1
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Cheng Q, Yang X, Zou T, Sun L, Zhang X, Deng L, Wu M, Gai W, Jiang H, Guo T, Lu Y, Dong J, Niu C, Pan W, Zhang J. RACK1 enhances STAT3 stability and promotes T follicular helper cell development and function during blood-stage Plasmodium infection in mice. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012352. [PMID: 39024388 PMCID: PMC11288429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are central mediators of protective immunity to blood-stage malaria, particularly for their capacity in orchestrating germinal center reaction and generating parasite-specific high-affinity antibodies. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are predominant CD4+ effector T cell subset implicated in these processes, yet the factors and detailed mechanisms that assist Tfh cell development and function during Plasmodium infection are largely undefined. Here we provide evidence that receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1), an adaptor protein of various intracellular signals, is not only important for CD4+ T cell expansion as previously implied but also plays a prominent role in Tfh cell differentiation and function during blood-stage Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL infection. Consequently, RACK1 in CD4+ T cells contributes significantly to germinal center formation, parasite-specific IgG production, and host resistance to the infection. Mechanistic exploration detects specific interaction of RACK1 with STAT3 in P. yoelii 17XNL-responsive CD4+ T cells, ablation of RACK1 leads to defective STAT3 phosphorylation, accompanied by substantially lower amount of STAT3 protein in CD4+ T cells, whereas retroviral overexpression of RACK1 or STAT3 in RACK1-deficient CD4+ T cells greatly restores STAT3 activity and Bcl-6 expression under the Tfh polarization condition. Further analyses suggest RACK1 positively regulates STAT3 stability by inhibiting the ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation process, thus promoting optimal STAT3 activity and Bcl-6 induction during Tfh cell differentiation. These findings uncover a novel mechanism by which RACK1 participates in posttranslational regulation of STAT3, Tfh cell differentiation, and subsequent development of anti-Plasmodium humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Cheng
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiqin Yang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zou
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueting Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijiao Deng
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyao Wu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbin Gai
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Lu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiao Niu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqing Pan
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiyan Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
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2
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Williams CG, Moreira ML, Asatsuma T, Lee HJ, Li S, Barrera I, Murray E, Soon MSF, Engel JA, Khoury DS, Le S, Wanrooy BJ, Schienstock D, Alexandre YO, Skinner OP, Joseph R, Beattie L, Mueller SN, Chen F, Haque A. Plasmodium infection induces phenotypic, clonal, and spatial diversity among differentiating CD4 + T cells. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114317. [PMID: 38848213 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Naive CD4+ T cells must differentiate in order to orchestrate immunity to Plasmodium, yet understanding of their emerging phenotypes, clonality, spatial distributions, and cellular interactions remains incomplete. Here, we observe that splenic polyclonal CD4+ T cells differentiate toward T helper 1 (Th1) and T follicular helper (Tfh)-like states and exhibit rarer phenotypes not elicited among T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic counterparts. TCR clones present at higher frequencies exhibit Th1 skewing, suggesting that variation in major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) interaction influences proliferation and Th1 differentiation. To characterize CD4+ T cell interactions, we map splenic microarchitecture, cellular locations, and molecular interactions using spatial transcriptomics at near single-cell resolution. Tfh-like cells co-locate with stromal cells in B cell follicles, while Th1 cells in red pulp co-locate with activated monocytes expressing multiple chemokines and MHC-II. Spatial mapping of individual transcriptomes suggests that proximity to chemokine-expressing monocytes correlates with stronger effector phenotypes in Th1 cells. Finally, CRISPR-Cas9 gene disruption reveals a role for CCR5 in promoting clonal expansion and Th1 differentiation. A database of cellular locations and interactions is presented: https://haquelab.mdhs.unimelb.edu.au/spatial_gui/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron G Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, located at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Marcela L Moreira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, located at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Takahiro Asatsuma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, located at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Hyun Jae Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, located at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Shihan Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, located at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Irving Barrera
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Evan Murray
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Megan S F Soon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Jessica A Engel
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - David S Khoury
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Shirley Le
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, located at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Brooke J Wanrooy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, located at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Dominick Schienstock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, located at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Yannick O Alexandre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, located at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Oliver P Skinner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, located at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Rainon Joseph
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, located at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Lynette Beattie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, located at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, located at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Fei Chen
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ashraful Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, located at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
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3
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Gao Y, Chen S, Jiao S, Fan Y, Li X, Tan N, Fang J, Xu L, Huang Y, Zhao J, Guo S, Liu T, Xu W. ATG5-regulated CCL2/MCP-1 production in myeloid cells selectively modulates anti-malarial CD4 + Th1 responses. Autophagy 2024; 20:1398-1417. [PMID: 38368631 PMCID: PMC11210915 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2319512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Parasite-specific CD4+ Th1 cell responses are the predominant immune effector for controlling malaria infection; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study demonstrated that ATG5 deficiency in myeloid cells can significantly inhibit the growth of rodent blood-stage malarial parasites by selectively enhancing parasite-specific CD4+ Th1 cell responses. This effect was independent of ATG5-mediated canonical and non-canonical autophagy. Mechanistically, ATG5 deficiency suppressed FAS-mediated apoptosis of LY6G- ITGAM/CD11b+ ADGRE1/F4/80- cells and subsequently increased CCL2/MCP-1 production in parasite-infected mice. LY6G- ITGAM+ ADGRE1- cell-derived CCL2 selectively interacted with CCR2 on CD4+ Th1 cells for their optimized responses through the JAK2-STAT4 pathway. The administration of recombinant CCL2 significantly promoted parasite-specific CD4+ Th1 responses and suppressed malaria infection. Conclusively, our study highlights the previously unrecognized role of ATG5 in modulating myeloid cells apoptosis and sequentially affecting CCL2 production, which selectively promotes CD4+ Th1 cell responses. Our findings provide new insights into the development of immune interventions and effective anti-malarial vaccines.Abbreviations: ATG5: autophagy related 5; CBA: cytometric bead array; CCL2/MCP-1: C-C motif chemokine ligand 2; IgG: immunoglobulin G; IL6: interleukin 6; IL10: interleukin 10; IL12: interleukin 12; MFI: mean fluorescence intensity; JAK2: Janus kinase 2; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; pRBCs: parasitized red blood cells; RUBCN: RUN domain and cysteine-rich domain containing, Beclin 1-interacting protein; STAT4: signal transducer and activator of transcription 4; Th1: T helper 1 cell; Tfh: follicular helper cell; ULK1: unc-51 like kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanli Gao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Suilin Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Center, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Shiming Jiao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yongling Fan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiuxiu Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- The School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nie Tan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaqin Fang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Luming Xu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shuai Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Taiping Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenyue Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- The School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
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4
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Gao X, Shen Q, Roco JA, Dalton B, Frith K, Munier CML, Ballard FD, Wang K, Kelly HG, Nekrasov M, He JS, Jaeger R, Carreira P, Ellyard JI, Beattie L, Enders A, Cook MC, Zaunders JJ, Cockburn IA. Zeb2 drives the formation of CD11c + atypical B cells to sustain germinal centers that control persistent infection. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadj4748. [PMID: 38330097 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adj4748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
CD11c+ atypical B cells (ABCs) are an alternative memory B cell lineage associated with immunization, infection, and autoimmunity. However, the factors that drive the transcriptional program of ABCs have not been identified, and the function of this population remains incompletely understood. Here, we identified candidate transcription factors associated with the ABC population based on a human tonsillar B cell single-cell dataset. We identified CD11c+ B cells in mice with a similar transcriptomic signature to human ABCs, and using an optimized CRISPR-Cas9 knockdown screen, we observed that loss of zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2 (Zeb2) impaired ABC formation. Furthermore, ZEB2 haplo-insufficient Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MWS) patients have decreased circulating ABCs in the blood. In Cd23Cre/+Zeb2fl/fl mice with impaired ABC formation, ABCs were dispensable for efficient humoral responses after Plasmodium sporozoite immunization but were required to control recrudescent blood-stage malaria. Immune phenotyping revealed that ABCs drive optimal T follicular helper (TFH) cell formation and germinal center (GC) responses and they reside at the red/white pulp border, likely permitting better access to pathogen antigens for presentation. Collectively, our study shows that ABC formation is dependent on Zeb2, and these cells can limit recrudescent infection by sustaining GC reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Qian Shen
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Jonathan A Roco
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Becan Dalton
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Katie Frith
- Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Fiona D Ballard
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ke Wang
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Hannah G Kelly
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Maxim Nekrasov
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Biomolecular Resource Facility, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jin-Shu He
- ANU Centre for Therapeutic Discovery, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Rebecca Jaeger
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Patricia Carreira
