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Aldeguer-Riquelme B, Conrad RE, Antón J, Rossello-Mora R, Konstantinidis KT. A natural ANI gap that can define intra-species units of bacteriophages and other viruses. mBio 2024; 15:e0153624. [PMID: 39037288 PMCID: PMC11323488 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01536-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of intra-species variants of viruses for causing disease and/or disrupting ecosystem functioning, there is no universally applicable standard to define these. A (natural) gap in whole-genome average nucleotide identity (ANI) values around 95% is commonly used to define species, especially for bacteriophages, but whether a similar gap exists within species that can be used to define intra-species units has not been evaluated yet. Whole-genome comparisons among members of 1,016 bacteriophage (Caudoviricetes) species revealed a region of low frequency of ANI values around 99.2%-99.8%, showing threefold or fewer pairs than expected for an even distribution. This second gap is prevalent in viruses infecting various cultured or uncultured hosts from a variety of environments, although a few exceptions to this pattern were also observed (3.7% of total species) and are likely attributed to cultivation biases or other factors. Similar results were observed for a limited set of eukaryotic viruses that are adequately sampled, including SARS-CoV-2, whose ANI-based clusters matched well with the WHO-defined variants of concern, indicating that our findings from bacteriophages might be more broadly applicable and the ANI-based clusters may represent functionally and/or ecologically distinct units. These units appear to be predominantly driven by (high) ecological cohesiveness coupled to either frequent recombination for bacteriophages or selection and clonal evolution for other viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, indicating that fundamentally different underlying mechanisms could lead to similar diversity patterns. Accordingly, we propose the ANI gap approach outlined above for defining viral intra-species units, for which we propose the term genomovars. IMPORTANCE Viral species are composed of an ensemble of intra-species variants whose individual dynamics may have major implications for human and animal health and/or ecosystem functioning. However, the lack of universally accepted standards to define these intra-species variants has led researchers to use different approaches for this task, creating inconsistent intra-species units across different viral families and confusion in communication. By comparing hundreds of mostly bacteriophage genomes, we show that there is a widely distributed natural gap in whole-genome average nucleotide identity values in most, but not all, of these species that can be used to define intra-species units. Therefore, these results advance the molecular toolbox for tracking viral intra-species units and should facilitate future epidemiological and environmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Aldeguer-Riquelme
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Roth E. Conrad
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Josefa Antón
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Ramon Rossello-Mora
- Marine Microbiology Group, Department of Animal and Microbial Biodiversity, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA, CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
| | - Konstantinos T. Konstantinidis
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Santangelo OE, Provenzano S, Di Martino G, Ferrara P. COVID-19 Vaccination and Public Health: Addressing Global, Regional, and Within-Country Inequalities. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:885. [PMID: 39204011 PMCID: PMC11360777 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12080885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, with over 775 million cases and 7 million deaths by May 2024, has drastically impacted global public health and exacerbated existing healthcare inequalities. The swift development and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines have been critical in combating the virus, yet disparities in access to and administration of the vaccine have highlighted deep-seated inequities at global, regional, and national levels. Wealthier nations have benefited from early access to vaccines, while low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have faced persistent shortages. Initiatives such as COVAX aimed to address these disparities, but challenges persist. Socioeconomic factors, education, ethnic identity, and the healthcare infrastructure play crucial roles in vaccine equity. For example, lower-income individuals often face barriers such as poor access to healthcare, misinformation, and logistical challenges, particularly in rural areas. Addressing these inequities requires a multifaceted approach, integrating national policies with local strategies to enhance vaccines' accessibility, counter misinformation, and ensure equitable distribution. Collaborative efforts at all levels are essential to promote vaccine equity and effectively control the pandemic, ensuring that all populations have fair access to life-saving vaccines. This review explores these complex issues, offering insights into the barriers and facilitators of vaccine equity and providing recommendations to promote more equitable and effective vaccination programs. With a focus on the different levels at which vaccination policies are planned and implemented, the text provides guidelines to steer vaccination strategies, emphasizing the role of international cooperation and local policy frameworks as keys to achieving equitable vaccination coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Enzo Santangelo
