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Whitaker V, Curtis P, Fairbrother H, Oldham M, Holmes J. Young people's explanations for the decline in youth drinking in England. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:402. [PMID: 36850006 PMCID: PMC9972726 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14760-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth alcohol consumption has fallen markedly over the last twenty years in England. This paper explores the drivers of the decline from the perspectives of young people. METHODS The study used two methods in a convergent triangulation design. We undertook 38 individual or group qualitative interviews with 96 participants in various educational contexts in England. An online survey of 547 young people in England, was also conducted. Participants were aged between 12-19 years. For both data sources, participants were asked why they thought youth alcohol drinking might be in decline. Analysis of interview data was both deductive and inductive, guided by a thematic approach. Content analysis of survey responses further refined these themes and indicated their prevalence within a larger sample. RESULTS The research identified eight key themes that young people used to explain the decline in youth drinking: The potential for alcohol-related harm; Contemporary youth cultures and places of socialisation; The affordability of alcohol; Displacement of alcohol by other substances; Access and the regulatory environment; Disputing the decline; Future Orientations; and Parenting and the home environment. Heterogeneity in the experiences and perspectives of different groups of young people was evident, particularly in relation to age, gender, and socio-economic position. CONCLUSIONS Young people's explanations for the decline in youth drinking in England aligned well with those generated by researchers and commentators in prior literature. Our findings suggest that changing practices of socialisation, decreased alcohol affordability and changed attitudes toward risk and self-governance may be key explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Whitaker
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Penny Curtis
- Health Sciences School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Melissa Oldham
- Behavioural Sciences and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Holmes
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Shen T, Chen C, Tang S, Gao Y, Wang C, Tao S, Wang D. Sensation Seeking and Substance use in Chinese Adolescents: Longitudinal Trajectories and Prospective Within-person Associations. J Youth Adolesc 2023; 52:1481-1499. [PMID: 36840852 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01748-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Sensation seeking has been extensively demonstrated as a risk factor for substance use. Potential bidirectional associations between sensation seeking and substance use at the within-person level are incompletely understood. The present study examined longitudinal trajectories of sensation seeking and substance use and bidirectional longitudinal associations between sensation seeking and substance use in Chinese adolescents during a 3-year period over three time points. A total of 10,138 adolescents (59.8%) male; Mage = 16.77, SD = 0.83 at time (1) were surveyed. Sensation seeking and substance use frequency increased concomitantly over time. At the within-person level, sensation seeking and substance use were reciprocally predictable, and there were no evidence of sex difference in longitudinal associations. This study provides unique data concerning the relationship between sensation seeking and substance use in a sample of Chinese adolescents, and highlights the importance of identifying sensation seeking behaviors to prevent substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenghui Shen
- Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory for Research in Early Development and Childcare, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.,College of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Chuqi Chen
- College of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Sai Tang
- College of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Yang Gao
- College of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Cuicui Wang
- Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory for Research in Early Development and Childcare, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.,Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Sha Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Daoyang Wang
- Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory for Research in Early Development and Childcare, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China. .,College of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
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3
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Podgorac J, Sekulić S, Petković B, Stojadinović G, Martać L, Pešić V. The influence of continuous prenatal exposure to valproic acid on physical, nociceptive, emotional and psychomotor responses during adolescence in mice: Dose-related effects within sexes. