Delineation of chemsex patterns of men who have sex with men in association with their sexual networks and linkage to HIV prevention

Chemsex Among Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Systematic Scoping Review of Research Methods

Chemsex refers to the use of psychoactive substances with sex. We carried out a systematic scoping review of methodological characteristics of chemsex research among men who have sex with men (MSM), published between 2010 and 2020. For inclusion, chemsex had to be the main focus, and studies had to specify GHB/GBL, stimulant (amphetamine, crystal meth, ecstasy/MDMA, cathinones, cocaine) and/or ketamine use with sex as a variable. From 7055 titles/abstracts, 108 studies were included, mostly cross-sectional, and from Western countries. About one-third of studies recruited exclusively from clinical settings. A majority of these recruited from sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics. The included quantitative studies analyzed possible associations between chemsex and STI health (40%), mental health (15%), drug health (12%), sexological health (10%), and post-diagnostic HIV health (7%). Most studies included GHB/GBL and crystal meth in their operationalization of chemsex. Definitions and operationalizations of chemsex vary greatly in the literature, and researchers of chemsex among MSM should consider ways in which this variation impacts the validity of their results. More studies are needed among MSM in non-high income and non-Western countries, and examination of possible links between chemsex and post-diagnostic HIV health, sexological health, and mental health.

A Network Science Approach to Sex-Polydrug Use Among Black Sexually Minoritized Men and Transgender Women: The N2 Cohort Study

Black sexually minoritized men (SMM) and transgender women (TW) are subgroups with lower rates of substance use and comparable rates of condom use relative to White SMM and TW yet experience heightened vulnerability to HIV. This study sought to explore associations of substance use, including sex-drug use (i.e., drug or alcohol use during sex to enhance sex), and condomless sex among Black SMM and TW. Data were collected from Black SMM and TW living in Chicago, Illinois, enrolled in the Neighborhoods and Networks (N2) cohort study, from November 2018 to April 2019. We used bivariate analyses followed by a multilevel egocentric network analysis to identify factors associated with condomless sex. We conducted Spearman correlation coefficients to examine correlations between pairs of sex-drugs to enhance sex. We used a bipartite network analysis to identify correlates of sex-drug use and condomless sex. A total of 352 Black SMM and TW (egos) provided information about 933 sexual partners (alters). Of respondents, 45% reported condomless sex and 61% reported sex-drug use. In unadjusted analyses, marijuana (34%) and cocaine/crack (5%) sex-drug use were associated with condomless sex (p < 0.05). Condomless sex was positively associated with sex-polydrug use, or the use of 2+ drugs or 1 drug and alcohol (OR = 1.48; 95% CI: 1.02-2.14; p = 0.039), and negatively associated with sharing an HIV-negative serostatus with a sexual partner (OR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.33-0.98; p = 0.041), having a different HIV serostatus with a sexual partner (OR = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.21-0.64; p < 0.001) or not knowing the HIV serostatus of a sexual partner (OR = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.26-0.84; p = 0.011). The following pairs of sex-polydrug use had Spearman correlation coefficients higher than 0.3: marijuana and alcohol, ecstasy and alcohol, cocaine/crack and ecstasy, and methamphetamine and poppers (p < 0.05). HIV prevention interventions for Black SMM and TW designed to reduce HIV transmission through egocentric sexual networks could address sex-drug use through sex-positive and pleasure-centered harm reduction strategies and provide and promote biomedical prevention and care options at supraoptimal levels.

Self-sampled multi-anatomic site testing for uncovering the community burden of undiagnosed Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in men who have sex with men

PURPOSE

To detect otherwise undiagnosed asymptomatic sexually transmitted infection (STI), and for estimating prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM).

METHODS

In this community-based study in Hong Kong, adult MSM were recruited. After completion of an online survey, free multi-anatomic sites self-sampling kits (urine specimens, pharyngeal and rectal swabs) for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) tests were delivered to requesting participants. Factors associated with STI positivity were analyzed in logistic regression.

RESULTS

From September 2021 to October 2022, 712 MSM were recruited, with 86% aged 18-39, and 16% reported history of chemsex engagement. A majority (81%) had previously undergone HIV testing, 68% had ever tested for STI, and 35% previously diagnosed with STI. Totally 428 (60%) had requested self-sampling kits, and 276 (39%) returned collected samples. Among participants who returned the samples, about half had never been tested in the past and had no history of STI. Overall 21% tested positive for CT and/or NG (CT/NG)-CT positive 16% and NG positive 7%. By anatomic site, 16% of rectal swabs, 7% of pharyngeal swabs, but just 3% of urine specimens were CT/NG positive. The prevalence of CT/NG was not significantly different by history of STI diagnosis and testing.

CONCLUSION

Self-sampled STI testing is a potentially useful means for enhancing uptake of screening in MSM in the community, which could uncover otherwise undiagnosed asymptomatic infections. Internet-based self-sampling for STI testing could complement the current clinic-based STI testing for supporting epidemiologic evaluation of STI control in the community.

Dynamicity of HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Usage Pattern and Association with Executed Adherence in MSM: An Implementation Study in Hong Kong

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use has been shown to be effective for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men (MSM). PrEP use coverage aside, maintenance of high PrEP adherence is crucial in ensuring the achievement of HIV prevention. In this PrEP implementation study in Hong Kong, we examined the patterns of PrEP use in MSM and evaluated their association with prevention-effective adherence for HIV prevention. In January 2020-June 2021 in Hong Kong, 312 recruited MSM (median 30 years old) were followed up for 1 year, with HIV and creatinine testing, consultation, and PrEP refill. No HIV breakthrough infection was observed. As a measure of prevention-effective adherence, executed adherence (EA) was expressed as the proportion of days with HIV risk that were protected by PrEP and/or condom in 6 months. In 65,585 diary entries of 215 MSM, the median proportion of EA achieved was 89% (IQR 84-93%). Three latent classes of PrEP users were identified by latent class analysis. Taking Class 1 "daily dominant PrEP" (n = 113, 53%) as reference, Class 2 "episodic PrEP" (n = 76, 35%) was adopted by MSM with less sexual activity, had less PrEP refill and lower EA level, while Class 3 "mixed PrEP schedule" (n = 26, 12%) MSM were more sexually active but with a similar EA level. The study findings showed varied and dynamic PrEP usage patterns in the real-world setting. Strategies for promoting adherence are needed to ensure the maintenance of high EA level among PrEP-using MSM especially those on episodic PrEP schedule.

