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Singh S, Ashesh A, Devi NL. Distribution of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soil across major cities of Bihar, India: seasonal variation, source apportionment, and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 197:39. [PMID: 39648259 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-13376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 11/04/2024] [Indexed: 12/10/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the distribution of sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), various sources of PAHs, and their probable cancer-causing risks in the soil samples collected from urban cities in Bihar, India. During the winter season, the ∑16 PAH concentration was dominant and ranged from 979.36 to 5149.37 ngg-1 with a mean value of 2684.79 ngg-1, while for the summer season, it ranged from 690.06 to 4539.55 ngg-1 with a mean value of 2194.31 ngg-1. The (4-ring) PAH compounds were the major contributors, accounting for 40% and 37% in the winter and summer seasons, respectively followed by (5- and 6-ring) PAHs at 30% and 32%, and (2- and 3-ring) PAHs at 29% and 30% in the respective seasons. Carcinogenic PAHs constituted ~ 50% of the ∑16 PAHs, with mean values of 1353.97 ngg-1 and 1098.09 ngg-1 for the winter and summer seasons, respectively. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) confirmed the dominance of fossil fuel burning and biomass burning as a primary source in the urban soil of Bihar. Total mean benzo(a)pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) values for the ∑16 PAHs were 312.04 ngg-1 for the winter season and 262.83 ngg-1 for the summer season. These values were higher in current study sites as compared with other studies. However, the concentration range fell within the limit set by the Canadian soil quality standard (700.00 ngg-1) and exceeded the limit of the Dutch target value (32.96 ngg-1). The Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCRs) from dermal and ingestion pathways were approximately 104 to 105 times lower than the inhalation pathway, suggesting greater risk. The study revealed higher mean cancer risk values for children (1.16 × 10-5) and adults (1.03 × 10-5) in the winter season, falling within the unacceptable range (10-6 and 10-4) of carcinogenic risk that might lead to human health risk in the study sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of South Bihar, SH-7, Gaya Panchanpur, Post-Fatehpur, P.S-Tekari, District-Gaya, 824236, Bihar, India
| | - Akriti Ashesh
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of South Bihar, SH-7, Gaya Panchanpur, Post-Fatehpur, P.S-Tekari, District-Gaya, 824236, Bihar, India
| | - Ningombam Linthoingambi Devi
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of South Bihar, SH-7, Gaya Panchanpur, Post-Fatehpur, P.S-Tekari, District-Gaya, 824236, Bihar, India.
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Gao L, Okoye CO, Wang C, Lou F, Jiang J. Enhanced Remediation of Phenanthrene and Naphthalene by Corn-Bacterial Consortium in Contaminated Soil. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2839. [PMID: 39458786 PMCID: PMC11511142 DOI: 10.3390/plants13202839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2024] [Revised: 10/01/2024] [Accepted: 10/07/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024]
Abstract
The persistent and hazardous nature of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) released into the soil has become a critical global concern, contributing to environmental pollution. In this study, the removal efficiency of phenanthrene and naphthalene degradation by complex flora or pure bacteria combined with corn and their effects on the growth of corn, pH, and the number of soil bacteria were investigated using a pot experiment. The results indicate that the corn remediation method (P) outperformed degrading bacteria remediation (B) for phenanthrene, yet the combination (PB) exhibited significantly higher removal efficiency. The degradation efficiency of PB methods increased over time, ranging from 58.40% to 75.13% after 30 days. Naphthalene removal showed a similar trend. Soil pH, influenced by remediation methods, experienced slight but non-significant increases. The number of degrading bacteria increased with combined methods, notably with PB-W1 and PB-W2 treatments. Corn accumulated phenanthrene and naphthalene, with higher concentrations in roots. Remediation by the combined corn and degrading bacteria slightly increased PAH accumulation, indicating potential root protection. Biomass yield analysis revealed the inhibitory effects of PAHs on corn growth, decreased by degrading bacteria. PB-W1 and PB-EF3 demonstrated the highest fresh weight and moisture content for stem and leaf biomass, while PB-F2-6 excelled in root biomass. Overall, combined remediation methods proved more effective, which underscores the potential of the corn and degrading bacteria consortium for efficient PAH remediation in contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gao
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (L.G.); (C.O.O.); (C.W.); (F.L.)
| | - Charles Obinwanne Okoye
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (L.G.); (C.O.O.); (C.W.); (F.L.)
