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Chen X, Li Y, Yuan X, Yuan W, Li C, Zeng Y, Lian Y, Qiu X, Qin Y, Zhang G, Liu X, Luo C, Luo JD, Hou N. Methazolamide Attenuates the Development of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy by Promoting β-Catenin Degradation in Type 1 Diabetic Mice. Diabetes 2022; 71:795-811. [PMID: 35043173 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Methazolamide (MTZ), a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, has been shown to inhibit cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and exert a hypoglycemic effect in patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic db/db mice. However, whether MTZ has a cardioprotective effect in the setting of diabetic cardiomyopathy is not clear. We investigated the effects of MTZ in a mouse model of streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Diabetic mice received MTZ by intragastric gavage (10, 25, or 50 mg/kg, daily for 16 weeks). In the diabetic group, MTZ significantly reduced both random and fasting blood glucose levels and improved glucose tolerance in a dose-dependent manner. MTZ ameliorated T1DM-induced changes in cardiac morphology and dysfunction. Mechanistic analysis revealed that MTZ blunted T1DM-induced enhanced expression of β-catenin. Similar results were observed in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) and adult mouse cardiomyocytes treated with high glucose or Wnt3a (a β-catenin activator). There was no significant change in β-catenin mRNA levels in cardiac tissues or NRCMs. MTZ-mediated β-catenin downregulation was recovered by MG132, a proteasome inhibitor. Immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence analyses showed augmentation of AXIN1-β-catenin interaction by MTZ in T1DM hearts and in NRCMs treated with Wnt3a; thus, MTZ may potentiate AXIN1-β-catenin linkage to increase β-catenin degradation. Overall, MTZ may alleviate cardiac hypertrophy by mediating AXIN1-β-catenin interaction to promote degradation and inhibition of β-catenin activity. These findings may help inform novel therapeutic strategy to prevent heart failure in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State and NMPA Key Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilang Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State and NMPA Key Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State and NMPA Key Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchang Yuan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Conglin Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State and NMPA Key Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State and NMPA Key Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuling Lian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State and NMPA Key Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State and NMPA Key Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State and NMPA Key Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State and NMPA Key Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiawen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State and NMPA Key Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengfeng Luo
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Dong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State and NMPA Key Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Hou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State and NMPA Key Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Andreadou I, Efentakis P, Frenis K, Daiber A, Schulz R. Thiol-based redox-active proteins as cardioprotective therapeutic agents in cardiovascular diseases. Basic Res Cardiol 2021; 116:44. [PMID: 34275052 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-021-00885-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thiol-based redox compounds, namely thioredoxins (Trxs), glutaredoxins (Grxs) and peroxiredoxins (Prxs), stand as a pivotal group of proteins involved in antioxidant processes and redox signaling. Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are considered as one of the major families of proteins involved in redox regulation by removal of S-glutathionylation and thereby reactivation of other enzymes with thiol-dependent activity. Grxs are also coupled to Trxs and Prxs recycling and thereby indirectly contribute to reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification. Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a ubiquitous family of peroxidases, which play an essential role in the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide, aliphatic and aromatic hydroperoxides, and peroxynitrite. The Trxs, Grxs and Prxs systems, which reversibly induce thiol modifications, regulate redox signaling involved in various biological events in the cardiovascular system. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the role of Trxs, Grxs and Prxs on cardiovascular pathologies and especially in cardiac hypertrophy, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and heart failure as well as in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia and metabolic syndrome. Further studies on the roles of thiol-dependent redox systems in the cardiovascular system will support the development of novel protective and therapeutic strategies against cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Andreadou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Efentakis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Katie Frenis
- Department of Cardiology 1, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Department of Cardiology 1, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Langenbeckstr 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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Xu X, Kobayashi S, Timm D, Huang Y, Zhao F, Shou W, Liang Q. Enhanced mTOR complex 1 signaling attenuates diabetic cardiac injury in OVE26 mice. FASEB J 2019; 33:12800-12811. [PMID: 31469601 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901206r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The protein kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) performs diverse cellular functions through 2 distinct multiprotein complexes, mTOR complex (mTORC)1 and 2. Numerous studies using rapamycin, an mTORC1 inhibitor, have implicated a role for mTORC1 in several types of heart disease. People with diabetes are more susceptible to heart failure. mTORC1 activity is increased in the diabetic heart, but its functional significance remains controversial. To investigate the role of mTORC1 in the diabetic heart, we crossed OVE26 type 1 diabetic mice with transgenic mice expressing a constitutively active mTOR (mTORca) or kinase-dead mTOR (mTORkd) in the heart. The expression of mTORca or mTORkd affected only mTORC1 but not mTORC2 activities, with corresponding changes in the activities of autophagy, a cellular degradation pathway negatively regulated by mTORC1. Diabetic cardiac damage in OVE26 mice was dramatically reduced by mTORca but exacerbated by mTORkd expression as assessed by changes in cardiac function, oxidative stress, and myocyte apoptosis. These findings demonstrated that the enhanced mTORC1 signaling in the OVE26 diabetic heart was an adaptive response that limited cardiac dysfunction, suggesting that manipulations that enhance mTORC1 activity may reduce diabetic cardiac injury, in sharp contrast to the results previously obtained with rapamycin.-Xu, X., Kobayashi, S., Timm, D., Huang, Y., Zhao, F., Shou, W., Liang, Q. Enhanced mTOR complex 1 signaling attenuates diabetic cardiac injury in OVE26 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianmin Xu
- Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Satoru Kobayashi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Derek Timm
- Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Yuan Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Fengyi Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Weinian Shou
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Heart Center, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Qiangrong Liang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, USA
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ROCK2 promotes ryanodine receptor phosphorylation and arrhythmic calcium release in diabetic cardiomyocytes. Int J Cardiol 2019; 281:90-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Udumula MP, Bhat A, Mangali S, Kalra J, Dhar I, Sriram D, Dhar A. Pharmacological evaluation of novel PKR inhibitor indirubin-3-hydrazone in-vitro in cardiac myocytes and in-vivo in wistar rats. Life Sci 2018; 209:85-96. [PMID: 30076923 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Double stranded protein kinase R cellular response is associated with various stress signals such as nutrients, endoplasmic stress, cytokines and mechanical stress. Increased PKR activity has been observed under diabetic and cardiovascular disease conditions. Most of the currently available PKR inhibitors are non-specific and have other effects as well. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine the effect of novel PKR inhibitor indirubin-3-hydrazone (IHZ) in cultured rat H9C2 cardiomyocytes and wistar rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS PKR expression was determined by Q-PCR, immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. The expression of different gene markers for apoptosis was measured by RT-PCR. Apoptosis and oxidative stress were determined by flow cytometry. KEY FINDINGS High glucose (HG) treated H9C2 cardiomyocytes and high fructose (HF) treated wistar rats developed a significant increase in PKR expression. A significant increase in apoptosis and generation of reactive oxygen species was also observed in HG treated H9C2 cells and HF treated rats. Reduced vacuole formation and prominent nuclei were also observed in high glucose treated cells. Cardiac hypertrophy and increased fibrosis were observed in HF treated rats. All these effects of HG and HF were attenuated by novel PKR inhibitor, indirubin-3-hydrazone. SIGNIFICANCE Our results indicate IHZ as an effective inhibitor of PKR in vitro and in-vivo, thus it may prove very useful in blocking the multiple harmful effects of PKR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Priyanka Udumula
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500078, India
| | - Audesh Bhat
- Department of Molecular Biology, Central University of Jammu, India
| | - Sureshbabu Mangali
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500078, India
| | - Jaspreet Kalra
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500078, India
| | - Indu Dhar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Dharamrajan Sriram
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500078, India
| | - Arti Dhar
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500078, India..