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:982811. [PMID: 36248030 PMCID: PMC9557044 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.982811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical findings show that the use of valproic acid (VPA) during pregnancy increases the risk of birth defects and autism spectrum disorder in offspring. Although there is a consensus that monitoring of potential long-term outcomes of VPA exposure is needed, especially in undiagnosed individuals, preclinical studies addressing this issue are rare. The present study examined the effects of continuous intrauterine exposure to a wide dose range of VPA (50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day) on the physical and behavioral response in peripubertal mice as a rodent model of adolescence. Body weight and the hot plate test [on postnatal days (PND) 25 and 32], the elevated plus-maze test (on PND35), and the open field test (on PND40) served to examine physical growth, the supraspinal reflex response to a painful thermal stimulus and conditional learning, anxiety-like/risk-assessment behavior, as well as novelty-induced psychomotor activity, respectively. VPA exposure produced the following responses: (i) a negative effect on body weight, except for the dose of 100 mg/kg/day in both sexes; (ii) an increase in the percentage of animals that responded to the thermal stimulus above the defined cut-off time interval and the response latency in both sexes; (iii) dose-specific changes within sexes in behavior provoked by a novel anxiogenic environment, i.e., in females less anxiety-like/risk-assessment behavior in response to the lowest exposure dose, and in males more pronounced anxiety-like/risk-assessment behavior after exposure to the highest dose and 100 mg/kg/day; (iv) dose-specific changes within sexes in novelty-induced psychomotor activity, i.e., in females a decrease in stereotypy-like activity along with an increase in rearing, and in males a decrease in stereotypy-like activity only. These findings show that continuous intrauterine exposure to VPA produces maladaptive functioning in different behavioral domains in adolescence and that the consequences are delicate to assess as they are dose-related within sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Podgorac
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Sekulić
- Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Branka Petković
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Stojadinović
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Martać
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Pešić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Keyes KM, Kaur N, Kreski NT, Chen Q, Martins SS, Hasin D, Olfson M, Mauro PM. Temporal trends in alcohol, cannabis, and simultaneous use among 12th-grade U.S. adolescents from 2000 to 2020: Differences by sex, parental education, and race and ethnicity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:1677-1686. [PMID: 36125706 PMCID: PMC9635013 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simultaneous use of alcohol and cannabis to enhance each other's effect can cause potential harm. Time trends are diverging in adolescent use of alcohol, which is declining, and cannabis, which is increasing among certain subgroups. However, little is known about trends in their simultaneous and non-simultaneous use. Racial and socioeconomic disparities are emerging in cannabis use, which may portend consequences to public health. METHODS The 2000 to 2020 Monitoring the Future surveys included approximately 38,000 U.S. 12th-grade students with information on simultaneous use and pertinent demographic factors. A 5-level alcohol/cannabis measure included past-year simultaneous use (i.e., alcohol and cannabis use at the same time), non-simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use, alcohol-use-only, cannabis-use-only, and no use. Multinomial logistic regressions estimated associations (adjusted relative risk ratios; aRRR) with time period (2000 to 2004, 2005 to 2009, 2010 to 2014, 2015 to 2020). Models were adjusted and included interactions with sex, race/ethnicity, and parental education. RESULTS Between 2000 and 2020, simultaneous alcohol/cannabis use among 12th graders decreased from 24.4% to 18.7%. From 2015 to 2020 compared to 2000 to 2004, the odds of simultaneous use (adjusted relative risk ratio (aRRR) vs. no use = 0.57, 95% CI [0.50, 0.66]) and alcohol-use-only (aRRR = 0.55, 95% CI [0.49, 0.61]) decreased, while cannabis-use-only odds increased (aRRR = 2.59, 95% CI [1.87, 3.59]). Notably, the prevalence of cannabis-use-only more than doubled from 2011 to 2019. The odds of simultaneous use, alcohol-use-only, and non-simultaneous use of alcohol and cannabis declined more rapidly among males than females, whereas the odds for cannabis-use-only increased faster for females than males. Increases in cannabis-use-only were faster for non-white adolescents. CONCLUSION Simultaneous use of alcohol and cannabis is declining among U.S. adolescents, but the decline is slower among females than males. Declines in simultaneous use are largely concomitant with historical declines in alcohol use, indicating that a continued focus on reducing alcohol use among adolescents and young adults has extended benefits to other adolescent substance use. However, cannabis use without any reported past-year alcohol use more than doubled in the last decade, a concerning trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Navdep Kaur
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Noah T Kreski
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Qixuan Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Silvia S Martins
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Deborah Hasin
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mark Olfson
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pia M Mauro
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Baumer EP, Cundiff K, Luo L. The contemporary transformation of american youth: An analysis of change in the prevalence of delinquency, 1991-2015. CRIMINOLOGY : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL 2021; 59:109-136. [PMID: 36776699 PMCID: PMC9910102 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Youth involvement in crime has declined substantially over the past few decades, yet the reasons for this trend remain unclear. We advance the literature by examining the role of several potentially important shifts in individual attitudes and behaviors that may help to account for the observed temporal variation in youth delinquency. Our multilevel analysis of repeated cross-sectional data from high school students in the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study indicates that changes in youth offending prevalence were not associated with changes in youth attachment and commitment to school, community involvement, or parental supervision after school. In contrast, the study provides suggestive evidence that the significant reduction in youth offending prevalence observed since the early 1990s was significantly associated with a decrease in unstructured socializing and alcohol consumption and, to a lesser extent, with a decrease in youth preferences for risky activities. Implications for existing theoretical explanations and future research on youth crime trends are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Baumer
