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Meng K, Shi YC, Li WX, Wang J, Cheng BJ, Li TL, Li H, Jiang N, Liu R. Testosterone Mediates Reproductive Toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans by Affecting Sex Determination in Germ Cells through nhr-69/ mpk-1/ fog-1/ 3. TOXICS 2024; 12:502. [PMID: 39058154 PMCID: PMC11281075 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12070502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Testosterone (T), an environmental androgen, significantly disrupts endocrine systems in wildlife and ecosystems. Despite growing concern over its high levels in aquatic environments, the reproductive toxicity of testosterone and its mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the reproductive toxicity and mechanisms of testosterone using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) and assessed its ecological toxicity through the benchmark dose (BMD) method. Our results indicate that T concentrations exceeding 0.01 μg/L significantly reduce the brood size, decrease germ cell counts, and prolong the generation time in C. elegans as T concentrations increase. Furthermore, to elucidate the specific mechanisms, we analyzed the expression of nhr-69, mpk-1, and other genes involved in sex determination. These findings suggest that the nhr-69-mediated reproductive toxicity of T primarily affects sperm formation and the offspring number by influencing its downstream targets, mpk-1 and fog-1/3, which are critical in the germ cell sex-determining pathway. Additionally, this study determined that the 10% lower boundary of the baseline dose (BMDL10) is 1.160 ng/L, offering a more protective reference dose for the ecological risk assessment of T. The present study suggests that nhr-69 mediates the reproductive toxicity of T by influencing mpk-1 and fog-1/3, critical genes at the end of the germ cell sex-determining pathway, thereby providing a basis for establishing reproductive toxicity thresholds for T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineer Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (K.M.); (Y.-C.S.); (W.-X.L.); (J.W.); (B.-J.C.); (T.-L.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Ying-Chi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineer Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (K.M.); (Y.-C.S.); (W.-X.L.); (J.W.); (B.-J.C.); (T.-L.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Wei-Xi Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineer Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (K.M.); (Y.-C.S.); (W.-X.L.); (J.W.); (B.-J.C.); (T.-L.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineer Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (K.M.); (Y.-C.S.); (W.-X.L.); (J.W.); (B.-J.C.); (T.-L.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Bei-Jing Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineer Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (K.M.); (Y.-C.S.); (W.-X.L.); (J.W.); (B.-J.C.); (T.-L.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Tian-Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineer Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (K.M.); (Y.-C.S.); (W.-X.L.); (J.W.); (B.-J.C.); (T.-L.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineer Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (K.M.); (Y.-C.S.); (W.-X.L.); (J.W.); (B.-J.C.); (T.-L.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineer Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (K.M.); (Y.-C.S.); (W.-X.L.); (J.W.); (B.-J.C.); (T.-L.L.); (H.L.)
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineer Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (K.M.); (Y.-C.S.); (W.-X.L.); (J.W.); (B.-J.C.); (T.-L.L.); (H.L.)
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Rodríguez EM. Endocrine disruption in crustaceans: New findings and perspectives. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 585:112189. [PMID: 38365065 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
A significant advance has been made, especially during the last two decades, in the knowledge of the effects on crustacean species of pollutants proven to be endocrine disruptors in vertebrates. Such effects have been also interpreted in the light of recent studies on crustacean endocrinology. Year after year, the increased number of reports refer to the effects of endocrine disruptors on several processes hormonally controlled. This review is aimed at summarizing and discussing the effects of several kinds of endocrine disruptors on the hormonal control of reproduction (including gonadal growth, sexual differentiation, and offspring development), molting, and intermediate metabolism of crustaceans. A final discussion about the state of the art, as well as the perspective of this toxicological research line is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique M Rodríguez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA). Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Liang WK, Zhang LB, Xu JL. Dietary steroids promote body weight growth and induce gametogenesis by increasing the expressions of genes related to cell proliferation of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 49:101191. [PMID: 38237259 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Steroids play a vital role in animal survival, promoting growth and development when administered appropriate concentration exogenously. However, it remains unclear whether steroids can induce gonadal development and the underlying mechanism. This study assessed sea cucumber weights post-culturing, employing paraffin sections and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to explore gonadal changes and gene expression in response to exogenous steroid addition. Testosterone and cholesterol, dissolved in absolute ethanol, were incorporated into sea cucumber diets. After 30 days, testosterone and cholesterol significantly increased sea cucumber weights, with the total weight of experimental groups surpassing the control. The testosterone-fed group exhibited significantly higher eviscerated weight than the control group. In addition, dietary steroids influenced gonad morphology and upregulated genes related to cell proliferation,such as RPL35, PC, eLF-1, MPC2, ADCY10 and CYP2C18. Thees upregulated differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in the organic system, metabolism, genetic information and environmental information categories. These findings imply that steroids may contribute to the growth and the process of genetic information translation and protein synthesis essential for gonadal development and gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ke Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Li-Bin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jia-Lei Xu
- Zhongke Tonhe (Shandong) Marine Technology Co., Ltd, Dongying 257200, China
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Li M, Wang R, Wang P. Galaxolide and Irgacure 369 are novel environmental androgens. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 324:138329. [PMID: 36906002 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors are environmental chemicals that can interfere with the endocrine system. However, research on endocrine disruptors that interfere with androgen's actions is still limited. The purpose of this study is to use in silico computation, i.e., molecular docking to facilitate the identification of environmental androgens. Computational docking was used to study the binding interactions of environmental/industrial compounds with the three dimensional structure of human androgen receptor (AR). Then reporter assay and cell proliferation assay using AR-expressing LNCaP prostate cancer cells were used to determine their in vitro androgenic activity. Animal studies using immature male rats were also carried out to test their in vivo androgenic activity. Two novel environmental androgens were identified. As a photoinitiator, 2-benzyl-2-(dimethylamino)-4'-morpholinobutyrophenone (Irgacure 369, abbreviated as IC-369) is widely used in the packaging and electronics industries. Galaxolide (HHCB) is widely used in the production of perfume, fabric softeners and detergents. We found that both IC-369 and HHCB could activate AR transcriptional activity and promote cell proliferation in AR-sensitive LNCaP cells. Furthermore, IC-369 and HHCB could induce cell proliferation and histological changes of seminal vesicles in immature rats. RNA sequencing and qPCR analysis showed that androgen-related genes in seminal vesicle tissue were up-regulated by IC-369 and HHCB. In conclusion, IC-369 and HHCB are new environmental androgens that bind AR and induce AR transcriptional activity, thereby exerting toxicological effects on the development of male reproductive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhao Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
| | - Ren Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China.
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Guo J, Ren J, Chang C, Duan Q, Li J, Kanerva M, Yang F, Mo J. Freshwater crustacean exposed to active pharmaceutical ingredients: ecotoxicological effects and mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:48868-48902. [PMID: 36884171 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Concerns over the ecotoxicological effects of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) on aquatic invertebrates have been raised in the last decade. While numerous studies have reported the toxicity of APIs in invertebrates, no attempt has been made to synthesize and interpret this dataset in terms of different exposure scenarios (acute, chronic, multigenerational), multiple crustacean species, and the toxic mechanisms. In this study, a thorough literature review was performed to summarize the ecotoxicological data of APIs tested on a range of invertebrates. Therapeutic classes including antidepressants, anti-infectives, antineoplastic agents, hormonal contraceptives, immunosuppressants, and neuro-active drugs exhibited higher toxicity to crustaceans than other API groups. The species sensitivity towards APIs exposure is compared in D. magna and other crustacean species. In the case of acute and chronic bioassays, ecotoxicological studies mainly focus on the apical endpoints including growth and reproduction, whereas sex ratio and molting frequency are commonly used for evaluating the substances with endocrine-disrupting properties. The multigenerational and "Omics" studies, primarily transcriptomics and metabolomics, were confined to a few API groups including beta-blocking agents, blood lipid-lowing agents, neuroactive agents, anticancer drugs, and synthetic hormones. We emphasize that in-depth studies on the multigenerational effects and the toxic mechanisms of APIs on the endocrine systems of freshwater crustacean are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Jingya Ren
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Chao Chang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Qiannan Duan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Mirella Kanerva
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 7908577, Japan
| | - Fangshe Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China.