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Department of Zoology & Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Congsheng Wang
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (L.G.); (C.O.O.); (C.W.); (F.L.)
| | - Feiyue Lou
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (L.G.); (C.O.O.); (C.W.); (F.L.)
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (L.G.); (C.O.O.); (C.W.); (F.L.)
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Kharat PY, Nair MM, Rakesh PS, Haridevi CK. Distribution and bioaccumulation status of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Veraval coastal waters using copepods as bio-indicators. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:711. [PMID: 38976165 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12805-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The study investigates the pollution characteristics of 16 priority PAHs, accumulated in copepods from a major fishing harbour and its adjacent coastal waters of Veraval, west coast of India. The total PAH accumulation is in the range of 922.16-27,807.49 ng g-1 dw, with the mean concentration of 5776.59 ng g-1 dw. High concentrations of PAHs were present in the copepod samples from inside the harbour. Notably, there was no significant correlation between the lipid content of copepods and the accumulation of PAHs. The molecular diagnostic ratio method (MDR) indicates that the PAH sources are petrogenic in origin, while principal component analysis (PCA) points to petroleum, coal combustion and vehicular emission sources. Total cancerous PAHs (C-PAHs) in the study area dominate by 40% of the total PAHs identified; moreover, the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) is very high in the offshore area, which is also a fishing ground. The global relevance and magnitude of the present study in the Veraval, one of the prime seafood exporting hubs in India, should be dealt with utmost avidity as the accumulation status of PAHs in the zooplankton has never been explored in the Indian coastal waters. Moreover, the current study gives the foremost data on the bioaccumulation status of PAHs in copepods from the tropical waters of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Yuvraj Kharat
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Center, Mumbai, 400053, India
| | - Midhun M Nair
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Center, Mumbai, 400053, India
| | - P S Rakesh
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Center, Mumbai, 400053, India.
| | - C K Haridevi
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Center, Mumbai, 400053, India
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Fan Y, Lan J, Wang Y, Shi R, Li Y, Li X, Yang Y, Zhao Z. Spatiotemporal variations in soil pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over a 20-year economic boom in different districts of a heavy industrial city in North China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 247:118134. [PMID: 38237755 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Urbanization-related human activities, such as population aggregation, rapid industrial expansion, and intensified traffic, are key factors that impact local polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions and their associated health risks. Consequently, regions with varying degrees of urbanization within a megacity may exhibit diverse spatiotemporal patterns in the presence and distribution of soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, resulting in different levels of ecological risks for local inhabitants following the same period of development. In this study, we measured the concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil samples collected from industrial district and rural district in Tianjin (China) in 2018, and compared with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon data in 2001 from a previous study to characterize these regional variations in occurrence, source, and human risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons induced by urbanization with time and space. The results indicate the 20-year rapid urbanization and industrialization has differentially affected the composition, distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from different economic functional zones in Tianjin. Additionally, its impact on health risks in rural district appeared to be more significant than that in industrial district.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fan
- School of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Jing Lan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Carbon Neutrality and Eco-Environmental Technology Innovation Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yaoyao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Carbon Neutrality and Eco-Environmental Technology Innovation Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Rongguang Shi
- Agro-environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China.
| | - Yaru Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Carbon Neutrality and Eco-Environmental Technology Innovation Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Rural Energy & Environment Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Yanying Yang
- Agro-environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Zongshan Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Carbon Neutrality and Eco-Environmental Technology Innovation Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Qi H, Liu Y, Li L, Zhao B. Optimization of Cancer Risk Assessment Models for PM 2.5-Bound PAHs: Application in Jingzhong, Shanxi, China. TOXICS 2022; 10:761. [PMID: 36548594 PMCID: PMC9781926 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The accurate evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is crucial because of the teratogenic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic effects of PAHs. The best model out of six models was selected across three highly used categories in recent years, including the USEPA-recommended inhalation risk (Model I), inhalation carcinogen unit risk (Models IIA-IID), and three exposure pathways (inhalation, dermal, and oral) (Model III). Model I was found to be superior to the other models, and its predicted risk values were in accordance with the thresholds of PM2.5 and benzo[a]pyrene in ambient-air-quality standards. Models IIA and III overestimated the risk of cancer compared to the actual cancer incidence in the local population. Model IID can replace Models IIB and IIC as these models exhibited no statistically significant differences between each other. Furthermore, the exposure parameters were optimized for Model I and significant differences were observed with respect to country and age. However, the gender difference was not statistically significant. In conclusion, Model I is recommended as the more suitable model, but in assessing cancer risk in the future, the exposure parameters must be appropriate for each country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxue Qi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Lihong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Bingqing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China