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Sociology and Criminology, 201 Oswald Tower, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Kelsey Cundiff
- University of Missouri-St. Louis, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121
| | - Liying Luo
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Sociology and Criminology, University Park, PA 16802
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6
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Terry-McElrath YM, O’Malley PM, Johnston LD. The growing transition from lifetime marijuana use to frequent use among 12th grade students: U.S. National data from 1976 to 2019. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 212:108064. [PMID: 32470754 PMCID: PMC7371016 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More United States adolescents now report high-frequency marijuana use than similar use levels of alcohol or tobacco. Increased high-frequency use raises questions such as (a) is frequent use likelihood growing among adolescents who experiment with use? (b) Is such change observed equally across sex and racial/ethnic subgroups? (c) Have sociodemographic and other covariate associations with frequent use changed over time? METHODS Data were obtained from 649,505 12th grade students participating in the cross-sectional, nationally-representative Monitoring the Future study from 1976 to 2019. Historical trends were modeled for any and frequent (20+ occasions) past 30-day marijuana use among all students and lifetime users, and lifetime user sex and racial/ethnic subgroups. Multivariable logistic regression estimates from 1989 to 1993 (lowest prevalence years) versus 2015-2019 (most recent years) were compared to examine covariate association changes with frequent use. RESULTS Among all students, recent linear trends in any and frequent marijuana use were not significantly different from zero (0.023 [SE 0.156] and 0.036 [0.073], respectively); frequent use among lifetime users increased (0.233 [0.107], p = 0.048). Among lifetime users, the increase was stronger for male than female students, and for minority versus White students. Significant association changes with race/ethnicity, parental education, and perceived risk were observed. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of adolescent lifetime marijuana users reporting current frequent marijuana use increased, and is now at near-record levels. Increases were particularly strong among males and minority students. There appears to be an increasing likelihood that adolescents who experiment with marijuana use may progress to frequent use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne M. Terry-McElrath
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, PO Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248 USA
| | - Patrick M. O’Malley
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, PO Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248 USA
| | - Lloyd D. Johnston
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, PO Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248 USA
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7
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Keyes KM, Hamilton A, Patrick ME, Schulenberg J. Diverging Trends in the Relationship Between Binge Drinking and Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents in the U.S. From 1991 Through 2018. J Adolesc Health 2020; 66:529-535. [PMID: 31676228 PMCID: PMC7183904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE From 1991 to 2018, binge drinking among U.S. adolescents has precipitously declined; since 2012, depressive symptoms among U.S. adolescents have sharply increased. Binge drinking and depressive symptoms have historically been correlated, thus understanding whether there are dynamic changes in their association informs prevention and intervention. METHODS Data were drawn from the U.S. nationally representative cross-sectional Monitoring the Future surveys (1991-2018) among school-attending 12th-grade adolescents (N = 58,444). Binge drinking was measured as any occasion of more than five drinks/past 2 weeks; depressive symptoms were measured with four items (e.g., belief that life is meaningless or hopeless), dichotomized at 75th percentile. Time-varying effect modeling was conducted by sex, race/ethnicity, and parental education. RESULTS In 1991, adolescents with high depressive symptoms had 1.74 times the odds of binge drinking (95% confidence interval 1.54-1.97); by 2018, the strength of association between depressive symptoms and binge drinking among 12th-grade adolescents declined 24% among girls and 25% among boys. There has been no significant relation between depressive symptoms and binge drinking among boys since 2009; among girls, the relationship has been positive throughout most of the study period, with no significant relationship from 2016 to 2017. CONCLUSIONS Diverging trends between depressive symptoms and alcohol use among youth are coupled with declines in the strength of their comorbidity. This suggests that underlying drivers of recent diverging population trends are likely distinct and indicates that the nature of comorbidity between substance use and mental health may need to be reconceptualized for recent and future cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York.
