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Bridgemohan RSH, Deitch MJ, Gebremicael T, Whiles MR, Wilson PC, Bachoon D, Tharpe I. Environmental risk assessment for fecal contamination sources in urban and peri-urban estuaries, in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties, FL, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:867. [PMID: 37341799 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Fecal pollution of estuaries and adjacent creeks and streams is of significant concern along the Gulf of Mexico. The prospective threat to human life and water quality impairment via fecal pollution is a substantial danger to the strength and resistance of coastline areas. Pensacola, FL, has a prosperous coastal tourism industry that is utilized for numerous other uses, such as recreational watersports and boating, seafood, and shellfish harvesting. However, the frequency and severity of fecal contamination present possible socio-economic issues, specifically financial hardships. Therefore, understanding the source, abundance, and fate of fecal microbial pollutants in aquatic systems signifies an imperative initial stage for detecting the host sources and techniques to lessen their transport from the landscape. This research aimed to quantify the fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), Escherichia coli, and perform microbiological fecal source tracking to verify if the fecal inputs are of either animal or human host origin. Surface water samples were taken from urban and peri-urban creeks for two sampling periods (February 2021 and January 2022), and IDEXX Colilert-18 (USEPA Standard Method 9223) was used for E. coli enumeration. DNA extractions were obtained from each sample, and quantitative PCR was utilized for fecal microbial source tracking (MST) to detect human, dog, ruminant, and bird host-specific Bacteroides DNA. The result indicates elevated quantities of FIB, E. coli, that surpass the threshold considered safe regarding human health. E. coli at six sites over the two sampling periods exceeded the impairment threshold, reaching as high as 866.4 MPN/100 ml. Fecal source tracking identified human host fecal contamination at four of nine sites, dogs at three of nine, and birds at one site. However, those sites with sources identified via MST all had E. coli levels below impairment thresholds. No sites were determined to be positive for ruminant as a source or for the pathogen Helicobacter pylori. No canine host fecal inputs were found in January 2022, and only one site with human sewage. Our results highlight the utility of MST in assessing bacterial inputs to water bodies and the challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronell S H Bridgemohan
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, IFAS/West Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 5988 Hwy 90, Building 4900, Milton, FL, 32583, USA.
- , Pensacola, USA.
| | - Matthew J Deitch
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, IFAS/West Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 5988 Hwy 90, Building 4900, Milton, FL, 32583, USA
| | - Tesfay Gebremicael
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, IFAS/West Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 5988 Hwy 90, Building 4900, Milton, FL, 32583, USA
| | - Matthew R Whiles
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, 2181 McCarty Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - P Christopher Wilson
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, 2181 McCarty Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Dave Bachoon
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Georgia College and State University, Campus Box 81, Milledgeville, GA, 31061-0490, USA
| | - Israel Tharpe
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Georgia College and State University, Campus Box 81, Milledgeville, GA, 31061-0490, USA
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Hernández-Vásquez A, Visconti-Lopez FJ, Vargas-Fernández R. Escherichia coli Contamination of Water for Human Consumption and Its Associated Factors in Peru: A Cross-Sectional Study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:187-194. [PMID: 36509044 PMCID: PMC9833058 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine the factors associated with the presence of Escherichia coli contamination in water supplies for human consumption in Peru. A secondary analysis of the Food and Nutrition Surveillance by Life Stages survey (VIANEV) of 2017-2018 was performed. The presence of E. coli contamination in the water samples for human consumption of the households evaluated was defined as a dependent variable. A supply was considered contaminated when there was at least 1 colony-forming unit of E. coli in 100 mL of water for human consumption. Data from 886 participants were analyzed. It was found that 25.2% of household water supply sources for human consumption had E. coli at the time of sampling. Water reservoirs such as buckets or other containers (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]: 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18-1.93), households belonging to a poor wealth quintile (aPR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.01-3.25), residing in a rural area (aPR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.01-1.83), and having a low human development index (aPR: 2.12; 95% CI: 1.15-3.91) were more likely to contain E. coli in water supplies for human consumption. However, households with chlorine concentrations of 0.5 mg/L or more in water (aPR: 0.20; 95% CI: 0.11-0.33) and with household members with a higher education (aPR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.45-0.99) were less likely to contain E. coli in drinking-water supplies. From 2017 to 2018, one in four Peruvians had contamination by E. coli in the water supply to their homes, which was associated with sociodemographic factors, management, and water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Hernández-Vásquez
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales en Salud, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
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Mugadza DT, Nduku SI, Gweme E, Manhokwe S, Marume P, Mugari A, Magogo C, Jombo TZ. Drinking water quality and antibiotic resistance of E. coli and Salmonella spp. from different sources in Gweru urban, Zimbabwe. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:546. [PMID: 34338921 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The study focused on assessing drinking water quality from different sources in Gweru urban. Seventy six samples were collected from 6 different locations and analysed for physicochemical parameters and microbial quality. Bacteria isolates were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and antibiotic susceptibility was determined for 4 isolates that had been identified as Escherichia coli (2) and Salmonella spp. (2). Although most samples were within World Health Organisation limits for most parameters, none met coliform limits. pH ranged between 6.2 and 6.9. Salmonella prevalence was 2%. Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolates were resistant to at least three antibiotics. The study showed inconsistent water quality across the city and contamination in alternative water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond Tichaona Mugadza
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Midlands State University, P. Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe.