Characterizing Socioecological Markers of Differentiated HIV Risk Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Indonesia

HIV prevention programs typically focus on changing individuals' risk behaviors, often without considering the socioecological factors that can moderate this risk. We characterized HIV risk among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Indonesia (n = 1314) using latent class analysis and used multinomial logistic regression to identify latent class relationships with demographics, social/sexual networks, and community-level socioecological indicators of HIV risk. Three HIV risk latent classes were identified-"Sexually Moderate" (n = 333), "Sexual Explorative" (n = 575), and "Navigating Complexities" (n = 406). Using "Sexually Moderate" (lowest risk) as the reference group, MSM in the "Sexual Explorative" class had additional social/sexual network-level risks (meeting partner(s) using both online and offline methods [RR = 3.8; 95%CI 1.7-8.6] or general social media and gay-specific online platforms [RR = 2.6; 95%CI 1.9-3.6] to meet partners, group sex [RR = 10.9; 95%CI 4.5-25.4], transactional sex [RR = 1.6; 95%CI 1.2-2.2]), and community-level risks (experiencing homosexual-related assaults [RR = 1.4; 95%CI 1.1-1.9]). MSM in the "Navigating Complexities" class had additional social/sexual network-level risks (low social support [RR = 1.6; 95%CI 1.1-2.5], less disclosure of their sexuality [RR = 1.4; 95%CI 1.0-1.9]) and community-level risks (higher internalized homonegativity scores [RR = 1.2; 95%CI 1.1-1.4], ever experiencing homosexual-related assaults [RR = 1.4:95%CI 1.1-1.9], less exposure to HIV/STI health promotion [RR = 0.7; 95%CI 0.5-0.9], attending STI-related services in the past 6 months [RR = 0.6; 95%CI 0.4-0.8]). Co-occurring individual and socioecological risk recommend holistic HIV prevention strategies tailored to consider the social and structural conditions of MSM in Indonesia are needed.

Poppers use and HIV infection-a literature review

INTRODUCTION

During the HIV surge in the 1980s, inhaled volatile nitrites (poppers) were hypothesized as a possible cause of the AIDS. Later it was found that poppers use was not the cause but rather a marker associated with HIV acquisition and sexual behaviors without the use of prevention tools.

OBJECTIVES

This article reviews the available literature regarding the association between poppers use and newly acquired HIV, aiming to support the hypothesis that there is no causal association between nitrites use and HIV transmission and to discuss other contributing factors.

METHODS

We searched all studies published until March 2022 that discussed poppers use and HIV. We extracted relevant information, such as authors and publication year, country where the study was conducted, study design, characteristics of the population, number of participants, objectives of the study, methods, results, and limitations.

RESULTS

The search identified 1956 abstracts, and 1915 were excluded after title review. Forty-one abstracts were assessed, and 17 studies met the inclusion criteria. The majority of the studies found an association between nitrites use and HIV transmission. Four studies associated HIV transmission with sexual behavior without the use of prevention tools, and 5 articles associated nitrites use with this kind of sexual behavior.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings show a complex association among nitrites use, sexual behaviors without the use of prevention tools, and sexually transmitted infections; furthermore, it is impossible to make causal inferences between poppers use and HIV disease. The data suggest that it is vital to consider this substance use when planning health policies for specific populations, such as men who have sex with men, focusing on harm reduction strategies, psychoeducation, and orientations on sex with the use of prevention tools.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

PROSPERO CRD42020181437. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=181437.

Understanding the dynamics of chemsex among men who have sex with men, male sex workers and transgender women in Dhaka, Bangladesh: a multiphase sequential mixed-method research protocol

INTRODUCTION

Chemsex is defined as drug use to enhance sexual pleasure. Global literature illustrated the pervasiveness of chemsex among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (hijra) for prolonging anal intercourse, reducing pain and intensifying pleasure, oftentimes without condoms. Global literature highlighted the association between chemsex and unsafe sexual behaviours. These circumstances warrant targeted chemsex research to explore the chemsex situation. The study aims to explore the overall dynamics of chemsex among MSM, male sex workers (MSW) and hijra in Dhaka, Bangladesh and formulate culturally relevant, context-specific, gender-sensitive and evidence-based recommendations for chemsex interventions.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

This will be a sequential, exploratory, mixed-methods study. Data will be collected at four drop-in centres in Dhaka in three phases. To explore issues related to chemsex, the formative phase (phase 1) will generate evidence on the overall dynamics of chemsex through a literature review and qualitative interviews. Qualitative data will be manually analysed using thematic analysis. In phase 2, a cross-sectional survey will be conducted among 458 MSM, male sex workers and hijra to measure the prevalence, reasons and sexual risk behaviour associated with chemsex. In phase 3, qualitative interviews will be conducted with the participants involved in chemsex, service providers and relevant stakeholders to add qualitative depth to survey responses. In this phase, service provision will also be investigated for people engaging in chemsex. Moreover, based on the findings of phases 1 and 2, and qualitative interviews of phase 3, a preliminary chemsex intervention model will be developed through a series of intervention design workshops.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Ethical approval has been attained from the Ethical Review Committee of icddr,b. Informed consent will be obtained from the participants, and confidentiality will be maintained during data collection and storage. Findings will be disseminated via several platforms including dissemination seminars, scientific articles and study report.

Substance abuse and male sexual dysfunction: what lies beneath?

INTRODUCTION

Substance abuse has become a worldwide health problem, leading to numerous consequences such as social problems among family members, abnormal behavior, adverse health effects, and psychological problems as well as economic consequences.

OBJECTIVES

We sought to assess the relationship between substance abuse and male sexual health.

METHODS

A search was carried out in the following databases: PubMed, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), Science Direct, Scopus, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINAHL, Academic Search Complete, and the Egyptian Knowledge Bank. The following keywords were used to assess the outcomes for relevant associations: illicit drugs, addiction, substance abuse, sexual health, erectile dysfunction, ejaculatory disorders, impotence, orgasm disorders, and sexual performance.

RESULTS

The initial literature search identified a total of 148 articles in all searched databases. After removal of duplicate studies and application of inclusion/exclusion criteria, 75 reported studies were retained for review, including 38 case-control studies and 37 cross-sectional studies. These articles were classified into the following categories according to the type of abused substance addressed: cannabis/marihuana, 16 articles; opioids, 13 articles; heroin, 11 articles; cocaine, 5 articles; tramadol, 6 articles; ketamine, 2 articles; ecstasy, 4 articles; amphetamine, 2 articles; khat, 7 articles; androgen anabolic steroids, 2 articles; and polydrugs, 7 articles. Most of these recruited articles demonstrated a negative impact of the addressed substance on male sexual health, with variable levels.