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Julia I Ellyard
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Lynette Beattie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anselm Enders
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Matthew C Cook
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - John J Zaunders
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian A Cockburn
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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5
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Bravo M, Dileepan T, Dolan M, Hildebrand J, Wolford J, Hanson ID, Hamilton SE, Frosch AE, Burrack KS. IL-15 Complex-Induced IL-10 Enhances Plasmodium-specific CD4+ T Follicular Helper Differentiation and Antibody Production. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:992-1001. [PMID: 38305633 PMCID: PMC10932862 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Malaria, which results from infection with Plasmodium parasites, remains a major public health problem. Although humans do not develop long-lived, sterilizing immunity, protection against symptomatic disease develops after repeated exposure to Plasmodium parasites and correlates with the acquisition of humoral immunity. Despite the established role Abs play in protection from malaria disease, dysregulated inflammation is thought to contribute to the suboptimal immune response to Plasmodium infection. Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection results in a fatal severe malaria disease in mice. We previously demonstrated that treatment of mice with IL-15 complex (IL-15C; IL-15 bound to an IL-15Rα-Fc fusion protein) induces IL-10 expression in NK cells, which protects mice from PbA-induced death. Using a novel MHC class II tetramer to identify PbA-specific CD4+ T cells, in this study we demonstrate that IL-15C treatment enhances T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation and modulates cytokine production by CD4+ T cells. Moreover, genetic deletion of NK cell-derived IL-10 or IL-10R expression on T cells prevents IL-15C-induced Tfh differentiation. Additionally, IL-15C treatment results in increased anti-PbA IgG Ab levels and improves survival following reinfection. Overall, these data demonstrate that IL-15C treatment, via its induction of IL-10 from NK cells, modulates the dysregulated inflammation during Plasmodium infection to promote Tfh differentiation and Ab generation, correlating with improved survival from reinfection. These findings will facilitate improved control of malaria infection and protection from disease by informing therapeutic strategies and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jacob Hildebrand
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota
| | | | | | - Sara E. Hamilton
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota
| | - Anne E. Frosch
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota
| | - Kristina S. Burrack
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota
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6
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O'Neal KA, Zeltner SL, Foscue CL, Stumhofer JS. Bhlhe40 limits early IL-10 production from CD4 + T cells during Plasmodium yoelii 17X infection. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0036723. [PMID: 37843306 PMCID: PMC10652903 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00367-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytokine IL-10 suppresses T-cell-mediated immunity, which is required to control infection with Plasmodium yoelii. Consequently, IL-10 can delay the time needed to resolve this infection, leading to a higher parasite burden. While the pathways that lead to IL-10 production by CD4+ T cells are well defined, much less is known about the mediators that suppress the expression of this potent anti-inflammatory cytokine. Here, we show that the transcription factor basic helix-loop-helix family member e40 (Bhlhe40) contributes to controlling parasite burden in response to P. yoelii infection in mice. Loss of Bhlhe40 expression in mice results in higher Il10 expression, higher peak parasitemia, and a delay in parasite clearance. The observed phenotype was not due to defects in T-cell activation and proliferation or the humoral response. Nor was it due to changes in regulatory T-cell numbers. However, blocking IL-10 signaling reversed the outcome in Bhlhe40-/ - mice, suggesting that excess IL-10 production limits their ability to control the infection properly. In addition to suppressing Il10 expression in CD4+ T cells, Bhlhe40 can promote Ifng expression. Indeed, IFN-γ production by CD4+ T cells isolated from the liver was significantly affected by the loss of Bhlhe40. Lastly, Bhlhe40 deletion in T cells resulted in a phenotype similar to that observed in the Bhlhe40-/ - mice, indicating that Bhlhe40 expression in T cells contributes to the ability of mice to control infection with P. yoelii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara A. O'Neal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Sheldon L. Zeltner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Camille L. Foscue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jason S. Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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7
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Wideman SK, Frost JN, Richter FC, Naylor C, Lopes JM, Viveiros N, Teh MR, Preston AE, White N, Yusuf S, Draper SJ, Armitage AE, Duarte TL, Drakesmith H. Cellular iron governs the host response to malaria. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011679. [PMID: 37812650 PMCID: PMC10586691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria and iron deficiency are major global health problems with extensive epidemiological overlap. Iron deficiency-induced anaemia can protect the host from malaria by limiting parasite growth. On the other hand, iron deficiency can significantly disrupt immune cell function. However, the impact of host cell iron scarcity beyond anaemia remains elusive in malaria. To address this, we employed a transgenic mouse model carrying a mutation in the transferrin receptor (TfrcY20H/Y20H), which limits the ability of cells to internalise iron from plasma. At homeostasis TfrcY20H/Y20H mice appear healthy and are not anaemic. However, TfrcY20H/Y20H mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS showed significantly higher peak parasitaemia and body weight loss. We found that TfrcY20H/Y20H mice displayed a similar trajectory of malaria-induced anaemia as wild-type mice, and elevated circulating iron did not increase peak parasitaemia. Instead, P. chabaudi infected TfrcY20H/Y20H mice had an impaired innate and adaptive immune response, marked by decreased cell proliferation and cytokine production. Moreover, we demonstrated that these immune cell impairments were cell-intrinsic, as ex vivo iron supplementation fully recovered CD4+ T cell and B cell function. Despite the inhibited immune response and increased parasitaemia, TfrcY20H/Y20H mice displayed mitigated liver damage, characterised by decreased parasite sequestration in the liver and an attenuated hepatic immune response. Together, these results show that host cell iron scarcity inhibits the immune response but prevents excessive hepatic tissue damage during malaria infection. These divergent effects shed light on the role of iron in the complex balance between protection and pathology in malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Wideman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joe N. Frost
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Felix C. Richter
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Caitlin Naylor
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - José M. Lopes
- Faculty of Medicine (FMUP) and Institute of Molecular Pathology, Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular & Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nicole Viveiros
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular & Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Megan R. Teh
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra E. Preston
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha White
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shamsideen Yusuf
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew E. Armitage
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tiago L. Duarte
- Faculty of Medicine (FMUP) and Institute of Molecular Pathology, Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular & Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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8
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Kirosingh AS, Delmastro A, Kakuru A, van der Ploeg K, Bhattacharya S, Press KD, Ty M, Parte LDL, Kizza J, Muhindo M, Devachanne S, Gamain B, Nankya F, Musinguzi K, Rosenthal PJ, Feeney ME, Kamya M, Dorsey G, Jagannathan P. Malaria-specific Type 1 regulatory T cells are more abundant in first pregnancies and associated with placental malaria. EBioMedicine 2023; 95:104772. [PMID: 37634385 PMCID: PMC10474374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria in pregnancy (MIP) causes higher morbidity in primigravid compared to multigravid women; however, the correlates and mechanisms underlying this gravidity-dependent protection remain incompletely understood. We aimed to compare the cellular immune response between primigravid and multigravid women living in a malaria-endemic region and assess for correlates of protection against MIP. METHODS We characterised the second trimester cellular immune response among 203 primigravid and multigravid pregnant women enrolled in two clinical trials of chemoprevention in eastern Uganda, utilizing RNA sequencing, flow cytometry, and functional assays. We compared responses across gravidity and determined associations with parasitaemia during pregnancy and placental malaria. FINDINGS Using whole blood RNA sequencing, no significant differentially expressed genes were identified between primigravid (n = 12) and multigravid (n = 11) women overall (log 2(FC) > 2, FDR < 0.1). However, primigravid (n = 49) women had higher percentages of malaria-specific, non-naïve CD4+ T cells that co-expressed IL-10 and IFNγ compared with multigravid (n = 85) women (p = 0.000023), and higher percentages of these CD4+ T cells were associated with greater risks of parasitaemia in pregnancy (Rs = 0.49, p = 0.001) and placental malaria (p = 0.0073). These IL-10 and IFNγ co-producing CD4+ T cells had a genomic signature of Tr1 cells, including expression of transcription factors cMAF and BATF and cell surface makers CTLA4 and LAG-3. INTERPRETATION Malaria-specific Tr1 cells were highly prevalent in primigravid Ugandan women, and their presence correlated with a higher risk of malaria in pregnancy. Understanding whether suppression of Tr1 cells plays a role in naturally acquired gravidity-dependent immunity may aid the development of new vaccines or treatments for MIP. FUNDING This work was funded by NIH (PO1 HD059454, U01 AI141308, U19 AI089674, U01 AI155325, U01 AI150741), the March of Dimes (Basil O'Connor award), and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP 1113682).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abel Kakuru
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | | | - Maureen Ty
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Benoit Gamain
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, BIGR, F-75014 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Moses Kamya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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9
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Drewry LL, Pewe LL, Hancox LS, Van de Wall S, Harty JT. CD4 T Cell-Dependent and -Independent Roles for IFN-γ in Blood-Stage Malaria. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1305-1313. [PMID: 36939394 PMCID: PMC10121907 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Production of IFN-γ by CD4 T cells is widely theorized to control Plasmodium parasite burden during blood-stage malaria. Surprisingly, the specific and crucial mechanisms through which this highly pleiotropic cytokine acts to confer protection against malarial disease remain largely untested in vivo. Here we used a CD4 T cell-restricted Cre-Lox IFN-γ excision mouse model to test whether and how CD4 T cell-derived IFN-γ controls blood-stage malaria. Although complete absence of IFN-γ compromised control of the acute and the chronic, recrudescent blood-stage infections with P. c. chabaudi, we identified a specific, albeit modest, role for CD4 T cell-derived IFN-γ in limiting parasite burden only during the chronic stages of P. c. chabaudi malaria. CD4 T cell IFN-γ promoted IgG Ab class switching to the IgG2c isotype during P. c. chabaudi malaria in C57BL/6 mice. Unexpectedly, our data do not support gross defects in phagocytic activity in IFN-γ-deficient hosts infected with blood-stage malaria. Together, our data confirm CD4 T cell-dependent roles for IFN-γ but suggest CD4 T cell-independent roles for IFN-γ in immune responses to blood-stage malaria.