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6
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Giacconi R, Cai L, Costarelli L, Cardelli M, Malavolta M, Piacenza F, Provinciali M. Implications of impaired zinc homeostasis in diabetic cardiomyopathy and nephropathy. Biofactors 2017; 43:770-784. [PMID: 28845600 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Impaired zinc homeostasis is observed in diabetes mellitus (DM2) and its complications. Zinc has a specific role in pancreatic β-cells via insulin synthesis, storage, and secretion. Intracellular zinc homeostasis is tightly controlled by zinc transporters (ZnT and Zip families) and metallothioneins (MT) which modulate the uptake, storage, and distribution of zinc. Several investigations in animal models demonstrate the protective role of MT in DM2 and its cardiovascular or renal complications, while a copious literature shows that a common polymorphism (R325W) in ZnT8, which affects the protein's zinc transport activity, is associated with increased DM2 risk. Emerging studies highlight a role of other zinc transporters in β-cell function, suggesting that targeting them could make a possible contribution in managing the hyperglycemia in diabetic patients. This article summarizes the current findings concerning the role of zinc homeostasis in DM2 pathogenesis and development of diabetic cardiomyopathy and nephropathy and suggests novel therapeutic targets. © 2017 BioFactors, 43(6):770-784, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertina Giacconi
- Translational Research Center of Nutrition and Ageing, Scientific and Technological Pole, Italian National Institute of Health and Science on Aging (INRCA), Ancona, Italy
| | - Lu Cai
- Pediatric Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics, Wendy L. Novak Diabetes Care Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Laura Costarelli
- Translational Research Center of Nutrition and Ageing, Scientific and Technological Pole, Italian National Institute of Health and Science on Aging (INRCA), Ancona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cardelli
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific and Technological Pole, Italian National Institute of Health and Science on Aging (INRCA), Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Malavolta
- Translational Research Center of Nutrition and Ageing, Scientific and Technological Pole, Italian National Institute of Health and Science on Aging (INRCA), Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Piacenza
- Translational Research Center of Nutrition and Ageing, Scientific and Technological Pole, Italian National Institute of Health and Science on Aging (INRCA), Ancona, Italy
| | - Mauro Provinciali
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific and Technological Pole, Italian National Institute of Health and Science on Aging (INRCA), Ancona, Italy
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Li H, Xu C, Li Q, Gao X, Sugano E, Tomita H, Yang L, Shi S. Thioredoxin 2 Offers Protection against Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress in H9c2 Cells and against Myocardial Hypertrophy Induced by Hyperglycemia. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091958. [PMID: 28914755 PMCID: PMC5618607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative stress is thought to be a key contributor towards the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Thioredoxin 2 (Trx2) is a mitochondrial antioxidant that, along with Trx reductase 2 (TrxR2) and peroxiredoxin 3 (Prx3), scavenges H2O2 and offers protection against oxidative stress. Our previous study showed that TrxR inhibitors resulted in Trx2 oxidation and increased ROS emission from mitochondria. In the present study, we observed that TrxR inhibition also impaired the contractile function of isolated heart. Our studies showed a decrease in the expression of Trx2 in the high glucose-treated H9c2 cardiac cells and myocardium of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Overexpression of Trx2 could significantly diminish high glucose-induced mitochondrial oxidative damage and improved ATP production in cultured H9c2 cells. Notably, Trx2 overexpression could suppress high glucose-induced atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) gene expression. Our studies suggest that high glucose-induced mitochondrial oxidative damage can be prevented by elevating Trx2 levels, thereby providing extensive protection to the diabetic heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Changqing Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Quanfeng Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Xiuxiang Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Erkio Sugano
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka 020-8551, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Tomita
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka 020-8551, Japan.
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Sa Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
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Guo R, Hua Y, Rogers O, Brown TE, Ren J, Nair S. Cathepsin K knockout protects against cardiac dysfunction in diabetic mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8703. [PMID: 28821796 PMCID: PMC5562704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and the lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin K plays a critical role in cardiac pathophysiology. To expand upon our previous findings, we tested the hypothesis that, knockout of cathepsin K protects against diabetes-associated cardiac anomalies. Wild-type and cathepsin K knockout mice were rendered diabetic by streptozotocin (STZ) injections. Body weight, organ mass, fasting blood glucose, energy expenditure, cardiac geometry and function, cardiac histomorphology, glutathione levels and protein levels of cathepsin K and those associated with Ca2+ handling, calcineurin/NFAT signaling, insulin signaling, cardiac apoptosis and fibrosis were determined. STZ-induced diabetic mice exhibited distinct cardiac dysfunction, dampened intracellular calcium handling, alterations in cardiac morphology, and elevated cardiomyocyte apoptosis, which were mitigated in the cathepsin K knockout mice. Additionally, cathepsin K knockout mice attenuated cardiac oxidative stress and calcineurin/NFAT signaling in diabetic mice. In cultured H9c2 myoblasts, pharmacological inhibition of cathepsin K, or treatment with calcineurin inhibitor rescued cells from high-glucose triggered oxidative stress and apoptosis. Therefore, cathepsin K may represent a potential target in treating diabetes-associated cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences and the Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Yinan Hua
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences and the Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Olivia Rogers
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences and the Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Travis E Brown
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences and the Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Jun Ren
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences and the Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Sreejayan Nair
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences and the Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming, WY, 82071, USA.
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Zhang Y, Ling Y, Yang L, Cheng Y, Yang P, Song X, Tang H, Zhong Y, Tang L, He S, Yang S, Chen A, Wang X. Liraglutide relieves myocardial damage by promoting autophagy via AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway in zucker diabetic fatty rat. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 448:98-107. [PMID: 28363742 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Liraglutide, a glucose-lowering agent used to treat type 2 diabetic mellitus is reported to exert cardioprotective effects in clinical trials and animal experiments. However, the cardioprotective mechanism of liraglutide on diabetic cardiomyopathy has not been fully illustrated. The present study was performed to investigate whether liraglutide alleviates diabetic myocardium injury by promoting autophagy and its underlying mechanisms. Our results show that liraglutide significantly reduced the levels of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), improved left ventricular functional status and alleviated myocardial fibrosis in the Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat model. Liraglutide also mitigated high glucose-induced injury in NRCs. However these effects were partly reversed by the autophagic inhibitor chloroquine (CQ). Liraglutide promoted myocardial autophagy in the vivo and in the vitro models. Furthermore, liraglutide-induced enhancement of autophagy was related to increased AMPK phosphorylation and decreased mTOR phosphorylation, which was partially abolished by the AMPK inhibitor compound C (Comp C). Collectively, our data provide evidence that liraglutide mediated diabetic myocardium injury by promoting AMPK-dependent autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, PR China
| | - Yuanna Ling
- Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, PR China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, PR China
| | - Yanzhen Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, PR China
| | - Pingzhen Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, PR China
| | - Xudong Song
- Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, PR China
| | - Huixiong Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, PR China
| | - Yongkang Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, PR China
| | - Lu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, PR China
| | - Shangfei He
- Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, PR China
| | - Shuangli Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, PR China
| | - Aihua Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, PR China.
| | - Xianbao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, PR China.
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Role of microRNA in diabetic cardiomyopathy: From mechanism to intervention. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2070-2077. [PMID: 28344129 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a chronic and irreversible heart complication in diabetic patients, and is characterized by complex pathophysiologic events including early diastolic dysfunction, cardiac hypertrophy, ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction, eventually resulting in heart failure. Despite these characteristics, the underlying mechanisms leading to diabetic cardiomyopathy are still elusive. Recent studies have implicated microRNA, a small and highly conserved non-coding RNA molecule, in the etiology of diabetes and its complications, suggesting a potentially novel approach for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy. This brief review aims at capturing recent studies related to the role of microRNA in diabetic cardiomyopathy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Genetic and epigenetic control of heart failure - edited by Jun Ren & Megan Yingmei Zhang.
