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Yeshoua B, Romero Castillo H, Monaghan M, van Gerwen M. A Review of the Association between Exposure to Flame Retardants and Thyroid Function. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1365. [PMID: 38927574 PMCID: PMC11201907 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Flame retardants have been shown to cause widespread physiological effects, in particular on endocrine organs such as the thyroid. This review aims to provide an overview of the literature on the association between flame retardants and thyroid function within humans. A search in the National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health PubMed database through January 2024 yielded 61 studies that met the inclusion criteria. The most frequently analyzed flame retardants across all thyroid hormones were polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), in particular BDE-47 and BDE-99. Ten studies demonstrated exclusively positive associations between flame retardants and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Six studies demonstrated exclusively negative associations between flame retardants and TSH. Twelve studies demonstrated exclusively positive associations for total triiodothyronine (tT3) and total thyroxine (tT4). Five and eight studies demonstrated exclusively negative associations between flame retardants and these same thyroid hormones, respectively. The effect of flame retardants on thyroid hormones is heterogeneous; however, the long-term impact warrants further investigation. Vulnerable populations, including indigenous people, individuals working at e-waste sites, firefighters, and individuals within certain age groups, such as children and elderly, are especially critical to be informed of risk of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Yeshoua
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (B.Y.); (H.R.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Horacio Romero Castillo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (B.Y.); (H.R.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Mathilda Monaghan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (B.Y.); (H.R.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Maaike van Gerwen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (B.Y.); (H.R.C.); (M.M.)
- Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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2
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Bai T, Li X, Zhang H, Yang W, Lv C, Du X, Xu S, Zhao A, Xi Y. The association between brominated flame retardants exposure with bone mineral density in US adults: A cross-sectional study of the national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) 2005-2014. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118580. [PMID: 38423496 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Exposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) has been widely confirmed to impair the normal functioning of the human body system. However, there is a paucity of study on the effects of serum BFRs on bone mineral density (BMD). This study aims to investigate the relationship between exposure to BFRs and BMD in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. METHODS 3079 participants aged between 20 and 80 years with complete data were included in the study. Serum levels of BFRs were measured using automated liquid-liquid extraction and subsequent sample clean-up. The BMD of all participants were assessed by DXA examinations. Generalize linear model, Restricted cubic spline (RCS), subgroup, weighted quantile sum (WQS) and bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used to estimate the association between serum BFRs and BMD. RESULTS Multivariate linear regression analyses revealed that, after adjusting for covariates, PBB153 was significantly associated with TF-BMD (β = 0.0177, 95%CI: 0.0103-0.0252), FN-BMD (β = 0.009, 95%CI: 0.0036-0.0145), TS-BMD (β = 0.0081, 95%CI: 0.0013-0.015) and L1-BMD (β = 0.0144, 95%CI: 0.0075-0.0213). However, the associations lose their statistical significance after further adjustment for sex. BFRs exhibited S-shaped or line-plateau dose-response curves with BMD. In subgroup analyses, BFRs were significantly associated with BMD in participants who were younger than 55 years, female, overweight (BMI >25 kg/m2), and less alcohol consumption. In WQS and BKMR analyses, the effects of BFRs mixtures on BMD differed by sex, and PBDE153, PBDE209 and PBB153 had the highest weights in the WQS regression model. CONCLUSION This study showed that serum BFRs negatively predicted BMD in men, but not in women or the general population. PBDE153, PBDE209, and PBB153 were significant BMD factors, especially in younger, overweight, and less alcohol consumption individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Bai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Xiangjun Li
- Breast Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Wenkang Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Changlin Lv
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Xiaofan Du
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Shiqi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Aiping Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Yongming Xi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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3
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Zheng N, Wang X, Zhang Y, Hua J, Zhu B, Zhou Y, Xu Z, Luo L, Han J, Yang L, Zhou B. Mechanistic Insights into 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane-Induced Male Reproductive Toxicity in Zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:8251-8263. [PMID: 38695612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
The novel brominated flame retardant, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), has increasingly been detected in environmental and biota samples. However, limited information is available regarding its toxicity, especially at environmentally relevant concentrations. In the present study, adult male zebrafish were exposed to varying concentrations of BTBPE (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μg/L) for 28 days. The results demonstrated underperformance in mating behavior and reproductive success of male zebrafish when paired with unexposed females. Additionally, a decline in sperm quality was confirmed in BTBPE-exposed male zebrafish, characterized by decreased total motility, decreased progressive motility, and increased morphological malformations. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, an integrated proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis was performed, revealing a predominant impact on mitochondrial functions at the protein level and a universal response across different cellular compartments at the phosphorylation level. Ultrastructural damage, increased expression of apoptosis-inducing factor, and disordered respiratory chain confirmed the involvement of mitochondrial impairment in zebrafish testes. These findings not only provide valuable insights for future evaluations of the potential risks posed by BTBPE and similar chemicals but also underscore the need for further research into the impact of mitochondrial dysfunction on reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Ecology and Environment Monitoring and Scientific Research Center, Ecology and Environment Administration of Yangtze River Basin, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430010, China
| | - Yindan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianghuan Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Biran Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Yuxi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhixiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lijun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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Mao H, Lin T, Huang S, Xie Z, Jin S, Shen X, Jin Y, Ding Y. The impact of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) on pulmonary function in US adults: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES (2007-2012). Sci Rep 2024; 14:6486. [PMID: 38499858 PMCID: PMC10948772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57302-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are a group of chemicals widely used in various applications to prevent or slow down the spread of fire. However, they have adverse effects on human health. There is a relative scarcity of population-based studies regarding BFRs, particularly their impact on the respiratory system. This study aimed to investigate the influence of BFRs on pulmonary function using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The study found that elevated serum concentrations of certain BFRs were associated with pulmonary ventilatory dysfunction. Adjusted analyses revealed positive correlations between PBDE47, PBDE183, and PBDE209 concentrations and ventilatory dysfunction. The analysis of mixed BFRs showed a positive relationship with pulmonary ventilation dysfunction, with PBDE47 making the most significant contribution. Our study demonstrates that both individual and combined BFRs exposure can lead to impaired pulmonary ventilation function. These findings provide evidence of the adverse effects of BFRs on lung function, emphasizing the importance of further investigating the potential health consequences of these compounds. Further large-scale longitudinal studies are needed to investigate this relationship in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Mao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Tong Lin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Shanshan Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Zhenye Xie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Shaofeng Jin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Xingkai Shen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Yuhong Jin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, 315100, China.