| | - Sibusisiwe Isabel Nduku
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Midlands State University, P. Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - Edlyn Gweme
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Midlands State University, P. Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - Sherpherd Manhokwe
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Midlands State University, P. Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - Patience Marume
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Midlands State University, P. Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - Amiel Mugari
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Midlands State University, P. Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - Charles Magogo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Midlands State University, P. Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - Talknice Zvamaziva Jombo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Midlands State University, P. Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe
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Monteiro S, Santos R. Incidence of enterococci resistant to clinically relevant antibiotics in environmental waters and in reclaimed waters used for irrigation. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:911-924. [PMID: 33328363 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2020.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Treated wastewater discharged into the environment or reused in different activities can be a major vehicle for the transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistance genes. In this study, environmental and wastewater samples, collected at different stages of treatment, were studied to identify the possibility of a positive selection of antibiotic-resistant organisms in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Enterococci were isolated, characterized into the main human species, and subjected to the Kirby-Bauer test using seven antibiotics (five classes): ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, linezolid, tetracycline, and vancomycin. Furthermore, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), a major cause of nosocomial infection, was identified, and the genes vanA and vanB detected directly in the samples and in all confirmed VRE. Data showed that WWTPs were able to reduce the levels of antibiotic resistance, although 72% of the disinfected wastewaters still presented antibiotic-resistant enterococci. VRE were detected in 6% of the samples, including in reclaimed waters. UV disinfection was not effective at removing VRE and multiple antibiotic-resistant (MAR) enterococci, most commonly Enterococcus faecalis. The use of reclaimed water containing VRE and MAR enterococci in crop production, irrigation of urban gardens, and street cleaning increases immensely the potential risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Monteiro
- Laboratorio Analises, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-011 Lisbon, Portugal E-mail:
| | - Ricardo Santos
- Laboratorio Analises, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-011 Lisbon, Portugal E-mail:
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Chakraborty J, Sapkale V, Rajput V, Shah M, Kamble S, Dharne M. Shotgun metagenome guided exploration of anthropogenically driven resistomic hotspots within Lonar soda lake of India. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 194:110443. [PMID: 32155479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities mediated antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the pristine aquatic bodies (lakes) is raising concern worldwide. Long read shotgun sequencing was used to assess taxonomic diversity, distribution of ARGs and metal resistance genes (MRGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in six sites within hypersaline Lonar soda lake (India) prone to various anthropogenic activities. Proteobacteria and Euryarchaeota were dominant phyla under domain Bacteria and Archaea respectively. Higher abundance of Bacteroidetes was pragmatic at sites 18LN5 and 18LN6. Functional analysis indicated 26 broad-spectrum ARGs types, not reported earlier in this ecosystem. Abundant ARG types identified were multidrug efflux, glycopepetide, bacitracin, tetracycline and aminogylcoside resistance. Sites 18LN1 and 18LN5 depicted 167 and 160 different ARGs subtypes respectively and rpoB2, bcrA, tetA(48), mupA, ompR, patA, vanR and multidrug ABC transporter genes were present in all samples. The rpoB2 gene was dominant in 18LN1, whereas bcrA gene in 18LN2-18LN6 sites. Around 24 MRGs types were detected with higher abundance of arsenic in 18LN1 and copper in 18LN2-18LN6, signifying metal contamination linked to MRGs. The bacterial taxa Pseudomonas, Thioalkalivibrio, Burkholderia, Clostridium, Paenibacillus, Bacillus and Streptomyces were significantly associated with ARGs. This study highlights the resistomic hotspots in the lake for deploying policies for conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Chakraborty
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Pune, India
| | - Vibhavari Sapkale
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Pune, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Vinay Rajput
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Pune, India
| | - Manan Shah
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Pune, India
| | - Sanjay Kamble
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development (CEPD) Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Pune, India
| | - Mahesh Dharne
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Pune, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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Kayembe JM, Sivalingam P, Poté J. Reply to the editor for the comment regarding the paper: High levels of faecal contamination in drinking groundwater and recreational water due to poor sanitation, in the sub-rural neighbourhoods of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo by Kayembe et al., 2018. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 223:299-300. [PMID: 31662225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John M Kayembe
- Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération, Quartier Binza/UPN, B.P. 8815, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Periyasamy Sivalingam
- University of Geneva Faculty of Science, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH - 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - John Poté
- Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération, Quartier Binza/UPN, B.P. 8815, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; University of Geneva Faculty of Science, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH - 1205, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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Gwimbi P, George M, Ramphalile M. Bacterial contamination of drinking water sources in rural villages of Mohale Basin, Lesotho: exposures through neighbourhood sanitation and hygiene practices. Environ Health Prev Med 2019; 24:33. [PMID: 31092211 PMCID: PMC6521341 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-019-0790-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial contamination of drinking water is a major public health problem in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Unimproved water sources are a major reservoir of Escherichia coli (E. coli) causing severe diarrhoea in humans. This study assessed E. coli counts in drinking water from different sources and their relationship with water source protection status and neighbourhood sanitation and hygiene practices in rural villages of Mohale Basin in Lesotho. Methods Thirty drinking water sources were purposively sampled and their water analysed for E. coli counts. The types of water sources, their protection status and neighbourhood sanitation and hygiene practices in their proximity were also assessed. E. coli counts in water samples were compared to water source protection status, neighbourhood sanitation, hygiene practices, livestock faeces and latrine proximity to water sources. Results E. coli counts were found in all water samples and ranged from less than 30 colony-forming units (cfu)/100 ml to 4800 cfu/100 ml in protected sources to 43,500,000 cfu/100 ml in unprotected sources. A significant association between E. coli counts in drinking water samples and lack of water source protection, high prevalence of open defecation (59%, n = 100), unhygienic practices, livestock faeces and latrine detections in proximity to water sources was found in the study (P < 0.05). Conclusion Water sources in studied villages were contaminated with faeces and posed a health risk to consumers of that water. Community-led sanitation and hygiene education and better water source protection are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Gwimbi
- Department of Environmental Health, National University of Lesotho, Roma, 180, Lesotho.
| | - Maeti George
- Department of Environmental Health, National University of Lesotho, Roma, 180, Lesotho
| | - Motena Ramphalile
- Department of Environmental Health, National University of Lesotho, Roma, 180, Lesotho
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Kayembe JM, Thevenon F, Laffite A, Sivalingam P, Ngelinkoto P, Mulaji CK, Otamonga JP, Mubedi JI, Poté J. Corrigendum to the paper: High levels of faecal contamination in drinking groundwater and recreational water due to poor sanitation, in the sub-rural neighbourhoods of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo by Kayembe et al., (2018). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Leifels M, Sirikanchana K, Mongkolsuk S. Letter to the Editor RE: High levels of faecal contamination in drinking groundwater and recreational water due to poor sanitation, in the sub-rural neighbourhoods of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo by Kayembe et al. 2018. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 222:260-261. [PMID: 29929927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mats Leifels
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 11405 - 87 Av., Edmonton, ABT6G 1C9, Canada; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141, Essen, Germany.
| | - Kwanrawee Sirikanchana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kampangpetch 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.