CONCLUSION

Substance abuse has negative impacts on male sexual health that should be addressed. More studies conducted with proper methodological and statistical approaches, including logistic regression analysis, are needed to predict the effects of specific substances, considering the rapidly growing effects of non-substance-use disorders on male sexual health.

Temporal Changes in Sexually Transmitted Infections in a Cohort of Men Who Have Sex with Men Living with HIV: Sex Partner Seeking and Behavioral Correlates

With "undetectable equals untransmittable," continued engagement in condomless sex has prolonged STI risk in people living with HIV. This study examined the pattern and relationship between STI diagnosis and sex partner-seeking practice over time in a cohort of men who have sex with men (MSM) attending the HIV specialist clinic in Hong Kong. Participants' STI diagnosis record since HIV diagnosis was retrieved and their frequency of seeking sex partners (A) before, (B) after HIV diagnosis, and (C) following extended period (5-10 years), through eight different settings, was assessed in two rounds of survey, along with their risk behavioral profile. Multivariable regression models were employed to study the factors associated with STI diagnosis and partner-seeking frequency, while their temporal relationships over the three time points (A-C) were examined using cross-lagged panel model. Of 345 subjects recruited, STI incidence dropped from 252 to 187 cases/1000 person-years during 2015-2019. Totally 139/212 MSM (66%) had ≥ 1 episode of STI within the 10-year period after HIV diagnosis, giving an 11-20% annual prevalence. The reduced frequency of seeking sex partner was well preserved following diagnosis with a rebound specifically noted in the use of mobile application, the patrons of which were more likely to be co-infected with STI in 2019. Chemsex, concurrent partnership, and casual sex were risk factors shared between frequent partner-seeking practice and STI diagnosis. A robust autoregressive effect for partner-seeking frequency was also identified, and which significantly predicted STI risk in the long term. To enhance HIV care, the co-administration of STI/behavioral surveillance should be emphasized.

Utilization of mental health services in relation to the intention to reduce chemsex behavior among clients from an integrated sexual health services center in Taiwan

INTRODUCTION

The intention of chemsex-practicing gay and bisexual men and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) to reduce their drug use is an important factor for the utilization of harm reduction services. This study aimed to examine data from an integrated sexual health services center to understand the relationship between the intention to reduce chemsex behavior and chemsex-related utilization of mental health services among GBMSM who engage in chemsex.

METHOD

We used data collected from Healing, Empowerment, Recovery of Chemsex (HERO), an integrated health center in Taiwan, between November 2017 and December 2021. As the baseline, clients were asked to rate the current and ideal proportions of their sexual activities that involved the use of MDMA, ketamine, methamphetamine, GHB/GBL, or mephedrone. Having the intention to reduce chemsex was defined as having a lower proportion of ideal engagement compared to actual engagement. The data on the use of the services provided at HERO were linked to the survey responses and compared to information gathered during regular follow-up visits. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses and a Poisson regression analysis were performed on the data.

RESULTS

A total of 152 GBMSM reported engaging in chemsex, of whom 105 (69.1%) expressed the intention to reduce their chemsex behavior. Service utilization ranged from 23.0% for participating in meetings of a chemsex recovery group, 17.1% for visiting a mental health clinic, and 10.5% for using both of these services. The intention to reduce chemsex behavior significantly associated with visiting a mental health clinic (aOR = 4.68, p < 0.05), but its association with attending meetings of a chemsex recovery group was only marginally significant (aOR = 2.96, p < 0.1). Other factors that remained significantly associated with service use were a high frequency of substance use and living with HIV.

CONCLUSION

Comprehensive harm reduction strategies, which touch on mental health, drug use management and recovery, are needed for those who want to reduce their chemsex behavior. Public health practitioners should endeavor to raise awareness of resources that are available for people who engage in chemsex and to minimize the barriers blocking their access to the appropriate services.

Men who have sex with men: An approach to social network analysis

BACKGROUND

Dating apps for men who have sex with men (MSM) have favored unprotected sexual encounters; other unsafe practices, including drug use, are widespread. No evidence is available from the perspective of the structure of their relationships, a personal aspect included in all nursing meta-paradigms.

AIM

To study the structure of MSM networks through dating and contact applications and this relationship to risky sexual activities such as condom use, chemsex (sex while using drug), and group sex.

DESIGN

Descriptive cross-sectional study.

SAMPLE

A total of 32 MSM participants from Madrid (Spain).

MEASUREMENTS

Socio-demographic and structural variables with Social Network Analysis (SNA) metrics. Data on condom use, drug use during encounters, and group sex were included.

RESULTS

Twenty-five percent of respondents practiced chemsex, and 75% of these used poppers. MSM with higher socioeconomic status participated in group sex sessions more frequently than those with lower socioeconomics. Within the network analysis, the relationships strong showed greater ease in having unprotected anal intercourse.

CONCLUSION

SNA can be effective in the study of MSM sexual networks and their risk behaviors for community nurses to improve their interventions in sexual health promotion.

Intention to use PrEP among men who have sex with men and engage in chemsex: an international descriptive study

Background

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a valuable tool in the response to the HIV epidemic, recommended for groups with a higher risk of HIV infection, such as men who have sex with men (MSM), particularly in the context of high-risk sexual behavior such as chemsex.

Purpose

This study aimed to analyze the prevalence and factors associated with the intention to use PrEP among MSM who engage in chemsex in Brazil and Portugal.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional study of a secondary dataset from a larger study conducted between January 2020 and May 2021 throughout Brazil and Portugal involving 1852 MSM who engage in chemsex. An initial descriptive analysis was performed to calculate the absolute and relative frequencies of independent variables related to the intention to use PrEP among MSM. A multivariate regression model was developed to identify factors independently associated with the intention to use PrEP.