| | - Ava Hamilton
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Translational Research on Children's Mental Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - John Schulenberg
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Psychology and Center for Growth and Human Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Weybright EH, Schulenberg J, Caldwell LL. More Bored Today Than Yesterday? National Trends in Adolescent Boredom From 2008 to 2017. J Adolesc Health 2020; 66:360-365. [PMID: 31711838 PMCID: PMC7007872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Boredom is an accepted part of adolescence. Developmental and contextual factors are likely to conspire to increase boredom during adolescence, which, in turn, relates to health risk behaviors. However, literature is lacking in the developmental course of boredom across adolescence as well as historical variation in boredom. The present study used multicohort nationally representative samples of U.S. secondary school students to identify historical trends and grade level differences in boredom overall and by sex. METHODS The present study includes 8th, 10th, and 12th graders from 2008 to 2017 who completed the Monitoring the Future self-report survey (n = 106,784). Joinpoint was used to identify historical trends in boredom and linear regression to identify grade level differences. RESULTS Boredom increased historically both across and within grades with girls generally demonstrating greater increases than boys. Across grade, boredom appears to peak in 10th grade for boys and decrease across grade for girls. CONCLUSIONS Study findings indicate boredom has been increasing among adolescents over the past several years, with greater increases among girls. Increases may be concomitant with recent increases in mental health difficulties, suggesting that the overarching psychosocial profile of U.S. adolescents is becoming less optimal. Findings also suggest boredom peaks in 10th grade overall although when analyzing separately by sex, girls' boredom declines from 8th to 12th grade. It is clear that boredom is a worthy target for intervention both in clinical and prevention contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H. Weybright
- Human Development, Washington State University, 509 Johnson Tower, Pullman, WA, 99164-4852, U.S.A
| | - John Schulenberg
- Institute for Social Research and Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 2318 Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI, 48106-1248, U.S.A
| | - Linda L. Caldwell
- Recreation, Park, and Tourism Management, Pennsylvania State University, 801 Ford Building, University Park, PA, 16802, U.S.A
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Thompson SM, Simmons AN, McMurray MS. The effects of multiple early life stressors on adolescent alcohol consumption. Behav Brain Res 2020; 380:112449. [PMID: 31870780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is pervasive and effects the health of millions. Identifying factors such as early life stress that contribute to the development of alcohol use disorder is therefore critical, especially those that contribute to adolescent drinking, a strong predictor of AUD development. The majority of prior studies have examined early life effects on adult drinking, but have not studied intake during adolescence, and no prior studies have examined how the effects of multiple stressors may be additive. Therefore, this study determined if experiencing individual or multiple stressors increases adolescent alcohol intake. Male Long Evans rats underwent either early or late maternal separation (postnatal day 2-9 or 13-20), early adolescent social defeat (PND 30-40), both, or neither. All rats were then given two-hour access to alcohol, and voluntary intake assessed daily in late adolescence (PND 41-51). In adulthood, sensitivity to alcohol's sedative effects was assessed using loss and regain of righting reflex tests. Results indicate that experiencing maternal separation (at either time point) or social defeat increased adolescent alcohol consumption, but experiencing the combined stressors did not, and that no stressor significantly affected body weight during adolescence or loss and regain of righting reflex in adulthood. Overall, this pattern of effects suggests that experiencing any individual early life stressor may increase adolescent alcohol intake, in agreement with prior literature, but that the combined effects of multiple early life stressors may be more complicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Thompson
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, 90 N. Patterson Ave., Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Amber N Simmons
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, 90 N. Patterson Ave., Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Matthew S McMurray
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, 90 N. Patterson Ave., Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
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Gros L, Debue N, Lete J, van de Leemput C. Video Game Addiction and Emotional States: Possible Confusion Between Pleasure and Happiness? Front Psychol 2020; 10:2894. [PMID: 32047450 PMCID: PMC6996247 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Internet gaming disorder is characterized by a severely reduced control over gaming, resulting in an increasing gaming time and leading to negative consequences in many aspects of the individual life: personal, family, social, occupational and other relevant areas of functioning (World Health Organization). In the last years, the significant boom in using video games has been raising health issues that remain insufficiently understood. The extent of this phenomenon (the estimated prevalence is between 1.7 and 10% of the general population) has led the mentioned Organization to include gaming disorders in the list of mental health conditions (2018). Several studies show converging findings that highlight the common brain activities between substance use disorders and behavioral addictions (i.e., gaming disorders). Addiction specialists observed that addict subjects tend to confuse pleasure with happiness when linking emotional states to their addictive activities. As far as we know, beyond the mentioned observations, distinguishing the perception of these two emotional states in the frame of an addiction has not been yet the object of formal research. This study aims at examining the possible confusion between pleasure and happiness within the addiction sphere. Video