| | - Skorn Mongkolsuk
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kampangpetch 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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Kayembe JM, Thevenon F, Laffite A, Sivalingam P, Ngelinkoto P, Mulaji CK, Otamonga JP, Mubedi JI, Poté J. High levels of faecal contamination in drinking groundwater and recreational water due to poor sanitation, in the sub-rural neighbourhoods of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:400-408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Giebułtowicz J, Tyski S, Wolinowska R, Grzybowska W, Zaręba T, Drobniewska A, Wroczyński P, Nałęcz-Jawecki G. Occurrence of antimicrobial agents, drug-resistant bacteria, and genes in the sewage-impacted Vistula River (Poland). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:5788-5807. [PMID: 29235021 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0861-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial agents (antimicrobials) are a group of therapeutic and hygienic agents that either kill microorganisms or inhibit their growth. Their occurrence in surface water may reveal harmful effects on aquatic biota and challenge microbial populations. Recently, there is a growing concern over the contamination of surface water with both antimicrobial agents and multidrug-resistant bacteria. The aim of the study was the determination of the presence of selected antimicrobials at specific locations of the Vistula River (Poland), as well as in tap water samples originating from the Warsaw region. Analysis was performed using the liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method. In addition, the occurrence of drug-resistant bacteria and resistance genes was determined using standard procedures. This 2-year study is the first investigation of the simultaneous presence of antimicrobial agents, drug-resistant bacteria, and genes in Polish surface water. In Poland, relatively high concentrations of macrolides are observed in both surface and tap water. Simultaneous to the high macrolide levels in the environment, the presence of the erm B gene, coding the resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin, was detected in almost all sampling sites. Another ubiquitous gene was int1, an element of the 5'-conserved segment of class 1 integrons that encode site-specific integrase. Also, resistant isolates of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis and Gram-negative bacteria were recovered. Multidrug-resistant bacteria isolates of Gram-negative and Enterococcus were also detected. The results show that wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are the main source of most antimicrobials, resistant bacteria, and genes in the aquatic environment, probably due to partial purification during wastewater treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Giebułtowicz
- Department of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02097, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Stefan Tyski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02097, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Antibiotics and Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chelmska Street, 00725, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Wolinowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wanda Grzybowska
- Department of Antibiotics and Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chelmska Street, 00725, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Zaręba
- Department of Antibiotics and Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chelmska Street, 00725, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Drobniewska
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Wroczyński
- Department of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Nałęcz-Jawecki
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02097, Warsaw, Poland
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Atibu EK, Lacroix P, Sivalingam P, Ray N, Giuliani G, Mulaji CK, Otamonga JP, Mpiana PT, Slaveykova VI, Poté J. High contamination in the areas surrounding abandoned mines and mining activities: An impact assessment of the Dilala, Luilu and Mpingiri Rivers, Democratic Republic of the Congo. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 191:1008-1020. [PMID: 29145129 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Abandoned mines and mining activities constitute important sources of toxic metals and Rare Earth Elements (REEs) affecting surrounding environmental compartments and biota. This study investigates the contamination degree and distribution of toxic metals and REEs in contrasting sediment, soil and plant samples surrounding rivers in the African copperbelt area characterized by the presence of numerous abandoned mines, artisanal and industrial mining activities. ICP-MS results highlighted the highest concentration of Cu, Co and Pb in sediments reaching values of 146,801, 18,434 and 899 mg kg-1, respectively. In soil, the values of 175,859, 21,134 and 1164 mg kg-1 were found for Cu, Co and Pb, respectively. These values are much higher than the sediment guidelines for the protection of aquatic life and international soil clean-up standards. Enrichment factor and geoaccumulation index results indicated important contribution of mining activities to the study sites pollution in addition to natural background. Highest metal accumulation in leaves of Phalaris arundinacea L., was observed, reaching values of 34,061, 5050 and 230 mg kg-1 for Cu, Co, and Pb, respectively. The ∑REE concentration reached values of 2306, 733, 2796 mg kg-1 in sediment, soil and plant samples, respectively. The above results were combined with geographical information including satellite imagery, hydrography and mining concessions. Maps were produced to present the results in a comprehensive and compelling visual format. The results will be disseminated through an innovative mapping online platform to simplify access to data and to facilitate dialogue between stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel K Atibu
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Pierre Lacroix
- University of Geneva, Institute for Environmental Sciences, enviroSPACE Lab., Uni Carl-Vogt, 66 Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Periyasamy Sivalingam
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Science, Department F.-A. Forel for environmental and Aquatic Sciences, And Institute for Environmental Sciences, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Ray
- University of Geneva, Institute for Environmental Sciences, enviroSPACE Lab., Uni Carl-Vogt, 66 Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Giuliani
- University of Geneva, Institute for Environmental Sciences, enviroSPACE Lab., Uni Carl-Vogt, 66 Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Crispin K Mulaji
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean-Paul Otamonga
- Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération, Quartier Binza/UPN, B.P. 8815 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Pius T Mpiana
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Vera I Slaveykova
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Science, Department F.-A. Forel for environmental and Aquatic Sciences, And Institute for Environmental Sciences, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - John Poté
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo; University of Geneva, Faculty of Science, Department F.-A. Forel for environmental and Aquatic Sciences, And Institute for Environmental Sciences, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland; Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération, Quartier Binza/UPN, B.P. 8815 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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Kilunga PI, Sivalingam P, Laffite A, Grandjean D, Mulaji CK, de Alencastro LF, Mpiana PT, Poté J. Accumulation of toxic metals and organic micro-pollutants in sediments from tropical urban rivers, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 179:37-48. [PMID: 28363093 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The increasing contamination of fresh water resource by toxic metals and Persistence Organic Pollutants (POPs) is a major environmental concern globally. In the present investigation, surface sediments collected from three main rivers named, Makelele, Kalamu and Nsanga, draining through the city of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, were characterized for grain size, organic matter, toxic metals, POPs (including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Furthermore, enrichment factor (EF) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo) were performed to determine metal source and pollution status. The results highlighted high concentration of toxic metals in all sediment samples, reaching the values (mg kg-1) of 325 (Cu), 549 (Zn), 165 (Pb) and 1.5 (Cd). High values of PCBs and OCPs were detected in sediment samples, e.g. in Makelele river, PCB values ranged from 0.9 to 10.9 with total PCBs (∑7 PCBs × 4.3): 169.3 μg kg-1; OCPs from 21.6 to 146.8 with ∑OCPs: 270.6 μg kg-1. The PBDEs concentrations were higher in investigated rivers comparatively with values detected in many rivers from Sub-Saharan Africa. The ΣPAHs value ranged from 22.6 to 1011.9 μg kg-1. River contamination may be explained by local intense domestic activities, urban and agricultural runoff, industrial and hospital wastewaters discharge into the rivers without prior treatment. This research provides not only a first baseline information on the extent of contamination in this tropical ecosystem but also represents useful tools incorporated to evaluate sediment quality in the river receiving systems which can be applied to similar aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchouna I Kilunga
- University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Periyasamy Sivalingam
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Science, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, and Institute of Environmental Sciences, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Laffite
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Science, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, and Institute of Environmental Sciences, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Grandjean
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Central Environmental Laboratory (GR-CEL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Crispin K Mulaji
- University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Luiz Felippe de Alencastro
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Central Environmental Laboratory (GR-CEL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pius T Mpiana
- University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - John Poté
- University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo; University of Geneva, Faculty of Science, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, and Institute of Environmental Sciences, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland.