Results

Although a high level of PrEP knowledge (85.75%) was observed among MSM who engage in chemsex, the prevalence of intention to use PrEP was only 59.07%. Five variables were associated with a higher prevalence of intention to use PrEP [engaging in double penetration - adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR): 1.56, 95% CI: 1.44-1.69; being assigned female sex at birth - aPR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.12-1.61; cruising - aPR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.06-1.38; not using condoms - aPR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.05-1.36; and being an immigrant - aPR: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.07-1.25], while having knowledge of postexposure prophylaxis (aPR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.84-0.98), having a casual sexual partner (aPR: 0.86 and 0.85; 95% CI: 0.74-0.99 and 0.74-0.98), and engaging in group sex (aPR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.73-0.90) were associated with a lower intention to use PrEP.

Conclusion

The intention to use PrEP among MSM who engage in chemsex was high, and several factors were associated with this intention. Understanding the factors associated with the intention to use PrEP among MSM practicing chemsex is crucial for developing targeted interventions to increase PrEP uptake in this population. The results of this study suggest that tailored approaches are necessary to promote PrEP use in this population.

Prevalence of sexualized drug use and risk of HIV among sexually active MSM in East and South Asian countries: systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Sexualized drug use (SDU), the use of psychoactive drugs in the context of sexual intercourse, has been identified as a risk factor for HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Asia. Given the distinct social and cultural context of same-sex relationships and drug-using practice in Asia, we aimed to describe the prevalence of SDU in East and South Asian countries and its associations with condomless anal sex (CAI) and HIV status. Synthesizing SDU research in this region, including SDU definitions, prevalence and outcomes, provides insights to inform future research and improved programme planning, resourcing and advocacy.

METHODS

We systematically searched OVID Medline, OVID EMBASE, OVID Global Health, CINAHL, PsycINFO and SCOPUS publication databases for scientific articles published from 1990 to 2022 measuring SDU among MSM in East and South Asian countries. A narrative synthesis was utilized to describe key study attributes and findings, and meta-analyses using random pooled effect models were used to estimate SDU prevalence and its associations with CAI and HIV status. Subgroup meta-analyses, sensitivity analysis and assessment of publication bias examined potential sources of heterogeneity for the pooled SDU prevalence estimates.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Of the 1788 publications screened, 49 publications met the selection criteria and 18 were suitable for meta-analyses. Findings highlight SDU definitions distinct from other regions but inconsistencies in the definition of SDU between studies that have been highlighted in research elsewhere. The pooled prevalence of recent SDU (past 12 months) was 13% (95% CI = 10-16%; I2 = 97.6) but higher when studies utilized self-administered surveys (15%; 95% CI = 12-19%; p<0.05). SDU was associated with greater odds of CAI (pooled odds ratio [OR] = 3.21; 95% CI = 1.82-5.66) and living with diagnosed HIV (OR = 4.73; 95% CI = 2.27-8.21).

CONCLUSIONS

SDU is common among MSM in East and South Asian countries, but varying SDU definitions limit between-study comparisons. Responses to SDU-related harms should consider local contexts, including specific drug types used and their relative risks.

Sexual uses of drug and alcohol among men who have sex with men in China: implications for HIV prevention

BACKGROUND

Sexual uses of alcohol and drugs are pervasive among men who have sex with men (MSM) and associated with increased risk of HIV infection. However, there are limited studies related to sexual uses of alcohol and drugs among MSM in China. This study aims to describe the pattern of alcohol use, drug use, and multi-drug use during sex among Chinese MSM and to examine the association between condomless anal intercourse, group sex, commercial sex and HIV infection.

METHODS

We conducted an online cross-sectional survey in China. Characteristics on social-demographic, sexual behaviors, and sexual uses of alcohol and drugs were collected. The associations with high-risk sexual behaviors and HIV infection were analyzed with multivariable logistic regression.

RESULTS

A total of 699 MSM were included in this study. About 39.5% (230/582) of men reported sexual alcohol use in the past three months and 50.8% (355/699) reported sexual drug use. Of those reporting sexual drug use, around 10.7% (38/355) reported having multi-drug use. Factors associated with both sexual uses of alcohol and drugs included: reporting more male sexual partners (alcohol: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.77; drug: aOR = 2.12), reporting condomless anal intercourse in the past three months (alcohol: aOR = 2.08; drug: aOR = 2.08), having ever engaged in group sex (alcohol: aOR = 2.04; drug: aOR = 5.22; multi-drug: aOR = 3.52) and commercial sex (alcohol: aOR = 4.43; drug: aOR = 4.22 multi-drug: aOR = 5.07). Sexual drug use was also correlated with reported HIV-positive status (drug: aOR = 2.53, 95% CI:1.31-4.90).

CONCLUSION

Sexual uses of alcohol and drugs are prevalent among Chinese MSM. Interventions to reduce the sexual use of alcohol and other drugs may be warranted among MSM in China.

Factors Associated with First-Time HIV Testing Among MSM via Secondary Distribution of HIV Self-test Kits in Zhuhai, China

HIV self-testing (HIVST) is an effective method to expand HIV testing coverage worldwide. We analyze the results of HIVST and sexual behaviors of first-time testers among Men who have sex with men (MSM) who participated in a secondary distribution of HIVST kits. A total of 589 participants were recruited, including 173 first-time testers and 416 non-first-time testers. The first-time testers were mainly of Han ethnicity (aOR 1.88, 95% CI 1.10, 3.24), more likely to be HIV positive (aOR 7.18, 95% CI 2.37, 21.72), and had higher income (aOR 2.01, 95% CI 1.10, 3.69). Both groups were less likely to have anal sex with male partners (χ²: 146.24, P < 0.01), (χ²: 582.72, P < 0.01) or have sex with female partners (χ²: 19.01, P < 0.01), (χ²: 35.74, P < 0.01) after HIVST. We should expand HIVST among MSM and other key populations to identify first-time testers.

HIV, chemsex, and the need for harm-reduction interventions to support gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men

Numerous studies have identified an association between the use of drugs in sexual contexts (chemsex) and HIV among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM), although whether a causal relationship exists is contentious. An intricate relationship exists between chemsex, HIV treatment and prevention, harm reduction, and the provision of community-grounded health services. Furthermore, potential harms exist beyond HIV, such as intoxication and overdose. Community-engaged responses to chemsex involve social and cultural strategies of harm reduction and sexual health promotion before, during, and after a chemsex session. Ultimately, this Review calls for actions and collaborations aimed at developing a greater understanding of chemsex as a practice within different GBMSM subpopulations and to develop tailored harm-reduction models that can accommodate GBMSM who engage in chemsex in various ways and with varied effects.

