalonia (Spain). Participation was mandatory. The prevalence of drug driving for cannabis, methamphetamines, amphetamines, cocaine, opiates and benzodiazepines was assessed. Results The overall prevalence of drug use is 16.4% (95% CI: 13.9; 18.9) and affects primarily younger male drivers. Drug use is similarly prevalent during weekdays and on weekends, but increases with the number of occupants. The likelihood of being positive for methamphetamines is significantly higher for drivers of vans and lorries. Conclusions Different patterns of use are detected depending on the drug considered. Preventive drug tests should not only be conducted on weekends and at night-time, and need to be reinforced for drivers of commercial vehicles. Active educational campaigns should focus on the youngest age-group of male drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Alcañiz
- Department of Econometrics, Riskcenter-IREA, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Guillen
- Department of Econometrics, Riskcenter-IREA, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Santolino
- Department of Econometrics, Riskcenter-IREA, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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YEN Y, SHI Y, SOEUNG B, SUY R, SOHAIL MT. Victimization of the Substance Abuse and Sexual Behaviors among Junior High School Students in Cambodia. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 47:357-366. [PMID: 29845023 PMCID: PMC5971172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the current prevalence of substance abuse and sexual behaviors among junior high school students and the relationships between substance abuse, sexual behaviors, and victimization using multiple mediations. METHODS Overall, 1703 junior high school students from the 2013 Cambodia Global School-based Health Survey were selected for the study. The descriptive statistics were performed in IBM SPSS to determine the prevalence of substance abuse, sexual behaviors, and victimization. The Process Macro was installed in Regression of the SPSS to test the hypotheses and mediations. RESULTS The majority of students who used alcohol (15.4%), drugs (3.05%), and had sexual intercourse (12.45%), were male aged 14-15, and in grade 7. These students were very vulnerable to many risky behaviors, including bullying (22.20%), physical attacks (20.96%) and fights (14.50%), unintentional accidents (21.32%), and suicidal attempts (5.05%). All three hypotheses were significantly supported. Of the potential mediators examined, drug use is the most important mediator. CONCLUSION The substance abuse and reproductive health are national problems, but abusive behaviors among students are of particular concern. Explicit policies and awareness programs of such problems at the high school level need to be made and called for public participation, particularly the school authorities and parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yat YEN
- School of Public Affairs, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China, Dept. of Social Work, National Institute of Social Affairs, Phnom Penh, Cambodia,Corresponding Author:
| | - Yumin SHI
- School of Public Affairs, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Bunly SOEUNG
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Svay Rieng University, Svay Rieng, Cambodia
| | - Rathny SUY
- School of Public Affairs, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Muhammad Tayyab SOHAIL
- School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Caldeira KM, Arria AM, Allen HK, Bugbee BA, Vincent KB, O’Grady KE. Continuity of drunk and drugged driving behaviors four years post-college. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 180:332-339. [PMID: 28950239 PMCID: PMC5648635 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Driving under the influence of alcohol is a leading cause of injury and premature death among young adults, and college-educated individuals are at particularly high risk. Less is known about driving under the influence of other drugs, which is on the rise. METHOD This study describes prospective seven-year trends in alcohol and other drug (AOD)-involved driving among a young-adult sample beginning with their second year of college (i.e., Years 2-8), and documents the extent of continuity in such behaviors across time. Originally recruited as incoming first-year students at one large public university, participants (n=1194) were interviewed annually about how frequently they drove while drunk/intoxicated (DWI), after drinking any alcohol (DAD), and/or while under the influence of other drugs (DD). Follow-up rates were high (>75% annually). RESULTS Among participants with access to drive a car, annual prevalence peaked in Year 4 (modal age 21) for both DWI (24.3%wt) and DD (19.1%wt) and declined significantly thereafter through Year 8 (both ps<0.05). DAD was far more prevalent than DWI or DD, increasing from 40.5%wt in Year 2 to 66.9%wt in Year 5, and plateauing thereafter. Among marijuana-using participants, likelihood of DD was consistently greater than the likelihood of DWI among Heavy Episodic and Light-to-Moderate drinkers, and it declined significantly during Years 5-8 (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Post-college declines in heavy drinking and DWI prevalence were encouraging but did not necessarily translate to reductions in likelihood of engaging in DWI, depending on drinking pattern. College-educated individuals represent an important target for AOD-involved driving prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M. Caldeira
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Amelia M. Arria
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Hannah K. Allen
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Brittany A. Bugbee
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kathryn B. Vincent
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kevin E. O’Grady