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14
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Nienie AB, Sivalingam P, Laffite A, Ngelinkoto P, Otamonga JP, Matand A, Mulaji CK, Biey EM, Mpiana PT, Poté J. Microbiological quality of water in a city with persistent and recurrent waterborne diseases under tropical sub-rural conditions: The case of Kikwit City, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:820-828. [PMID: 28416464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The availability of safe drinking water in sub-Saharan countries remains a major challenge because poor sanitation has been the cause of various outbreaks of waterborne disease due to the poor microbiological quality of water used for domestic purposes. The faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) used in the present study included Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Enterococcus (ENT). FIB and aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AMB) were quantified during July 2015 (dry season) and November 2015 (rainy season) in order to assess the quality of drinking water from wells (n=3; P1-P3), and two rivers, the River Lukemi (RLK, n=3) and River Luini (RLN, n=2) in the city of Kikwit, which is located in the province of Kwilu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Kikwit is well known for its outbreaks of persistent and recurrent waterborne diseases including Entamoeba, Shigella, typhoid fever, cholera, and Ebola Viral Hemorrhagic Fever. Consequently, E. coli, ENT, and AMB were quantified in water samples according to the standard international methods for water quality determination using the membrane filtration method. The FIB characterization was performed for human-specific Bacteroides by PCR using specific primers. The results obtained revealed high FIB concentrations in river samples collected during both seasons. For example, E. coli respectively reached 4.3×104 and 9.2×104 CFU 100mL-1 in the dry season and the wet season. ENT reached 5.3×103 CFU 100mL-1 during the dry season and 9.8×103 CFU 100mL-1 in the wet season. The pollution was significantly worse in the wet season compared to the dry season. Surprisingly, no faecal contamination was observed in well water samples collected in the dry season while E. coli and ENT were detected in all wells in the wet season with values of 6, 7, and 11CFUmL-1 for E. coli in wells P1-P3, respectively and 3, 5, 9 CFU mL-1for ENT in the same wells. Interestingly, the PCR assays for human-specific Bacteroides HF183/HF134 indicated that 97-100% captured in all analyses of isolated FIB were of human origin. The results indicate that contamination of E. coli, ENT, and AMB in the studied water resources increases during the wet season. This study improves understanding of the microbiological pollution of rivers and wells under tropical conditions and will guide future municipal/local government decisions on improving water quality in this region which is characterised by persistent and recurrent waterborne diseases. Although the epidemiology can be geographically localised, the effects of cross border transmission can be global. Therefore, the research results presented in this article form recommendations to municipalities/local authorities and the approach and procedures can be carried out in a similar environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis B Nienie
- Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération, Quartier Binza/UPN, B.P. 8815 Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Periyasamy Sivalingam
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Science, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, and Institute of Environmental Sciences, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Laffite
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Science, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, and Institute of Environmental Sciences, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patience Ngelinkoto
- Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération, Quartier Binza/UPN, B.P. 8815 Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Jean-Paul Otamonga
- Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération, Quartier Binza/UPN, B.P. 8815 Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Alphonse Matand
- Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération, Quartier Binza/UPN, B.P. 8815 Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Crispin K Mulaji
- University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Emmanuel M Biey
- University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Sciences, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Pius T Mpiana
- University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - John Poté
- Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération, Quartier Binza/UPN, B.P. 8815 Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo; University of Geneva, Faculty of Science, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, and Institute of Environmental Sciences, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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15
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Popović NT, Kazazić SP, Strunjak-Perović I, Čož-Rakovac R. Differentiation of environmental aquatic bacterial isolates by MALDI-TOF MS. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 152:7-16. [PMID: 27741451 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Identification of bacteria in aquatic and environmental applications, for monitoring purposes and research, for health assessments and therapy considerations of farmed and free-living aquatic organisms, still relies on conventional phenotypic and biochemical protocols. Although molecular techniques based on DNA amplification and sequencing are finding ways into diagnostic laboratories, they are time-consuming, costly and difficult in the case of multiplex assays. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a rapid and accurate proteomic method reliable for identification of unknown bacteria to the genus and species level. Upon extension of databases, it will certainly find its position in environmental sciences. The paper presents an overview of the principle of the method, its effectiveness in comparison with conventional and molecular identification procedures, and applicability on environmental and aquatic isolates, discussing its advantages and shortcomings, as well as possible future implementations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalija Topić Popović
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Division of Materials Chemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Snježana P Kazazić
- Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry, Division of Physical Chemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivančica Strunjak-Perović
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Division of Materials Chemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rozelindra Čož-Rakovac
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Division of Materials Chemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia
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16
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Kilunga PI, Kayembe JM, Laffite A, Thevenon F, Devarajan N, Mulaji CK, Mubedi JI, Yav ZG, Otamonga JP, Mpiana PT, Poté J. The impact of hospital and urban wastewaters on the bacteriological contamination of the water resources in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2016; 51:1034-1042. [PMID: 27389829 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1198619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the United Nations General Assembly recognized in 2010 the right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation as a human right that is essential to the full enjoyment of life and all other human rights, the contamination of water supplies with faecal pathogens is still a major and unsolved problem in many parts of the world. In this study, faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), including Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Enterococcus (ENT), were quantified over the period of June/July 2014 and June/July 2015 to assess the quality of hospital effluents (n = 3: H1, H2 and H3) and of rivers receiving wastewaters from the city of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. The water and sediment samples from the river-receiving systems were collected in, upstream and downstream of the hospital outlet pipe (HOP) discharge. The analysis of E. coli and ENT in water and sediment suspension was performed using the cultural membrane filter method. The FIB characterization was performed for general E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis(E. faecalis) and human-specific Bacteroides by PCR using specific primers. The results revealed very high FIB concentration in the hospital effluent waters, with E. coli reaching the values of 4.2 × 10(5), 16.1 × 10(5) and 5.9 × 10(5) CFU 100 mL(-1), for the hospital effluents from H1, H2, and H3, respectively; and Enterococcus reaching the values of 2.3 × 10(4), 10.9 × 10(4) and 4.1 × 10(4) CFU 100 mL(-1), respectively. Interestingly, the FIB levels in the water and sediment samples from river-receiving systems are spatially and temporally highly variable and present in some samples with higher values than the hospital effluents. The PCR assays for human-specific Bacteroides HF183/HF134 further indicate that more than 98% of bacteria were from human origin. The results of this research therefore confirm the hypothesis of our previous studies, indicating that in developing countries (e.g., Democratic Republic of Congo and South India), the hospital effluent waters can be a significant source of the deterioration of the bacteriological quality for urban rivers. The approach used in this investigation can be further used to decipher the pollution of water resources by human faecal contamination. The results of this research will help to better understand the microbiological pollution problems in river-receiving systems and will guide municipality decisions on improving the urban water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchouna I Kilunga