Running with Scissors: a Systematic Review of Substance Use and the Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Care Continuum Among Sexual Minority Men

Purpose of Review

Patterns of sexualized drug use, including stimulants (e.g., methamphetamine) and chemsex drugs, are key drivers of HIV incidence among sexual minority men (SMM). Although pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) mitigates HIV risk, there is no consensus regarding the associations of substance use with the PrEP care continuum.

Recent Findings

SMM who use substances are as likely or more likely to use PrEP. Although SMM who use stimulants experience greater difficulties with daily oral PrEP adherence, some evidence shows that SMM who use stimulants or chemsex drugs may achieve better adherence in the context of recent condomless anal sex. Finally, SMM who use substances may experience greater difficulties with PrEP persistence (including retention in PrEP care).

Summary

SMM who use stimulants and other substances would benefit from more comprehensive efforts to support PrEP re-uptake, adherence, and persistence, including delivering behavioral interventions, considering event-based dosing, and providing injectable PrEP.

Trajectory patterns of SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibody response in convalescent COVID-19 patients

Background

The adaptive immune responses of COVID-19 patients contributes to virus clearance, restoration of health and protection from re-infection. The patterns of and the associated characteristics with longitudinal neutralising antibody (NAb) response following SARS-CoV-2 infection are important in their potential association with the population risks of re-infection.

Methods

This is a longitudinal study with blood samples and clinical data collected in adults aged 18 or above following diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. NAb levels were measured by the SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus neutralisation test (sVNT). Anonymous clinical and laboratory data were matched with surveillance data for each subject for enabling analyses and applying latent class mixed models for trajectory delineation. Logistic regression models were performed to compare the characteristics between the identified classes.

Results

In 2020–2021, 368 convalescent patients in Hong Kong are tested for NAb. Their seroconversion occur within 3 months in 97% symptomatic patients, the level of which are maintained at 97% after 9 months. The NAb trajectories of 200 symptomatic patients are classified by the initial response and subsequent trend into high-persistent and waning classes in latent class mixed models. High-persistent (15.5%) class patients are older and most have chronic illnesses. Waning class patients (84.5%) are largely young adults who are mildly symptomatic including 2 who serorevert after 10 months.

Conclusions

Characteristic sub-class variabilities in clinical pattern are noted especially among patients with waning NAb. The heterogeneity of the NAb trajectory patterns and their clinical association can be important for informing vaccination strategy to prevent re-infection.

Neutralising antibodies are produced by the immune system and help to defend against viruses like SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. Declining levels of these antibodies over time might be linked to risk of re-infection with the virus. Here, we look at changes in neutralising antibody levels over time in people who have had COVID-19. We define two classes of people: those with persistently high levels of antibodies over time, who are more likely to be older and have chronic illnesses, and those with declining antibody levels, who are younger and had mild COVID-19 symptoms. Understanding differences in how these antibodies are maintained over time in different groups of people might help to guide vaccination strategies to prevent re-infection.

Wong, Lee et al. analyse trajectory patterns in the neutralising antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent COVID-19 patients. The authors identify two major classes of patients—high-persistent and waning—reporting specific clinical characteristics of each class, which could help with targeted vaccination strategies.

Using social and sexual networking mobile applications to promote HIV testing, medical care and prevention services among Latino men who have sex with men in Los Angeles County, California, USA

HIV disproportionately affects Latinos versus Whites, with Latinos having higher rates of HIV. Additionally, many HIV-positive Latinos are unaware of their infection. Proyecto Protégete, an HIV prevention intervention developed for Latino men who have sex with men (MSM), used social and sexual networking mobile applications (apps) to recruit individuals for HIV testing and linkage to medical care and prevention services. This study occurred in Los Angeles County, California, USA from December 18, 2015 to April 22, 2017. The study’s primary aim was to assess Proyecto Protégete‘s ability to successfully recruit Latino MSM involved in high-risk sexual activities. A secondary aim was to evaluate its capacity to promote HIV testing and linkage to HIV medical care and prevention services among this population by comparing it to two programs with similar samples. Comparisons using Fisher’s Exact Test were conducted between Proyecto Protégete and the HIV testing program of the agency in which Proyecto Protégete was located and the County-funded HIV testing programs to compare the samples’ rates of HIV-positive Latino MSM identified through HIV testing and linked to HIV medical care and prevention services. Participants were recruited through seven apps. In Proyecto Protégete, 9,573 individuals completed the screener, 4,657 were eligible, and 359 (7.7% of those eligible) enrolled. Among those enrolled, 79% reported anal sex without a condom in the previous twelve months; 51% reported anal sex under the influence of alcohol. The HIV positivity rates were as follows: Proyecto Protégete, 1.71%; the agency, 1.25% (p = .293, compared to Proyecto Protégete); and the County, 1.09% (p = .172, compared to Proyecto Protégete). The rates of those confirmed as new HIV-positives and linked to medical care within 30 days were as follows: Proyecto Protégete, 71.4%; the agency, 81.5% (p = .450, compared to Proyecto Protégete); and the County, 77.3% (p = .503, compared to Proyecto Protégete). Proyecto Protégete had a higher rate of linked referrals to prevention services than the agency’s testing program (19.5% versus 8.3%, p < .001). Proyecto Protégete experienced successes in some areas but not in others. Future research should build on Proyecto Protégete’s experiences to promote HIV-related services among Latino MSM.

Global Burden and Changing Trend of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative MSM: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: The disease burden of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in HIV-positive and HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM) is changing. We aim to provide an updated comprehensive estimate of HCV prevalence and incidence among the HIV-positive and HIV-negative MSM population at the country, regional, and global levels and their changing trends over time. Methods: PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and conference databases were searched and eligible records on the prevalence and incidence of HCV antibodies were selected and pooled via a random-effects model. Meta-regression was performed to demonstrate the association between the pooled rates and study year. Results: A total of 230 articles reporting 245 records from 51 countries with 445,883 participants and 704,249 follow-up person-years were included. The pooled prevalence of HCV in MSM was 5.9% (95% CI: 5.1-6.8), with substantial differences between countries and regions. Low- and lower-middle-income countries (12.3 and 7.0%) manifested a larger disease burden than high- and upper-middle-income countries (5.8 and 3.8%). HCV prevalence in HIV-positive MSM was substantially higher than in HIV-negative MSM (8.1 vs. 2.8%, p < 0.001). The pooled incidence of HCV was 8.6 (95% CI: 7.2-10.0) per 1,000 person-years, with an increasing trend over time, according to meta-regression (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Global HCV prevalence in MSM varies by region and HIV status. Behavior counseling and regular HCV monitoring are needed in HIV-positive subgroups and high-risk regions. Given the upward trend of HCV incidence and sexual risk behaviors, there is also a continued need to reinforce risk-reduction intervention. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO, identifier CRD42020211028; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/.