- Regional Health Care and Social Agency of Lodi, ASST Lodi, 26900 Lodi, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Di Martino
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Unit of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, Local Health Authority of Pescara, 65100 Pescara, Italy
| | - Pietro Ferrara
- Center for Public Health Research, University of Milan–Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Laboratory of Public Health, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy
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Tay M, Lee B, Ismail MH, Yam J, Maliki D, Gin KYH, Chae SR, Ho ZJM, Teoh YL, Ng LC, Wong JCC. Usefulness of aircraft and airport wastewater for monitoring multiple pathogens including SARS-CoV-2 variants. J Travel Med 2024; 31:taae074. [PMID: 38813965 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taae074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As global travel resumed in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) endemicity, the potential of aircraft wastewater monitoring to provide early warning of disease trends for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants and other infectious diseases, particularly at international air travel hubs, was recognized. We therefore assessed and compared the feasibility of testing wastewater from inbound aircraft and airport terminals for 18 pathogens including SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore, a popular travel hub in Asia. METHODS Wastewater samples collected from inbound medium- and long-haul flights and airport terminals were tested for SARS-CoV-2. Next Generation Sequencing was carried out on positive samples to identify SARS-CoV-2 variants. Airport and aircraft samples were further tested for 17 other pathogens through quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The proportion of SARS-CoV-2-positive samples and the average virus load was higher for wastewater samples from aircraft as compared with airport terminals. Cross-correlation analyses indicated that viral load trends from airport wastewater led local COVID-19 case trends by 2-5 days. A total of 10 variants (44 sub-lineages) were successfully identified from aircraft wastewater and airport terminals, and four variants of interest and one variant under monitoring were detected in aircraft and airport wastewater 18-31 days prior to detection in local clinical cases. The detection of five respiratory and four enteric viruses in aircraft wastewater samples further underscores the potential to expand aircraft wastewater to monitoring pathogens beyond SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of aircraft wastewater testing for monitoring infectious diseases threats, potentially detecting signals before clinical cases are reported. The triangulation of similar datapoints from aircraft wastewater of international travel nodes could therefore serve as a useful early warning system for global health threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tay
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Lee
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore
| | | | - Jerald Yam
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore
| | | | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sae-Rom Chae
- Communicable Diseases Group, Ministry of Health, Singapore
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Yee Leong Teoh
- Communicable Diseases Group, Ministry of Health, Singapore
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore
| | - Lee Ching Ng
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Caobi A, Saeed M. Upping the ante: enhanced expression of interferon-antagonizing ORF6 and ORF9b proteins by SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Curr Opin Microbiol 2024; 79:102454. [PMID: 38518551 PMCID: PMC11162932 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 exhibits a remarkable capability to subvert the host antiviral innate immune system. This adeptness is orchestrated by viral proteins, which initially attempt to obstruct the activation of the antiviral immune program and then act as a fail-safe mechanism to mitigate the downstream effects of the activated immune response. This dual strategy leads to delayed expression and enfeebled action of type-I and -III interferons at the infection site, enabling the virus to replicate extensively in the lungs and subsequently disseminate to other organs. Throughout the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 has undergone evolution, giving rise to several variants of concern, some with exceedingly higher transmission and virulence. These improved features have been linked, at least in part, to the heightened expression or activity of specific viral proteins involved in circumventing host defense mechanisms. In this review, we aim to provide a concise summary of two SARS-CoV-2 proteins, ORF6 and ORF9b, which provided selective advantage to certain variants, affecting their biology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Caobi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Mohsan Saeed
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Almulla N, Soltane R, Alasiri A, Kamal Allayeh A, Alqadi T, Alshehri F, Hamad Alrokban A, Zaghlool SS, Zayan AZ, Abdalla KF, Sayed AM. Advancements in SARS-CoV-2 detection: Navigating the molecular landscape and diagnostic technologies. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29909. [PMID: 38707469 PMCID: PMC11068538 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