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10
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Ibitokou SA, Gbedande K, Opata MM, Carpio VH, Marshall KM, Stephens R. Effects of Low-Level Persistent Infection on Maintenance of Immunity by CD4 T Cell Subsets and Th1 Cytokines. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0053122. [PMID: 36920200 PMCID: PMC10016079 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00531-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells are required, along with antibodies, for complete protection from blood-stage infection with Plasmodium spp., which cause malaria. Without continuous exposure, as on emigration of people from endemic areas, protection from malaria decays. As in other persistent infections, low-level Plasmodium chabaudi infection protects the host from reinfection at 2 months postinfection, a phenomenon termed premunition. Premunition is correlated with T cell responses, rather than antibody levels. We previously showed that while both effector T cells (Teff) and memory T cells (Tmem) are present after infection, Teff protect better than Tmem. Here, we studied T cell kinetics post-infection by labeling dividing Ifng+ T cells with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) in infected Ifng reporter mice. Large drops in specific T cell numbers and Ifng+ cells upon clearance of parasites suggest a mechanism for decay of protection. Although protection decays, CD4 Tmem persist, including a highly differentiated CD27- effector memory (Tem) subset that maintains some Ifng expression. In addition, pretreatment of chronically infected animals with neutralizing antibody to interferon gamma (IFN-γ) or with clodronate liposomes before reinfection decreases premunition, supporting a role for Th1-type immunity to reinfection. A pulse-chase experiment comparing chronically infected to treated animals showed that recently divided Ifng+ T cells, particularly IFN-γ+ TNF+ IL-2- T cells, are promoted by persistent infection. These data suggest that low-level persistent infection reduces CD4+ Tmem and multifunctional Teff survival, but promotes IFN-γ+ TNF+ IL-2- T cells and Ifng+ terminally differentiated effector T cells, and prolongs immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad A. Ibitokou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Komi Gbedande
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael M. Opata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Victor H. Carpio
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Karis M. Marshall
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Robin Stephens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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11
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Kalkal M, Das J. Current understanding of the immune potential of B-cell subsets in malarial pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1046002. [PMID: 36778886 PMCID: PMC9909418 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1046002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past several decades, our understanding of how B cells are generated and what function they perform has continued to advance. It is widely accepted that B-cell subsets play a critical role in mediating immune response. Surprisingly, human and murine malarial infections cause major alterations in the composition of B-cell subsets in both the spleen and periphery. Multiple B-cell subsets are well characterized in murine models following primary and secondary infection, although in human malarial infection, these subsets are not well defined. Furthermore, a rare known function of B cells includes the potential role of regulating the activities of other cells in the body as regulatory cells. Plasmodium infection strongly alters the frequency of these regulatory B cells indicating the immunoregulatory function of B cells in malarial. It is important to note that these subsets, taken together, form the cellular basis of humoral immune responses, allowing protection against a wide array of Plasmodium antigens to be achieved. However, it remains a challenge and an important area of investigation to understand how these B-cell subsets work together to provide protection against Plasmodium infection.
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12
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Olatunde AC, Cornwall DH, Roedel M, Lamb TJ. Mouse Models for Unravelling Immunology of Blood Stage Malaria. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1525. [PMID: 36146602 PMCID: PMC9501382 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria comprises a spectrum of disease syndromes and the immune system is a major participant in malarial disease. This is particularly true in relation to the immune responses elicited against blood stages of Plasmodium-parasites that are responsible for the pathogenesis of infection. Mouse models of malaria are commonly used to dissect the immune mechanisms underlying disease. While no single mouse model of Plasmodium infection completely recapitulates all the features of malaria in humans, collectively the existing models are invaluable for defining the events that lead to the immunopathogenesis of malaria. Here we review the different mouse models of Plasmodium infection that are available, and highlight some of the main contributions these models have made with regards to identifying immune mechanisms of parasite control and the immunopathogenesis of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tracey J. Lamb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Emma Eccles Jones Medical Research Building, 15 N Medical Drive E, Room 1420A, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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13
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Hoog A, Villanueva-Hernández S, Razavi MA, van Dongen K, Eder T, Piney L, Chapat L, de Luca K, Grebien F, Mair KH, Gerner W. Identification of CD4 + T cells with T follicular helper cell characteristics in the pig. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 134:104462. [PMID: 35667468 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells provide help to germinal center B cells for affinity maturation, class switch and memory formation. Despite these important functions, this subset has not been studied in detail in pigs due to a lack of species-specific antibodies. We investigated putative Tfh cells from lymphoid tissues and blood of healthy pigs by using cross-reactive antibodies for inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS) and B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6). In lymph nodes, we identified a CD4+ T cell population with an ICOS+Bcl-6+CD8α+ phenotype, reminiscent of human and murine germinal center Tfh cells. Within blood-derived CD4+ T cells, sorted ICOShiCD25- and ICOSdimCD25dim cells were able to induce the differentiation of CD21+IgM+ B cells into Ig-secreting plasmablasts. Compared to naïve CD4+ T cells, these two phenotypes were 3- to 7-fold enriched for cells expressing the Tfh-related transcripts CD28, CD40LG, IL6R and MAF, as identified by single-cell RNA sequencing. These results provide a first characterization of Tfh cells in swine and confirm their ability to provide B-cell help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hoog
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonia Villanueva-Hernández
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Mahsa Adib Razavi
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Katinka van Dongen
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Eder
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Lauriane Piney
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Global Innovation, Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Lyon, France
| | - Ludivine Chapat
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Global Innovation, Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Lyon, France
| | - Karelle de Luca
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Global Innovation, Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Lyon, France
| | - Florian Grebien
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Kerstin H Mair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria.
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14
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Chan JA, Loughland JR, de la Parte L, Okano S, Ssewanyana I, Nalubega M, Nankya F, Musinguzi K, Rek J, Arinaitwe E, Tipping P, Bourke P, Andrew D, Dooley N, SheelaNair A, Wines BD, Hogarth PM, Beeson JG, Greenhouse B, Dorsey G, Kamya M, Hartel G, Minigo G, Feeney M, Jagannathan P, Boyle MJ. Age-dependent changes in circulating Tfh cells influence development of functional malaria antibodies in children. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4159. [PMID: 35851033 PMCID: PMC9293980 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31880-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
T-follicular helper (Tfh) cells are key drivers of antibodies that protect from malaria. However, little is known regarding the host and parasite factors that influence Tfh and functional antibody development. Here, we use samples from a large cross-sectional study of children residing in an area of high malaria transmission in Uganda to characterize Tfh cells and functional antibodies to multiple parasites stages. We identify a dramatic re-distribution of the Tfh cell compartment with age that is independent of malaria exposure, with Th2-Tfh cells predominating in early childhood, while Th1-Tfh cell gradually increase to adult levels over the first decade of life. Functional antibody acquisition is age-dependent and hierarchical acquired based on parasite stage, with merozoite responses followed by sporozoite and gametocyte antibodies. Antibodies are boosted in children with current infection, and are higher in females. The children with the very highest antibody levels have increased Tfh cell activation and proliferation, consistent with a key role of Tfh cells in antibody development. Together, these data reveal a complex relationship between the circulating Tfh compartment, antibody development and protection from malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Anne Chan
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica R Loughland
- QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia.,Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Tiwi, Australia
| | | | - Satomi Okano
- QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Isaac Ssewanyana
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mayimuna Nalubega
- QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | - John Rek
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Peta Tipping
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Tiwi, Australia
| | - Peter Bourke
- Division of Medicine, Cairns Hospital, Manunda, QLD, Australia
| | - Dean Andrew
- QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas Dooley
- QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia.,Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Arya SheelaNair
- QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Bruce D Wines
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - James G Beeson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Grant Dorsey
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Moses Kamya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gunter Hartel
- QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Gabriela Minigo
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Tiwi, Australia.,College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Margaret Feeney
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Michelle J Boyle
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia. .,Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Tiwi, Australia. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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15
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Chen S, Gao Y, Fan Y, Guo S, Zhou J, Liu T, Xu W. The Dynamic Change of Immune Responses Between Acute and Recurrence Stages of Rodent Malaria Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:844975. [PMID: 35250958 PMCID: PMC8891988 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.844975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria infections are persistent as frequent recrudescence of the disease may occur following the acute infection stage, but the different immune responses that control the acute and recrudescence stages are still largely unknown. Using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we showed that the number of Th1 and plasma cells in the spleen was significantly reduced during the recurrence stage compared to the acute stage of Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS (P. chabaudi) infection. Additionally, the ability of both CD4+ T cell responses and B cells to control P. chabaudi recurrence was significantly reduced compared to their roles in the control of acute infection. In contrast, the number of innate immune cells, including red pulp macrophages (RPMs), gamma delta (γδ) T cells, and Dendritic cells (DCs) were significantly increased during the recurrence stage and showed to be critical for P. chabaudi infection recurrence control. Thus, our data strongly suggest the complementary role of innate immune responses in controlling malaria recrudescence when adaptive immune responses are suppressed. These findings shed new light on the development of immune interventions against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suilin Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanli Gao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongling Fan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuai Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Zhou,
| | - Taiping Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
- Taiping Liu,
| | - Wenyue Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
- Wenyue Xu,
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16
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ICOS expression is required for maintenance but not the formation of germinal centers in the spleen in response to P. yoelii infection. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0046821. [PMID: 35007126 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00468-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible T cell co-stimulator (ICOS) plays a key role in the differentiation and maintenance of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and thus germinal center (GC) formation. Previously, our lab showed in a Plasmodium chabaudi infection model that Icos-/- mice were significantly impaired in their ability to form GCs despite a persistent infection and thus a continued antigen (Ag) load. Here, we show that resolution of a primary infection with P. yoelii, was delayed in Icos-/- mice. This phenotype was associated with a reduction in the accumulation of Tfh-like and GC Tfh cells and an early deficiency in Ag-specific antibody (Ab) production. However, Icos-/- mice could form GCs, though they were less frequent in number than in wild-type (WT) mice. Nonetheless, the Ag-specific Abs from Icos-/- mice lacked signs of affinity maturation, suggesting functional defects associated with these GCs. Eventually, these GC structures dissipated more rapidly in Icos-/- mice than in WT mice. Moreover, the ability of Icos-/- mice to form these GC structures is not reliant on the high Ag load associated with P. yoelii infections, as GC formation was preserved in Icos-/- mice treated with atovaquone. Finally, mice were unable to form secondary GCs in the absence of ICOS after re-challenge. Overall, these data demonstrate the necessity of ICOS in the maintenance of Tfh cells, the formation and maintenance of sufficient numbers of functioning GCs, and the ability to generate new GC structures after re-infection with P. yoelii.