- a University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science , Department of Chemistry , Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - John M Kayembe
- b Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Quartier Binza/UPN , Kinshasa , République Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Amandine Laffite
- c Faculty of Science, F.-A. Forel Institute and Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva , Switzerland
| | | | - Naresh Devarajan
- c Faculty of Science, F.-A. Forel Institute and Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Crispin K Mulaji
- a University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science , Department of Chemistry , Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Josué I Mubedi
- b Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Quartier Binza/UPN , Kinshasa , République Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Zéphirin G Yav
- a University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science , Department of Chemistry , Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Jean-Paul Otamonga
- b Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Quartier Binza/UPN , Kinshasa , République Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Pius T Mpiana
- a University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science , Department of Chemistry , Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - John Poté
- a University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science , Department of Chemistry , Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of Congo
- b Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Quartier Binza/UPN , Kinshasa , République Democratic Republic of Congo
- c Faculty of Science, F.-A. Forel Institute and Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva , Switzerland
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17
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Laffite A, Kilunga PI, Kayembe JM, Devarajan N, Mulaji CK, Giuliani G, Slaveykova VI, Poté J. Hospital Effluents Are One of Several Sources of Metal, Antibiotic Resistance Genes, and Bacterial Markers Disseminated in Sub-Saharan Urban Rivers. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1128. [PMID: 27499749 PMCID: PMC4956658 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Data concerning the occurrence of emerging biological contaminants such as antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in aquatic environments in Sub-Saharan African countries is limited. On the other hand, antibiotic resistance remains a worldwide problem which may pose serious potential risks to human and animal health. Consequently, there is a growing number of reports concerning the prevalence and dissemination of these contaminants into various environmental compartments. Sediments provide the opportunity to reconstruct the pollution history and evaluate impacts so this study investigates the abundance and distribution of toxic metals, FIB, and ARGs released from hospital effluent wastewaters and their presence in river sediments receiving systems. ARGs (bla TEM, bla CTX-M, bla SHV, and aadA), total bacterial load, and selected bacterial species FIB [Escherichia coli, Enterococcus (ENT)] and species (Psd) were quantified by targeting species specific genes using quantitative PCR (qPCR) in total DNA extracted from the sediments recovered from 4 hospital outlet pipes (HOP) and their river receiving systems in the City of Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The results highlight the great concentration of toxic metals in HOP, reaching the values (in mg kg(-1)) of 47.9 (Cr), 213.6 (Cu), 1434.4 (Zn), 2.6 (Cd), 281.5 (Pb), and 13.6 (Hg). The results also highlight the highest (P < 0.05) values of 16S rRNA, FIB, and ARGs copy numbers in all sampling sites including upstream (control site), discharge point, and downstream of receiving rivers, indicating that the hospital effluent water is not an exclusive source of the biological contaminants entering the urban rivers. Significant correlation were observed between (i) all analyzed ARGs and total bacterial load (16S rRNA) 0.51 to 0.72 (p < 0.001, n = 65); (ii) ARGs (except bla TEM) and FIB and Psd 0.57 < r < 0.82 (p < 0.001, n = 65); and (iii) ARGs (except bla TEM) and toxic metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, and Zn) 0.44 to 0.72, (p < 0.001, n = 65). These findings demonstrate that several sources including hospital and urban wastewaters contribute to the spread of toxic metals and biological emerging contaminants in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Laffite
- Faculty of Science, Earth and Environmental Science Section, F.-A. Forel Institute and Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pitchouna I Kilunga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kinshasa Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - John M Kayembe
- Département de Géographie-Science de l'Environnement, Faculté des Sciences, Université Pédagogique Nationale Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Naresh Devarajan
- Faculty of Science, Earth and Environmental Science Section, F.-A. Forel Institute and Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Crispin K Mulaji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kinshasa Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Gregory Giuliani
- Faculty of Science, Earth and Environmental Science Section, F.-A. Forel Institute and Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland; enviroSPACE Lab., Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland; United Nations Environment Programme, Division of Early Warning and Assessment, Global Resource Information Database - Geneva, International Environment HouseGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Vera I Slaveykova
- Faculty of Science, Earth and Environmental Science Section, F.-A. Forel Institute and Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - John Poté
- Faculty of Science, Earth and Environmental Science Section, F.-A. Forel Institute and Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of KinshasaKinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Département de Géographie-Science de l'Environnement, Faculté des Sciences, Université Pédagogique NationaleKinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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18
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Brooks YM, Baustian MM, Baskaran M, Ostrom NE, Rose JB. Historical Associations of Molecular Measurements of Escherichia coli and Enterococci to Anthropogenic Activities and Climate Variables in Freshwater Sediment Cores. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6902-6911. [PMID: 27322138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the long-term associations of anthropogenic (sedimentary P, C, and N concentrations, and human population in the watershed), and climatic variables (air temperature, and river discharge) with Escherichia coli uidA and enterococci 23S rRNA concentrations in sediment cores from Anchor Bay (AB) in Lake St. Clair, and near the mouth of the Clinton River (CR), Michigan. Calendar year was estimated from vertical abundances of (137)Cs. The AB and CR cores spanned c.1760-2012 and c.1895-2012, respectively. There were steady state concentrations of enterococci in AB during c.1760-c.1860 and c.1910-c.2003 at ∼0.1 × 10(5) and ∼2.0 × 10(5) cell equivalents (CE) per g-dry wt, respectively. Enterococci concentrations in CR increased toward present day, and ranged from ∼0.03 × 10(5) to 9.9 × 10(5) CE/g-dry wt. The E. coli concentrations in CR and AB increased toward present day, and ranged from 0.14 × 10(7) to 1.7 × 10(7) CE/g-dry wt, and 1.8 × 10(6) to 8.5 × 10(6) CE/g-dry wt, respectively. Enterococci was associated with population and river discharge, while E. coli was associated with population, air temperature, and N and C concentrations (p < 0.05). Sediments retain records of the abundance of fecal indicator bacteria, and offer a way to evaluate responses to increased population, nutrient loading, and environmental policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda M Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, 480 Wilson Road, Room 13, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Melissa M Baustian
- Center for Water Sciences, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane, Room 203, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824 United States
- The Water Institute of the Gulf , 301 North Main Street, Suite 2000, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70825, United States
| | - Mark Baskaran
- Department of Geology, 0224 Old Main, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Nathaniel E Ostrom
- Department of Integrative Biology, 288 Farm Lane, Room 203, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Joan B Rose