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, 315100, China.
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5
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Qadeer A, Mubeen S, Liu M, Bekele TG, Ohoro CR, Adeniji AO, Alraih AM, Ajmal Z, Alshammari AS, Al-Hadeethi Y, Archundia D, Yuan S, Jiang X, Wang S, Li X, Sauvé S. Global environmental and toxicological impacts of polybrominated diphenyl ethers versus organophosphate esters: A comparative analysis and regrettable substitution dilemma. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133543. [PMID: 38262318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the global environment is increasing, which aligns with the decline in the usage of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). PBDEs, a category of flame retardants, were banned and classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) through the Stockholm Convention due to their toxic and persistent properties. Despite a lack of comprehensive understanding of their ecological and health consequences, OPEs were adopted as replacements for PBDEs. This research aims to offer a comparative assessment of PBDEs and OPEs in various domains, specifically focusing on their persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT) properties. This study explored physicochemical properties (such as molecular weight, octanol-water partition coefficient, octanol-air partition coefficient, Henry's law constant, and vapor pressures), environmental behaviors, global concentrations in environmental matrices (air, water, and soil), toxicities, bioaccumulation, and trophic transfer mechanisms of both groups of compounds. Based on the comparison and analysis of environmental and toxicological data, we evaluate whether OPEs represent another instance of regrettable substitution and global contamination as much as PBDEs. Our findings indicate that the physical and chemical characteristics, environmental behaviors, and global concentrations of PBDEs and OPEs, are similar and overlap in many instances. Notably, OPE concentrations have even surged by orders of several magnitude compared to PBDEs in certain pristine regions like the Arctic and Antarctic, implying long-range transport. In many instances, air and water concentrations of OPEs have been increased than PBDEs. While the bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of PBDEs (ranging from 4.8 to 7.5) are slightly elevated compared to OPEs (-0.5 to 5.36) in aquatic environments, both groups of compounds exhibit BAF values beyond the threshold of 5000 L/kg (log10 BAF > 3.7). Similarly, the trophic magnification factors (TMFs) for PBDEs (ranging from 0.39 to 4.44) slightly surpass those for OPEs (ranging from 1.06 to 3.5) in all cases. Metabolic biotransformation rates (LogKM) and hydrophobicity are potentially major factors deciding their trophic magnification potential. However, many compounds of PBDEs and OPEs show TMF values higher than 1, indicating biomagnification potential. Collectively, all data suggest that PBDEs and OPEs have the potential to bioaccumulate and transfer through the food chain. OPEs and PBDEs present a myriad of toxicity endpoints, with notable overlaps encompassing reproductive issues, oxidative stress, developmental defects, liver dysfunction, DNA damage, neurological toxicity, reproductive anomalies, carcinogenic effects, and behavior changes. Based on our investigation and comparative analysis, we conclude that substituting PBDEs with OPEs is regrettable based on PBT properties, underscoring the urgency for policy reforms and effective management strategies. Addressing this predicament before an exacerbation of global contamination is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Qadeer
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, China.
| | - Sidra Mubeen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, China; Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mengyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Tadiyose Girma Bekele
- Department of Biology, Eastern Nazarene College, 23 East Elm Avenue, Quincy, MA 02170, USA
| | - Chinemerem R Ohoro
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North, West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Abiodun O Adeniji
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Lesotho, Lesotho
| | - Alhafez M Alraih
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Mohail Aseer, King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeeshan Ajmal
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Ahmad S Alshammari
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yas Al-Hadeethi
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Denisse Archundia
- Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, CDMX, México 04510, Mexico
| | - Shengwu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, China.
| | - Shuhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, China.
| | - Xixi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, China.
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Campus MIL, 1375 Av. Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal H2V 0B3, QC, Canada
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Yu H, Ma J, Chen D, Gao Y, Li G, An T. Associations between inhalation of typical volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in e-waste dismantling workers with liver function damage. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 464:133004. [PMID: 37984141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Studies in cell culture and animal models suggest hepatotoxicity of some volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), however, their effects in human populations under real exposure conditions have never been clarified. In this cross-sectional study, 224 participants, 38 e-waste dismantling workers and 186 subjects residing near to the dismantling sites in southern China, were evaluated for personal inhalational exposure to 72 VOCs and 91 SVOCs according to site-specific atmospheric chemical concentrations and personal exposure time. Additionally, their serum samples were subjected to liver function tests (LFTs), including total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLB), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and bilirubin. Linear regression analysis of the VOC/SVOC levels against the LFTs results indicated that VOC exposure was negatively associated with the TP, ALB, GLB levels (indicating liver-specific protein synthesis functions), while positively associated with AST, ALT, GGT activities (marking liver damage). Somehow, SVOC exposure appeared to be positively associated with not only AST and ALT but also TP and ALB. These findings were supported by the quantile g-computation analysis and confirmed in the Bayesian kernel machine regression model. This study indicates that simultaneous inhalation of VOCs and SVOCs may impair human liver functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiaying Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dongming Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanpeng Gao
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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7
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Wang N, Lai C, Xu F, Huang D, Zhang M, Zhou X, Xu M, Li Y, Li L, Liu S, Huang X, Nie J, Li H. A review of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and novel brominated flame retardants in Chinese aquatic environment: Source, occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166180. [PMID: 37562617 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the widespread commercial production and use of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in China, their potential impact on human health development should not be underestimated. This review searched the literature on Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and Novel brominated flame retardant (PBDEs and NBFRs) (broad BFRs) in the aquatic environment (including surface water and sediment) in China over the last decade. It was found that PBDEs and NBFRs entered the aquatic environment through four main pathways, atmospheric deposition, surface runoff, sewage effluent and microplastic decomposition. The distribution of PBDEs and NBFRs in the aquatic environment was highly correlated with the local economic structure and population density. In addition, a preliminary risk assessment of existing PBDEs and PBDEs in sediments showed that areas with high-risk quotient values were always located in coastal areas with e-waste dismantling sites, which was mainly attributed to the historical legacy of electronic waste. This research provides help for the human health development and regional risk planning management posed by PBDEs and NBFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Cui Lai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China.