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Al-Nasir F, Hijazin TJ, Al-Alawi MM, Jiries A, Al-Madanat OY, Mayyas A, A. Al-Dalain S, Al-Dmour R, Alahmad A, Batarseh MI. Accumulation, Source Identification, and Cancer Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Different Jordanian Vegetables. TOXICS 2022; 10:643. [PMID: 36355935 PMCID: PMC9692249 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in plants is considered one of the most serious threats faced by mankind because of their persistence in the environment and their carcinogenic and teratogenic effect on human health. The concentrations of sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (16 PAHs) were determined in four types of edible vegetables (tomatoes, zucchini, eggplants, and cucumbers), irrigation water, and agriculture soil, where samples were collected from the Jordan Valley, Jordan. The mean total concentration of 16 PAHs (∑16PAHs) ranged from 10.649 to 21.774 µg kg−1 in vegetables, 28.72 µg kg−1 in soil, and 0.218 µg L−1 in the water samples. The tomato samples posed the highest ∑16PAH concentration level in the vegetables, whereas the zucchini samples had the lowest. Generally, the PAHs with a high molecular weight and four or more benzene rings prevailed among the studied samples. The diagnostic ratios and the principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the PAH contamination sources in soil and vegetables mainly originated from a pyrogenic origin, traffic emission sources, and biomass combustion. The bioconcentration factors (BCF) for ∑16PAHs have been observed in the order of tomatoes > cucumbers and eggplants > zucchini. A potential cancer risk related to lifetime consumption was revealed based on calculating the incremental lifetime cancer risk of PAHs (ILCR). Therefore, sustainable agricultural practices and avoiding biomass combusting would greatly help in minimizing the potential health risk from dietary exposure to PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farh Al-Nasir
- Faculty of Agriculture, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan
| | - Tahani J. Hijazin
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan
| | | | - Anwar Jiries
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan
| | - Osama Y. Al-Madanat
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan
- Prince Faisal Center for the Dead Sea, Environmental and Energy Research, Mutah 61710, Jordan
| | - Amal Mayyas
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, American University of Madaba, Amman 11821, Jordan
| | - Saddam A. Al-Dalain
- Al-Shoubak University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan
| | - Rasha Al-Dmour
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan
| | - Abdalrahim Alahmad
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mufeed I. Batarseh
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan
- Academic Support Department, Abu Dhabi Polytechnic, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 111499, United Arab Emirates
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Guo J, Luo X, Yang Y, Lv Y, Zeng Y, Mai B. Age- and sex-specific dermal exposure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the general population of a city in south China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119802. [PMID: 35863704 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the dermal exposure of population to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a South China city. Skin wipe samples of the face, hand, forearm, and shank were collected from 120 volunteers (50% male and 50% female) belonging to different age groups (preschooler, thresholder, middle-aged, and elderly). Concentrations of PAHs in the skin wipe samples varied from 18 to 27000 ng/m2 in the order of face > hand > forearm > shank, regardless of age and gender. The PAH concentrations of bare skin locations were significantly higher in females than in males, while no significant differences were observed for clothing-covered skin locations between genders. The PAH concentrations for faces were significantly higher in the elderly compared to the other groups. The PAH composition was distinct between the four age groups. The dermal exposure levels of total PAHs and total BaP equivalent concentration (BaPeq) varied from 25.6 to 620 and 0.093-37.4 ng/kg body weight/d, respectively. The dermal exposure levels of total PAHs were significantly higher in females than in males in all age groups except for the middle-aged group. The hand-mouth exposure doses were significantly higher in the preschoolers than in the other age groups. The values of the carcinogenic risk caused by dermal PAH exposure were between 3.5 × 10-6 and 1.4 × 10-3 with 29% of the population (35/120) having risk values exceeding significant levels (1 × 10-4). The thresholder group exhibited the highest risk for PAH dermal exposure among all groups of the population. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the age- and gender-related risk of PAH through dermal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Jieyang, Guangdong, 515200, China