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Yang F, Yu X, Li T, Wu J, Zhao Y, Liu J, Sun A, Dong S, Wu J, Zhong X, Xu C, Lu F, Zhang W. Exogenous H 2S regulates endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria cross-talk to inhibit apoptotic pathways in STZ-induced type I diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 312:E190-E203. [PMID: 27998959 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00196.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a primary cause of cardiomyocyte apoptosis in diabetes cardiomyopathy (DCM). Mitofusin-2 (Mfn-2) is a key protein that bridges the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-mediated cardioprotection is related to antioxidant effects. The present study demonstrated that H2S inhibited the interaction between the ER and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. This study investigated cardiac function, ultrastructural changes in the ER and mitochondria, apoptotic rate using TUNEL, and the expression of ER stress-associated proteins and mitochondrial apoptotic proteins in cardiac tissues in STZ-induced type I diabetic rats treated with or without NaHS (donor of H2S). Mitochondria of cardiac tissues were isolated, and MPTP opening and cytochrome c (cyt C) and Mfn-2 expression were also detected. Our data showed that hyperglycemia decreased the cardiac function by ultrasound cardiogram, and the administration of exogenous H2S ameliorated these changes. We demonstrated that the expression of ER stress sensors and apoptotic rates were elevated in cardiac tissue of DCM and cultured H9C2 cells, but the expression of these proteins was reduced following exogenous H2S treatment. The expression of mitochondrial apoptotic proteins, cyt C, and mPTP opening was decreased following treatment with exogenous H2S. In our experiment, the expression and immunofluorescence of Mfn-2 were both decreased after transfection with Mfn-2-siRNA. Hyperglycemia stimulated ER interactions and mitochondrial apoptotic pathways, which were inhibited by exogenous H2S treatment through the regulation of Mfn-2 expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cytochromes c/drug effects
- Cytochromes c/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetic Cardiomyopathies
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/drug effects
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/ultrastructure
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/drug effects
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- GTP Phosphohydrolases
- Gasotransmitters/pharmacology
- Heart/drug effects
- Heart/physiopathology
- Hydrogen Sulfide/pharmacology
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/drug effects
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Microscopy, Electron
- Mitochondria, Heart/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Heart/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Heart/ultrastructure
- Mitochondrial Proteins/drug effects
- Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Sulfides/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; and
| | - Xiangjing Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; and
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; and
| | - Jianjun Wu
- Department of Cardiology, the Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yajun Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; and
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; and
| | - Aili Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; and
| | - Shiyun Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; and
| | - Jichao Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; and
| | - Xin Zhong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; and
| | - Changqing Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; and
| | - Fanghao Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; and
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; and
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12
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You Q, Wu Z, Wu B, Liu C, Huang R, Yang L, Guo R, Wu K, Chen J. Naringin protects cardiomyocytes against hyperglycemia-induced injuries in vitro and in vivo. J Endocrinol 2016; 230:197-214. [PMID: 27270899 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that naringin (NRG) protects cardiomyocytes against high glucose (HG)-induced injuries by inhibiting the MAPK pathway. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that NRG prevents cardiomyocytes from hyperglycemia-induced insult through the inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and the upregulation of ATP-sensitive K(+) (KATP) channels. Our results showed that exposure of cardiomyocytes to HG for 24h markedly induced injuries, as evidenced by a decrease in cell viability and oxidative stress, and increases in apoptotic cells as well as the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). These injuries were markedly attenuated by the pretreatment of cells with either NRG or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) before exposure to HG. Furthermore, in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and in HG-induced cardiomyocytes, the expression levels of caspase-3, bax and phosphorylated (p)-NF-κB p65 were increased. The increased protein levels were ameliorated by pretreatment with both NRG and PDTC. However, the expression levels of bcl-2 and KATP and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were decreased by hyperglycemia; the expression level of Nox4 and the ADP/ATP ratio were increased by hyperglycemia. These hyperglycemia-induced indexes were inhibited by the pretreatment of cardiomyocytes with NRG or PDTC. In addition, in STZ-induced diabetic rats, we also observed that NRG or PDTC contributed to protecting mitochondrial injury and myocardium damage. This study demonstrated that NRG protects cardiomyocytes against hyperglycemia-induced injury by upregulating KATP channels in vitro and inhibiting the NF-κB pathway in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong You
- Department of CardiovasologyThe Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Guangdong, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zijun Wu
- Department of CardiovasologyThe Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Guangdong, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of CardiovasologyThe Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Guangdong, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of CardiovasologyThe Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Guangdong, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ruina Huang
- Department of CardiovasologyThe Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Guangdong, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of CardiovasologyThe Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Guangdong, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Runmin Guo
- Department of CardiovasologyThe Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Guangdong, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Keng Wu
- Department of CardiovasologyThe Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Guangdong, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jingfu Chen
- Department of CardiologyThe Third People's Hospital of Dongguan City, Cardiovascular Institute of Dongguan City, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
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13
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Udumula MP, Medapi B, Dhar I, Bhat A, Desai K, Sriram D, Dhar A. The Small Molecule Indirubin-3'-Oxime Inhibits Protein Kinase R: Antiapoptotic and Antioxidant Effect in Rat Cardiac Myocytes. Pharmacology 2015; 97:25-30. [PMID: 26571010 DOI: 10.1159/000441727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Double-stranded, RNA-dependent protein kinase R (PKR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase activated by various stress signals. It plays an important role in inflammation, insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. Increased PKR activity has been observed in obese humans as well as in obese diabetic mice. Indirubin-3'-oxime (I3O) is an effective inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases and glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta. However, the effects of I3O on PKR activity/expression in cultured rat cardiomyocytes have not been reported. We investigated whether I3O attenuates the effects of high glucose on PKR, oxidative stress and apoptotic gene markers. Quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to measure protein and mRNA, respectively. High glucose treatment caused significant increase in the PKR protein/mRNA expression, which was attenuated by co-treatment with I3O. High glucose-treated, cultured cardiomyocytes developed a significant increase in mRNA expression for c-Jun-N-terminal kinase, caspase-3 and NF-ĸB, which were all attenuated by pretreatment with I3O. There was also a significant increase in reactive oxygen species generation in high glucose-treated, cultured cardiomyocytes, which was attenuated by pretreatment with I3O. In conclusion, I3O may have a preventive role against the deleterious effects of high glucose in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Priyanka Udumula
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
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14
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Zhou W, Yang J, Zhang DI, Li F, Li G, Gu Y, Luo M. Role of Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa-interacting protein 3 in myocardial cells in diabetes. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:67-73. [PMID: 26170914 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications are the major causes of morbidity and mortality associated with Type 2 Diabetes. Among the macrovascular complications, diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is generally considered to be inadequately recognized and managed. Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3), is known to play a key role in the initiation of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis induced by hypoxia and acidosis in the heart. It is unknown whether BNIP3 is also important for cardiac cell survival or adaption in response to hyperglycemia. Based on the previous finding that BNIP3 was significantly induced in the diabetic rat heart, BNIP3 was transfected in primary rat cardiomyocytes and the H9c2 cell line in the present study. Overexpressed BNIP3 decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential and induced cell apoptosis. When BNIP3 was knocked down, the effect on cell apoptosis was reversed. Transcriptome analysis showed that the genes regulating mitochondrial metabolism, such as carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIIIb and creatine kinase (brain), and those regulating cardiac fibrosis, such as matrix metallopeptidase 9, could be the targets of BNIP3 in rat cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, hyperglycemia-induced BNIP3 expression may compromise cardiac cell survival and function. Under the diabetic condition, BNIP3 could be involved in the regulation of mitochondrial function, lipid metabolism and fibrosis. BNIP3 could therefore serve as a potential drug target against diabetic macrovascular complications and, in particular, DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Zhou
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - D I Zhang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Fengyin Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Guo Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Yanyun Gu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Min Luo
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