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, 480 Wilson Road, Room 13, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, 480 Wilson Rd Rm 13, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Papadimitriou-Olivgeris M, Filippidou S, Drougka E, Fligou F, Kolonitsiou F, Dodou V, Marangos M, Anastassiou ED, Vantarakis A, Spiliopoulou I. Biofilm synthesis and presence of virulence factors among enterococci isolated from patients and water samples. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:1270-1276. [PMID: 26242895 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to compare biofilm synthesis among enterococci recovered from clinical samples (infection or colonization) of patients as well as environmental samples in order to determine possible virulence factors and clonal relationship. During a two-year period, clinical samples (blood, catheter tips, bronchial secretions, wounds, peritoneal fluid, urine) and rectal swabs collected from hospitalized patients as well as environmental water samples were tested for the presence of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by the disc diffusion method and Etest. Strains were tested for the presence of vanA, vanB, esp, ace and asp genes by PCR. Clones were identified by PFGE (SmaI). From infected patients, 48 strains were identified: 24 Enterococcus faecium (10 vanA-positive, 14 vancomycin-susceptible) and 24 Enterococcus faecalis (one vanA-positive, 23 vancomycin-susceptible). Among 143 colonizing isolates, 134 were Enterococcus faecium (58 vanA-positive, 11 vanB-positive, 65 vancomycin-susceptible) and nine Enterococcus faecalis (three vanA-positive, two vanB-positive, four vancomycin-susceptible). Among 167 environmental water samples, 51 Enterococcus faecalis and 19 Enterococcus faecium isolates, all glycopeptide-susceptible, were recovered. In total, 64 strains produced biofilm, whereas 34 were esp-positive, 64 asp-positive and 54 ace-positive. Biofilm production was associated with the presence of esp (P < 0.001) and ace genes (P = 0.021), being higher in infecting (P < 0.001) and water (P 0.005) isolates as compared with colonizing ones. Clones of environmental water-strains were different than the patients' clones. The differences found in the incidence of antibiotic resistance, virulence factors and clones suggest that hospital and water enterococci are of different origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sevasti Filippidou
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Eleanna Drougka
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Fotini Fligou
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Fevronia Kolonitsiou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Dodou
- Intensive Care Unit, General Hospital 'Saint Andrew', Patras, Greece
| | - Markos Marangos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Apostolos Vantarakis
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Iris Spiliopoulou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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20
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Certad G, Dupouy-Camet J, Gantois N, Hammouma-Ghelboun O, Pottier M, Guyot K, Benamrouz S, Osman M, Delaire B, Creusy C, Viscogliosi E, Dei-Cas E, Aliouat-Denis CM, Follet J. Identification of Cryptosporidium Species in Fish from Lake Geneva (Lac Léman) in France. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26213992 PMCID: PMC4516323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite that can cause severe diarrhea in a wide range of vertebrates including humans, is increasingly recognized as a parasite of a diverse range of wildlife species. However, little data are available regarding the identification of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in wild aquatic environments, and more particularly in edible freshwater fish. To evaluate the prevalence of Cryptosporidiumspp. in fish from Lake Geneva (Lac Léman) in France, 41 entire fish and 100 fillets (cuts of fish flesh) were collected from fishery suppliers around the lake. Nested PCR using degenerate primers followed by sequence analysis was used. Five fish species were identified as potential hosts of Cryptosporidium: Salvelinus alpinus, Esox lucius, Coregonus lavaretus, Perca fluviatilis, and Rutilus rutilus. The presence of Cryptosporidium spp. was found in 15 out of 41 fish (37%), distributed as follows: 13 (87%) C. parvum, 1 (7%) C. molnari, and 1 (7%) mixed infection (C. parvum and C. molnari). C. molnari was identified in the stomach, while C. parvum was found in the stomach and intestine. C. molnari was also detected in 1 out of 100 analyzed fillets. In order to identify Cryptosporidium subtypes, sequencing of the highly polymorphic 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) was performed. Among the C. parvum positive samples, three gp60 subtypes were identified: IIaA15G2R1, IIaA16G2R1, and IIaA17G2R1. Histological examination confirmed the presence of potential developmental stages of C. parvum within digestive epithelial cells. These observations suggest that C. parvum is infecting fish, rather than being passively carried. Since C. parvum is a zoonotic species, fish potentially contaminated by the same subtypes found in terrestrial mammals would be an additional source of infection for humans and animals, and may also contribute to the contamination of the environment with this parasite. Moreover, the risk of human transmission is strengthened by the observation of edible fillet contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Certad
- Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean Dupouy-Camet
- Université Paris Descartes, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Nausicaa Gantois
- Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Ourida Hammouma-Ghelboun
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Gestion des Agents Pathogènes en Agriculture, Institut Supérieur d'Agriculture de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Muriel Pottier
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Karine Guyot
- Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Sadia Benamrouz
- Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France; Ecologie et Biodiversité, Faculté Libre des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Université Catholique de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Marwan Osman
- Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France; Laboratoire Microbiologie, Santé et Environnement, Centre AZM pour la Recherche en Biotechnologie et ses Applications, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Baptiste Delaire
- Service d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Groupe Hospitalier de l'Université Catholique de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Colette Creusy
- Service d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Groupe Hospitalier de l'Université Catholique de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Eric Viscogliosi
- Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Eduardo Dei-Cas
- Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France; Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Cecile Marie Aliouat-Denis
- Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jérôme Follet
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Gestion des Agents Pathogènes en Agriculture, Institut Supérieur d'Agriculture de Lille, Lille, France; Laboratoire BioMEMS, Univ.Lille, CNRS, ISEN, Univ.Valenciennes, UMR 8520, IEMN, Institut d'Electronique de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, F 59 000, Lille, France
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21
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Devarajan N, Laffite A, Graham ND, Meijer M, Prabakar K, Mubedi JI, Elongo V, Mpiana PT, Ibelings BW, Wildi W, Poté J. Accumulation of clinically relevant antibiotic-resistance genes, bacterial load, and metals in freshwater lake sediments in Central Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:6528-6537. [PMID: 25933054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) receive the effluents from various sources (communities, industrial, and hospital effluents) and are recognized as reservoir for antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) that are associated with clinical pathogens. The aquatic environment is considered a hot-spot for horizontal gene transfer, and lake sediments offer the opportunity for reconstructing the pollution history and evaluating the impacts. In this context, variation with depth and time of the total bacterial load, the abundance of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB; E. coli and Enterococcus spp. (ENT)), Pseudomonas spp., and ARGs (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaNDM, and aadA) were quantified in sediment profiles of different parts of Lake Geneva using quantitative PCR. The abundance of bacterial marker genes was identified in sediments contaminated by WWTP following eutrophication of the lake. Additionally, ARGs, including the extended-spectrum ß-lactam- and aminoglycoside-resistance genes, were identified in the surface sediments. The ARG and FIB abundance strongly correlated (r ≥ 0.403, p < 0.05, n = 34) with organic matter and metal concentrations in the sediments, indicating a common and contemporary source of contamination. The contamination of sediments by untreated or partially treated effluent water can affect the quality of ecosystem. Therefore, the reduction of contaminants from the source is recommended for further improvement of water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Devarajan
- †University of Geneva, Faculty of Sciences, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Institute F. A. Forel and Institute of Environmental Sciences, Case Postale 416, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Laffite
- †University of Geneva, Faculty of Sciences, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Institute F. A. Forel and Institute of Environmental Sciences, Case Postale 416, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