| | - Yinzhi Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanhong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Ji L, Li W, Li Y, He Q, Bi Y, Zhang M, Zhang G, Wang X. Spatial Distribution, Potential Sources, and Health Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Surface Soils under Different Land-Use Covers of Shanxi Province, North China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191911949. [PMID: 36231245 PMCID: PMC9565183 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191911949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread in the environment and pose a serious threat to the soil ecosystem. In order to better understand the health risks for residents exposed to PAH-contaminated soil, 173 surface soil samples were collected in Shanxi Province, China, to detect the levels of 16 priority PAHs. The spatial distribution patterns of PAHs were explored using interpolation and spatial clustering analysis, and the probable sources of soil PAHs were identified for different land-use covers. The results indicate that the soil Σ16 PAH concentration ranged from 22.12 to 1337.82 ng g-1, with a mean of 224.21 ng g-1. The soils were weakly to moderately contaminated by high molecular weight PAHs (3-5 ring) and the Taiyuan-Linfen Basin was the most polluted areas. In addition, the concentration of soil PAHs on construction land was higher than that on other land-use covers. Key sources of soil PAHs were related to industrial activities dominated by coal burning, coking, and heavy traffic. Based on the exposure risk assessment of PAHs, more than 10% of the area was revealed to be likely to suffer from high carcinogenic risks for children. The study maps the high-risk distribution of soil PAHs in Shanxi Province and provides PAH pollution reduction strategies for policy makers to prevent adverse health risks to residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ji
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Wenwen Li
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yuan Li
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qiusheng He
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-351-699-8256
| | - Yonghong Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Minghua Zhang
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Guixiang Zhang
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in citrus fruit irrigated with fresh water under arid conditions: Concentrations, sources, and risk assessment. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Liu Q, Zhao W, Ma J, Zhou Y, Wu Y, Qu Y, Sun Y. Spatial clustering and source-specific risk of combined pollutants in soils from an industrial area in Shanxi Province, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 299:118925. [PMID: 35104560 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal (loid)s (HMs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils from a typical industrial county of Shanxi were synchronously measured to determine the spatial clustering of combined HMs and PAHs pollution, and the resulting source-specific health risks. The spatial interaction of HMs and PAHs was determined by the Moran's I index, and a bivariate local indicators of spatial association (LISA) analysis showed that the high HMs-high PAHs clusters were mainly distributed in Fencheng and Xijia towns, as well as the main urban areas of Xiangfen County. The spatial clusters of high naphthalene (Nap)-high HMs were more obvious than those of high benzo(a)pyrene (Bap)-high HMs. Based on positive matrix factorization (PMF), four sources were identified for both HMs and PAHs, with coal consumption and industrial emission identified as common sources of both pollutants. The source-oriented health risk was determined using an improved health risk assessment model. The cancer risk from the combined pollution industrial emissions was relatively serious for both adults and children, with the risk value exceeding 10-6. Therefore, special attention should be paid to emission control. Based on spatial clustering and source-specific health risk assessment, the largest risk areas and pollutant sources were in the main urban areas of Fencheng and Xijia towns. The spatial interaction patterns and source-specific HMs and PAHs pollution concentrations provide a basis for effective pollution management and control. Finally, a systematic framework for reference was proposed for risk area identification and analysis of the source-oriented health risks of combined HMs and PAHs pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Liu
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Wenhao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Yongzhang Zhou
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yihang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yajing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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Short−Term Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface Water from Xiaohe River Irrigation Area, China: Levels, Sources and Distribution. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14081273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine the pollution characteristics of heavy metals and their potential harm to human health in the surface water of agricultural irrigation areas, China, over a short term. In this study, Cu, Zn, Pb, Hg, Ni, Cr, Cd, and As in surface water of the Xiaohe River irrigation area were detected and analyzed. The results showed that the concentrations of Pb, Hg, Ni, Cr, Cd, and As exceeded the national environmental quality standard for surface water in varying degrees. The concentrations of heavy metals in surface water in October were significantly lower than that in November and December due to the impact of extreme precipitation events. Point source pollution (industrial sewage, etc.) was the main factor affecting the spatial distribution of heavy metals. The main source of heavy metals in October was domestic sewage. Domestic sewage and industrial sewage were the main sources of heavy metals in November. The sources of heavy metals in surface water in December were relatively diverse, and industrial sewage was the main source. The temporal variation of heavy metal pollution sources changed significantly. Industrial sewage was the main pollution source of heavy metals in surface water in the study area. The impact of urban domestic sewage and agricultural activities cannot be ignored. The health risk of heavy metals in surface water mainly depends on Cr, Cd, and As. Policy recommendations were also proposed for better control of heavy metal pollution in the surface water of river ecosystems involving agricultural irrigation areas.