| | - Fuhang Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Danlian Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China.
| | - Mingming Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Xuerong Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Mengyi Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Yixia Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Xinyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR. China
| | - Jinxin Nie
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Hanxi Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
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8
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Klimm A, Vetter W. Hydroxylated transformation products obtained after UV irradiation of the current-use brominated flame retardants hexabromobenzene, pentabromotoluene, and pentabromoethylbenzene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:118556-118566. [PMID: 37917263 PMCID: PMC10697972 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30566-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), and pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) are current-use brominated flame retardants (cuBFRs) which have been repeatedly detected in environmental samples. Since information on hydroxylated transformation products (OH-TPs) was scarcely available, the three polybrominated compounds were UV irradiated for 10 min in benzotrifluoride. Fractionation on silica gel enabled the separate collection and identification of OH-TPs. For more insights, aliquots of the separated OH-TPs were UV irradiated for another 50 min (60 min total UV irradiation time). The present investigation of polar UV irradiation products of HBB, PBT, and PBEB was successful in each case. Altogether, eight bromophenols were detected in the case of HBB (three Br3-, four Br4-, and one Br5-isomer), and nine OH-TPs were observed in the case of PBT/PBEB (six Br3- and three Br4-congeners). In either case, Br➔OH exchange was more relevant than H➔OH exchange. Also, such exchange was most relevant in meta- and ortho-positions. As a further point, and in agreement with other studies, the transformation rate decreased with decreasing degree of bromination. UV irradiation of HBB additionally resulted in the formation of tri- and tetrabrominated dihydroxylated compounds (brominated diphenols) that were subsequently identified. These dihydroxylated transformation products were found to be more stable than OH-TPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Klimm
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstraße 28, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstraße 28, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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9
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Wang R, Cheng H, Gong Y, Huang T. New brominated flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in water sediments: A review of contamination characteristics, exposure pathways, ecotoxicological effects and health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 334:122121. [PMID: 37385359 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
As an alternative to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) has become one of the most important new brominated flame retardants (NBFRs). However, little is known about whether this emerging contaminant may has an environmental fate similar to PBDEs. Sediments are the main sink for DBDPE in the aqueous phase. Worldwide concentration data, since it was first found in sediments to date, have been collated, and the following conclusions have been drawn. (1) DBDPE concentrations in sediments have increased rapidly, often with a higher risk of contamination in source discharge areas. Compared with other countries, DBDPE contamination in China is more severe, especially in Guangdong Province, which is closely related to its being an e-waste dismantling area. (2) The amount of DBDPE in surface sediments has exceeded that of legacy brominated flame retardants (BFRs), and data recorded in sediment cores also corroborate that DBDPE is replacing decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) as one of the most dominant NBFRs in the environment. (3) The exposure pathways of DBDPE include dietary intake, air or indoor dust intake, cutaneous absorption and endogenous exposure. For sediments, dietary exposure and endogenous exposure pathways need to be considered. Sediment DBDPE can enter the human body through bioenrichment such as contaminated seafood and the food chain. (4) DBDPE can exhibit neurotoxicity, thyrotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in organisms. Long-term DBDPE exposure may increase hyperthyroidism risk and inhibit normal cells activity. This review focuses on the distribution characteristics and exposure risks of DBDPE in global water sediments, providing a strong reference for environmental management and related legal policy formulation. The next steps are to focus on continuous source monitoring, process control and sediment clean-up of DBDPE. The development of sustainable water management options for waste microplastics (MPs) and e-waste spiked with DBDPE is a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Hongguang Cheng
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Yiwei Gong
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Tao Huang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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10
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Zhang Q, Wang Z, Xiao Q, Ge J, Wang X, Jiang W, Yuan Y, Zhuang Y, Meng Q, Jiang J, Hao W, Wei X. The effects and mechanisms of the new brominated flame retardant BTBPE on thyroid toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 180:114027. [PMID: 37696466 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
As an alternative to octabromodiphenyl ether (octa-BDE), 1, 2-bis (2,4, 6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) has been widely used in a variety of combustible materials, such as plastics, textiles and furniture. Previous studies have demonstrated the thyroid toxicity of traditional brominated flame retardants for example octa-BDE clearly. Nevertheless, little is known about the thyroid toxicity of alternative novel brominated flame retardants BTBPE. In this study, it was demonstrated that BTBPE in vivo exposure induced FT4 reduction in 2.5, 25 and 250 mg/kg bw treated group and TT4 reduction in 25 mg/kg bw treated group. TG, TPO and NIS are key proteins of thyroid hormone synthesis. The results of Western blot and RT-PCR from thyroid tissue showed decreased protein levels and gene expression levels of TG, TPO and NIS as well as regulatory proteins PAX8 and TTF2. To investigate whether the effect also occurred in humans, anthropogenic Nthy-ori 3-1 cells were selected. Similar results were seen in vitro condition. 2.5 mg/L BTBPE reduced the protein levels of PAX8, TTF1 and TTF2, which in turn inhibited the protein levels of TG and NIS. The results in vitro experiment were consistent with that in vivo, suggesting possible thyrotoxic effects of BTBPE on humans. It was indicated that BTBPE had the potential interference of T4 generation and the study provided more evidence of the effects on endocrine disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Qianqian Xiao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Jianhong Ge
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Wanyu Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Yuese Yuan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Yimeng Zhuang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Qinghe Meng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Jianjun Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Weidong Hao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Xuetao Wei
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
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11
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Guan X, Zhang G, Meng L, Liu M, Zhang L, Zhao C, Li Y, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Novel biomonitoring method for determining five classes of legacy and alternative flame retardants in human serum samples. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 131:111-122. [PMID: 37225373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs) are ubiquitous in environment and biota and may pose harm to human health. In recent years, concern regarding legacy and alternative FRs has been intensified due to their widespread production and increasing contamination in environmental and human matrices. In this study, we developed and validated a novel analytical method for simultaneous determination of legacy and alternative FRs, including polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), short- and middle-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), and organophosphate esters (OPEs) in human serum. Serum samples were prepared by liquid-liquid extraction using ethyl acetate, and purified with Oasis® HLB cartridge and Florisil-silica gel columns. Instrumental analyses were carried out using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, high-resolution gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, respectively. The proposed method was validated for linearity, sensitivity, precision, accuracy, and matrix effects. Method detection limits for NBFRs, OPEs, PCNs, SCCPs, and MCCPs were 4.6 × 10-4-8.6 × 10-2, 4.3 × 10-3-1.3, 1.1 × 10-5-1.0 × 10-4, 1.5, and 9.0 × 10-1 ng/mL, respectively. Matrix spike recoveries ranged from 73%-122%, 71%-124%, 75%-129%, 92%-126%, and 94%-126% for NBFRs, OPEs, PCNs, SCCPs, and MCCPs, respectively. The analytical method was applied for detection of real human serum. CPs were the dominant FRs in serum, indicating CPs were widely presented in human serum and should be pay more attention for their health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Gaoxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lingling Meng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Chuxuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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12