game addiction has been chosen to explore the possible occurrence of this perceptional distortion. A mixed design lab-based study was carried out to compare between video games addicts and non-addicts (between-subjects), and video games-related activities and neutral activities (within-subject). Emotional reactions were gauged by self-reported scales and physiological data acquired through a range of biosensors: Relaxation and Hearth Rate. From a therapeutic standpoint, this research intends to explore alternatives to deal with this sort of disorders. More specifically, at the cognitive level, the idea is elaborating guidelines to develop patients' insights into these emotional states and thus increasing their ability to handle them. Overall, several indices resulting from this study constitute a bundle of arguments that argue in favor of the confusion between pleasure and happiness made by addict users when associating their affective states to video gaming. Furthermore, this approach illustrates how reappraising emotions may contribute to reducing the perceptional distortion of these emotional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Gros
- Research Center for Work and Consumer Psychology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Debue
- Research Center for Work and Consumer Psychology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Lete
- Research Center for Work and Consumer Psychology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cécile van de Leemput
- Research Center for Work and Consumer Psychology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Veliz P, McCabe SE, Eckner JT, Schulenberg JE. Concussion, sensation-seeking and substance use among US adolescents. Subst Abus 2019; 42:183-191. [PMID: 31638885 PMCID: PMC7174098 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2019.1671938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No large-scale epidemiological survey of adolescents in the US has assessed the association between lifetime history of concussion, propensity toward sensation-seeking, and recent substance use. Methods: This study assesses the association between lifetime history of diagnosed concussions, sensation-seeking, and recent substance use (i.e., cigarette use, binge drinking, marijuana use, illicit drug use, and nonmedical prescription drug use) using the 2016 and 2017 Monitoring the Future study of 25,408 8th, 10th, and 12th graders. Results: Lifetime diagnosis of concussion was associated with greater odds of past 30-day/2-week substance use. Adolescents who indicated multiple diagnosed concussions (versus none) had two times greater odds of all types of recent substance use, after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Adolescents indicating multiple diagnosed concussions also had higher adjusted odds of cigarette use, binge drinking, and marijuana use) when compared to adolescents who only indicated one diagnosed concussion. Accounting for adolescents' propensity toward sensation-seeking did not significantly change the association between substance use and multiple diagnosed concussions. Conclusions: This study provides needed epidemiological data regarding concussion and substance use among US adolescents. Exposure to a single diagnosed concussion is associated with a modest increase in the risk of substance use and this association increases with the accumulation of multiple diagnosed concussions. These associations hold when controlling for sensation-seeking. Substance use prevention efforts should be directed toward adolescents who have a history of multiple concussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Veliz
- School of Nursing Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health, University of Michigan
| | - Sean Esteban McCabe
- School of Nursing Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health, University of Michigan
| | - James T. Eckner
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan
| | - John E. Schulenberg
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
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12
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Oosterhoff B, Wray-Lake L. Risky Politics? Associations Between Adolescent Risk Preference and Political Engagement. Child Dev 2019; 91:e743-e761. [PMID: 31593315 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study examined associations among adolescent risk preference and political engagement using nationally representative Monitoring the Future data from high school seniors (N = 109,574; modal age = 18 years) spanning 1976-2014. Greater risk preference was associated with greater past voting, donating to a campaign, writing government officials, boycotting, and protesting. Greater risk preference was also associated with higher future intentions to boycott and protest, but lower intentions to donate to or volunteer for a campaign. In general, associations between risk preference and political engagement became stronger with higher levels of political interest. Results highlight the importance of considering the adaptive role of adolescent risk preference and suggest that political engagement may be a constructive outlet for youth who pursue or are comfortable taking risks.
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Keyes KM, Gary D, O'Malley PM, Hamilton A, Schulenberg J. Recent increases in depressive symptoms among US adolescents: trends from 1991 to 2018. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2019; 54:987-996. [PMID: 30929042 PMCID: PMC7015269 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-019-01697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health problems and mental health related mortality have increased among adolescents, particularly girls. These trends have implications for etiology and prevention and suggest new and emerging risk factors in need of attention. The present study estimated age, period, and cohort effects in depressive symptoms among US nationally representative samples of school attending adolescents from 1991 to 2018. METHODS Data are drawn from 1991 to 2018 Monitoring the Future yearly cross-sectional surveys of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students (N = 1,260,159). Depressive symptoms measured with four questions that had consistent wording and data collection procedures across all 28 years. Age-period-cohort effects estimated using the hierarchical age-period-cohort models. RESULTS Among girls, depressive symptoms decreased from 1991 to 2011, then reversed course, peaking in 2018; these increases