Substance Use and Chemsex in MSM - A Latent Class Analysis

Engagement in “chemsex” among men who have sex with men is associated with higher rates of STIs and HIV seroconversion as well as an increased mental health burden. MSM were recruited for an anonymous online survey. The survey included questions of substance use, consumption motives, sexual risk behavior, HIV serostatus, and psychological characteristics. A latent class analysis was used to identify subgroups based on the consumed substances. 597 MSM answered the questionnaire. The latent class analysis revealed four different clusters. Most men described the use of amyl nitrite and cannabis ( n = 370). One cluster consumed mainly MDMA, cocaine, and amphetamine ( n = 106) and another cluster used mainly chemsex-related drugs ( n = 43). A fourth cluster reported a range of consumed substances ( n = 78). This cluster reported higher rates of suicide attempts, STIs, and risk behaviors. Substances typically related to chemsex were consumed in a sexualized context to a relevant extent.

Exploring the role of trauma in underpinning sexualised drug use ('chemsex') among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men in Singapore

BACKGROUND

Sexualised drug use (SDU) has been identified as a major risk factor for HIV, as well as other mental health comorbidities among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM). While multiple studies have been conducted on the topic, few have explored the role of trauma in underpinning experiences of SDU among substance use treatment-experienced GBMSM. This qualitative study investigates life histories of trauma, and proposes a framework to better situate the factors driving SDU among treatment-experienced GBMSM.

METHODS

We conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with 33 purposively-sampled GBMSM with a history of SDU, and seeking treatment for it in Singapore. Interview topics included participants' experiences and life histories of SDU, substance use, incarceration, trauma, as well as stories of resilience and ongoing recovery from SDU. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, coded, and analysed using inductive thematic analysis, from which a trauma-informed framework was developed.

RESULTS

Participants firstly articulated the positive and desired aspects of SDU, such as its utility in allowing them to achieve positive emotional states, sexual enhancement, and feelings of connectedness and intimacy. Participants also described how SDU, in contrast, was used as a coping mechanism to deal with emotional and situational 'precipitants', including dealing with loneliness and a low self-esteem, sexual shame and social anxiety, as well as general stressful situations. Participants also articulated how such precipitants were underpinned by experiences of trauma, including those relating to HIV-related stigma, racism, sexual violence, death and loss, neglect, as well as internalised homophobia. Next, participants illustrated how such trauma were in turn reinforced by several 'preconditions', including the accessibility of substances, emphasis on sexual capital, and lack of access to mainstream support structures in the gay male community, alongside general sociolegal barriers to accessing care.

CONCLUSIONS

This study proposes the role of trauma and the preconditions underpinning them in motivating SDU among a sample of largely substance use treatment-experienced GBMSM in Singapore. Interventions that provide support for GBMSM seeking treatment for SDU should provide trauma-informed care to address the complex barriers to treatment effectiveness.

Developing and testing of an interactive internet-based intervention to reduce sexual harm of sexualised drug use ('chemsex') among men who have sex with men in Hong Kong: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Background

Sexualised drug use, known as ‘chemsex’ or ‘chemfun,’ is the practice of intentionally using illicit drugs before or during sexual activates to enhance sexual arousal and pleasure. International and local data have both suggested that chemsex is common among men who have sex with men (MSM). Chemsex is generally seen with the engagement of risky sexual activities and therefore poses a threat regarding the potentially increased spread of human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections. However, little work has been done on the primary prevention of chemsex among MSM. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop and evaluate an interactive internet-based intervention in reducing the sexual harms of chemsex among MSM in Hong Kong,

Methods

A two-armed, randomised, parallel-group trial with a three-month follow-up period will be conducted. 250 MSM aged 18 years or the above will be recruited through local non-governmental organisations, social media and by snowballing in Hong Kong. Participants will be randomly allocated into either the intervention (n = 125) or control group (n = 125). The interactive internet-based intervention will be developed based on the theory of planned behaviours. Participants in the control group will receive a web-based intervention without any sexual health information and without any interactive components. The primary outcomes will be self-efficacy in refusing risky sexual behaviours and chemsex, as measured by the Drug Avoidance Self-Efficacy Scale, the Self-Efficacy for Sexual Safety and the Condom Self-Efficacy Scale. Subjects in both groups will be evaluated at baseline and 3 months after baseline.

Discussion

To the best of our knowledge, this will be the first interactive internet-based intervention to specifically target chemsex among MSM. This project can help in the development and testing of culturally relevant health promotion programmes that reduce chemsex among MSM. Using an online delivery mode, the intervention is capable of reaching a large population of targets at a relatively low cost and thus has the potential to reduce the public health burden of chemsex and other risky sexual behaviours among MSM in a cost-effective manner.

Trial registration

International standard randomized controlled trial number (ISRCTN) registry: ISRCTN20134522 registered on 17 March 2021.

Chemsex Practices and Health-Related Quality of Life in Spanish Men with HIV Who Have Sex with Men

Chemsex, a new risky sexual behavior involving participation in sexual relations under the influence of drugs, has shown a significantly increased prevalence in recent years. This fact entails a serious public health issue, especially when Chemsex is practiced by individuals with an HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) diagnosis. Hence, analyzing the characteristics of Chemsex practices, associated sexual practices and the health outcomes of individuals who participate in Chemsex, is extremely important. The main aim of the present study is to analyze the prevalence and characteristics of the practice of Chemsex in a sample of 101 men with HIV who have sex with men who attended the Department of Infectious Diseases of the General University Hospital of Alicante (Spain). Furthermore, the association between Chemsex and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) was also assessed. Chemsex and sexual practices were evaluated by employing a questionnaire applied on an ad hoc basis. HRQoL was assessed by employing the Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey (MOS-HIV). In total, 40.6% of the participants had practiced Chemsex during the last year. When sexual practices were compared between those individuals who practiced Chemsex and those who did not, the former presented a higher level of risky sexual behaviors, especially with occasional and multiple sexual partners. Regarding HRQoL, those individuals who practiced Chemsex exhibited a poorer HRQoL in the majority of domains, especially those participants who practiced it with a higher intensity. The present study points out the high prevalence of Chemsex practice between men with HIV who have sex with men in Spain. Moreover, this study highlights the negative effects of Chemsex on HRQoL, probably due to the mixed effects of higher levels of risky sexual practices and the consequences of drug consumption.