According to information from the World Health Organization, the world has experienced about 430 million cases of COVID-19, a world-wide health crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This outbreak, originating from China in 2019, has led to nearly 6 million deaths worldwide. As the number of confirmed infections continues to rise, the need for cutting-edge techniques that can detect SARS-CoV-2 infections early and accurately has become more critical. To address this, the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) has issued emergency use authorizations (EUAs) for a wide range of diagnostic tools. These include tests based on detecting nucleic acids and antigen-antibody reactions. The quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) assay stands out as the gold standard for early virus detection. However, despite its accuracy, qRT-PCR has limitations, such as complex testing protocols and a risk of false negatives, which drive the continuous improvement in nucleic acid and serological testing approaches. The emergence of highly contagious variants of the coronavirus, such as Alpha (B.1.1.7), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529), has increased the need for tests that can specifically identify these mutations. This article explores both nucleic acid-based and antigen-antibody serological assays, assessing the performance of recently approved FDA tests and those documented in scientific research, especially in identifying new coronavirus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuha Almulla
- Department of Biology, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raya Soltane
- Department of Biology, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahlam Alasiri
- Department of Biology, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdou Kamal Allayeh
- Virology Lab 176, Environment and Climate Change Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Taha Alqadi
- Department of Biology, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatma Alshehri
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahlam Hamad Alrokban
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameh S. Zaghlool
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Almaaqal University, 61014, Al-Maaqal, Basra, Iraq
| | - Abdallah Z. Zayan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Collage of Pharmacy, Almaaqal University, 61014, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Karam F. Abdalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Collage of Pharmacy, Almaaqal University, 61014, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Ahmed M. Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Collage of Pharmacy, Almaaqal University, 61014, Basrah, Iraq
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de Rioja VL, Perramon-Malavez A, Alonso S, Andrés C, Antón A, Bordoy AE, Càmara J, Cardona PJ, Català M, López D, Martí S, Martró E, Saludes V, Prats C, Alvarez-Lacalle E. Mathematical modeling of SARS-CoV-2 variant substitutions in European countries: transmission dynamics and epidemiological insights. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1339267. [PMID: 38855458 PMCID: PMC11160439 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1339267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Countries across Europe have faced similar evolutions of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, including the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants. Materials and methods We used data from GISAID and applied a robust, automated mathematical substitution model to study the dynamics of COVID-19 variants in Europe over a period of more than 2 years, from late 2020 to early 2023. This model identifies variant substitution patterns and distinguishes between residual and dominant behavior. We used weekly sequencing data from 19 European countries to estimate the increase in transmissibility ( Δ β ) between consecutive SARS-CoV-2 variants. In addition, we focused on large countries with separate regional outbreaks and complex scenarios of multiple competing variants. Results Our model accurately reproduced the observed substitution patterns between the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron major variants. We estimated the daily variant prevalence and calculated Δ β between variants, revealing that: ( i ) Δ β increased progressively from the Alpha to the Omicron variant; ( i i ) Δ β showed a high degree of variability within Omicron variants; ( i i i ) a higher Δ β was associated with a later emergence of the variant within a country; ( i v ) a higher degree of immunization of the population against previous variants was associated with a higher Δ β for the Delta variant; ( v ) larger countries exhibited smaller Δ β , suggesting regionally diverse outbreaks within the same country; and finally ( v i ) the model reliably captures the dynamics of competing variants, even in complex scenarios. Conclusion The use of mathematical models allows for precise and reliable estimation of daily cases of each variant. By quantifying Δ β , we have tracked the spread of the different variants across Europe, highlighting a robust increase in transmissibility trend from Alpha to Omicron. Additionally, we have shown that the geographical characteristics of a country, as well as the timing of new variant entrances, can explain some of the observed differences in variant substitution dynamics across countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor López de Rioja