reflected primarily period effects, which compared to the mean of all periods showed a gradual increase starting in 2012 and peaked in 2018 (estimate = 1.15, p < 0.01). Cohort effects were minimal, indicating that increases are observed across all age groups. Among boys, trends were similar although the extent of the increase is less marked compared to girls; there was a declining cohort effect among recently born cohorts, suggesting that increases in depressive symptoms among boys are slower for younger boys compared to older boys in recent years. Trends were generally similar by race/ethnicity and parental education, with a positive cohort effect for Hispanic girls born 1999-2004. CONCLUSIONS Depressive symptoms are increasing among teens, especially among girls, consistent with increases in depression and suicide. Population variation in psychiatric disorder symptoms highlight the importance of current environmental determinants of psychiatric disorder risk, and provide evidence of emerging risk factors that may be shaping a new and concerning trend in adolescent mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, Suite 724, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Society and Health Research Center, Facultad de Humanidades, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Dahsan Gary
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, Suite 724, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Patrick M O'Malley
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ava Hamilton
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, Suite 724, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - John Schulenberg
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychology and Center for Growth and Human Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Moss SL, Santaella-Tenorio J, Mauro PM, Keyes KM, Martins SS. Changes over time in marijuana use, deviant behavior and preference for risky behavior among US adolescents from 2002 to 2014: testing the moderating effect of gender and age. Addiction 2019; 114:674-686. [PMID: 30461115 PMCID: PMC6619500 DOI: 10.1111/add.14506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Among adolescents, risk preference and deviant behaviors are associated with marijuana use, which exhibit substantial historical trends. We examined (1) trends, (2) effect modification by sex and age, (3) associations of marijuana use with deviant behaviors and risk preferences and (4) differences by sex, age and year. DESIGN Adjusted logistic and relative risk regression models, using data from the 2002-14 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, annual cross-sectional surveys of US households. SETTING United States. PARTICIPANTS A nationally representative sample of adolescents aged 12-17 years (n = 230 452). MEASUREMENTS We estimated associations between past-year marijuana use [self-reported using computer-assisted personal interviewing/audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (CAPI/ACASI)], deviant behavior (i.e. selling drugs; stealing; attacking someone) and risk preference (i.e. getting a kick; testing oneself). FINDINGS Marijuana use, deviant behaviors and risk preferences declined among adolescents from 2002 to 2014. There were no significant sex or age differences in the decline of marijuana use over time. There were sex [sold drugs: β = 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.75, 1.04] and age (attacked someone: β = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.42) differences in the prevalence of deviant behaviors, and trends over time differed by sex and age for attacking someone. CONCLUSIONS While marijuana use, deviant behavior and risk preferences among US adolescents declined from 2002 to 2014, associations have remained stable, with marijuana use positively associated with deviant behaviors and risk preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadiya L. Moss
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | - Pia M. Mauro
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Katherine M. Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Silvia S. Martins
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
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Ferreira VR, Jardim TV, Sousa ALL, Rosa BMC, Jardim PCV. Smoking, alcohol consumption and mental health: Data from the Brazilian study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA). Addict Behav Rep 2018; 9:100147. [PMID: 31193769 PMCID: PMC6542299 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2018.100147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous researches have indicated a strong association of alcohol and tobacco use with psychiatric disorders, but the relationship with depression and anxiety symptoms is still uncertain. We investigated the association of psychological distress and alcohol consumption, tobacco use and exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) among adolescents in a developing country. Methods The authors evaluated 73,399 individuals (12–17 years) who participated in the Cardiovascular Risks Study in Adolescents (ERICA), a cross-sectional, national and school-based study, carried out in 124 Brazilian municipalities. The variables considered were alcoholic beverages (experimentation, consumption in the previous month and frequency of use) and smoking (experimentation, current smoking habits, frequent smoking and SHS exposure). Psychological distress was defined as a score ≥ 3 points in GHQ-12. Analyses included multiple logistic regression modeling. Results The frequency of individuals with psychological distress was higher in the group who smoked for at least 7 consecutive days (53.3% vs 31.2%; OR: 2.17; 95%CI: 1.65–2.86), were exposed to SHS indoors (37.8% vs 29.8%; OR:1.30; 95%CI: 1.14–1.48), and outdoors (37.7% vs 26.6%; OR: 1.49; 95%CI: 1.28–1.74), and among young people who consumed at least 1 drink of alcohol in the previous 30 days (42.4% vs 28.6%; OR: 1.70; 95%CI: 1.46–1.97), when compared to adolescents not exposed. Conclusions Smoking (passively and actively) and the consumption of alcoholic beverages are associated to psychological distress in the adolescent population. Avoiding smoking and the use of alcohol may have beneficial effects on the mental health. Our data reinforce the urgent necessity to prevent effectively underage access to legal drugs in Brazil. The chance of psychological distress was 70% higher in the group of adolescents who consumed alcohol in the last month. Prevalence of psychological distress was twice as high among adolescents who smoked for seven consecutive days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Roriz Ferreira