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17
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Mandala WL, Harawa V, Dzinjalamala F, Tembo D. The role of different components of the immune system against Plasmodium falciparum malaria: Possible contribution towards malaria vaccine development. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2021; 246:111425. [PMID: 34666102 PMCID: PMC8655617 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2021.111425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria still remains a major global public health challenge with over 220 million new cases and well over 400,000 deaths annually. Most of the deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa which bears 90 % of the malaria cases. Such high P. falciparum malaria-related morbidity and mortality rates pose a huge burden on the health and economic wellbeing of the countries affected. Lately, substantial gains have been made in reducing malaria morbidity and mortality through intense malaria control initiatives such as use of effective antimalarials, intensive distribution and use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), and implementation of massive indoor residual spraying (IRS) campaigns. However, these gains are being threatened by widespread resistance of the parasite to antimalarials, and the vector to insecticides. Over the years the use of vaccines has proven to be the most reliable, cost-effective and efficient method for controlling the burden and spread of many infectious diseases, especially in resource poor settings with limited public health infrastructure. Nonetheless, this had not been the case with malaria until the most promising malaria vaccine candidate, RTS,S/AS01, was approved for pilot implementation programme in three African countries in 2015. This was regarded as the most important breakthrough in the fight against malaria. However, RTS,S/AS01 has been found to have some limitations, the main ones being low efficacy in certain age groups, poor immunogenicity and need for almost three boosters to attain a reasonable efficacy. Thus, the search for a more robust and effective malaria vaccine still continues and a better understanding of naturally acquired immune responses to the various stages, including the transmissible stages of the parasite, could be crucial in rational vaccine design. This review therefore compiles what is currently known about the basic biology of P. falciparum and the natural malaria immune response against malaria and progress made towards vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson L Mandala
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Thyolo, Malawi; Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust, Blantyre, Malawi.
| | | | - Fraction Dzinjalamala
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Thyolo, Malawi
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18
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Bonam SR, Rénia L, Tadepalli G, Bayry J, Kumar HMS. Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Vaccines and Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1072. [PMID: 34696180 PMCID: PMC8541031 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria-a parasite vector-borne disease-is a global health problem, and Plasmodium falciparum has proven to be the deadliest among Plasmodium spp., which causes malaria in humans. Symptoms of the disease range from mild fever and shivering to hemolytic anemia and neurological dysfunctions. The spread of drug resistance and the absence of effective vaccines has made malaria disease an ever-emerging problem. Although progress has been made in understanding the host response to the parasite, various aspects of its biology in its mammalian host are still unclear. In this context, there is a pressing demand for the development of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies, including new drugs and novel adjuvanted vaccines that elicit protective immunity. The present article provides an overview of the current knowledge of anti-malarial immunity against P. falciparum and different options of vaccine candidates in development. A special emphasis has been made on the mechanism of action of clinically used vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France;
| | - Laurent Rénia
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Ganesh Tadepalli
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India;
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France;
- Biological Sciences & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad 678623, India
| | - Halmuthur Mahabalarao Sampath Kumar
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India;
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19
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Mandal RK, Denny JE, Namazzi R, Opoka RO, Datta D, John CC, Schmidt NW. Dynamic modulation of spleen germinal center reactions by gut bacteria during Plasmodium infection. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109094. [PMID: 33979614 PMCID: PMC8141963 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota educate the local and distal immune system in early life to imprint long-term immunological outcomes while maintaining the capacity to dynamically modulate the local mucosal immune system throughout life. It is unknown whether gut microbiota provide signals that dynamically regulate distal immune responses following an extra-gastrointestinal infection. We show here that gut bacteria composition correlated with the severity of malaria in children. Using the murine model of malaria, we demonstrate that parasite burden and spleen germinal center reactions are malleable to dynamic cues provided by gut bacteria. Whereas antibiotic-induced changes in gut bacteria have been associated with immunopathology or impairment of immunity, the data demonstrate that antibiotic-induced changes in gut bacteria can enhance immunity to Plasmodium. This effect is not universal but depends on baseline gut bacteria composition. These data demonstrate the dynamic communications that exist among gut bacteria, the gut-distal immune system, and control of Plasmodium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabindra K Mandal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Joshua E Denny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Ruth Namazzi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Robert O Opoka
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dibyadyuti Datta
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Chandy C John
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Nathan W Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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20
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Soon MSF, Nalubega M, Boyle MJ. T-follicular helper cells in malaria infection and roles in antibody induction. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:iqab008. [PMID: 36845571 PMCID: PMC9914587 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunity to malaria is mediated by antibodies that block parasite replication to limit parasite burden and prevent disease. Cytophilic antibodies have been consistently shown to be associated with protection, and recent work has improved our understanding of the direct and Fc-mediated mechanisms of protective antibodies. Antibodies also have important roles in vaccine-mediated immunity. Antibody induction is driven by the specialized CD4+ T cells, T-follicular helper (Tfh) cells, which function within the germinal centre to drive B-cell activation and antibody induction. In humans, circulating Tfh cells can be identified in peripheral blood and are differentiated into subsets that appear to have pathogen/vaccination-specific roles in antibody induction. Tfh cell responses are essential for protective immunity from Plasmodium infection in murine models of malaria. Our understanding of the activation of Tfh cells during human malaria infection and the importance of different Tfh cell subsets in antibody development is still emerging. This review will discuss our current knowledge of Tfh cell activation and development in malaria, and the potential avenues and pitfalls of targeting Tfh cells to improve malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S F Soon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, QIMR-Berghofer, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Mayimuna Nalubega
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Tororo District Hospital, Tororo, Uganda
| | - Michelle J Boyle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, QIMR-Berghofer, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia,Correspondence address. QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. E-mail:
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21
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Biram A, Winter E, Denton AE, Zaretsky I, Dassa B, Bemark M, Linterman MA, Yaari G, Shulman Z. B Cell Diversification Is Uncoupled from SAP-Mediated Selection Forces in Chronic Germinal Centers within Peyer's Patches. Cell Rep 2021; 30:1910-1922.e5. [PMID: 32049020 PMCID: PMC7016508 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies secreted within the intestinal tract provide protection from the invasion of microbes into the host tissues. Germinal center (GC) formation in lymph nodes and spleen strictly requires SLAM-associated protein (SAP)-mediated T cell functions; however, it is not known whether this mechanism plays a similar role in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues. Here, we find that in Peyer’s patches (PPs), SAP-mediated T cell help is required for promoting B cell selection in GCs, but not for clonal diversification. PPs of SAP-deficient mice host chronic GCs that are absent in T cell-deficient mice. GC B cells in SAP-deficient mice express AID and Bcl6 and generate plasma cells in proportion to the GC size. Single-cell IgA sequencing analysis reveals that these mice host few diversified clones that were subjected to mild selection forces. These findings demonstrate that T cell-derived help to B cells in PPs includes SAP-dependent and SAP-independent functions. Chronic germinal centers in Peyer’s patches are formed in SAP-deficient mice SAP-independent germinal centers arise in response to influenza infection Few highly diversified clones dominate the SAP-independent germinal centers Germinal center B cells in SAP-deficient mice are subjected to mild selection forces
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Biram
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Eitan Winter
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Alice E Denton
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Irina Zaretsky
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Bareket Dassa
- Department of Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Mats Bemark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Gur Yaari
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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22
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Ghosh D, Stumhofer JS. The spleen: "epicenter" in malaria infection and immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:753-769. [PMID: 33464668 PMCID: PMC8518401 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ri1020-713r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen is a complex secondary lymphoid organ that plays a crucial role in controlling blood‐stage infection with Plasmodium parasites. It is tasked with sensing and removing parasitized RBCs, erythropoiesis, the activation and differentiation of adaptive immune cells, and the development of protective immunity, all in the face of an intense inflammatory environment. This paper describes how these processes are regulated following infection and recognizes the gaps in our current knowledge, highlighting recent insights from human infections and mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debopam Ghosh
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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23
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Wang QB, Du YT, Liu F, Sun XD, Sun X, Chen G, Pang W, Cao YM. Adaptive immune responses mediated age-related Plasmodium yoelii 17XL and 17XNL infections in 4 and 8-week-old BALB/c mice. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:6. [PMID: 33430765 PMCID: PMC7798208 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-00391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUD It is important to expound the opposite clinical outcomes between children and adulthood for eradicate malaria. There remains unknown about the correlation between adaptive immune response and age-related in malaria. METHODS 4 and 8-week-old mice were used to mimic children and adulthood, respectively. Parasitemia and the survival rate were monitored. The proportion and function of Th1 and Th2 cells were detected by FACS. The levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, total IgG, IgG1, IgG2a and Plasmodium yoelii MSP-1-specific IgG were measured by ELISA. RESULTS The adult group showed greater resistance to P. yoelii 17XL infection, with lower parasitemia. Compared with 4-week-old mice, the percentage of CD4+T-bet+IFN-γ+ Th1 cells as well as IFN-γ production were significantly increased on day 5 p.i. in the 8-week-old mice after P. yoelii 17XNL infection. The percentage of CD4+GATA3+IL-4+ Th2 cells and CD4+CXCR5+ Tfh cells, and IL-4 production in the 8-week-old mice significantly increased on day 5 and day 10 after P. yoelii 17XNL infection. Notably, the levels of total IgG, IgG1, IgG2a and P. yoelii MSP-1-specific IgG were also significantly increased in the 8-week-old mice. PD-1, a marker of exhaustion, was up-regulated on CD4+ or activated CD4+ T cells in the 8-week-old mice as compared to the 4-week-old group. CONCLUSIONS Thus, we consider that enhanced cellular and humoral adaptive immunity might contribute to rapid clearance of malaria among adults, likely in a PD-1-dependent manner due to induction of CD4+ T cells exhaustion in P. yoelii 17XNL infected 8-week-old mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Bo Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuxi 9th Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 999 Liang Xi Road, Binhu District, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Yun-Ting Du
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, NO. 44 Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, 110042, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Sun
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Taizhou University Medical School, No 1139 Shifu Road, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou, 317700, China.