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, 3109 Biology-Psychology Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Bourdeau B, Miller BA, Voas RB, Johnson MB, Byrnes HF. Social Drinking Groups and Risk Experience in Nightclubs: Latent Class Analysis. HEALTH RISK & SOCIETY 2017; 19:316-335. [PMID: 30271266 DOI: 10.1080/13698575.2017.1393048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nightclubs are a setting in which young adults purposefully seek out experiences, such as drug use and alcohol intoxication that can expose them to physical harm. While physical harm occurs fairly frequently within clubs, many patrons have safe clubbing experiences. Further, not all patrons experience potential harms the same way, as there are differences in aggression and intoxication. In this article we draw on data from a research study in which we sought to better understand the role of social drinking groups in experiences of risk within nightclubs, as the majority of patrons attend with others. We collected data from 1,642 patrons comprising 615 social drinking groups as they entered and exited nightclubs in a major U.S. city. We focused on six experiences that might cause physical harm: alcohol impairment, alcohol intoxication, drug use, physical aggression, sexual aggression, and impaired driving. We aggregated patron responses across social groups and used latent class statistical analysis to determine if and how experiences tended to co-occur within groups. This analysis indicated there were five distinct classes which we named Limited Vulnerability, Aggression Vulnerability, Substance Users, Impaired Drivers and Multi-Issue. We assessed the groups within each class for distinctions on characteristics and group context. We found differences in the groups in each class, such as groups containing romantic dyads experienced less risk, while those groups with greater familiarity, greater concern for safety, and higher expectations for consumption experienced more risk. Group composition has an impact on the experiences within a club on a given night, in particular when it comes to risk and safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Bourdeau
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Prevention Research Center, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Brenda A Miller
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Prevention Research Center, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Robert B Voas
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark B Johnson
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland, USA
| | - Hilary F Byrnes
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Prevention Research Center, Oakland, California, USA
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Buttram ME, Pagano ME, Kurtz SP. Residential Proximity to Electronic Dance Music Nightclubs and Associations with Substance Use, Sexual Behaviors, and Related Problems. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2017; 48:4-16. [PMID: 32189722 DOI: 10.1177/0022042617726075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the association between proximity of place of residence to preferred nightclub and substance use, sexual risk behaviors, and related problems, among a sample of 498 young adult substance users in Miami who report regular nightclub participation. Hierarchal linear models and logistic regressions were constructed to examine the impact of residential proximity to preferred nightclub on risk behaviors. Compared with participants residing in closer proximity to their preferred nightclub, participants residing further away reported higher intensities of alcohol and cocaine use (p < .01), greater condomless vaginal sex frequencies (p < .001), and more substance dependence symptoms (p < .05). Conversely, participants residing in closer proximity to their preferred nightclub had higher likelihood of arrest history (p < .05) than participants residing further away. Results suggest that participants residing further from their preferred nightclubs may be more invested in the nightclub outing and, therefore, engage in more risk behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mance E Buttram
- Center for Applied Research on Substance Use and Health Disparities, Nova Southeastern University, Miami, FL
| | - Maria E Pagano
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Steven P Kurtz
- Center for Applied Research on Substance Use and Health Disparities, Nova Southeastern University, Miami, FL
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Kurtz SP, Buttram ME, Pagano ME, Surratt HL. A randomized trial of brief assessment interventions for young adults who use drugs in the club scene. J Subst Abuse Treat 2017; 78:64-73. [PMID: 28554606 PMCID: PMC5516962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efficacious interventions to reduce drug use and its consequences for club drug using populations are not apparent in the literature. We tested interviewer- (CAPI) and self-administered (ACASI) comprehensive health and social risk assessments as distinct interventions compared to waitlist control. METHODS 750 men and women ages 18-39 with multidrug use and heterosexual behavior were randomized in equal proportions to the three conditions. Instrumentation included well-tested measures of drug use, risky sex, mental distress and substance dependence. RESULTS The sample was 56% male; mean age=25. Reported risk behaviors and health consequences did not differ by assessment modality. Adjusted HLM analyses showed a significant main effect of assigned condition on all outcomes. CAPI participants had greater reductions in drug use, risky sex, mental distress and substance dependence symptoms, and greater increases in abstinence, compared to ACASI intervention or control participants at 12months, except that the CAPI and ACASI conditions had similar efficacy for reductions in drug use. Effect sizes for CAPI versus ACASI participants were d=0.2-0.3, and between CAPI and controls d=0.2-0.4. Effect sizes for improved outcomes between ACASI compared to controls were small to non-significant. CONCLUSIONS The study established the therapeutic benefit of interviewer interaction in reducing risky behavior among this young drug using population. The study demonstrated the efficacy and acceptability of a low threshold intervention in reducing drug use, sexual risk and related co-morbidities among a not-in-treatment young adult population that exhibits severe and complex levels of drug use, but that is also highly resistant to intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Kurtz
- Center for Applied Research on Substance Use and Health Disparities, Nova Southeastern University, 7255 NE 4th Avenue, Suite 112, Miami, FL 33138, USA.