- Hypertension League - School of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Thiago Veiga Jardim
- Hypertension League - School of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.,Brigham & Women's Hospital - Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Management, Center for Health Decision Science, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana Luiza Lima Sousa
- Hypertension League - School of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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Evans-Polce RJ, Schuler MS, Schulenberg JE, Patrick ME. Gender- and age-varying associations of sensation seeking and substance use across young adulthood. Addict Behav 2018; 84:271-277. [PMID: 29775887 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sensation seeking is associated with elevated risk for substance use among adolescents and young adults. However, whether these associations vary across age for young men and women is not well characterized. METHODS Using data from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) panel study, we examine the age-varying associations of sensation seeking and three types of substance use behavior (binge drinking, cigarette use, and marijuana use) across ages 18 to 30 using time-varying effect modeling. Analyses include participants in the eleven most recent MTF cohorts (12th-graders in 1994-2004), who are eligible to respond through age 29/30 (N = 6338 people; 30,237 observations). RESULTS While sensation seeking levels and substance use are lower among women, the magnitude of the association of sensation seeking with binge drinking and with marijuana use among women exceeds that of men in the later 20s. Differential age trends were observed; among men, the associations generally decreased or remained constant with age. Yet among women, the associations decayed more slowly or even increased with age. Specifically, the association of sensation seeking with marijuana use among women increased during the late 20s, such that the association at age 30 exceeded that in the early 20s. CONCLUSIONS The significantly stronger associations of sensation seeking with binge drinking and marijuana use observed among women compared to men during the mid- to late-20s suggests divergent risk factors across genders for substance use during young adulthood, with sensation seeking remaining a strong risk factor for women but not men.
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Lewycka S, Clark T, Peiris-John R, Fenaughty J, Bullen P, Denny S, Fleming T. Downwards trends in adolescent risk-taking behaviours in New Zealand: Exploring driving forces for change. J Paediatr Child Health 2018; 54:602-608. [PMID: 29779222 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.13930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Lewycka
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Terryann Clark
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Roshini Peiris-John
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John Fenaughty
- Faculty of Education and Social Work, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pat Bullen
- Faculty of Education and Social Work, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon Denny
- Department of Paediatrics, Child and Youth Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Theresa Fleming
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Lanza HI, Teeter H. Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (E-cigarette/Vape) use and Co-Occurring Health-Risk Behaviors Among an Ethnically Diverse Sample of Young Adults. Subst Use Misuse 2018; 53:154-161. [PMID: 28777675 PMCID: PMC5825211 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2017.1327975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence rates of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS; i.e., e-cigarette/vape) use has grown exponentially in the past few years. College students present a particularly vulnerable group for ENDS use. The current study sought to expand the literature by examining the context in which college students use ENDS, co-occurring health risks beyond traditional tobacco use, and the role of ethnicity in ENDS use. METHODS Health-risk behavior survey data was collected from 452 undergraduates attending a large, public urban university during the 2015-2016 academic year. Ever ENDS users vs. non-ENDS users were compared across potential demographic, health-risk, and other health-related correlates. RESULTS Almost 40% of participants reported lifetime use of ENDS. No ethnic or sex differences were found. The primary source for obtaining ENDS was friends and ENDS were most often used with friends vs. alone or with others not considered friends. Participants engaging in risky alcohol use and cigarette smoking had a higher likelihood of endorsing ENDS use. Conclusions/Importance: The current study indicated that a large proportion of college students have tried ENDS irrespective of ethnicity or sex. An increasingly normative social context may inform the popularity of ENDS use across ethnicity and sex, but additional research using ethnically diverse samples is warranted. Risky alcohol use appears to be a significant correlate of ENDS use, even after accounting for the robust relationship between ENDS use and cigarette smoking. The robust relationship between alcohol and tobacco use likely extends to ENDS use.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Isabella Lanza
- a Department of Human Development , California State University , Long Beach , California , USA
| | - Heather Teeter
- a Department of Human Development , California State University , Long Beach , California , USA