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Yang L, Zhu B, Zhou S, Zhao M, Li R, Zhou Y, Shi X, Han J, Zhang W, Zhou B. Mitochondrial Dysfunction Was Involved in Decabromodiphenyl Ethane-Induced Glucolipid Metabolism Disorders and Neurotoxicity in Zebrafish Larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11043-11055. [PMID: 37467077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), a novel brominated flame retardant, is becoming increasingly prevalent in environmental and biota samples. While DBDPE has been shown to cause various biological adverse effects, the molecular mechanism behind these effects is still unclear. In this research, zebrafish embryos were exposed to DBDPE (50-400 μg/L) until 120 h post fertilization (hpf). The results confirmed the neurotoxicity by increased average swimming speed, interfered neurotransmitter contents, and transcription of neurodevelopment-related genes in zebrafish larvae. Metabolomics analysis revealed changes of metabolites primarily involved in glycolipid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and oxidative stress, which were validated through the alterations of multiple biomarkers at various levels. We further evaluated the mitochondrial performance upon DBDPE exposure and found inhibited mitochondrial oxidative respiration accompanied by decreased mitochondrial respiratory chain complex activities, mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP contents. However, addition of nicotinamide riboside could effectively restore DBDPE-induced mitochondrial impairments and resultant neurotoxicity, oxidative stress as well as glycolipid metabolism in zebrafish larvae. Taken together, our data suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction was involved in DBDPE-induced toxicity, providing novel insight into the toxic mechanisms of DBDPE as well as other emerging pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Biran Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Shanqi Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Ruiwen Li
- Ecology and Environment Monitoring and Scientific Research Center, Ecology and Environment Administration of Yangtze River Basin, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430010, China
| | - Yuxi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiongjie Shi
- College of Life Sciences, The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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Alhariri Y, Ali L, Altarawneh M. Mechanochemical debromination of allyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (TBP-AE): optimization of the operational conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:87118-87128. [PMID: 37418188 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28416-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Allyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (TBP-AE) is a flame retardant that is added to plastics to improve their fire resistance. This kind of additive is hazardous to both human health and the environment. As any other BFRs, TBP-AE resists photo-degradation in the environment and hence materials laden with TBP-AE are to be dibrominated to avoid environmental pollution. Mechanochemical degradation of TBP-AE is a promising approach with potential industrial applications since it does not require high temperatures nor it generates any secondary pollutants. A planetary ball milling simulation experiment was designed to study TBP-AE's mechanochemical debromination. To report products from the mechanochemical process, a variety of characterization techniques were used. The characterization methods included gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The effects of various co-milling reagent types, co-milling reagent concentrations with raw material, time, and revolution speed on mechanochemical debromination efficiency have been thoroughly investigated. The Fe/Al2O3 mixture entails the highest debromination efficiency of 23%. However, when using a Fe/Al2O3 mixture, neither the reagent concentration nor the revolution speed influenced the debromination efficiency. In case of using only Al2O3, the next viable reagent, it was revealed that while increasing the revolution, speed improved debromination efficiency to a certain point, and increasing it any further left the debromination efficiency unchanged. In addition, the results showed that an equal mass ratio of TBP-AE to Al2O3 promoted degradation more than an increase in the ratio of Al2O3 to TBP-AE. The addition of ABS polymer largely inhibits the reaction between Al2O3 and TBP-AE, which hindered alumina's ability to capture organic bromine, causing a significant decrease in the debromination efficiency when model of waste printed circuit board (WPCB) is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Alhariri
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Street, 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Labeeb Ali
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Street, 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammednoor Altarawneh
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Street, 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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14
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Xu M, Wang W, Feng J, Ruan Z, Le Y, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Wang C. The mechanism underlying pentabromoethylbenzene-induced adipogenesis and the obesogenic outcome in both cell and mouse model. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108088. [PMID: 37429055 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Convergent evidence links traditional brominated flame retardants (BFRs) exposure to weight gain, while the obesogenic potency of new BFRs (NBFRs) remain largely unknown. Aiding by luciferase-reporter gene assay, the present study revealed only pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), an alternative for penta-BDEs, binds with retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) but not peroxisomeproliferator receptor γ (PPARγ) among the seven testing NBFRs. An apparent induction of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells was observed at nanomolar of PBEB, much lower than penta-BFRs. Mechanistic research uncovered PBEB initiated the adipogenesis by demethylated CpG sites in the PPARγ promoter region. Specifically, activation RXRα by PBEB strengthened the activity of RXRα/PPARγ heterodimer, tightened the interaction between the heterodimer and PPAR response elements, and further enhanced adipogenesis. RNA sequencing combined with k-means clustering analysis exposed adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling as two predominant pathways that enriched in PBEB-induced lipogenesis. The obesogenic outcome was further corroborated in offspring mice when the maternal mice exposed to environmental relevant doses of PBEB. We found the male offspring exhibited adipocyte hypertrophy and increased weight gain in the epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). Consistent with in vitro findings, the reduction in protein phosphorylation of both AMPK and PI3K/AKT were observed within eWAT. Thus, we posited PBEB disrupts the pathways controlling adipogenesis and adipose tissue maintenance, supporting its potential as an environmental obesogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Xu
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanyue Wang
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiafan Feng
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Ruan
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Le
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui Wang
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Wang G, Guo P, Liu Y, Li C, Wang X, Wang H. Mechanistic characterization of anaerobic microbial degradation of BTBPE in coastal wetland soils: Implication by compound-specific stable isotope analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 335:117622. [PMID: 36867899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As a novel brominate flame retardants, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) has been extensively used in various consumer products, and frequently detected in various environmental matrices. However, the microbial degradation of BTBPE remains unclear in the environment. This study comprehensively investigated the anaerobic microbial degradation of BTBPE and therein stable carbon isotope effect in the wetland soils. BTBPE degradation followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic, with degradation rate of 0.0085 ± 0.0008 day-1. Based on identification of degradation products, stepwise reductive debromination was the main transformation pathway of BTBPE, and tended to keep the stable of 2,4,6-tribromophenoxy group during the microbial degradation. The pronounced carbon isotope fractionation was observed for BTBPE microbial degradation, and carbon isotope enrichment factor (εC) was determined to be -4.81 ± 0.37‰, indicating cleavage of C-Br bond as the rate-limiting step. Compared to previously reported isotope effects, carbon apparent kinetic isotope effect (AKIEC = 1.072 ± 0.004) suggested that the nucleophilic substitution (SN2 reaction) was the potential reaction mechanism for reductive debromination of BTBPE in the anaerobic microbial degradation. These findings demonstrated that BTBPE could be degraded by the anaerobic microbes in wetland soils, and the compound-specific stable isotope analysis was a robust method to discover the underlying reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoguang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China.