| | - Jiezhang Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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6
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Liu Z, Cai R, Chen YL, Zhuo X, He C, Zheng Q, He D, Shi Q, Jiao N. Direct Production of Bio-Recalcitrant Carboxyl-Rich Alicyclic Molecules Evidenced in a Bacterium-Induced Steroid Degradation Experiment. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0469322. [PMID: 36744924 PMCID: PMC10100752 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04693-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carboxyl-rich alicyclic molecules (CRAM) are highly unsaturated compounds extensively distributed throughout aquatic environments and sediments. This molecular group is widely referred to as a major proxy of recalcitrant organic materials, but its direct biosynthesis remains unclear. Steroids are a typical anthropogenic contaminant and have been previously suggested to be precursors of CRAM; however, experimental evidence to support this hypothesis is lacking. Here, a steroid-degrading bacterium, Comamonas testosteroni ATCC 11996, was incubated in a liquid medium supplemented with testosterone (a typical steroid) as the sole carbon source for 90 days. Testosterone-induced metabolites (TIM) were extracted for molecular characterization and to examine the bioavailability during an additional 90-day incubation after inoculation with a natural coastal microbial assemblage. The results showed that 1,775 molecular formulas (MFs) were assigned to TIM using ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry, with 66.99% categorized as CRAM-like constituents. A large fraction of TIM was respired or transformed during the additional 90-day seawater incubation; nevertheless, 638 MFs of the TIM persisted or increased during incubation. Among the 638 MFs, 394 were commonly assigned in natural deep seawater samples (depths of 500 to 2,000 m) from the South China Sea. Compared to the catabolites of the well-established testosterone degradation pathway, we compiled a list of bio-refractory MFs and potential chemical structures, some of which shared structural homology with CRAM. These results demonstrated direct microbial production of bio-refractory CRAM from steroid hormones and indicated that some of the biogenic CRAM resisted microbial decomposition, potentially contributing to the aquatic refractory dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool. IMPORTANCE CRAM are an operationally defined DOM group comprising a complex mixture of carboxylated and fused alicyclic structures. This DOM group is majorly characterized as refractory DOM in the marine environment. However, the origins of the complex CRAM remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that testosterone (a typical steroid) could be transformed into bio-refractory CRAM by a single bacterial strain and observed that some of the CRAM highly resisted microbial degradation. Through molecular comparison and screening, potential chemical structures of steroid-induced CRAM were suggested. This study established the biological connection between steroids and bio-refractory CRAM, and it provides a novel perspective explaining the fate of terrestrial contaminants in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ruanhong Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yi-Lung Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xiaocun Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| | - Chen He
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ding He
- Department of Ocean Science and the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Quan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| | - Nianzhi Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Adjei JK, Dayie AD, Addo JK, Asamoah A, Amoako EO, Egoh BY, Bekoe E, Ofori NO, Adjei GA, Essumang DK. Occurrence, ecological risk assessment and source apportionment of pharmaceuticals, steroid hormones and xenoestrogens in the Ghanaian aquatic environments. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1398-1409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Svigruha R, Fodor I, Győri J, Schmidt J, Padisák J, Pirger Z. Effects of chronic sublethal progestogen exposure on development, reproduction, and detoxification system of water flea, Daphnia magna. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 784:147113. [PMID: 33892323 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The presence of sex steroid hormones in aquatic ecosystems is of rapidly growing concern worldwide since they can affect the different non-target species including cladocerans. Although data are available on the effects of estrogens on the well-established ecotoxicological model organism Daphnia magna, the molecular or behavioural alterations induced by environmentally relevant concentrations (from a few ng L-1 to a few hundred ng L-1 in average) of progestogens have not been investigated on this species. In the present study, we exposed neonates of D. magna to relevant equi-concentrations (1, 10, 100, 500 ng L-1) of mixtures of four progestogens (progesterone, drospirenone, gestodene, levonorgestrel) in short-term (6 days) and long-term (21 days) experiments. Significant alterations were observed at the molecular, cellular, and individual levels. During the short-term exposure, all of the mixtures increased the gene expression of glutathione S-transferase (GST) detoxification enzyme, moreover, the activity of GST was also significantly increased at the concentrations of 10, 100, and 500 ng L-1. In long-term exposure, the number of days until production of the first eggs was reduced at the 10 ng L-1 concentration compared to control, furthermore, the maximum egg number per individual increased at the concentrations of 1 and 10 ng L-1. Based on the authors' best knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the effects of progestogens in mixtures and at environmentally relevant concentrations on D. magna. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the possible physiological effects of human progestogens. Future research should be aimed at understanding the potential mechanisms (e.g., perception) underlying the changes induced by progestogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Svigruha
- Research Group of Limnology, Centre of Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary; NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 8237 Tihany, Hungary; Ecophysiology and Environmental Toxicology, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - István Fodor
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 8237 Tihany, Hungary; Ecophysiology and Environmental Toxicology, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - János Győri
- Ecophysiology and Environmental Toxicology, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - János Schmidt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Judit Padisák
- Research Group of Limnology, Centre of Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 8237 Tihany, Hungary; Ecophysiology and Environmental Toxicology, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 8237 Tihany, Hungary.