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15
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Zavala U. C, Florenzano U. F. DIABETES Y CORAZÓN. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmclc.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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16
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Korkmaz-Icöz S, Lehner A, Li S, Vater A, Radovits T, Hegedűs P, Ruppert M, Brlecic P, Zorn M, Karck M, Szabó G. Mild Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Reduces the Susceptibility of the Heart to Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Identification of Underlying Gene Expression Changes. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:396414. [PMID: 26229969 PMCID: PMC4502305 DOI: 10.1155/2015/396414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite clinical studies indicating that diabetic hearts are more sensitive to ischemia/reperfusion injury, experimental data is contradictory. Although mild diabetes prior to ischemia/reperfusion may induce a myocardial adaptation, further research is still needed. Nondiabetic Wistar (W) and type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats (16-week-old) underwent 45 min occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery and 24 h reperfusion. The plasma glucose level was significantly higher in diabetic rats compared to the nondiabetics. Diabetes mellitus was associated with ventricular hypertrophy and increased interstitial fibrosis. Inducing myocardial infarction increased the glucose levels in diabetic compared to nondiabetic rats. Furthermore, the infarct size was smaller in GK rats than in the control group. Systolic and diastolic functions were impaired in W + MI and did not reach statistical significance in GK + MI animals compared to the corresponding controls. Among the 125 genes surveyed, 35 genes showed a significant change in expression in GK + MI compared to W + MI rats. Short-term diabetes promotes compensatory mechanisms that may provide cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury, at least in part, by increased antioxidants and the upregulation of the prosurvival PI3K/Akt pathway, by the downregulation of apoptotic genes, proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, profibrogenic TGF-β, and hypertrophic marker α-actin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevil Korkmaz-Icöz
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- *Sevil Korkmaz-Icöz:
| | - Alice Lehner
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shiliang Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adrian Vater
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tamás Radovits
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Hegedűs
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Ruppert
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paige Brlecic
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Zorn
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Karck
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Prasad K, Dhar I. Oxidative stress as a mechanism of added sugar-induced cardiovascular disease. Int J Angiol 2014; 23:217-26. [PMID: 25484552 PMCID: PMC4244242 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1387169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Added sugars comprising of table sugar, brown sugar, corn syrup, maple syrup, honey, molasses, and other sweeteners in the prepared processed foods and beverages have been implicated in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. This article deals with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a mechanism of sugar-induced cardiovascular diseases. There is an association between the consumption of high levels of serum glucose with cardiovascular diseases. Various sources of sugar-induced generation of ROS, including mitochondria, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase, advanced glycation end products, insulin, and uric acid have been discussed. The mechanism by which ROS induce the development of atherosclerosis, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and cardiac arrhythmias have been discussed in detail. In conclusion, the data suggest that added sugars induce atherosclerosis, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and cardiac arrhythmias and that these effects of added sugars are mediated through ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Prasad
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Indu Dhar
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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18
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Tadic M, Cuspidi C. The influence of type 2 diabetes on left atrial remodeling. Clin Cardiol 2014; 38:48-55. [PMID: 25403642 DOI: 10.1002/clc.22334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of type 2 diabetes mellitus on cardiac remodeling has been evaluated for decades; however, the majority of investigations were focused only on the left ventricle. The impact of diabetes on the left atrial (LA) function is less researched. LA enlargement has been shown as an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the general and diabetic population; however, LA dysfunction has been proven to be an independent predictor only in the general population. There are not much follow-up data about the influence of diabetes on LA function. New echocardiographic techniques, such as 2-dimensional speckle tracking imaging, provide more accurate, sensitive, and reliable information about LA function than traditional, volumetric methods. The aim of this review was to summarize the most recent reports about the influence of diabetes on LA function, as well as to discuss the possible mechanisms and potential clinical implications of the relationship between diabetes and LA remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Tadic
- Department of Cardiology, University Clinical Hospital Centre "Dr. Dragisa Misovic-Dedinje,", Belgrade, Serbia
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19
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Madonna R, Geng YJ, Bolli R, Rokosh G, Ferdinandy P, Patterson C, De Caterina R. Co-activation of nuclear factor-κB and myocardin/serum response factor conveys the hypertrophy signal of high insulin levels in cardiac myoblasts. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19585-98. [PMID: 24855642 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.540559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperinsulinemia contributes to cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure in patients with the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Here, high circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α may synergize with insulin in signaling inflammation and cardiac hypertrophy. We tested whether high insulin affects activation of TNF-α-induced NF-κB and myocardin/serum response factor (SRF) to convey hypertrophy signaling in cardiac myoblasts. In canine cardiac myoblasts, treatment with high insulin (10(-8) to 10(-7) m) for 0-24 h increased insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 phosphorylation at Ser-307, decreased protein levels of chaperone-associated ubiquitin (Ub) E3 ligase C terminus of heat shock protein 70-interacting protein (CHIP), increased SRF activity, as well as β-myosin heavy chain (MHC) and myocardin expressions. Here siRNAs to myocardin or NF-κB, as well as CHIP overexpression prevented (while siRNA-mediated CHIP disruption potentiated) high insulin-induced SR element (SRE) activation and β-MHC expression. Insulin markedly potentiated TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation. Compared with insulin alone, insulin+TNF-α increased SRF/SRE binding and β-MHC expression, which was reversed by the NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) and by NF-κB silencing. In the hearts of db/db diabetic mice, in which Akt phosphorylation was decreased, p38MAPK, Akt1, and IRS-1 phosphorylation at Ser-307 were increased, together with myocardin expression as well as SRE and NF-κB activities. In response to high insulin, cardiac myoblasts increase the expression or the promyogenic transcription factors myocardin/SRF in a CHIP-dependent manner. Insulin potentiates TNF-α in inducing NF-κB and SRF/SRE activities. In hyperinsulinemic states, myocardin may act as a nuclear effector of insulin, promoting cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda Madonna
- From the Texas Heart Institute and University of Texas Medical School in Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, the Institute of Cardiology, and Center of Excellence on Aging, "G. d'Annunzio" University, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Yong-Jian Geng
- From the Texas Heart Institute and University of Texas Medical School in Houston, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Roberto Bolli
- the Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Gregg Rokosh
- the Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Peter Ferdinandy
- the Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary, and
| | - Cam Patterson
- the Center for Molecular Cardiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Raffaele De Caterina
- the Institute of Cardiology, and Center of Excellence on Aging, "G. d'Annunzio" University, 66100 Chieti, Italy,
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20
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21
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Gitt AK, Halle M, Hanefeld M, Kellerer M, Marx N, Meier JJ, Schumm-Draeger PM, Bramlage P, Tschöpe D. Should antidiabetic treatment of type 2 diabetes in patients with heart failure differ from that in patients without? Eur J Heart Fail 2014; 14:1389-400. [DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfs136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anselm K. Gitt
- Institut für Herzinfarktforschung Ludwigshafen an der Universität Heidelberg; Bremser Strasse 79 D-7063 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Martin Halle
- Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine; TU München Germany
- Munich Heart Alliance; Munich Germany
| | | | - Monika Kellerer
- Zentrum für Innere Medizin I, Marienhospital Stuttgart; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Nikolaus Marx
- Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology; University of Aachen; Germany
| | - Juris J. Meier
- Department of Medicine I, St. Josef-Hospital; Ruhr-University Bochum; Germany
| | - Petra-Maria Schumm-Draeger
- Medizinische Klinik 3, Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Angiologie; Klinikum München-Bogenhausen Germany
| | - Peter Bramlage
- Institut für Pharmakologie und präventive Medizin; Mahlow Germany
| | - Diethelm Tschöpe
- Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen in Bad Oeynhausen; Universitätsklinik der Ruhr Universität; Bochum Germany
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22