| | - Pengxu Guo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China; Environmental Information Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Chuanyuan Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Navigation College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
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16
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Zhang G, Meng L, Guo J, Guan X, Liu M, Han X, Li Y, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Exposure to novel brominated and organophosphate flame retardants and associations with type 2 diabetes in East China: A case-control study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:162107. [PMID: 36764545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The alternative flame retardants, novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are ubiquitous in the environment and biota and may induce endocrine disruption effects. Associations between traditional endocrine-disrupting chemicals and type 2 diabetes have been extensively reported in epidemiological studies. However, the effects of NBFRs and OPFRs in humans have not been reported to date. This paper reports a case-control study of 344 participants aged 25-80 years from Shandong Province, East China, where potential associations between serum NBFR and OPFR concentrations and type 2 diabetes are assessed for the first time. After adjusting for covariates (i.e., age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, triglycerides, and total cholesterol), serum concentrations of pentabromotoluene, 2,3-dibromopropyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether, tri-n-propyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, and tris (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate were significantly positively associated with type 2 diabetes. In the control group, decabromodiphenyl ethane and triphenyl phosphate were significantly positively associated with fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In the quantile g-computation model, significant positive mixture effect was found between the flame retardants mixtures and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and decabromodiphenyl ethane contributed the largest positive weights to the mixture effect. Overall, these findings suggest that exposure to NBFRs and OPFRs may promote type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Lingling Meng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Jiehong Guo
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geospatial Engineering, Michigan Technological University, MI 49931, USA
| | - Xiaoling Guan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu Han
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing CO., LTD., Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
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17
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An Q, Yang L, Yang S, Wang Y, Shi L, Aamir M, Liu W. Legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in agricultural soils of eastern China (2011-2021): Concentration level, temporal trend, and health risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 446:130631. [PMID: 36586335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) have been extensively investigated in the terrestrial environment of China. However, little is known about how PBDEs and NBFRs burdens in agricultural soils altered over time. In this study, agricultural soils from different regions of China were collected from 2011 to 2021 to investigate the contamination levels and temporal variation of PBDEs and NBFRs. The concentrations of ∑26PBDEs and ∑5NBFRs ranged from 0.144 to 215 ng/g dry weight (d.w.) and 0.186-144 ng/g (d.w.), with a mean value of 9.27 ng/g (d.w.) and 8.22 ng/g (d.w.), respectively. Among PBDEs and NBFRs, BDE-209 and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were the most predominant compounds. The PBDE concentrations did not vary significantly during the past decade, whereas the lower brominated congeners increased with time (doubling times ranged from 5.46 to 8.56 years). Meanwhile, NBFR concentrations increased over time, with concentrations significantly higher in 2021, 2016, and 2013 than in 2011 (p < 0.05). Additionally, DBDPE, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), and hexabromobenzene (HBB) had doubling times of 6.84, 11.2, and 7.37 years, respectively. Total organic matter (TOC) impacted the distribution and variation of PBDEs (particularly lower-brominated congeners), with soil organic matter (SOM)-sorption showing an increasing and then decreasing trend. Health risk assessment suggested that PBDEs and NBFRs did not pose non-carcinogenic risks to humans. Nevertheless, the long-term health risk of BFRs should be considered. Overall, this is the first study to comprehensively analyze the contamination burdens and temporal trends of PBDEs and NBFRs in Chinese agricultural soils over a long period, providing a fundamental basis for future BFR management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi An
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lina Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shengchao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanting Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Long Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Muhammad Aamir
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
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18
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Zhao X, Lyu B, Zhang L, Li J, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Shi Z. Legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in animal-derived foods from China Total Diet Study (CTDS): Temporal trends, evidence of substitution, and dietary exposure assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130223. [PMID: 36367471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Based on the 6th China Total Diet Study (CTDS) conducted in 2016-2019, the occurrence of both legacy and novel brominated flame retardants (BFRs) was measured in animal-derived foods collected across China. Most BFRs could be frequently detected in food samples, indicating their ubiquity in the environment. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), a typical novel BFR, presented the highest contamination level, whereas legacy BFRs, including decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), still presented high detection frequencies and relatively abundant proportions in total BFRs. Compared with previous CTDSs conducted from 2007 to 2011, the levels and estimated dietary intakes (EDIs) of most BFRs showed a significant downtrend, which suggested that flame retardant consumption in China has transferred from legacy BFRs to novel BFRs (mainly DBDPE) and from BFRs to other kinds of flame retardants. Based on probabilistic estimation, the median EDIs of mainly used BFRs for the Chinese population ranged from 41.0 to 1.67 × 103 pg/kg bw/day, and meat consumption was the primary source in dietary BFR intake. By conducting the margin of exposure (MOE) approach or comparing with the reference dose (RfD), it can be concluded that daily dietary intakes of BFRs were still unable to cause significant health risks to the general population in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhen Zhao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Bing Lyu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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19