| | - Mance E Buttram
- Center for Applied Research on Substance Use and Health Disparities, Nova Southeastern University, 7255 NE 4th Avenue, Suite 112, Miami, FL 33138, USA.
| | - Maria E Pagano
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, 10524 Euclid Avenue #1155A, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Hilary L Surratt
- Center for Health Services Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, 740 South Limestone Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Johnson MB, Voas R, Miller B, Bourdeau B, Byrnes H. Clubbing With Familiar Social Groups: Relaxed Vigilance and Implications for Risk. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2016; 76:924-7. [PMID: 26562600 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2015.76.924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research examined the relationship between the intragroup familiarity among peers visiting nightclubs and the likelihood of experiencing negative outcomes. We hypothesized, based on our prior work, that members who are more familiar with their group would be more likely to experience sexual and physical aggression while at the club. METHOD The study involved 1,765 young adults (within 654 natural groups) sampled at nightclubs in the San Francisco Bay area. Participants were interviewed about their clubbing history and expectations before entering the club and about their experiences in the club as they exited. Breath samples were collected at both entry and exit to obtain objective measures of alcohol use. RESULTS Using generalized linear mixed modeling to accommodate correlated data, we found that, to the extent that club patrons were familiar with more of their peer group, the more likely they were to experience sexual and physical aggression, although this was moderated by participant gender. CONCLUSIONS Although in many circumstances group cohesion can be a protective factor, the results of this study suggest that greater group familiarity might sometimes be associated with less concern for safety, reduced vigilance, and an increase in negative experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Johnson
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland
| | - Robert Voas
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland
| | - Brenda Miller
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Prevention Research Center, Oakland, California
| | - Beth Bourdeau
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Prevention Research Center, Oakland, California
| | - Hilary Byrnes
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Prevention Research Center, Oakland, California
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Sanchez ZM, Ribeiro KJ, Wagner GA. Binge Drinking Associations with Patrons' Risk Behaviors and Alcohol Effects after Leaving a Nightclub: Sex Differences in the "Balada com Ciência" Portal Survey Study in Brazil. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133646. [PMID: 26287954 PMCID: PMC4545884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the potential associations of binge drinking detected at the exit of nightclubs and risk behaviors and alcohol effects just after leaving the venue in a representative sample of Brazilian nightclub patrons according to sex. For this purpose, a portal survey study called Balada com Ciência was conducted in 2013 in the megacity of São Paulo, Brazil, using a two-stage cluster sampling survey design. Individual-level data were collected in 2422 subjects at the entrance and 1822 subjects at the exit of 31 nightclubs, and breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) was measured using a breathalyzer. The following day, 1222 patrons answered an online follow-up survey that included questions about risk behaviors and alcohol effects practiced just after leaving the nightclub. Weighted logistic regressions were used to analyze binge drinking associated with risk behaviors by sex. For both sexes, the most prevalent risk behaviors practiced after leaving a nightclub were drinking and driving (men=27.9%; women=20.4%), the use of illicit drugs (men=15.8%; women=9.4%) and risky sexual behavior (men=11.4%; women=6.8%). The practice of binge drinking increased the behavior of illicit drug use after leaving the nightclub by 2.54 times [95% CI: 1.26-5.09] among men who drank and increased the risk of an episode of new alcohol use by 5.80 times [95% CI: 1.50-22.44] among women who drank. Alcoholic blackouts were more prevalent among men [OR=8.92; 95% CI: 3.83-20.80] and women [OR= 5.31; 95% CI: 1.68-16.84] whose BrAC was equivalent to binge drinking compared with patrons with a lower BrAC. Public policies aiming to reduce patrons’ BrAC at the exit of nightclubs, such as staff training in responsible beverage service and legislation to prevent alcohol sales to drunk individuals, would be useful to protect patrons from the risk behaviors associated with binge drinking in nightclubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zila M. Sanchez
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Karen J. Ribeiro
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela A. Wagner