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Mahammedi C, Mahdjoubi L, Booth CA, Butt TE. Framework for preliminary risk assessment of brownfield sites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:151069. [PMID: 34678367 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of hazards, risk and environmental legislation surrounding the reuse of brownfield sites necessitates a preliminary risk assessment prior to their redevelopment. Most prevailing efforts have been targeted at indepth site investigations, which are often costly, time-consuming, and may not be required at the early stages of a site development. However, there is a collective absence of knowledge, methods and computer models that can present a complete framework to carry out a preliminary risk assessment that is simpler, quicker and sufficient, not only for risk assessor but also effectively communicative for a diverse range of stakeholders with or without risk assessment expertise. Therefore, this study aims to bridge this gap by designing and creating a framework, by not only identifying hazards but also exposing the degree of presence. Sixty-five potential hazards have been identified from a comprehensive literature review. A questionnaire survey was then shared with brownfield site experts (n = 76) that asked then to rank the priority of the potential hazards. Kendall's W test and Kruskal-Wallis H test were subsequently conducted to determine the level of agreement among the respondents. Mean weightings were calculated by using the Voting Analytic Hierarchy Process (VAHP) to prioritize the potential hazards from 'more likely' to 'least likely'. Based on this information, the framework has been developed. It is anticipated that the framework can assist professionals to conduct a preliminary assessment of brownfield sites, which enables them to gain informative and rapid guidance on any potential liabilities or risks related to a site's suitability for acquisition or redevelopment. In this context, the framework outlines a systematic structure to collect appropriate data and information in the three main categories which are sources, pathways and receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mahammedi
- Brownfield Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Wolverhampton, WV10 0JP, United Kingdom.
| | - L Mahdjoubi
- Centre for Architecture and Built Environment Research (CABER), University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - C A Booth
- Centre for Architecture and Built Environment Research (CABER), University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - T E Butt
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
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Nirmalkar J, Haswani D, Singh A, Kumar S, Sunder Raman R. Concentrations, transport characteristics, and health risks of PM 2.5-bound trace elements over a national park in central India. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 293:112904. [PMID: 34098355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) mass and its chemical constituents were measured over Van Vihar National Park (VVNP) in Bhopal, central India. Fine PM collected over two years onto Teflon filters using a Mini-Vol® sampler were analyzed for trace elements using an Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectrometer. The temporal behaviour, dry deposition fluxes and transport pathways of elements, in addition to their health risks were examined in this study. S, K, Si, Al, Ca, and Fe accounted for most of the PM2.5-bound trace elements (~88% on average). Pronounced seasonality was observed for major elements (S, K, and Cl) and reconstructed soil (estimated as the sum of oxides of crustal elements, i.e., Si, Al, Ca, Fe, and Ti), with winter and post-monsoon season highs, potentially due to source strengths and favourable metrology during these seasons. The synoptic meteorology during these seasons favoured the fetch of particles from highly polluted regions such as the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The estimated average dry depositional flux of each element in this study was comparable to those measured/estimated for each of these species over other urban areas. The sum of the dry deposition flux for crustal elements (1301.9 ± 880.7 μg m-2 d-1) was in agreement with global dust cycle models. Air-parcel trajectory cluster analysis revealed that S, K, and Cl were influenced by biomass and coal burning in predominantly in central, and northwestern India, while reconstructed soil was influenced by air masses from the Arabian and Thar deserts. Finally, human exposure risk assessment to carcinogens (As, Cr, Cd, Pb and Ni) and non-carcinogens (Cu, Zn, Mn, V, Hg, Se and Al) revealed that no significant risk was posed by these elements. The assessment in this study was a screening for severe adverse effects, rather than a speciated health assessment. Thus, over the study region, monitoring, health risk assessment and mitigation measures, where needed, must be enhanced to ensure that trace elements induced health effects continue to be within safe levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Nirmalkar
- Center for Research on Environment and Sustainable Technologies, Indian Indstitute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, India
| | - Diksha Haswani
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462 066, India
| | - Akanksha Singh
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462 066, India
| | - Samresh Kumar
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462 066, India
| | - Ramya Sunder Raman
- Center for Research on Environment and Sustainable Technologies, Indian Indstitute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, India; Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462 066, India.