Changing Pattern of Chemsex Drug Use Among Newly Diagnosed HIV-Positive Taiwanese from 2015 to 2020 in the Era of Treat-All Policy

Chemsex drug use (CDU) is a frequent, yet neglected issue in the era of treat-all policy. We evaluated the temporal pattern of CDU, factors associated with CDU, and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between chemsex drugs and initial antiretroviral therapy (ART) by surveying 621 Taiwanese individuals (mean age: 29.7 years; 99.2% men; 92.9% men who have sex with men) diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) from 2015 to 2020 [2015 to 2016 (period 1), 2017 to 2018 (period 2), and 2019 to 2020 (period 3)]. CDU was defined as chemsex in the past 1 year before HIV diagnosis. CDU remained prevalent across three periods (34.3-30.5%). Among CDU, methamphetamine (43.4%) was most frequently used, followed by amphetamine (40.0%) and poppers (various alkyl nitrites) (39.5%). We identified significantly increasing amphetamine use (37.0-61.5%) and decreasing ecstasy (methylenedioxy-methamphetamine) use (32.1-17.9%) in CDU across three periods. Besides, polydrug chemsex also significantly increased in CDU across three periods (23.5-43.6%), with amphetamine plus gamma-hydroxybutyrate being the most commonly used combination. CDU was associated with multiple sexual partners and a history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). DDIs between chemsex drugs and initial ART remained stable across three periods (10.6-7.8%), with cobicistat/elvitegravir and methamphetamine most common combination. In summary, the magnitude of CDU remained high across 2015-2020 in Taiwan, causing DDIs with initial ART agents. Strategies to reduce the frequency of high-risk sexual practices, STD transmission, and DDIs for newly diagnosed HIV-positive patients engaging in chemsex should be implemented.

Casual Sex among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) during the Period of Sheltering in Place to Prevent the Spread of COVID-19

OBJECTIVES

We investigated the extent to which Brazilian and Portuguese Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) had casual sex partners outside their homes during the period of sheltering in place for the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS

An online survey was conducted in Brazil and Portugal in April, during the period of social isolation for COVID-19, with a sample of 2361 MSMs. Recruitment was done through meeting apps and Facebook.

RESULTS

Most of the sample (53.0%) had casual sex partners during sheltering. Factors that increased the odds of engaging in casual sex in Brazil were having group sex (aOR 2.1, 95% CI 1.3-3.4), living in an urban area (aOR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.2), feeling that sheltering had a high impact on daily life (aOR 3.0, 95% CI 1.1-8.3), having casual instead of steady partners (aOR 2.5, 95% CI 1.8-3.5), and not decreasing the number of partners (aOR 6.5, 95% CI 4.2-10.0). In Portugal, the odds of engaging in casual sex increased with using Facebook to find partners (aOR 4.6, 95% CI 3.0-7.2), not decreasing the number of partners (aOR 3.8, 95% CI 2.9-5.9), usually finding partners in physical venues (pre-COVID-19) (aOR 5.4, 95% CI 3.2-8.9), feeling that the isolation had a high impact on daily life (aOR 3.0, 95% CI 1.3-6.7), and HIV-positive serostatus (aOR 11.7, 95% CI 4.7-29.2). Taking PrEP/Truvada to prevent COVID-19 was reported by 12.7% of MSM.

CONCLUSIONS

The pandemic has not stopped most of our MSM sample from finding sexual partners, with high-risk sexual behaviors continuing.

Casual Sex among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) during the Period of Sheltering in Place to Prevent the Spread of COVID-19

OBJECTIVES

We investigated the extent to which Brazilian and Portuguese Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) had casual sex partners outside their homes during the period of sheltering in place for the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS

An online survey was conducted in Brazil and Portugal in April, during the period of social isolation for COVID-19, with a sample of 2361 MSMs. Recruitment was done through meeting apps and Facebook.

RESULTS

Most of the sample (53.0%) had casual sex partners during sheltering. Factors that increased the odds of engaging in casual sex in Brazil were having group sex (aOR 2.1, 95% CI 1.3-3.4), living in an urban area (aOR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.2), feeling that sheltering had a high impact on daily life (aOR 3.0, 95% CI 1.1-8.3), having casual instead of steady partners (aOR 2.5, 95% CI 1.8-3.5), and not decreasing the number of partners (aOR 6.5, 95% CI 4.2-10.0). In Portugal, the odds of engaging in casual sex increased with using Facebook to find partners (aOR 4.6, 95% CI 3.0-7.2), not decreasing the number of partners (aOR 3.8, 95% CI 2.9-5.9), usually finding partners in physical venues (pre-COVID-19) (aOR 5.4, 95% CI 3.2-8.9), feeling that the isolation had a high impact on daily life (aOR 3.0, 95% CI 1.3-6.7), and HIV-positive serostatus (aOR 11.7, 95% CI 4.7-29.2). Taking PrEP/Truvada to prevent COVID-19 was reported by 12.7% of MSM.

CONCLUSIONS

The pandemic has not stopped most of our MSM sample from finding sexual partners, with high-risk sexual behaviors continuing.

The Effects of Methamphetamine Use on the Sexual Lives of Gender and Sexually Diverse People in Dhaka, Bangladesh: A Qualitative Study

Methamphetamine use has increased among gender and sexually diverse people in several countries, including Bangladesh. This study aimed to explore the effects of methamphetamine on the sexual lives of these people in Dhaka, Bangladesh. An exploratory qualitative study was conducted, comprising 30 in-depth interviews with gender and sexually diverse people including males having sex with males, male sex workers, and transgender women (hijra) under HIV intervention coverage. Ten key informant interviews were also conducted with individuals who have expertise in relevant disciplines such as drug use, harm reduction, and HIV and AIDS. Digitally recorded data were manually analyzed under the thematic analysis framework. Findings indicated that many participants reported that methamphetamine brought changes in their sexual lives such as increased sexual drive, engagement in group sex, the increased ability to perform serial sex, transactional sex, impulsive and coercive sex, initiation and switching of male-to-male sexual practices, and limited condom use. Key informants noted that there is a dearth of methamphetamine-related services in Bangladesh. Methamphetamine use was found to lead to diverse effects on the sexual lives of gender and sexually diverse people, thus making it a driving force for shaping sexual practices and, hence, sexual risks. Therefore, it is essential for policy-level stakeholders and program managers to consider the risks of methamphetamine use due to their negative ramifications on sexual health, including HIV risks.