| | - Neil D Graham
- †University of Geneva, Faculty of Sciences, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Institute F. A. Forel and Institute of Environmental Sciences, Case Postale 416, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
| | - Maria Meijer
- †University of Geneva, Faculty of Sciences, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Institute F. A. Forel and Institute of Environmental Sciences, Case Postale 416, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
| | - Kandasamy Prabakar
- ‡Postgraduate and Research Department of Zoology, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli, 620020 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Josué I Mubedi
- §Université Pédagogique Nationale, Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération, Quartier Binza/UPN, Boı̂te Postale 8815, Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Vicky Elongo
- ∥Université de Kinshasa, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Département des Sciences de l'Information et de la Communication, Boı̂te Postale 243, Kinshasa XI, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Pius T Mpiana
- ⊥University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Boı̂te Postale 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Bastiaan Willem Ibelings
- †University of Geneva, Faculty of Sciences, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Institute F. A. Forel and Institute of Environmental Sciences, Case Postale 416, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
| | - Walter Wildi
- †University of Geneva, Faculty of Sciences, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Institute F. A. Forel and Institute of Environmental Sciences, Case Postale 416, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
| | - John Poté
- †University of Geneva, Faculty of Sciences, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Institute F. A. Forel and Institute of Environmental Sciences, Case Postale 416, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
- §Université Pédagogique Nationale, Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération, Quartier Binza/UPN, Boı̂te Postale 8815, Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo
- ⊥University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Boı̂te Postale 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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22
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Nishiyama M, Iguchi A, Suzuki Y. Identification of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis as vanC-type Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) from sewage and river water in the provincial city of Miyazaki, Japan. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2015; 50:16-25. [PMID: 25438128 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2015.964599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
As a first step for assessing the risk to human health posed by vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in the aquatic environment, we screened sewage and urban river water samples from Miyazaki, Japan for VRE. Because vancomycin-resistant organisms are not as prevalent in sewage and river water as vancomycin-susceptible organisms, the samples were screened by minimum inhibitory concentration test using the vancomycin-supplemented membrane-Enterococcus indoxyl-β-d-glucoside (mEI) agar. The isolates, presumed to be enterococci, were identified using 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. The percentages of VRE isolates screened using 4 μg mL(-1) vancomycin-supplemented mEI agar from sewage and urban river water samples were 12% and 24%, respectively. The vancomycin-resistant genes vanC1 and vanC2/3 were detected in the isolates from both samples by PCR analysis. All enterococci isolates containing vanC1, which is a specific gene for vanC-type of VRE, were identified as Enterococcus casseliflavus/gallinarum. Further, 92% enterococci isolates containing vanC2/3 were identified as E. casseliflavus/gallinarum, the remaining isolates containing vanC2/3 were E. faecium (4%) and E. faecalis (4%). Thereafter, the distribution of E. faecium and E. faecalis, which are the major types of enterococci in humans containing vanC2/3, was observed in the water samples collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masateru Nishiyama
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
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23
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Mwanamoki PM, Devarajan N, Niane B, Ngelinkoto P, Thevenon F, Nlandu JW, Mpiana PT, Prabakar K, Mubedi JI, Kabele CG, Wildi W, Poté J. Trace metal distributions in the sediments from river-reservoir systems: case of the Congo River and Lake Ma Vallée, Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of Congo). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:586-597. [PMID: 25091167 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of drinking water resources by toxic metals is a major problem in many parts of the world, particularly in dense populated areas of developing countries that lack wastewater treatment facilities. The present study characterizes the recent evolution with time of some contaminants deposited in the Congo River and Lake Ma Vallée, both located in the vicinity of the large city of Kinshasa, capital of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Physicochemical parameters including grain size distribution, organic matter and trace element concentrations were measured in sediment cores sampled from Congo River (n = 3) and Lake Ma Vallée (n = 2). The maximum concentration of trace elements in sediment profiles was found in the samples from the sites of Pool Malebo, with the values of 107.2, 111.7, 88.6, 39.3, 15.4, 6.1 and 4.7 mg kg(-1) for Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb, As and Hg, respectively. This site, which is characterized by intense human activities, is especially well known for the construction of numerous boats that are used for regular navigation on Congo River. Concerning Lake Ma Vallée, the concentration of all metals are generally low, with maximum values of 26.3, 53.6, 16.1, 15.3, 6.5 and 1.8 mg kg(-1) for Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb and As, respectively. However, the comparison of the metal profiles retrieved from the different sampled cores also reveals specific variations. The results of this study point out the sediment pollution by toxic metals in the Congo River Basin. This research presents useful tools for the evaluation of sediment contamination of river-reservoir systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola M Mwanamoki
- Section Nutrition Diététique, Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales/Kinshasa, B.P. 774, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of Congo
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24
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Mwanamoki PM, Devarajan N, Thevenon F, Atibu EK, Tshibanda JB, Ngelinkoto P, Mpiana PT, Prabakar K, Mubedi JI, Kabele CG, Wildi W, Poté J. Assessment of pathogenic bacteria in water and sediment from a water reservoir under tropical conditions (Lake Ma Vallée), Kinshasa Democratic Republic of Congo. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:6821-6830. [PMID: 24981879 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3891-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess potential human health risks presented by pathogenic bacteria in a protected multi-use lake-reservoir (Lake Ma Vallée) located in west of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Water and surface sediments from several points of the Lake were collected during summer. Microbial analysis was performed for Escherichia coli, Enterococcus (ENT), Pseudomonas species and heterotrophic plate counts. PCR amplification was performed for the confirmation of E. coli, ENT, Pseudomonas spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from samples. The results reveal low concentration of bacteria in water column of the lake, the bacterial quantification results observed in this study for the water column were below the recommended limits, according to WHO and the European Directive 2006/7/CE, for bathing water. However, high concentration of bacteria was observed in the sediment samples; the values of 2.65 × 10(3), 6.35 × 10(3), 3.27 × 10(3) and 3.60 × 10(8) CFU g(-1) of dry sediment for E. coli, ENT, Pseudomonas spp. and heterotrophic plate counts, respectively. The results of this study indicate that sediments of the Lake Ma Vallée can constitute a reservoir of pathogenic microorganisms which can persist in the lake. Possible resuspension of faecal indicator bacteria and pathogens would affect water quality and may increase health risks to the population during recreational activities. Our results indicate that the microbial sediment analysis provides complementary and important information for assessing sanitary quality of surface water under tropical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola M Mwanamoki
- Section Nutrition diététique, Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales/Kinshasa, B.P. 774, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of Congo
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25
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Tshibanda JB, Devarajan N, Birane N, Mwanamoki PM, Atibu EK, Mpiana PT, Prabakar K, Mubedi Ilunga J, Wildi W, Poté J. Microbiological and physicochemical characterization of water and sediment of an urban river: N’Djili River, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.swaqe.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Zhang L, Borror CM, Sandrin TR. A designed experiments approach to optimization of automated data acquisition during characterization of bacteria with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92720. [PMID: 24662978 PMCID: PMC3963954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