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Kwak JI, An YJ. Assessing potential indicator of endocrine-disrupting property of chemicals using soil invertebrates. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 245:109036. [PMID: 33753303 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Vitellogenin has been regarded as an acceptable indicator for evaluating the endocrine-disrupting property of chemicals using fish. However, the endocrine-disrupting property of chemicals has been rarely evaluated using soil species. This study aimed to find evidence that endocrine-disrupting chemicals (including the natural hormones estradiol and dihydrotestosterone) can affect the reproductive organs of earthworms. Earthworms were exposed to 17β-estradiol, dihydrotestosterone, bisphenol A, and methylparaben for seven days. The four EDCs inhibited normal oogenesis and maturation of oocytes in earthworm ovary, and dihydrotestosterone and bisphenol A were observed to damage earthworm seminal vesicle tissues and inhibit normal spermatogenesis. The evidence showed that the tested EDCs have an adverse effect on female and male reproductive systems of soil invertebrates. The results suggest that the evaluations of oogenesis and spermatogenesis in the ovary and seminal vesicles of earthworms are useful indicators for investigating the endocrine-disrupting property of chemicals. Additionally, our results encourage further studies on developing novel indicators using soil invertebrates to evaluate the effects of the toxicity of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on the soil ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Il Kwak
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Joo An
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Ding J, Sun H, Liang A, Liu J, Song L, Lv M, Zhu D. Testosterone amendment alters metabolite profiles of the soil microbial community. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:115928. [PMID: 33139098 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones are prevalent in the environment and have become emerging pollutants, but little is known about their effects on soil microbial community composition and function. In the present study, three representative soils in China were amended with environmentally relevant concentrations of testosterone and responses of soil bacterial community composition and soil function were assessed using high-throughput sequencing and nontargeted metabolomics. Our results showed that testosterone exposure significantly shifted bacterial community structure and metabolic profiles in soils at Ningbo (NB) and Kunming (KM), which may reflect high bioavailability of the hormone. Abundances of several bacterial taxa associated with nutrient cycling were reduced by testosterone and metabolites related to amino acid metabolism were downregulated. A close connection between bacterial taxa and specific metabolites was observed and confirmed by Procrustes tests and a co-occurrence network. These results provide an insight into the effects of steroid hormones on soil microbial community and highlight that nontargeted metabolomics is an effective tool for investigating the impacts of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ding
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Hongwei Sun
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Aiping Liang
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Jin Liu
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Lehui Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 17 Chunhui Road, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Min Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 17 Chunhui Road, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Dong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China.
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11
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Viega BL, Rocha AM, Düsman E. Cosmetics with hormonal composition for bioindicators Artemia salina L. and Allium cepa L. toxic potential. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:6659-6666. [PMID: 31873903 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07392-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The emerging pollutants cover a wide range of synthetic chemicals that are indispensable to modern society but with little known effects for aquatic animals and for people who consume polluted waters with these products. Gels manipulated with hormones are widely used for hormone replacement, muscle growth, among other purposes. However, only a small part of these hormones are absorbed into the skin, and so these can be transferred to the domestic sewage during the washing of exposed body regions. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity levels for the bioindicator Artemia salina L., and cytotoxicity and mutagenicity for the bioindicator Allium cepa L. of gels handled with 1% testosterone and 0.1% estradiol. Data from immobile/dead A. salina numbers after 24 h of exposure showed that the highest concentrations of testosterone (10 and 25 μg/mL) and the highest concentration of estradiol (15 μg/mL) were toxic to this bioindicator. For the bioindicator A. cepa, mitotic indices and chromosomal aberrations did not indicate statistical differences between the groups treated with the testosterone gels (1, 10, 50 μg/mL) and estradiol (0.03, 0.30, 1.5 μg/mL) and the control group. However, all concentrations of the testosterone-containing gel decreased the percentage of cell division in relation to the time 0 h of each treatment and to the time 24 h of the negative control. Therefore, it is concluded that rivers or aquatic environments can be polluted if wastewater with the toxic concentrations found of these hormonal gels is discarded without previous treatment, compromising the life of organisms that live there. And, it encourages the development of techniques for treating sewage and water to reduce/eliminate the hormones present in them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Luiza Viega
- Academic of Chemical Engineering, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Campus Francisco Beltrão, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amanda Michells Rocha
- Academic of Chemical Engineering, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Campus Francisco Beltrão, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Elisângela Düsman
- Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Linha Santa Bárbara s/n, Caixa Postal 165, Francisco Beltrão, PR, CEP 85601-970, Brazil.