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Che Z, Jia H, Chen R, Pan K, Fan Z, Su C, Wu Z, Zhang T. Associations between exposure to brominated flame retardants and metabolic syndrome and its components in U.S. adults. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159935. [PMID: 36336051 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humans are simultaneously exposed to numerous of environmental brominated flame retardants (BFRs). We aim to explore the overall associations of BFRs mixture on metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components and further identify significant chemicals. METHODS This study included 4641 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 2007-2016. The weighted logistic regression was conducted to estimate the association of a single BFR exposure with MetS and its components. Meanwhile, the weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were adopted to evaluate the overall associations of BFRs mixture on MetS and its components, and to identify significant chemicals. We also evaluated potential associations modified by sex. RESULTS In the weighted logistic regression model, PBB153 were positively associated with MetS in a dose-dependent manner (Ptrend < 0.05). For its components, increasing quartiles of most BFRs were positively associated with abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL. However, we found no statistically significant associations between BFRs and hypertension and hyperglycemia. WQS analyses found that BFRs mixture was positively associated with MetS (OR: 1.30; 95%CI:1.14, 1.46), abdominal obesity (OR: 1.15; 95%CI:1.03, 1.27), hypertriglyceridemia (OR:1.43; 95%CI:1.19, 1.67), and low HDL (OR: 1.15; 95%CI:1.01, 1.29). BKMR showed associations in a similar direction as WQS for BFRs mixture. For MetS, hypertriglyceridemia and Low HDL, PBB153, PBDE28 and PBDE209 were the most heavily weighting chemicals and had the highest the posterior inclusion probabilities in the WQS and BKMR, respectively. BFRs showed stronger associations of MetS and its components in males than in females. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggested exposure to BFRs mixture was positively associated with MetS and its components in adults, and PBB153, PBDE28 and PBDE209 were the significant chemicals. However, prospective cohort studies are still needed to confirm the causal effect between BFRs mixture and MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Che
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Huixun Jia
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Diseases, Shanghai, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Keyu Pan
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zhe Fan
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Chang Su
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention/Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, Beijing 100050, 29 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhenyu Wu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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20
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Ali N, Rashid MI, Alhakamy NA, Alamri SH, Eqani SAMAS. Profiling of phthalates, brominated, and organophosphate flame retardants in COVID-19 lockdown house dust; implication on the human health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:158779. [PMID: 36116658 PMCID: PMC9474971 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, brominated flame retardants (BFRs), phthalates, and organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) were analyzed in indoor household dust collected during the COVID-19 related strict lockdown (April-July 2020) period. Floor dust samples were collected from 40 households in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The levels of most of the analyzed chemicals were visibly high and for certain chemicals multifold high in analyzed samples compared to earlier studies on indoor dust from Jeddah. Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the primary chemical in these dust samples, with a median concentration of 769,500 ng/g of dust. Tris (2-butoxy ethyl) phosphate (TBEP) and Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) contributed the highest among PFRs and BFRs with median levels of 5990 and 940 ng/g of dust, respectively. The estimated daily exposure in the worst case scenario (23,700 ng/kg bw/day) for Saudi children was above the reference dose (20,000 ng/kg bw/day) for DEHP, and the hazardous index (HI) was also >1. The long-term carcinogenic risk was above the 1 × 10-5, indicating a risk to the health of Saudi young children from getting exposed to DEHP from indoor dust. This study draws attention to the increased indoor pollution during the lockdown period when all of the daily activities by adults and children were performed indoors, which negatively impacted human health, as suggested by the calculated risk. However, the current study has limitations and warrants more monitoring studies from different parts of the world to understand the phenomenon. At the same time, this study also highlights another side of COVID-19 related to our lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Ali
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muhammad Imtiaz Rashid
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil A Alhakamy
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Hassan Alamri
- Department of Family Medicine, Medical College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah Eqani
- Public Health and Environment Division, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
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21
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Dong L, Wang S, Zhang L, Liu D, You H. DBDPE and ZnO NPs synergistically induce neurotoxicity of SK-N-SH cells and activate mitochondrial apoptosis signaling pathway and Nrf2-mediated antioxidant pathway. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 441:129872. [PMID: 36084461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), a new brominated flame retardant, could negatively affect neurobehavior and pose health risks to humans. Humans are also exposed to widely used nanomaterials. This study investigated the combined toxic effects and action types of DBDPE and Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells and the toxicity mechanisms. DBDPE inhibited the viability of SK-N-SH cells by 21.87% at 25 mg/L. ZnO NPs synergistically exacerbated the toxic effects of DBDPE. DBDPE and ZnO NPs caused excessive ROS production and inhibition of antioxidant enzyme (SOD and GSH) activity in cells, thus causing oxidative cellular damage. Moreover, DBDPE and ZnO NPs caused apoptosis by disrupting mitochondrial kinetic homeostasis, reducing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), increasing cytochrome C release and regulating Bax/Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 mRNA and protein expression. DBDPE and ZnO NPs increased the mRNA expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2- related factor (Nrf2) and its downstream genes. The molecular mechanisms revealed that oxidative stress, apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction were the critical factors in combined cytotoxicity. The bioinformatics analysis further indicated that co-exposure affected Nrf2 activation, apoptotic factors expression and mitochondrial fusion. The findings enrich the risk perception of neurotoxicity caused by DBDPE and ZnO NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin150090, China.
| | - Shutao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin150090, China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- Queen Mary University of London Engineering School, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China.
| | - Dongmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin150090, China.
| | - Hong You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin150090, China.