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Jain RB. Concentrations of selected monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons across various stages of glomerular function. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:23220-23234. [PMID: 33439441 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12376-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the variabilities in the concentrations of selected monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAH) in urine across various stages of glomerular function. Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for US adult smokers (N = 3125) and nonsmokers (N = 6793) were selected for analysis to meet the objectives of the study. OH-PAHs selected for analysis were as follows: 1-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxyfluorene, 3-hydroxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyfluorene, 1-hydroxyphenanthrene, 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 1-hydroxypyrene. Stages of glomerular function (GF) considered were as follows: hyperfiltrators (GF-1A, eGFR ≥ 110 mL/min/1.73 m2), normal filtrators (GF-1B, 90 < eGFR < 110 mL/min/1.73 m2), GF-2 (60 ≤ eGFR < 90 mL/min/1.73 m2), GF-3A (45 ≤ eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2), and GF-3B/4 (15 ≤ eGFR < 45 mL/min/1.73 m2). For the analysis of data for smokers, however, data for GF-3A and GF-3B/4 were merged because of small sample sizes for these GF stages for smokers. Among nonsmokers, (i) there was almost a straight-line decrease in adjusted concentrations of 2-hydroxyfluorene, 3-hydroxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyfluorene, 1-hydroxyphenanthrene, 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 1-hydroxypyrene over GF-1A through GF-3B/4; (ii) concentrations of these OH-PAHs at GF-3B/4 varied from being 37.5% for 1-hydroxypyrene to being 87% for 9-hydroxyfluorene of what they were at GF-1A; and (iii) while concentrations of 1-hydroxynaphthalene were located on an inverted U-shaped curve, concentrations of 2-hydroxynaphthalene were located on a U-shaped curve with pints of inflections at GF-3A. Among smokers, concentrations of all nine OH-PAHs in urine were located on inverted U-shaped curves with points of inflections located at GF-2 and concentrations of these OH-PAHs at GF-3/4 varied from being 48.7% for 1-hydroxypyrene to being 116.1% for 9-hydroxyfluorene of what they were at GF-1A. The kidneys differ in how they process urinary metabolites of PAHs among smokers and nonsmokers.
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Wang Z, Liu Y, Li T, Zhang Q, Bai H, Cai Y, Lv Q. Wood preservatives in children's wooden toys from China: Distribution, migration, oral exposure, and risk assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 209:111786. [PMID: 33340956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A total of 90 wooden toys were collected, and six wood preservatives (chlorophenols and lindane) were analyzed by using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to assess the exposure risk of children to wood preservatives through oral contact with wooden toys. The detection rates of six preservatives ranged from 2.2% to 22.2%. The contents of the preservatives ranged from 0.6 µg/kg to 9.6 µg/kg. 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) had higher detection rates and contents than other preservatives. Thus, their migration behaviors from toys to saliva were further investigated. In 11 positive samples, the max migration ratios of 2,4-DCP and 2,4,6-TCP ranged from 7.1% to 20.3% and from 11.1% to 24.8%, respectively. For children aged 3-36 months, the daily average 2,4-DCP exposure level associated with wooden toys ranged from 2.7 pg/(kg day) to 46.9 pg/(kg day), and the daily average 2,4,6-TCP exposure ranged from 3.6 pg/(kg day) to 69.4 pg/(kg day). The contribution to exposure provided by the saliva mobilization pathway was more than that provided by the ingestion of scraped-off toys, and the exposure level of 2,4,6-TCP was greater than that of 2,4-DCP. The max hazard quotient for 2,4-DCP was 1.9 × 10-4, and the max cancer risk for 2,4,6-TCP was 1.2 × 10-9. The above results indicated that although wood preservatives were distributed in wooden toys, exposure arising from directly mouthing these materials currently does not pose unacceptable risks to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Wang
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yahui Liu
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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16
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Shi R, Li X, Yang Y, Fan Y, Zhao Z. Contamination and human health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soils from Tianjin coastal new region, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115938. [PMID: 33158616 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils are of increasing concern because of their potential toxicity and persistence. However, there is limited information about PAHs in Tianjin coastal new region, although it is an important economic and industrial center in Northern China. Here we determined the concentrations of PAHs in 210 surface soil samples collected from this region according to administrative divisions covering Han'gu district, Tanggu district, and Dagang district, to evaluate their contamination and potential cancer risks. The concentrations of 16 PAHs ranged from 58.2 to 9160 ng g-1, and the highest concentration was found in Han'gu district. According to the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model, the soils from Han'gu district and Dagang district posed a moderate carcinogenic risk to residents, and dermal contact was the main exposure pathway. Besides, ILCRs for children through ingestion were comparable to those for adults but apparently higher than adolescents, while ILCRs of dermal contact for adults were higher than children and adolescents. Comparisons between the layout of industrial zones and the distributions of PAHs as well as ILCRs indicate that PAHs accumulating in soils and then incurring risk areas is partly controlled by the economic and industrial structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongguang Shi