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Bourdeau B, Miller BA, Johnson MB, Voas RB. Method of transportation and drinking among club patrons. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH. PART F, TRAFFIC PSYCHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR 2015; 32:11-22. [PMID: 26309425 PMCID: PMC4542013 DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study examines the variation in alcohol use among nightclub patrons under three transportation conditions: those who departed from a club using modes of transportation other than cars or motorcycles (e.g., pedestrians, bicyclists, subway riders); those who were passengers of drivers (auto/taxi passenger patrons); and those who drove from the club (driving patrons). We seek to determine whether patrons' choice for how to leave the club contributes to their risk, as assessed by blood alcohol concentrations (BAC), after controlling for other factors that may contribute to their BAC including demographic characteristics and social drinking group influences. METHODS Data were collected from social drinking groups as they entered and exited clubs for 71 different evenings at ten clubs from 2010 through 2012. Using portal methodology, a research site was established proximal to club entrances. Each individual participant provided data on themselves and others in their group. The present analyses are based upon 1833 individuals who completed both entrance and exit data. Our outcome variable is blood alcohol content (BAC) based upon breath tests attained from patrons at entrance and exit from the club. Independent variables include method of transportation, social group characteristics, drug use, and personal characteristics. We use step-wise multiple regressions to predict entrance BAC, change in BAC from entrance to exit, and exit BAC: first entering individual demographic characteristics, then entering group characteristics, then drug use, and finally entering method of transportation (two dummy coded variables such that drivers are the referent category). RESULTS In sum, in all three of our analyses, only three variables are consistently predictive of BAC: presence of a group member who is frequently drunk and non-driving modes of transportation, either being the passenger or taking alternate methods of transportation. In particular, taking an alternate form of transportation was consistently and strongly predictive of higher BAC. CONCLUSIONS Additional public health messages are needed to address patrons who are no longer drinking and driving but who are nonetheless engaged in high levels of drinking that may lead to various risky outcomes, for example: being targeted for physical and/or sexual assault, pedestrian accidents, and other adverse consequences. These risks are not addressed by the focus on drinking and driving. Key messages appropriate for patrons who use alternate transportation might include devising a safety plan before entering the club and a focus on sobering up before leaving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Bourdeau
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Brenda A. Miller
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Mark B. Johnson
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
| | - Robert B. Voas
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
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Byrnes HF, Miller BA, Johnson MB, Voas RB. Indicators of club management practices and biological measurements of patrons' drug and alcohol use. Subst Use Misuse 2014; 49:1878-87. [PMID: 24832721 PMCID: PMC4438703 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2014.913630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic music and dance events in nightclubs attract patrons with heavy alcohol/drug use. Public health concerns are raised from risks related to these behaviors. Practices associated with increased risk in these club settings need to be identified. OBJECTIVES The relationship between club management practices and biological measures of patrons' alcohol/drug use is examined. METHODS Observational data from 25 events across six urban clubs were integrated with survey data (N = 738 patrons, 42.8% female) from patrons exiting these events, 2010-2012. Five indicators of club management practices were examined using mixed model regressions: club security, bar crowding, safety signs, serving intoxicated patrons, and isolation. RESULTS Analyses revealed that serving intoxicated patrons and safety signs were related to substance use. Specifically, serving intoxicated patrons was related to heavy alcohol and drug use at exit, while safety signs were marginally related to less exit drug use. CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE: Findings indicate observable measures in nightclubs provide important indicators for alcohol/drug use, suggesting practices to target. Study strengths include the use of biological measures of substance use on a relatively large scale. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary F Byrnes
- 1Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Prevention Research Center, Oakland, California, USA
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14