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Pratush A, Ye X, Yang Q, Kan J, Peng T, Wang H, Huang T, Xiong G, Hu Z. Biotransformation strategies for steroid estrogen and androgen pollution. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2385-2409. [PMID: 31993703 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The common steroid hormones are estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), and testosterone (T). These steroids are reported to contaminate the environment through wastewater treatment plants. Steroid estrogens are widespread in the aquatic environment and therefore pose a potential risk, as exposure to these compounds has adverse impacts on vertebrates. Excessive exposure to steroid estrogens causes endocrine disruption in aquatic vertebrates, which affects the normal sexual life of these animals. Steroid pollutants also cause several health problems in humans and other animals. Microbial degradation is an efficient method for removing hormone pollutants from the environment by remediation. Over the last two decades, microbial metabolism of steroids has gained considerable attention due to its higher efficiency to reduce pollutants from the environment. The present review is focused on the major causes of steroid pollution, concentrations of these pollutants in surface water, groundwater, drinking water, and wastewater, their effect on humans and aquatic animals, as well as recent efforts by various research groups that seek better ways to degrade steroids by aerobic and anaerobic microbial systems. Detailed overview of aerobic and anaerobic microbial biotransformation of steroid estrogens and testosterone present in the environment along with the active enzyme systems involved in these biotransformation reactions is described in the review article, which helps readers to understand the biotransformation mechanism of steroids in depth. Other measures such as co-metabolic degradation, consortia degradation, algal, and fungal steroid biotransformation are also discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Pratush
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Xueying Ye
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Jie Kan
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Tongwang Huang
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Guangming Xiong
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School, Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Zhong Hu
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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Fu M, Deng B, Lü H, Yao W, Su S, Wang D. The Bioaccumulation and Biodegradation of Testosterone by Chlorella vulgaris. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16071253. [PMID: 30965641 PMCID: PMC6479411 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
: In the present study, the accumulation and degradation of testosterone by Chlorella vulgaris were studied. The results showed that C. vulgaris has a significant ability to eliminate testosterone by bioaccumulation and biodegradation, and during the 96 h experimental period, the data demonstrated that the accumulation of testosterone followed a sigmoidal accumulation pattern. At the end of the experiment, the bioconcentration percentages of testosterone by C. vulgaris in the high-concentration group and the low-concentration group were 11.49 ± 2.78% and 40.10 ± 1.98%, respectively, and the biodegradation percentages of testosterone were 69.64 ± 4.33% and 42.48 ± 1.92%, respectively. The rate of biodegradation of testosterone by C. vulgaris mainly depended on the relative initial concentration of testosterone. When the relative initial concentration of testosterone increases, the degradation may gradually change from zero-order kinetics to second-order kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Bixiang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Hongjian Lü
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Weizhi Yao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Shengqi Su
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Dingyong Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Zhang JN, Ying GG, Yang YY, Liu WR, Liu SS, Chen J, Liu YS, Zhao JL, Zhang QQ. Occurrence, fate and risk assessment of androgens in ten wastewater treatment plants and receiving rivers of South China. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 201:644-654. [PMID: 29547853 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Androgens are one class of steroids that could cause endocrine disrupting effects in aquatic organisms. However, little information is available about androgens in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with different treatment technologies. Here we investigated the occurrence, removal, and fate of fourteen natural and synthetic androgens in ten WWTPs of Guangdong province, south China. The results showed detection of ten androgens in the influents of the ten WWTPs, with concentrations up to 4650 ng/L (androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione). But only three androgens androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione, 4-androstene-3,17-dione and 17β-boldenone were detected in the final effluents of the ten WWTPs, while six androgens androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (N.D. to 43.0 ng/g), 4-androstene-3,17-dione (2.06-42.7 ng/g), epi-androsterone (N.D. to 506 ng/g), testosterone (0.29-4.24 ng/g), 17β-boldenone (N.D. to 2.05 ng/g) and methyl testosterone (N.D. to 0.70 ng/g) were found in activated sludge. The aqueous phase removal rates for most androgens in the WWTPs exceeded 95% except for 4-androstene-3,17-dione with its removal rates varying between 79.5% and 100%. The removal of androgens in the WWTPs could be attributed mainly to biodegradation while removal by precipitation, volatilization, sludge absorption and oxidation was very limited. Eight androgens were also found in five receiving rivers. The risk quotients of some androgens (androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, methyl testosterone, 17α-trenbolone) exceeded 1 in the receiving rivers, showing high risks to aquatic organisms. Further studies are needed to understand the origin of these high risk androgens and ecological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Wang-Rong Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of PRC, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Liu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jun Chen
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Tian J, Liu L, Han Y, Yang Y, Jin S, Yang J. Effects of testosterone and flutamide on reproduction in Brachionus calyciflorus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6569. [PMID: 28747724 PMCID: PMC5529538 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05517-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of testosterone and flutamide on reproduction in Brachionus calyciflorus were studied. Asexual reproduction in B. calyciflorus was not affected by testosterone at different concentrations of flutamide. Flutamide in combination with 0, 25, 50, or 75 µg L-1 testosterone had a significant effect on mixis rate. The combination of 5 µg L-1 flutamide with 25 µg L-1 or 50 µg L-1 testosterone resulted in a mixis rate that was 2.2× lower than that with flutamide alone. Fertilization rate was significantly decreased by 7.5 µg L-1 flutamide in combination with 25, 50, or 75 µg L-1 testosterone. The number of resting eggs produced per mictic female was significantly lower at all concentrations of testosterone. A low concentration of flutamide in combination with testosterone resulted in antagonism, increasing the number of resting eggs produced. However, when testosterone was combined with a higher concentration of flutamide, resting egg production declined. Therefore, long-term exposure to either testosterone, flutamide, or a combination of these two compounds may significantly reduce resting egg production in rotifers. This implies that resting egg production is affected differently by hormone pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Yajie Han
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Yuanhao Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Sichen Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
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Oropesa AL, Floro AM, Palma P. Assessment of the effects of the carbamazepine on the endogenous endocrine system of Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:17311-21. [PMID: 27225007 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6907-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the endocrine activity of the antiepileptic pharmaceutical carbamazepine (CBZ) in the crustacean Daphnia magna was assessed. To assess the hormonal activity of the drug, we exposed maternal daphnids and embryos to environmental relevant concentrations of CBZ (ranging from 10 to 200 μg/L) and to mixtures of CBZ with fenoxycarb (FEN; 1 μg/L). Chronic exposure to CBZ significantly decreased the reproductive output and the number of molts of D. magna at 200 μg/L. This compound induced the production of male offspring (12 ± 1.7 %), in a non-concentration-dependent manner, acting as a weak juvenile hormone analog. Results showed that this substance, at tested concentrations, did not antagonize the juvenoid action of FEN. Further, CBZ has shown to be toxic to daphnid embryos through maternal exposure interfering with their normal gastrulation and organogenesis stages but not producing direct embryo toxicity. These findings suggest that CBZ could act as an endocrine disruptor in D. magna as it decreases the reproductive output, interferes with sex determination, and causes development abnormality in offspring. Therefore, CBZ could directly affect the population sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Oropesa
- Unidad de Toxicología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, 06071, Spain.