- Agro-environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Rural Energy & Environment Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Yanying Yang
- Agro-environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Ying Fan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Zongshan Zhao
- Environmental Science and Engineering College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
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17
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Qi H, Zhao B, Li L, Chen X, An J, Liu X. Heavy metal contamination and ecological risk assessment of the agricultural soil in Shanxi Province, China. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200538. [PMID: 33204447 PMCID: PMC7657894 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To assess contamination levels and ecological risks of heavy metals in agricultural soil from Shanxi Province of China, a total of 33 samples in the surface soil were collected from 11 cities in Shanxi. The soil samples were digested by a mixed acid of nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid on a microwave digestion system, then the levels of eight heavy metals were analysed using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The pollution levels of soil heavy metals were evaluated using a geo-accumulation index and their ecological risks were assessed using risk index calculated by Hakanson's method. As a result, the average concentrations of the heavy metals As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn were 12.9 ± 4.8, 0.35 ± 0.23, 43 ± 14, 27 ± 19, 0.25 ± 0.14, 21.7 ± 5.7, 17 ± 13 and 89 ± 53 mg kg-1, respectively. By comparison to the Chinese soil environmental quality (GB15618-2018), only 9% of Cd samples and 3% of Cu samples exceeded their corresponding screening criteria. Subsequently, the results of geo-accumulation indices suggested that Shanxi's soil suffered from moderate to heavy contamination posed by Cd and Hg, and risk indices exhibited a similar trend that Cd and Hg were the main contributors for considerable to very high ecological risk. Finally, the analysis of variance indicated that the mean levels of Cd significantly occurred at Yuncheng areas among the 11 cities (n = 3, p < 0.05), but Hg concentrations did not have significantly statistical differences. This study demonstrated that metals Cd and Hg had higher levels and ecological risks for agricultural soil in Shanxi, especially, Yuncheng City suffered from heavy Cd contamination. The findings of the present study will provide basic information on management and control of the agricultural soil contamination in Shanxi Province, China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lihong Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, People's Republic of China
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18
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Cai Q, Zhao C, Zhu H, Shen Y, Hou H, Tang Y. Constant-wavelength synchronous fluorescence spectrometry for simultaneous and rapid determination of five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon residues in dairy products. LUMINESCENCE 2020; 36:353-359. [PMID: 32959966 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A new method for simultaneously determining five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (fluorene, benzofluorene, pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, and perylene) in dairy products using constant-wavelength synchronous fluorescence spectrometry (CWSFS) was established in this study. Acetonitrile was chosen as the extraction solvent to extract the five PAHs from the dairy products, and an ultrasound extraction method was adopted. The supernatants were filtered using a 0.45-μm microporous filter membrane and concentrated to dryness with a nitrogen dryer. The extracts were then re-dissolved in cyclohexane for analysis. To overcome interference from the background matrix and between PAHs, the difference in wavelength (Δλ) at 40 nm was chosen for CWSFS scanning. With only one single scan, the five PAHs in dairy products could be distinguished and determined using the standard curve method without the need for previous chromatographic separation of the analyte solution. Detection limits of fluorene, benzofluorene, pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, and perylene were 0.0051 μg·L-1 , 0.016 μg·L-1 , 0.021 μg·L-1 , 0.0056 μg·L-1 , and 0.0062 μg·L-1 , respectively. Recoveries were between 85.60% and 98.42%. These five PAHs in dairy products were determined with good results and therefore expected to be a routine detection method for PAHs in dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihong Cai
- Pharmaceutical and Medical Technology College of Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Laboratory Medicine (Putian University), Fujian Province University, Putian, Fujian, China
| | - Chengfei Zhao
- Pharmaceutical and Medical Technology College of Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Laboratory Medicine (Putian University), Fujian Province University, Putian, Fujian, China
| | - Hang Zhu
- Pharmaceutical and Medical Technology College of Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Laboratory Medicine (Putian University), Fujian Province University, Putian, Fujian, China
| | - Yiping Shen
- Pharmaceutical and Medical Technology College of Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China
| | - Huiqing Hou
- Pharmaceutical and Medical Technology College of Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China