| | - Wei Pang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China.
| | - Ya-Ming Cao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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24
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Drewry LL, Harty JT. Balancing in a black box: Potential immunomodulatory roles for TGF-β signaling during blood-stage malaria. Virulence 2021; 11:159-169. [PMID: 32043415 PMCID: PMC7051139 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1726569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Malarial disease caused by Plasmodium parasites challenges the mammalian immune system with a delicate balancing act. Robust inflammatory responses are required to control parasite replication within red blood cells, which if unchecked, can lead to severe anemia and fatality. However, the same inflammatory response that controls parasite replication is also associated with immunopathology and severe disease, as is exemplified by cerebral malaria. A robust literature has identified critical roles for innate, cellular, and humoral immune responses orchestrated by IFN-γ and TH1 type responses in controlling blood stage malarial disease. In contrast, TGF-β and IL-10 have been identified as important anti–inflammatory immunomodulators that help to limit inflammation and pathology during malaria. TGF-β is a pleiotropic cytokine, with the ability to exert a wide variety of context-dependent immunomodulatory roles. The specific mechanisms that allow TGF-β to protect against malarial pathology remain essentially unexplored and offer a promising avenue to dissect the most critical elements of immunomodulation in avoiding severe malaria. Here we discuss potential immunomodulatory roles for TGF-β during malaria in light of recent advances in our understanding of the role of Tregs during blood-stage malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L Drewry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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25
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Enders MH, Bayarsaikhan G, Ghilas S, Chua YC, May R, de Menezes MN, Ge Z, Tan PS, Cozijnsen A, Mollard V, Yui K, McFadden GI, Lahoud MH, Caminschi I, Purcell AW, Schittenhelm RB, Beattie L, Heath WR, Fernandez-Ruiz D. Plasmodium berghei Hsp90 contains a natural immunogenic I-Ab-restricted antigen common to rodent and human Plasmodium species. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:79-92. [PMID: 35492393 PMCID: PMC9040146 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Thorough understanding of the role of CD4 T cells in immunity can be greatly assisted by the study of responses to defined specificities. This requires knowledge of Plasmodium-derived immunogenic epitopes, of which only a few have been identified, especially for the mouse C57BL/6 background. We recently developed a TCR transgenic mouse line, termed PbT-II, that produces CD4+ T cells specific for an MHC class II (I-Ab)-restricted Plasmodium epitope and is responsive to both sporozoites and blood-stage P. berghei. Here, we identify a peptide within the P. berghei heat shock protein 90 as the cognate epitope recognised by PbT-II cells. We show that C57BL/6 mice infected with P. berghei blood-stage induce an endogenous CD4 T cell response specific for this epitope, indicating cells of similar specificity to PbT-II cells are present in the naïve repertoire. Adoptive transfer of in vitro activated TH1-, or particularly TH2-polarised PbT-II cells improved control of P. berghei parasitemia in C57BL/6 mice and drastically reduced the onset of experimental cerebral malaria. Our results identify a versatile, potentially protective MHC-II restricted epitope useful for exploration of CD4 T cell-mediated immunity and vaccination strategies against malaria. Identification of a novel MHC-II-restricted epitope in P. berghei Hsp90 that is the cognate antigen of PbT-II CD4+ T cells. This epitope is conserved among mouse malaria parasites and in Plasmodium falciparum, which causes human malaria. Exposure to liver or blood stage P. berghei infection expands a population of endogenous Hsp90-specific CD4+ T cells. Dendritic cell-targeted vaccination generates memory PbT-II cells and endogenous Hsp90-specific CD4+ T cells. TH1- and TH2-polarised PbT-II cells reduce P. berghei parasitaemia and mitigate development of experimental cerebral malaria.
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26
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Cai C, Hu Z, Yu X. Accelerator or Brake: Immune Regulators in Malaria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:610121. [PMID: 33363057 PMCID: PMC7758250 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.610121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease, affecting over 250 million individuals worldwide each year, eradicating malaria has been one of the greatest challenges to public health for a century. Growing resistance to anti-parasitic therapies and lack of effective vaccines are major contributing factors in controlling this disease. However, the incomplete understanding of parasite interactions with host anti-malaria immunity hinders vaccine development efforts to date. Recent studies have been unveiling the complexity of immune responses and regulators against Plasmodium infection. Here, we summarize our current understanding of host immune responses against Plasmodium-derived components infection and mainly focus on the various regulatory mechanisms mediated by recent identified immune regulators orchestrating anti-malaria immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Cai
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, School of Medical, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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27
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Waide ML, Polidoro R, Powell WL, Denny JE, Kos J, Tieri DA, Watson CT, Schmidt NW. Gut Microbiota Composition Modulates the Magnitude and Quality of Germinal Centers during Plasmodium Infections. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108503. [PMID: 33326773 PMCID: PMC7772993 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota composition is associated with human and rodent Plasmodium infections, yet the mechanism by which gut microbiota affects the severity of malaria remains unknown. Humoral immunity is critical in mediating the clearance of Plasmodium blood stage infections, prompting the hypothesis that mice with gut microbiota-dependent decreases in parasite burden exhibit better germinal center (GC) responses. In support of this hypothesis, mice with a low parasite burden exhibit increases in GC B cell numbers and parasite-specific antibody titers, as well as better maintenance of GC structures and a more targeted, qualitatively different antibody response. This enhanced humoral immunity affects memory, as mice with a low parasite burden exhibit robust protection against challenge with a heterologous, lethal Plasmodium species. These results demonstrate that gut microbiota composition influences the biology of spleen GCs as well as the titer and repertoire of parasite-specific antibodies, identifying potential approaches to develop optimal treatments for malaria. Research has shown that gut microbiota composition influences malaria severity, but the mechanism has remained unclear. Waide et al. show that microbiota composition drives differences in the humoral immune response, including differences in germinal center cell numbers and parasite-specific antibodies, ultimately affecting the memory response to subsequent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L Waide
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rafael Polidoro
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Whitney L Powell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Joshua E Denny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Justin Kos
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - David A Tieri
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Corey T Watson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Nathan W Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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28
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Smith NL, Nahrendorf W, Sutherland C, Mooney JP, Thompson J, Spence PJ, Cowan GJM. A Conserved TCRβ Signature Dominates a Highly Polyclonal T-Cell Expansion During the Acute Phase of a Murine Malaria Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:587756. [PMID: 33329568 PMCID: PMC7719809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.587756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ αβ T-cells are key mediators of the immune response to a first Plasmodium infection, undergoing extensive activation and splenic expansion during the acute phase of an infection. However, the clonality and clonal composition of this expansion has not previously been described. Using a comparative infection model, we sequenced the splenic CD4+ T-cell receptor repertoires generated over the time-course of a Plasmodium chabaudi infection. We show through repeat replicate experiments, single-cell RNA-seq, and analyses of independent RNA-seq data, that following a first infection - within a highly polyclonal expansion - T-effector repertoires are consistently dominated by TRBV3 gene usage. Clustering by sequence similarity, we find the same dominant clonal signature is expanded across replicates in the acute phase of an infection, revealing a conserved pathogen-specific T-cell response that is consistently a hallmark of a first infection, but not expanded upon re-challenge. Determining the host or parasite factors driving this conserved response may uncover novel immune targets for malaria therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha L. Smith
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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29
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Transcriptome dynamics of CD4 + T cells during malaria maps gradual transit from effector to memory. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1597-1610. [PMID: 33046889 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0800-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of CD4+ T cell memory development remain to be examined at genome scale. In malaria-endemic regions, antimalarial chemoprevention protects long after its cessation and associates with effects on CD4+ T cells. We applied single-cell RNA sequencing and computational modelling to track memory development during Plasmodium infection and treatment. In the absence of central memory precursors, two trajectories developed as T helper 1 (TH1) and follicular helper T (TFH) transcriptomes contracted and partially coalesced over three weeks. Progeny of single clones populated TH1 and TFH trajectories, and fate-mapping suggested that there was minimal lineage plasticity. Relationships between TFH and central memory were revealed, with antimalarials modulating these responses and boosting TH1 recall. Finally, single-cell epigenomics confirmed that heterogeneity among effectors was partially reset in memory. Thus, the effector-to-memory transition in CD4+ T cells is gradual during malaria and is modulated by antiparasitic drugs. Graphical user interfaces are presented for examining gene-expression dynamics and gene-gene correlations ( http://haquelab.mdhs.unimelb.edu.au/cd4_memory/ ).