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22
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Liu M, Li A, Meng L, Zhang G, Guan X, Zhu J, Li Y, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Exposure to Novel Brominated Flame Retardants and Organophosphate Esters and Associations with Thyroid Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study in Eastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17825-17835. [PMID: 36468700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Novel brominated flame retardant (NBFR) and organophosphate ester (OPE) exposure may engender adverse effects on human health. However, present epidemiological information regarding the effects of such exposure is limited and controversial. In this case-control study, 481 serum samples were collected from patients with thyroid cancer (n = 242) and healthy controls (n = 239) in Shandong Province, eastern China. The levels of NBFRs and OPEs, thyroid hormones, and serum lipid parameters were measured in all the participants. Pentabromotoluene, 2,3-dibromopropyl 2,4,6 tribromophenyl ether, decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) were widely detected (detection frequency > 60%) in all the participants. A significantly high risk association was found between exposure of NBFRs and OPEs (namely 1,2,3,4,5-pentabromobenzene, DBDPE, tri-n-propyl phosphate, tri[(2R)-1-chloro-2-propyl] phosphate, tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, and tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate) and thyroid cancer in both males and females. In the females of the control group, TCEP levels exhibited a significantly positive association with thyroid-stimulating hormone and a negative association with triiodothyronine (T3), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4) levels. Weighted quantile sum regression evaluated the mixed effects of the compounds on thyroid hormones levels and thyroid cancer. As a result, TPP accounted for the majority of the T3, thyroxine, and FT3 amounts. Our results suggest that NBFR and OPE exposure contributes to alterations in thyroid function, thereby increasing thyroid cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Lingling Meng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Gaoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Xiaoling Guan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310000, China
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23
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Wang C, Zeng L, Li Y, Shi C, Peng Y, Pan R, Huang M, Wang S, Zhang J, Li H. Decabromodiphenyl ethane induces locomotion neurotoxicity and potential Alzheimer's disease risks through intensifying amyloid-beta deposition by inhibiting transthyretin/transthyretin-like proteins. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 168:107482. [PMID: 35998411 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As a major alternative to traditional brominated flame retardants (BFRs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) is widely used and has been commonly detected in various environmental media and organisms. Few previous studies have focused on DBDPE-induced locomotion neurotoxicity, and the exact molecular mechanisms and related health risks remain unclear. In this study, we first analyzed the locomotion indicators of nematodes following DBDPE exposure, demonstrated that DBDPE caused locomotion neurotoxicity, and identified that a series of the transthyretin (TTR)-like genes participated in the regulation of nematode motility by transcriptomic analysis, gene transcription validation and TTR-like mutant verification. Subsequently, this study demonstrated that DBDPE exacerbated amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition by repressing TTR/TTR-like gene transcription based on Alzheimer's disease (AD) model nematodes and human SH-SY5Y cells following DBDPE exposure and further revealed that DBDPE reduced the binding between TTR and Aβ by competing with the strand G region sites on the TTR/TTR-like protein, ultimately exacerbating Aβ deposition and the risk of AD. In short, our study demonstrated that DBDPE induced locomotion neurotoxicity and potential AD risks through intensifying Aβ deposition by inhibiting TTR/TTR-like proteins, providing reference support for risk management and policy formulation related to DBDPE and similarly structured novel BFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Lingjun Zeng
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yeyong Li
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Chongli Shi
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yi Peng
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Ruolin Pan
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Mengyan Huang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Susu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
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24
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Sun Y, Zhu B, Ling S, Yan B, Wang X, Jia S, Martyniuk CJ, Zhang W, Yang L, Zhou B. Decabromodiphenyl Ethane Mainly Affected the Muscle Contraction and Reproductive Endocrine System in Female Adult Zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:470-479. [PMID: 34919388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The novel brominated flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) has become a widespread environmental pollutant. However, the target tissue and toxicity of DBDPE are still not clear. In the current study, female zebrafish were exposed to 1 and 100 nM DBDPE for 28 days. Chemical analysis revealed that DBDPE tended to accumulate in the brain other than the liver and gonad. Subsequently, tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomics and parallel reaction monitoring verification were performed to screen the differentially expressed proteins in the brain. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that DBDPE mainly affected the biological process related to muscle contraction and estrogenic response. Therefore, the neurotoxicity and reproductive disruptions were validated via multilevel toxicological endpoints. Specifically, locomotor behavioral changes proved the potency of neurotoxicity, which may be caused by disturbance of muscular proteins and calcium homeostasis; decreases of sex hormone levels and transcriptional changes of genes related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad-liver axis confirmed reproductive disruptions upon DBDPE exposure. In summary, our results suggested that DBDPE primarily accumulated in the brain and evoked neurotoxicity and reproductive disruptions in female zebrafish. These findings can provide important clues for a further mechanism study and risk assessment of DBDPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Biran Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Siyuan Ling
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Biao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiulin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuzhao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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25
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Palát J, Kukučka P, Codling GP, Price EJ, Janků P, Klánová J. Application of 96-well plate SPE method for analysis of persistent organic pollutants in low volume blood serum samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132300. [PMID: 34563784 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Though many persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are closely regulated the human population is still exposed to these ubiquitous chemicals from the environment and diet. Safe management and human biomonitoring of POPs is necessary to understand the risk of exposure. Within human biomonitoring the mass of sample is often limited, therefore robust methods using smaller sample amounts are necessary. This study developed a 96-well plate solid phase extraction (SPE) method for determination of selected POPs: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and non-persistent novel flame retardants (NFRs) in low volume blood serum. Non-destructive clean-up coupling Oasis HLB extraction plate with Phree phospholipid removal plate was employed. Extraction efficiency was determined at low and high concentrations in certified reference materials NIST SRM 1957 and 1958, respectively. Target compounds deviated from certified values on average by 15% and 21% for SRM 1957 and SRM 1958, respectively. Observed limit of detections (LODs) ranged from 0.36 pg/mL (PCB 180) to 66.07 pg/mL (δ-HCH). The applicability for real samples is demonstrated on 48 samples from pregnant women enrolled in the pilot phase of the CELSPAC: TNG study. In total, 30 target compounds were detected in at least one sample. The method developed here provides a fast and reliable analysis of human blood serum with possibility to introduce automation for the sample preparation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Palát