| | - A M Floro
- Departamento de Tecnologias e Ciências Aplicadas, Escola Superior Agrária de Beja, Beja, 7801-295, Portugal
| | - P Palma
- Departamento de Tecnologias e Ciências Aplicadas, Escola Superior Agrária de Beja, Beja, 7801-295, Portugal
- CIMA-Centro de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, CIMA, FCT, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal
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Li Y, Gao S, Liu S, Liu B, Zhang X, Gao M, Cheng L, Hu B. Excretion of manure-borne estrogens and androgens and their potential risk estimation in the Yangtze River Basin. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 37:110-117. [PMID: 26574094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Yangtze River is the longest river in China, and the river basin spans one fifth of the area of the whole country. Based on statistical data, the excretion of manure-borne steroid hormones, including steroid estrogens (SEs) and steroid androgens (SAs), in 10 provinces of China within the region has been estimated. The potential environmental and ecological risk of manure-borne steroid estrogens to the surface water in this region was also assessed. The manure-borne SE and SA excretions in the 10 provinces and municipalities vary in the order: Sichuan>Hunan>Hubei>Yunnan>Jiangsu>Anhui>Jiangxi>Chongqing>Qinghai>Shanghai. The highest increase of manure-borne SEs (1434.3kg) and SAs (408.5kg) was found in Hunan and Hubei provinces, respectively, and the total excretion in 2013 was 65% more than 15years earlier in these two provinces. However, the emissions in Anhui and Shanghai decreased in this 15year period of time. Swine urine, chicken feces, cattle urine, and laying hen feces were considered the dominant sources of manure-borne E1, βE2, αE2, and SAs, respectively. Although Jiangsu province did not have the largest excretion of manure-borne SEs, it had the highest level of predicted 17β-estradiol equivalency (EEQs) value of 16.65ng/L in surface water because of the limited surface water resources. According to the lowest observable effect level of 10ng/L for 17β-estradiol, the manure-borne SEs in Jiangsu province might potentially pose ecological risk to its wild aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Shiying Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shufang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Yellow River Conservancy Commission, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Bei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Min Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Linjie Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Boyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Vulliet E, Giroud B, Marote P. Determination of testosterone and its photodegradation products in surface waters using solid-phase extraction followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:1021-1030. [PMID: 22729875 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The formation of several by-products from the photodegradation of testosterone was previously observed under laboratory conditions. The objectives of the manuscript were to complete the identification of testosterone's photoproducts and to develop an analytical method for the detection of testosterone as well as its three main photoproducts in natural sunlit surface waters. To accomplish these tasks, an efficient extraction method was developed based on solid-phase extraction, followed by the use of liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, a selective and sensitive detection method. This analytical procedure has the capability of detecting target analytes in the ng/L range, with recoveries above 80 %. The methodology was successfully applied to the analysis of testosterone and its photoproducts in several surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Vulliet
- Département Service Central d'Analyse, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR5280 CNRS, Equipe TRACES, Université de Lyon, ENS-Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France.
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Dang Z, Cheng Y, Chen HM, Cui Y, Yin HH, Traas T, Montforts M, Vermeire T. Evaluation of the Daphnia magna reproduction test for detecting endocrine disruptors. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 88:514-523. [PMID: 22469199 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Daphnia 21 d reproduction test is considered as a comprehensive and decisive test in the OECD Conceptual Framework for testing and assessment of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). However, how to interpret results of the Daphnia 21 d reproduction test for identification, risk assessment and testing strategy of EDCs remains an unsolved issue. This study analysed a total number of 135 published studies encompassing 86 known EDCs and non-EDCs with different modes of action. Our results show that the majority of effects on apical endpoints (survival, molting, growth, time to reproductive maturity, brood size, the number of broods, and the total number of offspring) do not seem to be EDC-specific. In contrast, the endpoint sex ratio is likely specific to juvenile hormones and their mimics. Variability is quantified for three most reported endpoints survival, the total number of offspring and sex ratio. Quantification of the endpoint sensitivity shows that the sensitivity of the sex ratio is lower than that of the total number of offspring. The Daphnia 21 d reproduction test gives insufficient information to conclude if a substance is an EDC or not. EDCs that are potent in assays in vitro may not be potent in the Daphnia 21 d reproduction test. We conclude that the Daphnia 21 d reproduction test is important for deriving No Observed Effect Concentrations for risk assessment but may produce false negatives in identification of EDCs when used on its own. A targeted testing strategy for selection of species, tests, and endpoints is suggested for identifying EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhiChao Dang