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30
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Waide ML, Schmidt NW. The gut microbiome, immunity, and Plasmodium severity. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 58:56-61. [PMID: 33007644 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Malaria continues to pose a severe threat to over half of the world's population each year. With no long-term, effective vaccine available and a growing resistance to antimalarials, there is a need for innovative methods of Plasmodium treatment. Recent evidence has pointed to a role of the composition of the gut microbiota in the severity of Plasmodium infection in both animal models and human studies. Further evidence has shown that the gut microbiota influences the adaptive immune response of the host, the arm of the immune system necessary for Plasmodium clearance, sustained Plasmodium immunity, and vaccine efficacy. Together, this illustrates the future potential of gut microbiota modulation as a novel method of preventing severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L Waide
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, and Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nathan W Schmidt
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, and Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Rodda
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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32
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Carpio VH, Aussenac F, Puebla-Clark L, Wilson KD, Villarino AV, Dent AL, Stephens R. T Helper Plasticity Is Orchestrated by STAT3, Bcl6, and Blimp-1 Balancing Pathology and Protection in Malaria. iScience 2020; 23:101310. [PMID: 32634740 PMCID: PMC7339051 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid Th1/Tfh cells (IFN-γ+IL-21+CXCR5+) predominate in response to several persistent infections. In Plasmodium chabaudi infection, IFN-γ+ T cells control parasitemia, whereas antibody and IL-21+Bcl6+ T cells effect final clearance, suggesting an evolutionary driver for the hybrid population. We found that CD4-intrinsic Bcl6, Blimp-1, and STAT3 coordinately regulate expression of the Th1 master regulator T-bet, supporting plasticity of CD4 T cells. Bcl6 and Blimp-1 regulate CXCR5 levels, and T-bet, IL-27Rα, and STAT3 modulate cytokines in hybrid Th1/Tfh cells. Infected mice with STAT3 knockout (KO) T cells produced less antibody and more Th1-like IFN-γ+IL-21−CXCR5lo effector and memory cells and were protected from re-infection. Conversely, T-bet KO mice had reduced Th1-bias upon re-infection and prolonged secondary parasitemia. Therefore, each feature of the CD4 T cell population phenotype is uniquely regulated in this persistent infection, and the cytokine profile of memory T cells can be modified to enhance the effectiveness of the secondary response. Plasmodium infection induces a CXCR5+IFN-γ+IL-21+ hybrid Th1/Tfh cell subset STAT3/WSX-1, T-bet, Bcl6, and Blimp-1 regulate different aspects of Th1/Tfh phenotype T cell-intrinsic STAT3 regulates degree of Th1 commitment of hybrid Th1/Tfh Shifting the plastic response toward Th1-like cells promotes resistance from reinfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor H Carpio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA
| | - Florentin Aussenac
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA
| | - Lucinda Puebla-Clark
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA
| | - Kyle D Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA
| | - Alejandro V Villarino
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolic, and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1674, USA
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Robin Stephens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA.
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Biram A, Shulman Z. T cell help to B cells: Cognate and atypical interactions in peripheral and intestinal lymphoid tissues. Immunol Rev 2020; 296:36-47. [PMID: 32557712 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enduring immunity against harmful pathogens depends on the generation of immunological memory. Serum immunoglobulins are constantly secreted by long-lived antibody-producing cells, which provide extended protection from recurrent exposures. These cells originate mainly from germinal center structures, wherein B cells introduce mutations to their immunoglobulin genes followed by affinity-based selection. Generation of high-affinity antibodies relies on physical contacts between T and B cells, a process that facilitates the delivery of fate decision signals. T-B cellular engagements are mediated through interactions between the T cell receptor and its cognate peptide presented on B cell major histocompatibility class II molecules. Here, we describe the cellular and molecular aspects of these cognate T-B interactions, and highlight exceptional cases, especially those arising at intestinal lymphoid organs, at which T cells provide help to B cells in an atypical manner, independent of T cell specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Biram
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Leitner WW, Haraway M, Pierson T, Bergmann-Leitner ES. Role of Opsonophagocytosis in Immune Protection against Malaria. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E264. [PMID: 32486320 PMCID: PMC7350021 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest for immune correlates of protection continues to slow vaccine development. To date, only vaccine-induced antibodies have been confirmed as direct immune correlates of protection against a plethora of pathogens. Vaccine immunologists, however, have learned through extensive characterizations of humoral responses that the quantitative assessment of antibody responses alone often fails to correlate with protective immunity or vaccine efficacy. Despite these limitations, the simple measurement of post-vaccination antibody titers remains the most widely used approaches for vaccine evaluation. Developing and performing functional assays to assess the biological activity of pathogen-specific responses continues to gain momentum; integrating serological assessments with functional data will ultimately result in the identification of mechanisms that contribute to protective immunity and will guide vaccine development. One of these functional readouts is phagocytosis of antigenic material tagged by immune molecules such as antibodies and/or complement components. This review summarizes our current understanding of how phagocytosis contributes to immune defense against pathogens, the pathways involved, and defense mechanisms that pathogens have evolved to deal with the threat of phagocytic removal and destruction of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang W. Leitner
- Basic Immunology Branch, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA;
| | - Megan Haraway
- Immunology Core/Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.H.); (T.P.)
| | - Tony Pierson
- Immunology Core/Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.H.); (T.P.)
| | - Elke S. Bergmann-Leitner
- Immunology Core/Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.H.); (T.P.)
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A Virus Hosted in Malaria-Infected Blood Protects against T Cell-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases by Impairing DC Function in a Type I IFN-Dependent Manner. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.03394-19. [PMID: 32265335 PMCID: PMC7157782 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03394-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coinfections shape immunity and influence the development of inflammatory diseases, resulting in detrimental or beneficial outcome. Coinfections with concurrent Plasmodium species can alter malaria clinical evolution, and malaria infection itself can modulate autoimmune reactions. Yet, the underlying mechanisms remain ill defined. Here, we demonstrate that the protective effects of some rodent malaria strains on T cell-mediated inflammatory pathologies are due to an RNA virus cohosted in malaria-parasitized blood. We show that live and extracts of blood parasitized by Plasmodium berghei K173 or Plasmodium yoelii 17X YM, protect against P. berghei ANKA-induced experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)/complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and that protection is associated with a strong type I interferon (IFN-I) signature. We detected the presence of the RNA virus lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) in the protective Plasmodium stabilates and we established that LDV infection alone was necessary and sufficient to recapitulate the protective effects on ECM and EAE. In ECM, protection resulted from an IFN-I-mediated reduction in the abundance of splenic conventional dendritic cell and impairment of their ability to produce interleukin (IL)-12p70, leading to a decrease in pathogenic CD4+ Th1 responses. In EAE, LDV infection induced IFN-I-mediated abrogation of IL-23, thereby preventing the differentiation of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-producing encephalitogenic CD4+ T cells. Our work identifies a virus cohosted in several Plasmodium stabilates across the community and deciphers its major consequences on the host immune system. More generally, our data emphasize the importance of considering contemporaneous infections for the understanding of malaria-associated and autoimmune diseases.IMPORTANCE Any infection modifies the host immune status, potentially ameliorating or aggravating the pathophysiology of a simultaneous inflammatory condition. In the course of investigating how malaria infection modulates the severity of contemporaneous inflammatory diseases, we identified a nonpathogenic mouse virus in stabilates of two widely used rodent parasite lines: Plasmodium berghei K173 and Plasmodium yoelii 17X YM. We established that the protective effects of these Plasmodium lines on cerebral malaria and multiple sclerosis are exclusively due to this virus. The virus induces a massive type I interferon (IFN-I) response and causes quantitative and qualitative defects in the ability of dendritic cells to promote pathogenic T cell responses. Beyond revealing a possible confounding factor in rodent malaria models, our work uncovers some bases by which a seemingly innocuous viral (co)infection profoundly changes the immunopathophysiology of inflammatory diseases.