- Computational Biology and Complex Systems Group, Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aida Perramon-Malavez
- Computational Biology and Complex Systems Group, Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Alonso
- Computational Biology and Complex Systems Group, Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Andrés
- Microbiology Department, Vall D’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall D’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall D’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Infectious Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Antón
- Microbiology Department, Vall D’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall D’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall D’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Infectious Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni E. Bordoy
- Microbiology Department, Northern Metropolitan Clinical Laboratory, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Jordi Càmara
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL-UB, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Network for Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pere-Joan Cardona
- Microbiology Department, Northern Metropolitan Clinical Laboratory, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Research Network for Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Martí Català
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel López
- Computational Biology and Complex Systems Group, Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Martí
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL-UB, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Network for Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Martró
- Microbiology Department, Northern Metropolitan Clinical Laboratory, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Saludes
- Microbiology Department, Northern Metropolitan Clinical Laboratory, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Prats
- Computational Biology and Complex Systems Group, Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Alvarez-Lacalle
- Computational Biology and Complex Systems Group, Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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Tanneti NS, Patel AK, Tan LH, Marques AD, Perera RAPM, Sherrill-Mix S, Kelly BJ, Renner DM, Collman RG, Rodino K, Lee C, Bushman FD, Cohen NA, Weiss SR. Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in primary human nasal cultures demonstrates Delta as most cytopathic and Omicron as fastest replicating. mBio 2024; 15:e0312923. [PMID: 38477472 PMCID: PMC11005367 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03129-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was marked with emerging viral variants, some of which were designated as variants of concern (VOCs) due to selection and rapid circulation in the human population. Here, we elucidate functional features of each VOC linked to variations in replication rate. Patient-derived primary nasal cultures grown at air-liquid interface were used to model upper respiratory infection and compared to cell lines derived from human lung epithelia. All VOCs replicated to higher titers than the ancestral virus, suggesting a selection for replication efficiency. In primary nasal cultures, Omicron replicated to the highest titers at early time points, followed by Delta, paralleling comparative studies of population sampling. All SARS-CoV-2 viruses entered the cell primarily via a transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2)-dependent pathway, and Omicron was more likely to use an endosomal route of entry. All VOCs activated and overcame dsRNA-induced cellular responses, including interferon (IFN) signaling, oligoadenylate ribonuclease L degradation, and protein kinase R activation. Among the VOCs, Omicron infection induced expression of the most IFN and IFN-stimulated genes. Infections in nasal cultures resulted in cellular damage, including a compromise of cell barrier integrity and loss of nasal cilia and ciliary beating function, especially during Delta infection. Overall, Omicron was optimized for replication in the upper respiratory tract and least favorable in the lower respiratory cell line, and Delta was the most cytopathic for both upper and lower respiratory cells. Our findings highlight the functional differences among VOCs at the cellular level and imply distinct mechanisms of pathogenesis in infected individuals. IMPORTANCE Comparative analysis of infections by SARS-CoV-2 ancestral virus and variants of concern, including Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron, indicated that variants were selected for efficiency in replication. In infections of patient-derived primary nasal cultures grown at air-liquid interface to model upper respiratory infection, Omicron reached the highest titers at early time points, a finding that was confirmed by parallel population sampling studies. While all infections overcame dsRNA-mediated host responses, infections with Omicron induced the strongest interferon and interferon-stimulated gene response. In both primary nasal cultures and lower respiratory cell line, infections by Delta were most damaging to the cells as indicated by syncytia formation, loss of cell barrier integrity, and nasal ciliary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhila S. Tanneti