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kukučka
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Garry P Codling
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Dr, SK, S7N 5B3, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Elliott J Price
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Janků
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
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Zhao X, Shi Z. Legacy brominated flame retardants in human milk from the general population in Beijing, China: Biomonitoring, temporal trends from 2011 to 2018, and nursing infant's exposure assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131533. [PMID: 34273701 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Three kinds of legacy brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including eight polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and three hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) isomers, were analyzed in 105 human milk samples collected in 2018 from Beijing, China. The tested BFRs all showed high detection frequencies, and HBCDD was the most abundant BFR, with a median level of 7.64 × 103 pg/g lipid, followed by BDE-153 (389 pg/g lipid), BDE-209 (283 pg/g lipid), and TBBPA (271 pg/g lipid). By comparing the results of the present study with those of our previous Beijing human milk surveys conducted in 2014 and 2011, the contamination of TBBPA and HBCDD increased steadily from 2011 to 2018, whereas that of PBDEs decreased sharply during this period. Our results suggested that the production and consumption of BFRs in China have shifted from PBDEs to other FRs. Education level and the consumption of animal-derived foods such as eggs and meat were identified as major influencing factors for some BFRs. For nursing infants, the median levels of lower bound BFR daily intake via human milk ingestion ranged from 4.62 × 10-2 ng/kg bw/day for BDE-154 to 30.6 ng/kg bw/day for HBCDD. The daily intake of most BFRs by breastfeeding is unlikely to pose significant health risks for Beijing nursing infants. However, the minimum margin of exposure (MOE) of HBCDD was below its threshold value, which indicated that its daily intake might raise health concerns for some breastfed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhen Zhao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Tang J, Hu B, Zheng H, Qian X, Zhang Y, Zhu J, Xu G, Chen D, Jin X, Li W, Xu L. 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) activates Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediated ROS and NLRP3 inflammasome/p38 MAPK pathway inducing necrosis in cochlear hair cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 221:112423. [PMID: 34146985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) is widely used as commercial flame retardants that can be released into the environment and finally enter human body through the food chain. It has been identified to generate neurotoxicity, but little is known about auditory damage and the underlying mechanism following BDE-47 exposure. This study aimed to assess the cell viability with BDE-47 concentration ranging from 0 to 150 μM in mouse organ of Corti-derived cell lines (HEI-OC1). Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) as an environmental sensor, reactive oxygen species (ROS), NLRP3 inflammasome and p38 MAPK pathways were detected. Results: (1) BDE-47 inhibited the viability in a time- and dose-dependent way in HEI-OC1 cells. Cell cycle was arrested in G1 phase by BDE-47; (2) Elevated intracellular ROS, LDH levels and necrosis were found, which was alleviated by pretreatment with ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC); (3) AhR plays an essential role in ligand-regulated transcription factor activation by exogenous environmental compounds. We found increased expression of AhR and decreased downstream targets of CYP 1A1 and CYP 1B1 in BDE-47-treated HEI-OC1 cells, which was reversed by the AhR antagonist CH-223191 for 2 h before BDE-47 exposure. No significant change was detected in CYP 2B; (4) Enhanced expressions of NLRP3 and caspase-1 were induced by BDE-47, with up-regulations of both pro-inflammatory factors for IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, and anti-inflammatory factors for IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13, but down-regulation for IL-1α; (5) Additionally, the p38 MAPK signaling pathway was activated with increased phosphorylation levels of MKK/3/6, p38 MAPK and NF-kB. Overall, our findings illustrate a role of AhR in ROS-induced necrosis of cochlear hair cells by BDE-47 exposure, in which NLRP3 inflammasome and p38 MAPK signaling pathways are activated. The current study first elucidates the sense of hearing damage induced by BDE-47, and cell-specific or mixture exposures in vivo or human studies are needed to confirm this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Department of Pathology, The Key-Innovative Discipline of Molecular Diagnostics, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, ZJ, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Pathology, The Key-Innovative Discipline of Molecular Diagnostics, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, ZJ, China
| | - Huaping Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, ZJ, China
| | - Xiaolan Qian
- Department of Pathology, The Key-Innovative Discipline of Molecular Diagnostics, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, ZJ, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Key-Innovative Discipline of Molecular Diagnostics, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, ZJ, China
| | - Jia Zhu
- Department of Immunopathology, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing 314001, ZJ, China
| | - Guangtao Xu
- Forensic and Pathology Laboratory, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing 314001, ZJ, China
| | - Deqing Chen
- Forensic and Pathology Laboratory, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing 314001, ZJ, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Forensic and Pathology Laboratory, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing 314001, ZJ, China
| | - Wanlu Li
- Forensic and Pathology Laboratory, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing 314001, ZJ, China
| | - Long Xu
- Forensic and Pathology Laboratory, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing 314001, ZJ, China; Department of Public Health, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing 314001, ZJ, China.
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28
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Brominated Flame Retardants in Children's Room: Concentration, Composition, and Health Risk Assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126421. [PMID: 34198502 PMCID: PMC8296256 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Children spend most of their daily time indoors. Many of the items used indoors, such as furniture, electronics, textile, and children toys, are treated with chemicals to provide longevity and fulfil the safety standards. However, many chemicals added to these products are released into the environment during leaching out from the treated products. Many studies have reported brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor environments; however, few have focused on environments specified for young children. In this study, paired air (PM10) and dust samples were collected from the rooms (n = 30) of Saudi children. These samples were analyzed for different congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and three important alternative flame retardants using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) was the most important analyzed BFR in dust and PM10 samples with a median value of 3150 ng/g of dust and 75 pg/m3. This indicates the wider application of BDE 209 has implications for its occurrence, although its use has been regulated for specified uses since 2014. Among alternative BFRs, 2-Ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), and 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were found with a median levels of 10, 15 and 8 ng/g of dust, respectively. However, alternative BFRs were present in <50% of the PM10 samples. The calculated long term and daily exposures via indoor dust and PM10 of Saudi children from their rooms were well below the respective reference dose (RfD) values. Nonetheless, the study highlights BDE 209 at higher levels than previously reported from household dust in Saudi Arabia. The study warrants further extensive research to estimate the different classes of chemical exposure to children from their rooms.
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