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Lin G, Brownsey RW, MacLeod KM. Complex regulation of PKCβ2 and PDK-1/AKT by ROCK2 in diabetic heart. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86520. [PMID: 24466133 PMCID: PMC3896488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The RhoA/ROCK pathway contributes to diabetic cardiomyopathy in part by promoting the sustained activation of PKCβ2 but the details of their interaction are unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate if over-activation of ROCK in the diabetic heart leads to direct phosphorylation and activation of PKCβ2, and to determine if their interaction affects PDK-1/Akt signaling. Methods Regulation by ROCK of PKCβ2 and related kinases was investigated by Western blotting and co-immunoprecipitation in whole hearts and isolated cardiomyocytes from 12 to 14-week diabetic rats. Direct ROCK2 phosphorylation of PKCβ2 was examined in vitro. siRNA silencing was used to confirm role of ROCK2 in PKCβ2 phosphorylation in vascular smooth muscle cells cultured in high glucose. Furthermore, the effect of ROCK inhibition on GLUT4 translocation was determined in isolated cardiomyocytes by confocal microscopy. Results Expression of ROCK2 and expression and phosphorylation of PKCβ2 were increased in diabetic hearts. A physical interaction between the two kinases was demonstrated by reciprocal immunoprecipitation, while ROCK2 directly phosphorylated PKCβ2 at T641 in vitro. ROCK2 siRNA in vascular smooth muscle cells or inhibition of ROCK in diabetic hearts reduced PKCβ2 T641 phosphorylation, and this was associated with attenuation of PKCβ2 activity. PKCβ2 also formed a complex with PDK-1 and its target AKT, and ROCK inhibition resulted in upregulation of the phosphorylation of PDK-1 and AKT, and increased translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane in diabetic hearts. Conclusion This study demonstrates that over-activation of ROCK2 contributes to diabetic cardiomyopathy by multiple mechanisms, including direct phosphorylation and activation of PKCβ2 and interference with the PDK-1-mediated phosphorylation and activation of AKT and translocation of GLUT4. This suggests that ROCK2 is a critical node in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy and may be an effective target to improve cardiac function in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Lin
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Roger W. Brownsey
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kathleen M. MacLeod
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- * E-mail:
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23
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HE HONGYING, QIAO XIAOYU, WU SUISHENG. Carbamylated erythropoietin attenuates cardiomyopathy via PI3K/Akt activation in rats with diabetic cardiomyopathy. Exp Ther Med 2013; 6:567-573. [PMID: 24137228 PMCID: PMC3786988 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of carbamylated erythropoietin (CEPO) against cardiomyopathy in high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet-fed rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Healthy male Wistar rats were fed a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet for four weeks, and then were injected with STZ twice (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Once DCM was confirmed, the rats were divided randomly into the following groups: DCM without treatment, CEPO treatment at different dosages (500, 1,000 or 2,000 IU/kg) or recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) treatment (1,000 IU/kg), for a four-week short intervention or an eight-week long intervention protocol. Healthy rats were used as normal controls. Venous blood samples were drawn for routine hematological examinations, and heart tissues were collected for histological analysis, as well as the determination of myocardial apoptosis and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling. CEPO treatment had no significant effect on the erythrocyte or hemoglobin levels in the rats with DCM; however, it reduced myocardial cell apoptosis in the rats and protected the cellular ultrastructure. In addition, CEPO treatment inhibited caspase-3 and increased Bcl-xl protein expression (P<0.05). It also increased PI3K (p85) and Akt1 expression at the mRNA and protein levels in the hearts of the rats with DCM, with a dose-response relationship. An eight-week treatment using CEPO, in comparison with a four-week protocol, marginally increased PI3K (p85) and Akt1 expression, and did not demonstrate significant benefit. The study indicated that CEPO protects against DCM, without markedly affecting erythropoiesis, and that the activation of PI3K/Akt may be a key mechanism in the protection conferred by CEPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- HONGYING HE
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021
| | - XIAOYU QIAO
- Edmond H Fischer Signal Transduction Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012,
P.R. China
| | - SUISHENG WU
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021
- Correspondence to: Professor Suisheng Wu, Department of Geriatrics, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China E-mail:
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24
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Activation of ALDH2 with ethanol attenuates diabetes induced myocardial injury in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 56:419-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Aziz MTA, El Ibrashy IN, Mikhailidis DP, Rezq AM, Wassef MAA, Fouad HH, Ahmed HH, Sabry DA, Shawky HM, Hussein RE. Signaling mechanisms of a water soluble curcumin derivative in experimental type 1 diabetes with cardiomyopathy. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2013; 5:13. [PMID: 23497378 PMCID: PMC3602235 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-5-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curcumin exhibits anti-diabetic activities, induces heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and is an inhibitor of transcriptional co-activator p300. A novel water soluble curcumin derivative (NCD) has been developed to overcome low invivo bioavailability of curcumin. We evaluated the effect of the NCD on signaling mechanisms involved in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and studied whether its action is mediated via inducible HO-1. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were divided into controls, controls receiving NCD, diabetic, diabetic receiving NCD, diabetic receiving pure curcumin, diabetic receiving HO inhibitor, zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP IX) and diabetic receiving NCD and ZnPP IX. NCD and curcumin were given orally. After 45 days, cardiac physiologic parameters, plasma glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin (GHb), HO-1 gene expression and HO activity in pancreas and cardiac tissues were assessed. Gene expression of p300, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2A and MEF2C) were studied. RESULTS NCD and curcumin decreased plasma glucose, GHb and increased insulin levels significantly in diabetic rats. This action may be partially mediated by induction of HO-1 gene. HO-1 gene expression and HO activity were significantly increased in diabetic heart and pancreas. Diabetes upregulated the expression of ANP, MEF2A, MEF2C and p300. NCD and curcumin prevented diabetes-induced upregulation of these parameters and improved left ventricular function. The effect of the NCD was better than the same dose of curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Talaat Abdel Aziz
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Dimitri P Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Ameen Mahmoud Rezq
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdel Aziz Wassef
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan Hassan Fouad
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan Hosni Ahmed
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina A Sabry
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Rania Elsayed Hussein
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini, Cairo, Egypt
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Xu X, Luo P, Wang Y, Cui Y, Miao L. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NFE2L2) is a novel therapeutic target for diabetic complications. J Int Med Res 2013; 41:13-9. [PMID: 23569125 DOI: 10.1177/0300060513477004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a leading cause of death and disability. In 2004, 3.4 million people worldwide died of symptoms relating to high blood sugar. Diabetic complications are caused by organ damage resulting from long-term exposure to high blood sugar, and include diseases such as heart failure, kidney failure, vision loss and neuropathy. The transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NFE2L2, also known as NRF2) is an important component of the intracellular antioxidant machinery and a target for treatment of diabetic complications. This article reviews the role of NFE2L2 in diabetic complications with a focus on diabetic nephropathy, cardiomyopathy, neuropathy and retinopathy. Activation of NFE2L2 protects against oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo, and represents an important target for prophylaxis and treatment of diabetic complications. NFE2L2 has potential clinical applications for diabetic patients in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Xu
- Department of Nephropathy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Second Hospital of Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ping Luo
- Department of Nephropathy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Yangwei Wang
- Department of Nephropathy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Yingchun Cui
- Department of Nephropathy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Lining Miao
- Department of Nephropathy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
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27
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In silico design of peptidomimetics for PKC-β II inhibition: perspectives for diabetic cardiomyopathy therapy. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0378-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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28
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Aragno M, Mastrocola R, Ghé C, Arnoletti E, Bassino E, Alloatti G, Muccioli G. Obestatin induced recovery of myocardial dysfunction in type 1 diabetic rats: underlying mechanisms. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012; 11:129. [PMID: 23066908 PMCID: PMC3537569 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate whether obestatin (OB), a peptide mediator encoded by the ghrelin gene exerting a protective effect in ischemic reperfused heart, is able to reduce cardiac dysfunctions in adult diabetic rats. Methods Diabetes was induced by STZ injection (50 mg/kg) in Wistar rats (DM). OB was administered (25 μg/kg) twice a day for 6 weeks. Non-diabetic (ND) rats and DM rats were distributed into four groups: untreated ND, OB-treated ND, untreated DM, OB-treated DM. Cardiac contractility and ß-adrenergic response were studied on isolated papillary muscles. Phosphorylation of AMPK, Akt, ERK1/2 and GSK3ß as well ß-1 adrenoreceptors levels were detected by western blot, while α-MHC was measured by RT-PCR. Results OB preserved papillary muscle contractility (85 vs 27% of ND), ß-adrenergic response (103 vs 65% of ND), as well ß1-adrenoreceptors and α-MHC levels in diabetic myocardial tissue. Moreover, OB up-regulated the survival kinases Akt and ERK1/2, and enhanced AMPK and GSK3ß phosphorylation. OB corrected oxidative unbalance, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α plasma levels, NFkB translocation and pro-fibrogenic factors expression in diabetic myocardium. Conclusions OB displays a significant beneficial effect against the alterations of contractility and ß-adrenergic response in the heart of STZ-treated diabetic rats, which was mainly associated with the ability of OB to up-regulate the transcription of ß1-adrenergic receptors and α-MHC; this protective effect was accompanied by the ability to restore oxidative balance and to promote phosphorylation/modulation of AMPK and pro-survival kinases such as Akt, ERK1/2 and GSK3ß.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Aragno
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, Turin, 10125, Italy.