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anant K. Patel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Li Hui Tan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew D. Marques
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ranawaka A. P. M. Perera
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott Sherrill-Mix
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brendan J. Kelly
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David M. Renner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald G. Collman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kyle Rodino
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carole Lee
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Frederic D. Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Noam A. Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Surgical Services, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Susan R. Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Hernández-Bello J, Lorenzo-Leal AC, Muñoz-Valle JF, Morales-Núñez JJ, Díaz-Pérez SA, Hernández-Gutiérrez R, Bach H. Neutralizing antibody responses to the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 following vaccination with Ad5-nCoV (CanSino) in the Mexican population. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299520. [PMID: 38573914 PMCID: PMC10994301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Ad5-nCoV vaccine was applied to the Mexican population before the WHO approved it. In a transversal study, we compare the CanSino vaccine efficacy and a natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in eliciting neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant in Guadalajara, Mexico. Participants between 30-60 years were included in the study and classified into three groups: 1) Natural immunity (unvaccinated), 2) Vaccine-induced immunity (vaccinated individuals without a COVID-19 history), and 3) Natural immunity + vaccine-induced immunity. These groups were matched by age and gender. We assessed the ability of individuals' serum to neutralize the Delta variant and compared the results of the different groups using a neutralization test followed by plaque-forming units. Results showed that 39% of individuals' serum with a history of COVID-19 (natural immunity, Group 1) could not neutralize the Delta variant, compared to 33% in vaccinated individuals without COVID-19 (vaccine immunity, Group 2). In contrast, only 7% of vaccinated individuals with a history of COVID-19 (natural + vaccine immunities) could not neutralize the Delta variant. We concluded that the effectiveness of the Ad5-nCoV vaccine to induce neutralizing antibodies against the Delta variant is comparable to that of natural infection (61% vs. 67%). However, in individuals with both forms of immunity (Group 3), it increased to 93%. Based on these results, despite the Ad5-nCoV vaccine originally being designed as a single-dose regimen, it could be recommended that even those who have recovered from COVID-19 should consider vaccination to boost their immunity against this variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Hernández-Bello
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ana C. Lorenzo-Leal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - José F. Muñoz-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - José J. Morales-Núñez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Saul A. Díaz-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | | | - Horacio Bach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Qian J, Zhang S, Wang F, Li J, Zhang J. What makes SARS-CoV-2 unique? Focusing on the spike protein. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:404-430. [PMID: 38263600 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seriously threatens public health and safety. Genetic variants determine the expression of SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins, which are associated with enhanced transmissibility, enhanced virulence, and immune escape. Vaccination is encouraged as a public health intervention, and different types of vaccines are used worldwide. However, new variants continue to emerge, especially the Omicron complex, and the neutralizing antibody responses are diminished significantly. In this review, we outlined the uniqueness of SARS-CoV-2 from three perspectives. First, we described the detailed structure of the spike (S) protein, which is highly susceptible to mutations and contributes to the distinct infection cycle of the virus. Second, we systematically summarized the immunoglobulin G epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 and highlighted the central role of the nonconserved regions of the S protein in adaptive immune escape. Third, we provided an overview of the vaccines targeting the S protein and discussed the impact of the nonconserved regions on vaccine effectiveness. The characterization and identification of the structure and genomic organization of SARS-CoV-2 will help elucidate its mechanisms of viral mutation and infection and provide a basis for the selection of optimal treatments. The leaps in advancements regarding improved diagnosis, targeted vaccines and therapeutic remedies provide sound evidence showing that scientific understanding, research, and technology evolved at the pace of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Qian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shichang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinming Li
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiexin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China
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10