| | - Yaoji Tang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Zhang H, Wang J, Bao H, Li J, Wu F. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Soils of Zhengzhou City, China: Occurrence, Source and Human Health Evaluation. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 105:446-452. [PMID: 32894322 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-02982-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing contamination of urban soil by persistent organic pollutants is a major environmental issue. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the distribution, source and human health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in different functional areas in Zhengzhou City, China. Total 130 soil samples were collected from surface layer (0-10 cm) in urban road, overpass, residential area and park in the city during January 2019. Concentrations of ∑PAH16 in the urban soil ranged from 49.90 to 11,565 µg kg-1 and seven carcinogenic PAHs accounted for 69% of the total PAHs. The mean concentrations of PAHs decreased in the following order: urban road > overpass > residential area > park. Analysis based on diagnostic rate demonstrated that PAHs mainly originated from pyrolysis sources including traffic emissions and combustion of coal and biomass. Health risk assessment indicated that PAHs in urban road in the city have potential carcinogenic risks to residents. The present study suggested that the control of urban PAHs pollution in Zhengzhou City should be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Huanyu Bao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (SKLUWRE, HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Jiao Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Fuyong Wu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Chen J, Xia X, Zhang Z, Wen W, Xi N, Zhang Q. The combination of warming and copper decreased the uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by spinach and their associated cancer risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 727:138732. [PMID: 32334236 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Both climate warming and co-contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals are environmental issues of great concern. However, the interactive effects of warming and heavy metals on PAH accumulation in edible plants and the PAH-associated health risk remain unclear. In this study, enclosed soil/water-air-plant microcosm experiments were conducted to explore the effects of copper (Cu), warming (+6 °C), and their combination on the uptake of four deuterated PAH (PAH-d10) by spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) in aged soil. PAH-associated health risks for soil, plant, and air exposure pathways were also assessed. The results showed that both individual Cu or warming decreased the PAH-d10 concentrations in root and shoot (non-normalized by lipid content) as well as the total PAH-associated cancer risk. Although antagonism existed between warming and Cu, compared to the presence of Cu, warming further reduced the spinach uptake of PAHs-d10 and total PAH-associated cancer risk, and the reductions were stronger at higher Cu levels. The inhibitory effect of the binary combination on PAH-d10 root uptake was attributed to decreased root lipid content and phytoavailable concentrations of PAHs-d10 in soil as a consequence of biodegradation, aging effect and cation-π interaction. The antagonism between warming and Cu on spinach uptake could be explained by their opposite effects on PAH-d10 biodegradation and the inhibition of the cation-π interaction caused by warming. Additionally, the shoot uptake of PAHs-d10 was mainly controlled by their soil to air to shoot partitioning. The findings suggest that the interactive effects of climate warming and co-existing pollutants should be taken into account for the assessment of plant uptake and health risk of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xinghui Xia
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Zhenrui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wu Wen
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Nannan Xi
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qianru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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21
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He Y, Yang C, He W, Xu F. Nationwide health risk assessment of juvenile exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the water body of Chinese lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:138099. [PMID: 32229384 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The high emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pose a serious threat to the lake ecosystem and human health, and the human health risk assessment of PAH exposure is expected as an urgent project in China. This paper focused on 44 Chinese lakes in 6 lake zones to investigate the occurrence, composition and source of 19 PAHs in water body and estimate the human health risk under PAH exposure. The "List of PAH Priority Lakes" in China was generated based on the combination of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model and Monte Carlo simulation. Our results showed that the Σ17 PAHs ranged from 3.75 ng·L-1 to 368.68 ng·L-1 with a median of 55.88 ng·L-1. Low-ring PAHs were the predominant compounds. PAH profiles varied significantly at lake zone level. Diagnostic ratios showed that PAHs might derive from petroleum and coal or biomass combustion. Benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent toxic concentrations (BaPeq) of the Σ17 PAHs ranged from 0.07 ng·L-1 to 2.26 ng·L-1 (0.62 ± 0.52 ng·L-1, mean ± standard deviation) with a median of 0.47 ng·L-1. Benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and benzo[e]pyrene (BeP) were the main toxic isomers. Juvenile exposure to PAHs via oral ingestion (drinking) and dermal contact (showering) had negligible and potential health risks, respectively. Juveniles were the sensitive population for PAH exposure. 15 lakes were screened into the "List of PAH Priority Lakes" in three priority levels: first priority (Level A), moderate priority (Level B) and general priority (Level C). Lake Taihu, Lake Chaohu and Lake Hongze were the extreme priority lakes. Optimizing the economic structures and reducing the combustion emissions in these areas should be implemented to reduce the population under potential health risk of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chen Yang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fuliu Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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