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Abstract
Immunity to malaria has been linked to the availability and function of helper CD4+ T cells, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and γδ T cells that can respond to both the asymptomatic liver stage and the symptomatic blood stage of Plasmodium sp. infection. These T cell responses are also thought to be modulated by regulatory T cells. However, the precise mechanisms governing the development and function of Plasmodium-specific T cells and their capacity to form tissue-resident and long-lived memory populations are less well understood. The field has arrived at a point where the push for vaccines that exploit T cell-mediated immunity to malaria has made it imperative to define and reconcile the mechanisms that regulate the development and functions of Plasmodium-specific T cells. Here, we review our current understanding of the mechanisms by which T cell subsets orchestrate host resistance to Plasmodium infection on the basis of observational and mechanistic studies in humans, non-human primates and rodent models. We also examine the potential of new experimental strategies and human infection systems to inform a new generation of approaches to harness T cell responses against malaria.
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Gbedande K, Carpio VH, Stephens R. Using two phases of the CD4 T cell response to blood-stage murine malaria to understand regulation of systemic immunity and placental pathology in Plasmodium falciparum infection. Immunol Rev 2020; 293:88-114. [PMID: 31903675 PMCID: PMC7540220 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infection and malaria remain a risk for millions of children and pregnant women. Here, we seek to integrate knowledge of mouse and human T helper cell (Th) responses to blood-stage Plasmodium infection to understand their contribution to protection and pathology. Although there is no complete Th subset differentiation, the adaptive response occurs in two phases in non-lethal rodent Plasmodium infection, coordinated by Th cells. In short, cellular immune responses limit the peak of parasitemia during the first phase; in the second phase, humoral immunity from T cell-dependent germinal centers is critical for complete clearance of rapidly changing parasite. A strong IFN-γ response kills parasite, but an excess of TNF compared with regulatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β) can cause immunopathology. This common pathway for pathology is associated with anemia, cerebral malaria, and placental malaria. These two phases can be used to both understand how the host responds to rapidly growing parasite and how it attempts to control immunopathology and variation. This dual nature of T cell immunity to Plasmodium is discussed, with particular reference to the protective nature of the continuous generation of effector T cells, and the unique contribution of effector memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komi Gbedande
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Victor H Carpio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Robin Stephens
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Pérez‐Mazliah D, Ndungu FM, Aye R, Langhorne J. B-cell memory in malaria: Myths and realities. Immunol Rev 2020; 293:57-69. [PMID: 31733075 PMCID: PMC6972598 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
B-cell and antibody responses to Plasmodium spp., the parasite that causes malaria, are critical for control of parasitemia and associated immunopathology. Antibodies also provide protection to reinfection. Long-lasting B-cell memory has been shown to occur in response to Plasmodium spp. in experimental model infections, and in human malaria. However, there are reports that antibody responses to several malaria antigens in young children living with malaria are not similarly long-lived, suggesting a dysfunction in the maintenance of circulating antibodies. Some studies attribute this to the expansion of atypical memory B cells (AMB), which express multiple inhibitory receptors and activation markers, and are hyporesponsive to B-cell receptor (BCR) restimulation in vitro. AMB are also expanded in other chronic infections such as tuberculosis, hepatitis B and C, and HIV, as well as in autoimmunity and old age, highlighting the importance of understanding their role in immunity. Whether AMB are dysfunctional remains controversial, as there are also studies in other infections showing that AMB can produce isotype-switched antibodies and in mouse can contribute to protection against infection. In light of these controversies, we review the most recent literature on either side of the debate and challenge some of the currently held views regarding B-cell responses to Plasmodium infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Pérez‐Mazliah
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
- York Biomedical Research InstituteHull York Medical SchoolUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | | | - Racheal Aye
- Department of Immunology and Infectious DiseaseJohn Curtin School of Medical ResearchThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
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39
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Abstract
A single exposure to many viral and bacterial pathogens typically induces life-long immunity, however, the development of the protective immunity to Plasmodium parasites is strikingly less efficient and achieves only partial protection, with adults residing in endemic areas often experiencing asymptomatic infections. Although naturally acquired immunity to malaria requires both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, antibodies govern the control of malarial disease caused by the blood-stage form of the parasites. A large body of epidemiological evidence described that antibodies to Plasmodium antigens are inefficiently generated and rapidly lost without continued parasite exposure, suggesting that malaria is accompanied by defects in the development of immunological B cell memory. This topic has been of focus of recent studies of malaria infection in humans and mice. This review examines the main findings to date on the processes that modulate the acquisition of memory B cell responses to malaria, and highlights the importance of closing outstanding gaps of knowledge in the field for the rational design of next generation therapeutics against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Ly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Diana S Hansen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Ssemaganda A, Giddam AK, Zaman M, Skwarczynski M, Toth I, Stanisic DI, Good MF. Induction of Plasmodium-Specific Immune Responses Using Liposome-Based Vaccines. Front Immunol 2019; 10:135. [PMID: 30774635 PMCID: PMC6367261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the development of vaccines, the ability to initiate both innate and subsequent adaptive immune responses need to be considered. Live attenuated vaccines achieve this naturally, while inactivated and sub-unit vaccines generally require additional help provided through delivery systems and/or adjuvants. Liposomes present an attractive adjuvant/delivery system for antigens. Here, we review the key aspects of immunity against Plasmodium parasites, liposome design considerations and their current application in the development of a malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mehfuz Zaman
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Michael F. Good
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
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41
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Wilson KL, Flanagan KL, Prakash MD, Plebanski M. Malaria vaccines in the eradication era: current status and future perspectives. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:133-151. [PMID: 30601095 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1561289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The challenge to eradicate malaria is an enormous task that will not be achieved by current control measures, thus an efficacious and long-lasting malaria vaccine is required. The licensing of RTS, S/AS01 is a step forward in providing some protection, but a malaria vaccine that protects across multiple transmission seasons is still needed. To achieve this, inducing beneficial immune responses while minimising deleterious non-targeted effects will be essential. AREAS COVERED This article discusses the current challenges and advances in malaria vaccine development and reviews recent human clinical trials for each stage of infection. Pubmed and ScienceDirect were searched, focusing on cell mediated immunity and how T cell subsets might be targeted in future vaccines using novel adjuvants and emerging vaccine technologies. EXPERT COMMENTARY Despite decades of research there is no highly effective licensed malaria vaccine. However, there is cause for optimism as new adjuvants and vaccine systems emerge, and our understanding of correlates of protection increases, especially regarding cellular immunity. The new field of heterologous (non-specific) effects of vaccines also highlights the broader consequences of immunization. Importantly, the WHO led Malaria Vaccine Technology Roadmap illustrates that there is a political will among the global health community to make it happen.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Wilson
- a Department of Immunology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.,b School of Health and Biomedical Sciences , RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia
| | - K L Flanagan
- a Department of Immunology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.,b School of Health and Biomedical Sciences , RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia.,c School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Tasmania , Launceston , Australia
| | - M D Prakash
- b School of Health and Biomedical Sciences , RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia
| | - M Plebanski
- b School of Health and Biomedical Sciences , RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia
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42
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Yazicioglu YF, Aksoylar HI, Pal R, Patsoukis N, Boussiotis VA. Unraveling Key Players of Humoral Immunity: Advanced and Optimized Lymphocyte Isolation Protocol from Murine Peyer's Patches. J Vis Exp 2018:10.3791/58490. [PMID: 30531720 PMCID: PMC10947548 DOI: 10.3791/58490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the gut mucosa, immune cells constitute a unique immunological entity, which promotes immune tolerance while concurrently conferring immune defense against pathogens. It is well established that Peyer's patches (PPs) have an essential role in the mucosal immune network by hosting several effector T and B cell subsets. A certain fraction of these effector cells, follicular T helper (TFH) and germinal center (GC) B cells are professionalized in the regulation of humoral immunity. Hence, the characterization of these cell subsets within PPs in terms of their differentiation program and functional properties can provide important information about mucosal immunity. To this end, an easily applicable, efficient and reproducible method of lymphocyte isolation from PPs would be valuable to researchers. In this study, we aimed to generate an effective method to isolate lymphocytes from mouse PPs with high cell yield. Our approach revealed that initial tissue processing such as the use of digestive reagents and tissue agitation, as well as cell staining conditions and selection of antibody panels, have great influence on the quality and identity of the isolated lymphocytes and on experimental outcomes. Here, we describe a protocol enabling researchers to efficiently isolate lymphocyte populations from PPs allowing reproducible flow cytometry-based assessment of T and B cell subsets primarily focusing on TFH and GC B cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavuz F Yazicioglu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Halil I Aksoylar
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Rinku Pal
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Nikolaos Patsoukis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Vassiliki A Boussiotis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School;
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43