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Alcañiz M, Guillén M, Santolino M, Sánchez-Moscona D, Llatje O, Ramon L. Prevalence of alcohol-impaired drivers based on random breath tests in a roadside survey in Catalonia (Spain). ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2014; 65:131-141. [PMID: 24456848 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sobriety checkpoints are not usually randomly located by traffic authorities. As such, information provided by non-random alcohol tests cannot be used to infer the characteristics of the general driving population. In this paper a case study is presented in which the prevalence of alcohol-impaired driving is estimated for the general population of drivers. A stratified probabilistic sample was designed to represent vehicles circulating in non-urban areas of Catalonia (Spain), a region characterized by its complex transportation network and dense traffic around the metropolis of Barcelona. Random breath alcohol concentration tests were performed during spring 2012 on 7596 drivers. The estimated prevalence of alcohol-impaired drivers was 1.29%, which is roughly a third of the rate obtained in non-random tests. Higher rates were found on weekends (1.90% on Saturdays and 4.29% on Sundays) and especially at night. The rate is higher for men (1.45%) than for women (0.64%) and it shows an increasing pattern with age. In vehicles with two occupants, the proportion of alcohol-impaired drivers is estimated at 2.62%, but when the driver was alone the rate drops to 0.84%, which might reflect the socialization of drinking habits. The results are compared with outcomes in previous surveys, showing a decreasing trend in the prevalence of alcohol-impaired drivers over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Alcañiz
- Department of Econometrics, Riskcenter-IREA, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Guillén
- Department of Econometrics, Riskcenter-IREA, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Santolino
- Department of Econometrics, Riskcenter-IREA, University of Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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Kriikku P, Wilhelm L, Jenckel S, Rintatalo J, Hurme J, Kramer J, Jones AW, Ojanperä I. Comparison of breath-alcohol screening test results with venous blood alcohol concentration in suspected drunken drivers. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 239:57-61. [PMID: 24747668 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hand-held electronic breath-alcohol analyzers are widely used by police authorities in their efforts to detect drunken drivers and to improve road-traffic safety. Over a three month period, the results of roadside breath-alcohol tests of drivers apprehended in Finland were compared with venous blood alcohol concentration (BAC). The mean (median) time between sampling blood and breath was 0.71h (0.58h) with a range from 0 to 6h. Some hand-held instruments gave results as the concentration of alcohol in breath and were converted into BAC assuming a blood-breath alcohol ratio (BBR) of 2260. The mean venous BAC (1.82g/kg) in traffic offenders was higher than the result predicted by the hand-held breath analyzers (1.72g/kg). In 1875 roadside tests, the relationship between venous BAC (x) and BrAC (y) was defined by the regression equation y=0.18+0.85x. The coefficients show both a constant bias (y-intercept 0.18g/kg) and a proportional bias (slope=0.85). The residual standard deviation (SD), an indicator of random variation, was ±0.40g/kg. After BAC results were corrected for the time elapsed between sampling blood and breath, the y-intercept decreased to 0.10g/kg and 0.004g/kg, respectively, when low (0.1g/kg/h) and high (0.25g/kg/h) rates of alcohol elimination were used. The proportional bias of 0.85 shows that the breath-alcohol test result reads lower than the actual BAC by 15% on average. This suggests that the BBR of 2260 used for calibration should be increased by about 15% to give closer agreement between BAC and BrAC. Because of the large random variation (SD±0.40g/kg), there is considerable uncertainty if and when results from the roadside screening test are used to estimate venous BAC. The roadside breath-alcohol screening instruments worked well for the purpose of selecting drivers above the statutory limit of 0.50g/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirkko Kriikku
- Vita Laboratory, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Forensic Medicine, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Lars Wilhelm
- LADR GmbH Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Stefan Jenckel
- LADR GmbH Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Janne Rintatalo
- National Bureau of Investigation Forensic Laboratory, Vantaa, Finland
| | | | - Jan Kramer
- LADR GmbH Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum, Geesthacht, Germany; Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - A Wayne Jones
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ilkka Ojanperä
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
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