MALDI-TOF MS has been shown capable of rapidly and accurately characterizing bacteria. Highly reproducible spectra are required to ensure reliable characterization. Prior work has shown that spectra acquired manually can have higher reproducibility than those acquired automatically. For this reason, the objective of this study was to optimize automated data acquisition to yield spectra with reproducibility comparable to those acquired manually. Fractional factorial design was used to design experiments for robust optimization of settings, in which values of five parameters (peak selection mass range, signal to noise ratio (S:N), base peak intensity, minimum resolution and number of shots summed) commonly used to facilitate automated data acquisition were varied. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used as a model bacterium in the designed experiments, and spectra were acquired using an intact cell sample preparation method. Optimum automated data acquisition settings (i.e., those settings yielding the highest reproducibility of replicate mass spectra) were obtained based on statistical analysis of spectra of P. aeruginosa. Finally, spectrum quality and reproducibility obtained from non-optimized and optimized automated data acquisition settings were compared for P. aeruginosa, as well as for two other bacteria, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens. Results indicated that reproducibility increased from 90% to 97% (p-value[Formula: see text]0.002) for P. aeruginosa when more shots were summed and, interestingly, decreased from 95% to 92% (p-value [Formula: see text] 0.013) with increased threshold minimum resolution. With regard to spectrum quality, highly reproducible spectra were more likely to have high spectrum quality as measured by several quality metrics, except for base peak resolution. Interaction plots suggest that, in cases of low threshold minimum resolution, high reproducibility can be achieved with fewer shots. Optimization yielded more reproducible spectra than non-optimized settings for all three bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Connie M. Borror
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Todd R. Sandrin
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Sadowy E, Luczkiewicz A. Drug-resistant and hospital-associated Enterococcus faecium from wastewater, riverine estuary and anthropogenically impacted marine catchment basin. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:66. [PMID: 24629030 PMCID: PMC4004213 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterococci, ubiquitous colonizers of humans and other animals, play an increasingly important role in health-care associated infections (HAIs). It is believed that the recent evolution of two clinically relevant species, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium occurred in a big part in a hospital environment, leading to formation of high-risk enterococcal clonal complexes (HiRECCs), which combine multidrug resistance with increased pathogenicity and epidemicity. The aim of this study was to establish the species composition in wastewater, its marine recipient as well as a river estuary and to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility of collected isolates. Molecular methods were additionally applied to test the presence of HiRRECC-related E. faecium. Results Two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), their marine outfalls and Vistula river that influence significantly the quality of waters in Gulf of Gdansk were sampled to investigate the presence of Enterococcus spp. Four-hundred-twenty-eight isolates were obtained, including E. faecium (244 isolates, 57.0%), E. hirae (113 isolates, 26.4%) and E. faecalis (63 isolates, 14.7%); other species (E. gallinarum/casseliflavus, E. durans and E. avium) accounted for 1.9%. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed the presence of isolates resistant to erythromycin, tetracycline, amipicillin, fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides (high-level resistance), especially among E. faecium, where such isolates were usually characterized by multilocus sequence types associated with nosocomial lineages 17, 18 and 78 of this species representing HiRECC, formerly called CC17. These isolates not only carried several resistance determinants but were also enriched in genes encoding pathogenicity factors (Esp, pili) and genes associated with mobile genetic elements (MGE), a feature also typical for nosocomial HiRECC. Conclusions Our data show that WWTPs constitute an important source of enterococcal strains carrying antimicrobial resistance determinants, often associated with the presence of MGE, for the recipient water environment, thus increasing a pool of such genes for other organisms. The presence of HiRECCs in wastewaters and marine/river environment may indicate that adaptations gained in hospitals may be also beneficial for survival of such clones in other settings. There is an obvious need to monitor the release and spread of such strains in order to elucidate better ways to curb their dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aneta Luczkiewicz
- Gdansk University of Technology, ul, G, Narutowicza 11/12, Gdansk 80-952, Poland.
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28
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Mubedi JI, Devarajan N, Le Faucheur S, Mputu JK, Atibu EK, Sivalingam P, Prabakar K, Mpiana PT, Wildi W, Poté J. Effects of untreated hospital effluents on the accumulation of toxic metals in sediments of receiving system under tropical conditions: case of South India and Democratic Republic of Congo. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:1070-1076. [PMID: 23816453 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Physicochemical and ecotoxicological analyses have been performed to assess the quality of sediments receiving untreated hospital effluents from Indian and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) hospitals. The sediments were collected monthly and characterized for grain size, organic matter, total organic carbon, total carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, toxic metals and ecotoxicity. The results highlight the high concentration of toxic metals from the Indian hospital effluent receiving systems, especially for Cr, Cu, As, Zn and Hg. On the other hand, the metal concentrations in the sediment receiving system from DRC are low (e.g. maximum Hg and Zn concentration were 0.46 and 48.84 mg kg(-1) respectively). Ostracods exposed to sediment samples H2 (September month sample) and H3 (June and September month samples) were found dead after 6d of exposure whereas the higher mortality rate for Congo sediments was 23% but was accompanied with 33 ± 7% of growth inhibition. The results of this study show the variation of sediment composition on toxic metal levels as well as toxicity related to both, the type of hospitals and the sampling period. Additionally, hospital effluent disposal practices at the study sites can lead to the pollution of water resources and may generate risks for aquatic organisms and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Ilunga Mubedi
- Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération, Quartier Binza/UPN, B.P. 8815, Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
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29
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Changes in enterococcal populations and related antibiotic resistance along a medical center-wastewater treatment plant-river continuum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:2428-34. [PMID: 23377946 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03586-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine if hospital effluent input has an ecological impact on downstream aquatic environment, antibiotic resistance in Enterococcus spp. along a medical center-retirement home-wastewater treatment plant-river continuum in France was determined using a culture-based method. Data on antibiotic consumption among hospitalized and general populations and levels of water contamination by antibiotics were collected. All isolated enterococci were genotypically identified to the species level, tested for in vitro antibiotic susceptibility, and typed by multilocus sequence typing. The erm(B) and mef(A) (macrolide resistance) and tet(M) (tetracycline resistance) genes were detected by PCR. Along the continuum, from 89 to 98% of enterococci, according to the sampled site, were identified as Enterococcus faecium. All E. faecium isolates from hospital and retirement home effluents were multiply resistant to antibiotics, contained erm(B) and mef(A) genes, and belonged to hospital-adapted clonal complex 17 (CC17). Even though this species remained dominant in the downstream continuum, the relative proportion of CC17 isolates progressively decreased in favor of other subpopulations of E. faecium that were more diverse, less resistant to antibiotics, and devoid of the classical macrolide resistance genes and that belonged to various sequence types. Antibiotic concentrations in waters were far below the MICs for susceptible isolates. CC17 E. faecium was probably selected in the gastrointestinal tract of patients under the pressure of administered antibiotics and then excreted together with the resistance genes in waters to progressively decrease along the continuum.
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