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Qin L, Waseem TC, Sahoo A, Bieerkehazhi S, Zhou H, Galkina EV, Nurieva R. Insights Into the Molecular Mechanisms of T Follicular Helper-Mediated Immunity and Pathology. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1884. [PMID: 30158933 PMCID: PMC6104131 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play key role in providing help to B cells during germinal center (GC) reactions. Generation of protective antibodies against various infections is an important aspect of Tfh-mediated immune responses and the dysregulation of Tfh cell responses has been implicated in various autoimmune disorders, inflammation, and malignancy. Thus, their differentiation and maintenance must be closely regulated to ensure appropriate help to B cells. The generation and function of Tfh cells is regulated by multiple checkpoints including their early priming stage in T zones and throughout the effector stage of differentiation in GCs. Signaling pathways activated downstream of cytokine and costimulatory receptors as well as consequent activation of subset-specific transcriptional factors are essential steps for Tfh cell generation. Thus, understanding the mechanisms underlying Tfh cell-mediated immunity and pathology will bring into spotlight potential targets for novel therapies. In this review, we discuss the recent findings related to the molecular mechanisms of Tfh cell differentiation and their role in normal immune responses and antibody-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Tayab C Waseem
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Anupama Sahoo
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shayahati Bieerkehazhi
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Elena V Galkina
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Roza Nurieva
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Gabryšová L, Alvarez-Martinez M, Luisier R, Cox LS, Sodenkamp J, Hosking C, Pérez-Mazliah D, Whicher C, Kannan Y, Potempa K, Wu X, Bhaw L, Wende H, Sieweke MH, Elgar G, Wilson M, Briscoe J, Metzis V, Langhorne J, Luscombe NM, O'Garra A. c-Maf controls immune responses by regulating disease-specific gene networks and repressing IL-2 in CD4 + T cells. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:497-507. [PMID: 29662170 PMCID: PMC5988041 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor c-Maf induces the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in CD4+ T cells in vitro. However, the global effects of c-Maf on diverse immune responses in vivo are unknown. Here we found that c-Maf regulated IL-10 production in CD4+ T cells in disease models involving the TH1 subset of helper T cells (malaria), TH2 cells (allergy) and TH17 cells (autoimmunity) in vivo. Although mice with c-Maf deficiency targeted to T cells showed greater pathology in TH1 and TH2 responses, TH17 cell-mediated pathology was reduced in this context, with an accompanying decrease in TH17 cells and increase in Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Bivariate genomic footprinting elucidated the c-Maf transcription-factor network, including enhanced activity of NFAT; this led to the identification and validation of c-Maf as a negative regulator of IL-2. The decreased expression of the gene encoding the transcription factor RORγt (Rorc) that resulted from c-Maf deficiency was dependent on IL-2, which explained the in vivo observations. Thus, c-Maf is a positive and negative regulator of the expression of cytokine-encoding genes, with context-specific effects that allow each immune response to occur in a controlled yet effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona Gabryšová
- The Francis Crick Institute, Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, London, UK
| | | | - Raphaëlle Luisier
- The Francis Crick Institute, Computational Biology Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Luke S Cox
- The Francis Crick Institute, Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, London, UK
| | - Jan Sodenkamp
- The Francis Crick Institute, Malaria Laboratory, London, UK
| | | | | | - Charlotte Whicher
- The Francis Crick Institute, Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, London, UK
| | - Yashaswini Kannan
- The Francis Crick Institute, Helminth Immunology Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Krzysztof Potempa
- The Francis Crick Institute, Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, London, UK
| | - Xuemei Wu
- The Francis Crick Institute, Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, London, UK
| | - Leena Bhaw
- The Francis Crick Institute, Advanced Sequencing Facility Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Hagen Wende
- Heidelberg University, Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael H Sieweke
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtzgemeinschaft (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Greg Elgar
- The Francis Crick Institute, Advanced Sequencing Facility Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Mark Wilson
- The Francis Crick Institute, Helminth Immunology Laboratory, London, UK
| | - James Briscoe
- The Francis Crick Institute, Developmental Dynamics Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Vicki Metzis
- The Francis Crick Institute, Developmental Dynamics Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Jean Langhorne
- The Francis Crick Institute, Malaria Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Nicholas M Luscombe
- The Francis Crick Institute, Computational Biology Laboratory, London, UK
- UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anne O'Garra
- The Francis Crick Institute, Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, London, UK.
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Fonseca JA, McCaffery JN, Caceres J, Kashentseva E, Singh B, Dmitriev IP, Curiel DT, Moreno A. Inclusion of the murine IgGκ signal peptide increases the cellular immunogenicity of a simian adenoviral vectored Plasmodium vivax multistage vaccine. Vaccine 2018; 36:2799-2808. [PMID: 29657070 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cellular and humoral immune responses are both involved in protection against Plasmodium infections. The only malaria vaccine available, RTS,S, primarily induces short-lived antibodies and targets only a pre-erythrocytic stage antigen. Inclusion of erythrocytic stage targets and enhancing cellular immunogenicity are likely necessary for developing an effective second-generation malaria vaccine. Adenovirus vectors have been used to improve the immunogenicity of protein-based vaccines. However, the clinical assessment of adenoviral-vectored malaria vaccines candidates has shown the induction of robust Plasmodium-specific CD8+ but not CD4+ T cells. Signal peptides (SP) have been used to enhance the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines, but have not been tested in viral vector vaccine platforms. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to determine if the addition of the SP derived from the murine IgGκ light chain within a recombinant adenovirus vector encoding a multistage P. vivax vaccine candidate could improve the CD4+ T cell response. METHODS In this proof-of-concept study, we immunized CB6F1/J mice with either the recombinant simian adenovirus 36 vector containing the SP (SP-SAd36) upstream from a transgene encoding a chimeric P. vivax multistage protein or the same SAd36 vector without the SP. Mice were subsequently boosted twice with the corresponding recombinant proteins emulsified in Montanide ISA 51 VG. Immunogenicity was assessed by measurement of antibody quantity and quality, and cytokine production by T cells after the final immunization. RESULTS The SP-SAd36 immunization regimen induced significantly higher antibody avidity against the chimeric P. vivax proteins tested and higher frequencies of IFN-γ and IL-2 CD4+ and CD8+ secreting T cells, when compared to the unmodified SAd36 vector. CONCLUSIONS The addition of the murine IgGκ signal peptide significantly enhances the immunogenicity of a SAd36 vectored P. vivax multi-stage vaccine candidate in mice. The potential of this approach to improve upon existing viral vector vaccine platforms warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo A Fonseca
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States
| | - Jessica N McCaffery
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Juan Caceres
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Elena Kashentseva
- Cancer Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine 660 S. Euclid Ave., 4511 Forest Park Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63108, United States
| | - Balwan Singh
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Igor P Dmitriev
- Cancer Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine 660 S. Euclid Ave., 4511 Forest Park Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63108, United States
| | - David T Curiel
- Cancer Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine 660 S. Euclid Ave., 4511 Forest Park Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63108, United States
| | - Alberto Moreno
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States.
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Soon MSF, Haque A. Recent Insights into CD4+Th Cell Differentiation in Malaria. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1965-1975. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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James KR, Soon MSF, Sebina I, Fernandez-Ruiz D, Davey G, Liligeto UN, Nair AS, Fogg LG, Edwards CL, Best SE, Lansink LIM, Schroder K, Wilson JAC, Austin R, Suhrbier A, Lane SW, Hill GR, Engwerda CR, Heath WR, Haque A. IFN Regulatory Factor 3 Balances Th1 and T Follicular Helper Immunity during Nonlethal Blood-Stage Plasmodium Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1443-1456. [PMID: 29321276 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of CD4+ Th cells is critical for immunity to malaria. Several innate immune signaling pathways have been implicated in the detection of blood-stage Plasmodium parasites, yet their influence over Th cell immunity remains unclear. In this study, we used Plasmodium-reactive TCR transgenic CD4+ T cells, termed PbTII cells, during nonlethal P. chabaudi chabaudi AS and P. yoelii 17XNL infection in mice, to examine Th cell development in vivo. We found no role for caspase1/11, stimulator of IFN genes, or mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein, and only modest roles for MyD88 and TRIF-dependent signaling in controlling PbTII cell expansion. In contrast, IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) was important for supporting PbTII expansion, promoting Th1 over T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation, and controlling parasites during the first week of infection. IRF3 was not required for early priming by conventional dendritic cells, but was essential for promoting CXCL9 and MHC class II expression by inflammatory monocytes that supported PbTII responses in the spleen. Thereafter, IRF3-deficiency boosted Tfh responses, germinal center B cell and memory B cell development, parasite-specific Ab production, and resolution of infection. We also noted a B cell-intrinsic role for IRF3 in regulating humoral immune responses. Thus, we revealed roles for IRF3 in balancing Th1- and Tfh-dependent immunity during nonlethal infection with blood-stage Plasmodium parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie R James
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.,Ph.D. Program, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Megan S F Soon
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.,Ph.D. Program, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Ismail Sebina
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.,Ph.D. Program, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Daniel Fernandez-Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 8008, Australia
| | - Gayle Davey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 8008, Australia
| | - Urijah N Liligeto
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Arya Sheela Nair
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Lily G Fogg
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Chelsea L Edwards
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.,Ph.D. Program, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Shannon E Best
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Lianne I M Lansink
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jane A C Wilson
- Inflammation Biology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Rebecca Austin
- Gordon and Jesse Gilmour Leukaemia Research Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Inflammation Biology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Steven W Lane
- Gordon and Jesse Gilmour Leukaemia Research Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Geoffrey R Hill
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia; and
| | - Christian R Engwerda
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Immunology and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 8008, Australia
| | - Ashraful Haque
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia; .,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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