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Van Poelvoorde LAE, Gobbo A, Nauwelaerts SJD, Verhaegen B, Lesenfants M, Janssens R, Hutse V, Fraiture MA, De Keersmaecker S, Herman P, Van Hoorde K, Roosens N. Development of a reverse transcriptase digital droplet polymerase chain reaction-based approach for SARS-CoV-2 variant surveillance in wastewater. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2024; 96:e10999. [PMID: 38414298 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
An urgent need for effective surveillance strategies arose due to the global emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although vaccines and antivirals are available, concerns persist about the evolution of new variants with potentially increased infectivity, transmissibility, and immune evasion. Therefore, variant monitoring is crucial for public health decision-making. Wastewater-based surveillance has proven to be an effective tool to monitor SARS-CoV-2 variants within populations. Specific SARS-CoV-2 variants are detected and quantified in wastewater in this study using a reverse transcriptase digital droplet polymerase chain reaction (RT-ddPCR) approach. The 11 designed assays were first validated in silico using a substantial dataset of high-quality SARS-CoV-2 genomes to ensure comprehensive variant coverage. The assessment of the sensitivity and specificity with reference material showed the capability of the developed assays to reliably identify target mutations while minimizing false positives and false negatives. The applicability of the assays was evaluated using wastewater samples from a wastewater treatment plant in Ghent, Belgium. The quantification of the specific mutations linked to the variants of concern present in these samples was calculated using these assays based on the detection of single mutations, which confirms their use for real-world variant surveillance. In conclusion, this study provides an adaptable protocol to monitor SARS-CoV-2 variants in wastewater with high sensitivity and specificity. Its potential for broader application in other viral surveillance contexts highlights its added value for rapid response to emerging infectious diseases. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Robust RT-ddPCR methodology for specific SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern detection in wastewater. Rigorous validation that demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity. Demonstration of real-world applicability using wastewater samples. Valuable tool for rapid response to emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Gobbo
- Transversal activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Marie Lesenfants
- Epidemiology of infectious diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raphael Janssens
- Epidemiology of infectious diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Veronik Hutse
- Epidemiology of infectious diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Nancy Roosens
- Transversal activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Lin Y, Lin WY, Lin TW, Tseng YJ, Wang YC, Yu JR, Chung CR, Wang HY. Trend of HPV Molecular Epidemiology in the Post-Vaccine Era: A 10-Year Study. Viruses 2023; 15:2015. [PMID: 37896791 PMCID: PMC10612033 DOI: 10.3390/v15102015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer, a major health concern among women worldwide, is closely linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. This study explores the evolving landscape of HPV molecular epidemiology in Taiwan over a decade (2010-2020), where prophylactic HPV vaccination has been implemented since 2007. Analyzing data from 40,561 vaginal swab samples, with 42.0% testing positive for HPV, we reveal shifting trends in HPV genotype distribution and infection patterns. The 12 high-risk genotypes, in order of decreasing percentage, were HPV 52, 58, 16, 18, 51, 56, 39, 59, 33, 31, 45, and 35. The predominant genotypes were HPV 52, 58, and 16, accounting for over 70% of cases annually. The proportions of high-risk and non-high-risk HPV infections varied across age groups. High-risk infections predominated in sexually active individuals aged 30-50 and were mixed-type infections. The composition of high-risk HPV genotypes was generally stable over time; however, HPV31, 33, 39, and 51 significantly decreased over the decade. Of the strains, HPV31 and 33 are shielded by the nonavalent HPV vaccine. However, no reduction was noted for the other seven genotypes. This study offers valuable insights into the post-vaccine HPV epidemiology. Future investigations should delve into HPV vaccines' effects and their implications for cervical cancer prevention strategies. These findings underscore the need for continued surveillance and research to guide effective public health interventions targeting HPV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh Lin
- Department of Family Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Wan-Ying Lin
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ting-Wei Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (T.-W.L.); (J.-R.Y.)
| | - Yi-Ju Tseng
- Department of Computer Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan;
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yu-Chiang Wang
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jia-Ruei Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (T.-W.L.); (J.-R.Y.)
| | - Chia-Ru Chung
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320317, Taiwan;
| | - Hsin-Yao Wang
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (T.-W.L.); (J.-R.Y.)