Factors associated with methamphetamine dependency among men who have sex with men engaging in chemsex: Findings from the COMeT study in Taiwan

BACKGROUND

Sexualized drug use or "chemsex" in Taiwan commonly incorporates the use of methamphetamine. Our study aimed to assess the extent of severity of dependence of methamphetamine among MSM in Taiwan as well as motivations for engagement in chemsex.

METHODS

Direct messages were sent to users of a large MSM social networking application in Taiwan between November 2018 and January 2019. MSM who had at least one experience of using drugs during sex in the preceding 12 months were invited to complete an online survey that assessed their sexual behavior, substance use and motivations for engaging in chemsex. The Severity of Dependence Scale was used to assess methamphetamine dependency. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with methamphetamine dependency.

RESULTS

From a total of 1906 responses, 517 had used methamphetamine in their lifetime and were included in the analysis. The majority (87.2%) used more than one substance when engaging in chemsex in the past six months, while a quarter reported injection of methamphetamine within the last six months. The most commonly reported motivations for participants to engage in chemsex were to have fun, for relaxation, and to increase the intensity of the sexual experience. Nearly half (46.0%) exhibited signs of methamphetamine dependency. Lower monthly income, injection of methamphetamine, ever feeling lonely in the past 3 months and concerns about their substance use expressed by others were significantly associated with methamphetamine dependency.

CONCLUSION

A high proportion of MSM population who engaged in chemsex were at risk of developing methamphetamine dependency. While motivations for engaging in chemsex were diverse and suggest potential for enhanced sexual experience for some, community health organization for gay men's health and healthcare providers should be vigilant at identifying the risk of methamphetamine dependency and provide in-time, brief intervention or referrals when needed.

Advances in research of HIV transmission networks

Transmission network analysis is a crucial evaluation tool aiming to explore the characteristics of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic, develop evidence-based prevention strategies, and contribute to various areas of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome prevention and control. Over recent decades, transmission networks have made tremendous strides in terms of modes, methods, applications, and various other aspects. Transmission network methods, including social, sexual, and molecular transmission networks, have played a pivotal role. Each transmission network research method has its advantages, as well as its limitations. In this study, we established a systematic review of these aforementioned transmission networks with respect to their definitions, applications, limitations, recent progress, and synthetic applications.

Influence of Social Media on Sexualized Drug Use and Chemsex Among Chinese Men Who Have Sex With Men: Observational Prospective Cohort Study

Background

Sexualized drug use (SDU; the use of any psychoactive substance before or during sexual intercourse) is prevalent among men who have sex with men (MSM) and may aggravate the worsening HIV epidemic in this key population.

Objective

This observational prospective cohort study investigated factors predicting the occurrence of SDU within a 6-month follow-up period among a sample of MSM in Hong Kong. We hypothesized that perceptions related to SDU would mediate the association between the influence of social media/gay social networking apps and SDU during the follow-up period.

Methods

Participants were Chinese-speaking men in Hong Kong, China who had anal intercourse with at least one man in the past year. Among 600 participants who completed the baseline telephone survey, 407 (67.8%) completed another telephone survey 6 months later. Logistic regression models and path analysis were fitted.

Results

At Month 6, 6.9% (28/407) and 4.4% (18/407) of participants reported SDU and chemsex during the follow-up period. After adjustment for significant baseline background variables (use of pre-exposure prophylaxis; history of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections; anal intercourse with nonregular male sex partners, condomless anal intercourse with men, multiple male sex partnerships, and SDU at baseline), three constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) were significantly associated with SDU during the follow-up period: (1) positive attitudes toward SDU (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.19, 95% CI 1.05-1.36), (2) perceived support for SDU from significant others (AOR 1.15, 95% CI 1.01-1.30), and (3) perceived behavioral control of refraining from SDU (AOR 0.76, 95% CI 0.59-0.98). Exposure to information supporting SDU on social media and gay social networking apps was also significantly associated with SDU (AOR 1.11, 95% CI 1.01-1.22). Bootstrapping analyses indicated that social media influence was indirectly associated with SDU through TPB-related perceptions of SDU (β=.04; B=.002, 95% CI 0.001-0.01).

Conclusions

Social media and gay social networking apps may be a major source of influence on MSM’s perceptions and actual behaviors related to SDU.

Uptake and willingness to use PrEP among Chinese gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men with experience of sexualized drug use in the past year

Background

Sexualized drug use (SDU) refers to use of any psychoactive substance before/during sexual intercourse. Chemsex is a subset of SDU, which is defined as the use of some specific psychoactive substances (methamphetamine, mephedrone, γ-hydroxybutyrate, ketamine and cocaine) before/during sexual intercourse. SDU and chemsex are prevalent among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM). This study investigated uptake and willingness to use pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among a sample of GBMSM in Hong Kong with experience of SDU in the past year.

Methods

A total of 600 GBMSM were recruited by convenient sampling through outreaching in gay venues, online recruitment and peer referral. Participants completed a cross-sectional anonymous telephone interview. This study was based on a subsample of 580 GBMSM self-reported as HIV negative/unknown sero-status.

Results

Of the participants, 82 (14.1%) and 37 (6.4%) had experience of SDU and chemsex in the past year. The prevalence of PrEP uptake was 4.0% among all participants and 14.6% among those with experience of SDU in the past year. Among GBMSM with experience of SDU in the past year who were not on PrEP (n = 70), 67.1% were willing to use daily oral PrEP in the next 6 months. Multivariate logistic regression models showed that positive attitudes toward PrEP (AOR: 2.37, 95%CI: 1.47, 3.82), perceived support from significant others to use PrEP (AOR: 9.67, 95%CI: 2.95, 31.71), and perceived behavioral control of using PrEP (AOR: 19.68, 95%CI: 5.44, 71.26) were significantly associated with higher willingness to use PrEP.

Conclusion

GBMSM with experience of recent SDU are potentially good candidates of PrEP implementation. This group of GBMSM reported high prevalence of uptake and willingness to use PrEP. Perceptions related to PrEP based on the Theory of Planned Behavior were significantly associated with willingness to use PrEP.