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Naka KK, Pappas K, Papathanassiou K, Papamichael ND, Kazakos N, Kanioglou C, Makriyiannis D, Katsouras CS, Liveris K, Tsatsoulis A, Michalis LK. Lack of effects of pioglitazone on cardiac function in patients with type 2 diabetes and evidence of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction: a tissue doppler imaging study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2010; 9:57. [PMID: 20863381 PMCID: PMC2955641 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-9-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thiazolidinediones, used for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), are associated with an increased incidence of heart failure. We sought to investigate the effects of pioglitazone on novel echocardiographic indices of left ventricular (LV) diastolic function in DM2 patients with LV diastolic dysfunction (LVDD). Methods Eighty-eight asymptomatic DM2 patients on metformin and/or sulfonylureas, aged 64.5 ± 7.7 years, without known cardiovascular disease, with normal LV systolic function and evidence of LVDD were randomly assigned to pioglitazone 30 mg/day (n = 42) or an increase in dose of other oral agents (n = 39) for 6 months. All patients underwent transthoracic conventional and Tissue Doppler Imaging echocardiography at baseline and follow-up. The primary end-point was change in early diastolic velocity of the mitral annulus (E'). Results Improvement of glycaemic control was similar in the 2 groups. A significant difference (p < 0.05) between the 2 groups was found in the treatment-induced changes in fasting insulin, the insulin resistance index HOMA, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, diastolic blood pressure (all in favor of pioglitazone) and in body weight (increase with pioglitazone). No significant changes were observed in any echocardiographic parameter in either group and did not differ between groups (p = NS for all). E' increased non-significantly and to a similar extent in both groups (p = NS). Conclusions In asymptomatic DM2 patients with LVDD, the addition of pioglitazone to oral conventional treatment for 6 months does not induce any adverse or favorable changes in LV diastolic or systolic function despite improvements in glycaemic control, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina K Naka
- Michaelidion Cardiac Center, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina, Greece
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30
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Liefeldt L, Rylski B, Walcher F, Manhart J, Kron S, Rosenke YW, Paul M, Neumayer HH, Amann K, Peters H. Effects of transgenic endothelin-2 overexpression on diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats. Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40:203-10. [PMID: 20100233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transgenic overexpression of human endothelin-2 in rats was used to characterize the contribution of endothelin to diabetic cardiomyopathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Diabetes mellitus was induced by streptozotocin in transgenic rats and transgene-negative controls. Nondiabetic animals were included as well to form a 4-group study design. Heart morphological and molecular alterations were analysed following 6 months of hyperglycaemia. RESULTS Plasma endothelin concentrations were significantly higher in both transgenic groups than in wild-type groups (nondiabetic: 3.5 +/- 0.4 vs. 2.1 +/- 0.2, P < 0.05; diabetic: 4.5 +/- 0.4 vs. 2.5 +/- 0.4 fmol mL(-1), P < 0.01). Diabetes induced cardiac hypertrophy in both wild-type and transgenic rats and showed the highest myocardial interstitial tissue volume density in diabetic transgenic rats (1.5 +/- 0.07%) as compared with nondiabetic transgenic (1.1 +/- 0.03%), nondiabetic wild-type (0.8 +/- 0.01%) and diabetic wild-type rats (1.1 +/- 0.03%; P < 0.01 for all comparisons). A similar pattern with the most severe changes in the enothelin-2 transgenic, diabetic animals was observed for hypertrophy of the large coronary arteries and the small intramyocardial arterioles respectively. Cardiac mRNA expression of endothelin-1, endothelin receptors type A and B were altered in some degree by diabetes or transgenic overexpression of endothelin-2, but not in a uniform manner. Blood pressure did not differ between any of the four groups. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of the human endothelin-2 gene in rats aggravates diabetic cardiomyopathy by more severe coronary and intramyocardial vessel hypertrophy and myocardial interstitial fibrosis. This transgenic intervention provides further and independent support for a detrimental, blood pressure-independent role of endothelins in diabetic cardiac changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Liefeldt
- Department of Nephrology, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
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31
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Influence of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in Adult Male Albino Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1097/00767537-201003000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shushakova N, Park JK, Menne J, Fliser D. Chronic erythropoietin treatment affects different molecular pathways of diabetic cardiomyopathy in mouse. Eur J Clin Invest 2009; 39:755-60. [PMID: 19614950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies in mice experimental models with acute ischaemic injury revealed that erythropoietin (EPO) has numerous tissue-protective effects in the heart, brain and kidneys. We therefore explored the tissue-protective properties of chronic EPO treatment in an experimental model of the db/db mouse with diabetic heart injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS We randomly treated 11 db/db mice with placebo (saline), 0.4 microg of the continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (CERA) per week (n = 11) or 1.2 microg CERA per week (n = 11) for 14 weeks, and analysed cardiac tissue. The lower CERA dose was a non-haematologically effective dose, whereas the second increased the haematocrit. RESULTS Compared with mice in the placebo group, CERA-treated mice had a reduction in TGF-beta(1) and collagen I expression in cardiac tissue (P < 0.01 vs. higher dose CERA). In addition, an increased expression of the pro-survival intracellular pathway p-AKT was observed (P < 0.05 vs. higher dose CERA). The values for the lower C.E.R.A had an intermediate nonsignificant effect. Furthermore, we were able to show that atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) expression was increased in both CERA groups. CONCLUSIONS Chronic treatment with CERA protects cardiac tissue in diabetic animals, i.e. it inhibits molecular pathways of cardiac fibrosis, and the effects are dose-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shushakova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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33
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Resl M, Hülsmann M, Pacher R, Clodi M. [Heart failure in diabetes]. Wien Med Wochenschr 2009; 159:134-40. [PMID: 19343290 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-009-0645-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interactions of glucose metabolism and chronic heart failure have been confirmed by many epidemiologic studies. The association of HbA1c with an increasing risk of heart failure clearly underlines the connection between both diseases. Coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension and diabetic cardiomyopathy are long-term complications of diabetes mellitus, resulting in diabetic heart failure. Dysfunction of many regulation systems leads to specific diabetic cardiomyopathy, which has been firstly described by Rubler. A reduction in the cardiac expression of the Na-Ca exchanger pump and SERCA2a protein results in an imbalance in cardiac calcium handling. The overactive renin angiotensin aldosteron system (RAAS) also contributes to the impairment of myocardial function. Hyperlipidaemia, hpyerinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia directly trigger diabetic cardiomyopathy. Generally chronic heart failure is a clinical diagnosis verified by blood tests like NT-proBNP and cardiac ultrasound. Recommendations on treatment of diabetic heart failure are based on subgroup analysis of the large heart failure trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Resl
- Klinische Abteilung für Endokrinologie und Stoffwechsel, Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin III, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria
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Tschöpe C, Westermann D. Development of diabetic cardiomyopathy and the kallikrein-kinin system--new insights from B1 and B2 receptor signaling. Biol Chem 2008; 389:707-11. [PMID: 18627288 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a specific cardiomyopathy which develops in patients with diabetes mellitus in the absence of coronary atherosclerosis and hypertension. Despite the potential importance of this disease entity, the underlying mechanisms are only incompletely understood. Changes in calcium handling, disruption of the extracellular matrix regulation with accumulation of cardiac collagen, and furthermore cardiac inflammation may be an important mediator of this disease. This brief review focuses on the current aspects of the kallikrein-kinin system and its influence on the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy with particular regard to the kinin receptors B1 and B2, as their role in the development of this disease is still under discussion. Whether the role of the B1 receptor is similar to the well-described beneficial role of the B2 receptor or whether its function is opposed to the B2 receptor is controversial. Some recent findings suggest that the B1 receptor mediates cardiac inflammation and therefore may be detrimental for cardiac function in the setting of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Tschöpe
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, D-12200 Berlin, Germany.