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12
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Wagh K, Shen X, Theiler J, Girard B, Marshall JC, Montefiori DC, Korber B. Mutational basis of serum cross-neutralization profiles elicited by infection or vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 variants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.13.553144. [PMID: 37645950 PMCID: PMC10461964 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.13.553144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of SARS-CoV-2 variants emerged during the pandemic under selection for neutralization resistance. Convalescent and vaccinated sera show consistently different cross-neutralization profiles depending on infecting or vaccine variants. To understand the basis of this heterogeneity, we modeled serum cross-neutralization titers for 165 sera after infection or vaccination with historically prominent lineages tested against 18 variant pseudoviruses. Cross-neutralization profiles were well captured by models incorporating autologous neutralizing titers and combinations of specific shared and differing mutations between the infecting/vaccine variants and pseudoviruses. Infecting/vaccine variant-specific models identified mutations that significantly impacted cross-neutralization and quantified their relative contributions. Unified models that explained cross-neutralization profiles across all infecting and vaccine variants provided accurate predictions of holdout neutralization data comprising untested variants as infecting or vaccine variants, and as test pseudoviruses. Finally, comparative modeling of 2-dose versus 3-dose mRNA-1273 vaccine data revealed that the third dose overcame key resistance mutations to improve neutralization breadth. HIGHLIGHTS Modeled SARS-CoV-2 cross-neutralization using mutations at key sitesIdentified resistance mutations and quantified relative impactAccurately predicted holdout variant and convalescent/vaccine sera neutralizationShowed that the third dose of mRNA-1273 vaccination overcomes resistance mutations.
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13
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O'Donnell KL, Marzi A. Multidimensional sample analysis to determine pandemic viral evolution. EBioMedicine 2023; 92:104606. [PMID: 37156172 PMCID: PMC10163840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L O'Donnell
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.
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14
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Arantes I, Bello G, Nascimento V, Souza V, da Silva A, Silva D, Nascimento F, Mejía M, Brandão MJ, Gonçalves L, Silva G, da Costa CF, Abdalla L, Santos JH, Ramos TCA, Piantham C, Ito K, Siqueira MM, Resende PC, Wallau GL, Delatorre E, Gräf T, Naveca FG. Comparative epidemic expansion of SARS-CoV-2 variants Delta and Omicron in the Brazilian State of Amazonas. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2048. [PMID: 37041143 PMCID: PMC10089528 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37541-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) Delta and Omicron spread globally during mid and late 2021, respectively. In this study, we compare the dissemination dynamics of these VOCs in the Amazonas state, one of Brazil's most heavily affected regions. We sequenced the virus genome from 4128 patients collected in Amazonas between July 1st, 2021, and January 31st, 2022, and investigated the viral dynamics using a phylodynamic approach. The VOCs Delta and Omicron BA.1 displayed similar patterns of phylogeographic spread but different epidemic dynamics. The replacement of Gamma by Delta was gradual and occurred without an upsurge of COVID-19 cases, while the rise of Omicron BA.1 was extremely fast and fueled a sharp increase in cases. Thus, the dissemination dynamics and population-level impact of new SARS-CoV-2 variants introduced in the Amazonian population after mid-2021, a setting with high levels of acquired immunity, greatly vary according to their viral phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ighor Arantes
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, Exantemáticos, Enterovírus e Emergências Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Bello
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Valdinete Nascimento
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Victor Souza
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Arlesson da Silva
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Dejanane Silva
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Nascimento
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Matilde Mejía
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Maria Júlia Brandão
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Luciana Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
- Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas - Dra Rosemary Costa Pinto, Manaus, Brazil
| | - George Silva
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
- Fundação Centro de Controle de Oncologia do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Fernandes da Costa
- Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas - Dra Rosemary Costa Pinto, Manaus, Brazil
- Conselho de Secretários Municipais de Saúde do Amazonas COSEMS - AM, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Chayada Piantham
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kimihito Ito
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Marilda Mendonça Siqueira
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, Exantemáticos, Enterovírus e Emergências Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paola Cristina Resende
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, Exantemáticos, Enterovírus e Emergências Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Luz Wallau
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil
- Department of Arbovirology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Edson Delatorre
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tiago Gräf
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Felipe Gomes Naveca
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Arbovírus e Vírus Hemorrágicos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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