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Wray-Lake L, Schulenberg J, Keyes KM, Shubert J. The developmental course of community service across the transition to adulthood in a national U.S. sample. Dev Psychol 2017; 53:2397-2408. [PMID: 28933877 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of community service for the well-being of individuals and communities, relatively little is known about the developmental course of community service during the transition to adulthood (TTA). This study tested competing hypotheses about change in community service across the TTA by estimating latent growth models from Ages 18 to 26 in a national U.S. SAMPLE Analyses tested for cohort differences in community service and for individual differences in developmental trajectories by socioeconomic status, gender, grades, religiosity, race/ethnicity, college expectations, and college degree attainment. Using Monitoring the Future data from 1976 to 2011, the best-fitting latent growth model for community service was quadratic: Community service declined from Ages 18 to 24 and leveled off thereafter. Cohort differences in intercepts indicated that Age 18 community service increased over historical time; developmental declines in community service were consistent over 4 decades. Parent education predicted higher Age 18 community service but not growth parameters. Community service trajectories varied by gender, high school grades, religiosity, college expectations, and educational attainment, although all groups declined. Findings contribute to civic developmental theory by clarifying age and cohort effects in community service. Rising levels of community service at Age 18 may reflect heightened focus on service in high schools or the role of other socialization forces, yet these increases do not mitigate the decline across the TTA. We highlight the need for rethinking the ways in which institutions and communities can better support youth community service during the TTA. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wray-Lake
- Department of Social Welfare, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - John Schulenberg
- Institute for Social Research and Department of Psychology, University of Michigan
| | | | - Jennifer Shubert
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester
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20
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Jang JB, Patrick ME, Keyes KM, Hamilton AD, Schulenberg JE. Frequent Binge Drinking Among US Adolescents, 1991 to 2015. Pediatrics 2017; 139:peds.2016-4023. [PMID: 28562275 PMCID: PMC5470505 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-4023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Scientific understanding of the forces involved in the decades-long decline of adolescent alcohol use in the United States is limited. This study examines specific changes in US adolescent frequent binge drinking (FBD) by age (variation due to maturation), period (variation across time that does not covary across age), and cohort (variation common to adolescents born around the same time). METHODS We analyzed nationally representative, multicohort data from 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students sampled between 1991 and 2015 from Monitoring the Future (n = 1 065 022) to estimate age, period, and cohort effects on adolescents' FBD (defined as ≥2 occasions of ≥5 drinks in a row during the past 2 weeks). Age-Period-Cohort analyses were stratified by sex, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES). Trends in the associations between demographics and FBD across historical time were examined. RESULTS Decreases in FBD during adolescence were attributable to period and cohort effects independent of age variations. Birth cohorts between 1985 and 1990 showed the greatest decline in FBD. The Age-Period-Cohort results were consistent across sex, race/ethnicity, and SES, with the exception of slower declines seen among African American adolescents compared with white adolescents since 2007. We also found convergence in FBD by sex and divergence by SES. CONCLUSIONS Recent declines in adolescent FBD have been driven by period and cohort effects. Attention is warranted for the slower declines in FBD seen among African American adolescents since 2007, a narrowing difference by sex, and a growing gap by SES.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ava D. Hamilton
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - John E. Schulenberg
- Institute for Social Research, and,Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
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Jackson N, Denny S, Sheridan J, Fleming T, Clark T, Peiris-John R, Ameratunga S. Uneven reductions in high school students' alcohol use from 2007 to 2012 by age, sex, and socioeconomic strata. Subst Abus 2016; 38:69-76. [DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2016.1252827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicki Jackson
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon Denny
- Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Janie Sheridan
- School of Pharmacy and Centre for Addiction Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Terry Fleming
- Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Terryann Clark
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Roshini Peiris-John
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shanthi Ameratunga
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Johnson MK, Staff J, Patrick ME, Schulenberg JE. Adolescent adaptation before, during and in the aftermath of the Great Recession in the USA. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 52:9-18. [PMID: 27709614 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the impact of the "Great Recession" (from December 2007 to June 2009) on 8th and 10th graders in the USA, using annual nationally representative data from the Monitoring the Future study. Historical changes in youth adjustment (self-esteem, depressed mood, risk taking, aggression and property crime), school achievement (grade point average [GPA], time spent on homework and educational expectations) and structured and unstructured activities (volunteering, employment, sports and evenings out for fun) were examined between 1991 and 2014. Overall, there were only slight changes in mean levels of adjustment, achievement and most youth activities. However, the percentage of youth working during the school year did decline during the Great Recession. Several longer-term trends were also evident, though not directly tied to the Great Recession. These include an increase in GPA, a decrease in time spent on homework, rising educational expectations and more time spent volunteering. Future work should assess how the shift to unpaid work activities (e.g. volunteering and internships) among youth is impacting the transition from school to work in the contemporary economy, and whether the Great Recession had deleterious impacts for younger children or among youth whose parents lost work or had their homes foreclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy Staff
- Department of Sociology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John E Schulenberg
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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