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35
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Yu BC, Chang CK, Ou HY, Cheng KC, Cheng JT. Decrease of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta expression in cardiomyopathy of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 80:78-87. [PMID: 18573863 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARdelta) in the development of cardiomyopathy, which is widely observed in diabetic disorders, is likely because cardiomyocyte-restricted PPARdelta deletion causes cardiac hypertrophy. Thus, we investigated the effect of hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress on the expression of cardiac PPARdelta both in vivo and in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS We used male Wistar rats to examine the effect of hyperglycaemia on PPARdelta expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, and H9c2 embryonic rat cardiomyocytes. PPARdelta mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) and protein levels were measured using northern and western blotting, respectively. The lipid deposition within the heart section was assessed by oil red O staining. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and changes in morphology, protein synthesis, and alpha-actinin content in hyperglycaemic cells were also examined. Inhibitors of ROS production or mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation were employed to investigate the possible mechanisms. Cardiomyopathy induced in streptozotocin-diabetic rats was associated with a marked decrease in cardiac PPARdelta expression. Also, ROS production, cell size, and protein synthesis were increased while PPARdelta expression was reduced in cells exposed to hyperglycaemia in vitro. However, these glucose-induced changes were abolished in the presence of tiron or PD98059 (MEK/ERK inhibitor). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that inhibitors of ROS production or MAPK activation are involved in reduction of cardiac PPARdelta expression in response to hyperglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu-Chin Yu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan 70101, ROC
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36
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Kitzmiller JL, Block JM, Brown FM, Catalano PM, Conway DL, Coustan DR, Gunderson EP, Herman WH, Hoffman LD, Inturrisi M, Jovanovic LB, Kjos SI, Knopp RH, Montoro MN, Ogata ES, Paramsothy P, Reader DM, Rosenn BM, Thomas AM, Kirkman MS. Managing preexisting diabetes for pregnancy: summary of evidence and consensus recommendations for care. Diabetes Care 2008; 31:1060-79. [PMID: 18445730 PMCID: PMC2930883 DOI: 10.2337/dc08-9020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John L Kitzmiller
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California 95128, USA.
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37
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Choy CK, Rodgers JE, Nappi JM, Haines ST. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Heart Failure. Pharmacotherapy 2008; 28:170-92. [DOI: 10.1592/phco.28.2.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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38
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Aragno M, Mastrocola R, Alloatti G, Vercellinatto I, Bardini P, Geuna S, Catalano MG, Danni O, Boccuzzi G. Oxidative stress triggers cardiac fibrosis in the heart of diabetic rats. Endocrinology 2008; 149:380-8. [PMID: 17901230 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized by myocyte loss and myocardial fibrosis, leading to decreased elasticity and impaired contractile function. The study examines the downstream signaling whereby oxidative stress, induced by hyperglycemia, leads to myocardial fibrosis and impaired contractile function in the left ventricle of diabetic rats. It also examines the effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), which prevents the oxidative damage induced by hyperglycemia in experimental models. DHEA was administered for 6 wk in the diet [0.02%, wt/wt)] to rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Oxidative balance, advanced glycated end products (AGEs) and AGE receptors, transcription factors nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein-1, and profibrogenic growth factors (connective tissue growth factor and TGFbeta1) were determined in the left ventricle of treated and untreated streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Structural and ultrastructural changes, and the contractile force developed by electrically driven papillary muscles, under basal conditions and after stimulation with isoproterenol, were also evaluated. Oxidative stress induced by hyperglycemia increased AGEs and AGE receptors and triggered a cascade of signaling, eventually leading to interstitial fibrosis. DHEA treatment, by improving oxidative balance, counteracted the enhanced AGE receptor activation and increase of profibrogenic factors and restored tissue levels of collagen I, collagen IV, and fibronectin to those of control animals. Moreover, DHEA completely restored the contractility of isolated papillary muscle. Oxidative stress led to cardiac fibrosis, the most important pathogenetic factor of the heart's impaired functional integrity in diabetes. Structural and ultrastructural changes and impairment of muscle function induced by experimental diabetes were minimized by DHEA treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Connective Tissue Growth Factor
- Dehydroepiandrosterone/pharmacology
- Dehydroepiandrosterone/therapeutic use
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Fibrosis
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Glycation End Products, Advanced/metabolism
- Heart Diseases/drug therapy
- Heart Diseases/etiology
- Heart Diseases/metabolism
- Heart Diseases/pathology
- Heart Ventricles/metabolism
- Heart Ventricles/pathology
- Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics
- Immediate-Early Proteins/metabolism
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Myocardium/pathology
- Myocardium/ultrastructure
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Oxidative Stress/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Streptozocin
- Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Aragno
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology, University of Turin, Via Genova 3, 10126 Turin, Italy
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van Lunteren E, Moyer M. Oxidoreductase, morphogenesis, extracellular matrix, and calcium ion-binding gene expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat heart. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 293:E759-68. [PMID: 17566115 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00191.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes has far-ranging effects on cardiac structure and function. Previous gene expression studies of the heart in animal models of type 1 diabetes concur that there is altered expression of genes involved in lipid and protein metabolism, but they diverge with regard to expression changes involving many other functional groups of genes of mechanistic importance in diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction. To obtain additional information about these controversial areas, genome-wide expression was assessed using microarrays in left ventricle from streptozotocin-diabetic and normal rats. There were 261 genes with statistically significant altered expression of at least +/-1.5-fold, of which 124 were increased and 137 reduced by diabetes. Gene ontology assignment testing identified several statistical significantly overrepresented groups among genes with altered expression, which differed for increased compared with reduced expression. Relevant gene groups with increased expression by diabetes included lipid metabolism (P < 0.001, n = 13 genes, fold change 1.5 to 14.6) and oxidoreductase activity (P < 0.001, n = 17, fold change 1.5 to 4.6). Groups with reduced expression by diabetes included morphogenesis (P < 0.00001, n = 28, fold change -1.5 to -5.1), extracellular matrix (P < 0.02, n = 9, fold change -1.5 to -3.9), cell adhesion (P < 0.05, n = 10, fold change -1.5 to -2.7), and calcium ion binding (P < 0.01, n = 13, fold change -1.5 to -3.0). Array findings were verified by quantitative PCR for 36 genes. These data combined with previous findings strengthen the evidence for diabetes-induced cardiac gene expression changes involved in cell growth and development, oxidoreductase activity, and the extracellular matrix and also point out other gene groups not previously identified as being affected, such as those involved in calcium ion homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik van Lunteren
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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40