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), A. van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Coelho S, Oliveira R, Pereira S, Musso C, Domingues I, Bhujel RC, Soares AMVM, Nogueira AJA. Assessing lethal and sub-lethal effects of trichlorfon on different trophic levels. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 103:191-198. [PMID: 21473847 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Trichlorfon (TCF) is one of the most used veterinary pharmaceuticals not only to fight infestations but also as a preventive measure worldwide. The high concentrations used generate concerns about environmental and human health. In this work we assessed the acute toxicity of this compound to non-target organisms belonging to different trophic levels: Danio rerio (early life stages and adults), Daphnia magna and algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Chlorella vulgaris), and studied the potential of the biomarkers cholinesterase (ChE), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and catalase (CAT) to assess sub-lethal effects of trichlorfon in zebrafish and daphnids. The fish embryo test followed the OECD draft guideline FET and was based on the exposure of newly fertilized eggs to 0, 2.5, 5.0, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/L of TCF for 5 days; the fish acute test followed the OECD guideline 203 and was based on the exposure of adult fish to 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg/L of TCF for 4 days; Daphnia sp. immobilization assay followed the OECD guideline 202 and was based on the exposure of juvenile daphnids to 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1 and 2 μg/L of TCF for 2 days and the algae growth inhibition assay followed the OECD guideline 201 and was based on the exposure of the two species to 0, 1, 3.2, 10, 32, 100 and 300 mg/L of TCF for 4 days. Biomarker levels were measured after 96 h exposure to TCF in zebrafish early life stages and adults and after 48 h exposure in D. magna. Tested organisms seem to have dissimilar sensitivities towards TCF exposure. D. magna (48 h-LC(50)=0.29 μg/L) was the most sensitive organism, followed by early life stages and adults of zebrafish (96 h-LC(50)=25.4 and 28.8 mg/L, respectively) and finally by the algae P. subcapitata (96 h-LC(50)=274.5 mg/L) and C. vulgaris (no effect observed). As daphnids are a source of food for organisms of higher trophic levels, the impairment on its population is prone to have consequences in the entire ecosystem. The biomarker activities measured in daphnids and fish seemed to be useful tools in the assessment of trichlorfon effects, especially ChE activity which was the most sensitive biomarker tested for all organisms. Trichlorfon was teratogenic for zebrafish embryos leading to anomalies in the absorption of the yolk sac, spine bending and pericardial oedemas. The present research suggests that further work is urgently needed in order to monitor environmental concentrations of trichlorfon and to test the long term effects of environmentally realistic concentrations of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Coelho
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Palma P, Palma VL, Matos C, Fernandes RM, Bohn A, Soares AMVM, Barbosa IR. Effects of atrazine and endosulfan sulphate on the ecdysteroid system of Daphnia magna. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 74:676-681. [PMID: 19042009 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The ecdysteroid system is used by crustaceans and other arthropods as the major endocrine signalling molecules, regulating processes such as molting and embryonic development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ecdysteroid activity of two pesticides (atrazine and endosulfan sulphate), with distinct modes of action and which act in the juvenoid system of the crustacean Daphnia magna as weak juvenoid compounds. To assess the ecdysteroid activity, we first exposed maternal daphnids and embryos to nominal concentrations of the pesticides and determined the effect promoted by these pesticides on the molting frequency and on abnormalities in the embryos development. Furthermore, we evaluated if the toxic effects observed with the isolated pesticides were promoted or not by the disruption of the ecdysteroids system of the crustacean, by co-administrating of them with 20-hydroxyecdysone hormone. This hormone is the prime form of the invertebrate's ecdysteroids system and it is responsible for the crustacean molting process. Both pesticides induced an increase of embryo abnormalities development. Endosulfan sulphate promoted a delay in the molting process. The effects induced by atrazine were not altered by co-exposure to 20-hydroxyecdysone. In contrast, the co-administration of 20-hydroxyecdysone allowed the reversion of the effects on both the molting process and embryonic development elicited by endosulfan sulphate. These results suggest that atrazine promotes its toxicity without interfering with the ecdysteroid activity of the crustacean. On the contrary, endosulfan sulphate is an anti-ecdysteroidal compound for D. magna.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Palma
- Departamento de Ciências do Ambiente, Escola Superior Agrária de Beja, Beja 7800-295, Portugal.
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