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Belmadani S, Bernal J, Wei CC, Pallero MA, Dell'italia L, Murphy-Ullrich JE, Berecek KH. A thrombospondin-1 antagonist of transforming growth factor-beta activation blocks cardiomyopathy in rats with diabetes and elevated angiotensin II. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:777-89. [PMID: 17640965 PMCID: PMC1959499 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In diabetes and hypertension, the induction of increased transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) activity due to glucose and angiotensin II is a significant factor in the development of fibrosis and organ failure. We showed previously that glucose and angiotensin II induce the latent TGF-beta activator thrombospondin-1 (TSP1). Because activation of latent TGF-beta is a major means of regulating TGF-beta, we addressed the role of TSP1-mediated TGF-beta activation in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy exacerbated by abdominal aortic coarctation in a rat model of type 1 diabetes using a peptide antagonist of TSP1-dependent TGF-beta activation. This surgical manipulation elevates initial blood pressure and angiotensin II. The hearts of these rats had increased TSP1, collagen, and TGF-beta activity, and cardiac function was diminished. A peptide antagonist of TSP1-dependent TGF-beta activation prevented progression of cardiac fibrosis and improved cardiac function by reducing TGF-beta activity. These data suggest that TSP1 is a significant mediator of fibrotic complications of diabetes associated with stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system, and further studies to assess the blockade of TSP1-dependent TGF-beta activation as a potential antifibrotic therapeutic strategy are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souad Belmadani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 668 Volker Hall, 1530 3rd Ave. South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA
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41
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus affects about 8% of the adult population. The estimated number of patients with diabetes, presently about 170 million people, is expected to increase by 50-70% within the next 25 years. Diabetes is an important component of the complex of 'common' cardiovascular risk factors, and is responsible for acceleration and worsening of atherothrombosis. Major cardiovascular events cause about 80% of the total mortality in diabetic patients. Diabetes also induces peculiar microangiopathic changes leading to diabetic nephropathy conducive to end-stage renal failure, and to diabetic retinopathy that may progress to vision loss and blindness. In terms of major cardiovascular events, coronary heart disease and ischaemic stroke are the main causes of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Peripheral arterial disease frequently occurs, and is more likely to be conducive to critical limb ischaemia and amputation than in the absence of diabetes. Although there are a number of differences in the pathogenesis and clinical features of diabetic macroangiopathy and microangiopathy, these two entities often coexist and induce mutually worsening effects. Endothelial injury, dysfunction and damage are common starting points for both conditions. Causes of endothelial injury can be distinguished into those 'common' to nondiabetic atherothrombosis, such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia, smoking, hypercoagulability and platelet activation; and those more specific and in some cases 'unique' to diabetes and directly related to the metabolic derangement of the disease, such as (i) desulfation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of the vascular matrix; (ii) formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGE) and their endothelial receptors (RAGE); (iii) oxidative and reductive stress; (iv) decline in nitric oxide production; (v) activation of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS); and (vi) endothelial inflammation caused by glucose, insulin, insulin precursors and AGE/RAGE. Prevention of major cardiovascular events with the antithrombotic agent aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is widely recommended, but reportedly underutilised in patients with diabetes. However, some data suggest that aspirin may be less effective than expected in preventing cardiovascular events and especially mortality in patients with diabetes, as well as in slowing progression of retinopathy. In contrast, a recent study found picotamide, a direct thromboxane inhibitor, to be superior to aspirin in diabetic patients. Clopidogrel was either equivalent or less active in diabetic versus nondiabetic patients, depending upon different clinical settings.Recent studies have shown that some GAG compounds are able to reduce micro- and macroalbuminuria in diabetic nephropathy, and hard exudates in diabetic retinopathy, but it is as yet unknown whether these agents also influence the natural history of microvascular complications of diabetes. Lifestyle changes and physical exercise are also essential in preventing cardiovascular events in diabetic patients. Available data on the control of the metabolic state and the main risk factors show that careful adjustment of blood sugar and glycated haemoglobin is more effective in counteracting microvascular damage than in preventing major cardiovascular events. The latter objective requires a more comprehensive approach to the whole constellation of risk factors both specific for diabetes and common to atherothrombosis. This approach includes lifestyle modifications, such as dietary changes and smoking cessation and the use of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), which are able to correct the lipid status and to prevent major cardiovascular events independently of the baseline lipidaemic or cardiovascular status. Tight control of hypertension is essential to reduce not only major cardiovascular events but also microvascular complications. Among antihypertensive measures, blockade of the RAAS by means of ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor antagonists recently emerged as a potentially polyvalent approach, not only for treating hypertension and reducing cardiovascular events, but also to prevent or reduce albuminuria, counteract diabetic nephropathy and lower the occurrence of new type 2 diabetes in individuals at risk.
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42
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Abstract
Patients with diabetes mellitus are more likely to develop heart failure and cardiac dysfunction (with or without coronary artery disease), and the combination portends a poorer prognosis. Although the majority of treatment options in heart failure appear to be as effective in those with diabetes as in those without, less is known about the safety and effectiveness of different antidiabetic medications in the setting of heart failure. Nevertheless, it is well recognized that many patients with diabetes mellitus may develop subclinical structural heart disease prior to overt clinical presentations. Therefore, the potential of early detection (or screening) is very important to prevent the significant disease burden of heart failure in the diabetic population. In-depth investigations of the role of current and emerging strategies of metabolic modulation are promising, although the precise therapeutic targets remain elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Wilson Tang
- Section of Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Desk F25, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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43
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Shen X, Bornfeldt KE. Mouse models for studies of cardiovascular complications of type 1 diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1103:202-17. [PMID: 17376839 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1394.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mouse models represent a powerful tool for investigating the underlying mechanisms of disease. Type 1 diabetes results in a markedly increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The cardiovascular complications are manifested primarily as ischemic heart disease caused by accelerated atherosclerosis, but also as cardiomyopathy, defined as ventricular dysfunction in the absence of clear ischemic heart disease. Several mouse models are now available to study atherosclerosis and cardiomyopathy associated with type 1 diabetes. For studies of diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis, these models include low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-deficient and apolipoprotein E-deficient mice in which diabetes is induced by streptozotocin or viral infection. In these mouse models, type 1 diabetes can be induced without marked changes in plasma lipid levels, thereby mimicking the accelerated atherosclerosis seen in patients with type 1 diabetes. However, mouse models that exhibit thrombotic events and myocardial infarctions as a result of diabetes still need to be developed. Conversely, cardiomyopathy associated with diabetes has now been extensively evaluated in streptozotocin-treated C57BL/6 mice, and in transgenic mice expressing calmodulin under a beta-cell-specific promoter. These mouse models have given significant insight into the molecular mechanisms causing cardiomyopathy, and indicate that increased oxidative stress contributes to diabetes-associated cardiomyopathy. In this review, we will discuss the available mouse models for studies of cardiovascular complications of type 1 diabetes, the potential mechanisms underlying these complications, and the need for new and improved mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Shen
- Department of Pathology, 1959 NE Pacific Street, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7470, USA
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