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Choi S, Kang M, Kim JW, Kim JW, Jeon JH, Oh HK, Lee HW, Cho JY, Kim DW, Cho S, Kim JH, Kim K, Kang SB, Jheon S, Lee KW. Long-term clinical outcomes after the second metastasectomy in patients with resected metastatic colorectal cancer. Curr Probl Cancer 2024; 53:101151. [PMID: 39442487 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2024.101151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Primary tumor resection and metastasectomy are curative for metastatic colorectal cancer. However, there is still a paucity of data regarding the clinical outcomes and risk factors after disease recurrence and second metastasectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively evaluated the clinical outcomes of patients who underwent the second metastasectomy. In addition, risk factors for the outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 94 patients (39 females and 55 males) received a second metastasectomy after the recurrence. Recurrent sites included the lung (47 patients), liver (36 patients), both lung and liver (four patients), and non-lung/non-liver (seven patients). Among them, 89 (94.7 %) patients achieved R0 resection, while three (3.2 %) and two (2.1 %) patients achieved R1 and R2 resections, respectively. The 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were 42.8±5.3 % and 67.2±4.9 %, respectively. Multivariable analysis for DFS identified that primary rectal cancer (hazard ratio [HR] 0.45, P=0.033) and disease-free interval after the first metastasectomy of ≥12 months (HR 0.39, P=0.002) were good predictive factors; in contrast, non-lung/non-liver metastasis (HR 3.32, P=0.020) was a poor predictive factor. Multivariable analysis for OS showed that age ≥70 years (HR 3.27, P=0.011), non-lung/non-liver metastasis (HR 4.04, P=0.024), and lesion number ≥2 (HR 2.25, P=0.023) were poor prognostic factors. CONCLUSION Patients who underwent a second metastasectomy had a long-term disease-free state and good OS. Our data suggest that a second metastasectomy should be considered if a patient has a limited number of metastases confined to the liver and/or lung and long DFS after the first metastasectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songji Choi
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Jeon
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Kwon Oh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Won Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jai Young Cho
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Duck-Woo Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukki Cho
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwhanmien Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Bum Kang
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghoon Jheon
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Wook Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Tougeron D, Bibeau F, Chibaudel B, Kim S, Nguyen T, Phelip JM, Mille D, Bouattour M, Tavan D, Rinaldi Y, Lecomte T, Perrier H, Spaeth D, Caroli Bosc FX, Metges JP, Ferec M, Hautefeuille V, Deslandres-Cruchant M, Danion J, Hammel P, Lewin M, Tasu JP, Angelergues A, DiFiore F, Evrard S, Mansar R, Caillou H, Geffriaud-Ricouard C, Adam R. Resection of colorectal liver metastases with second-line aflibercept plus FOLFIRI: Results from the RESECTION prospective French cohort. Eur J Cancer 2024; 213:115082. [PMID: 39486163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2024.115082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 10/03/2024] [Accepted: 10/11/2024] [Indexed: 11/04/2024]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate R0/R1 resection rate in patients with colorectal liver metastases (CLM) treated with aflibercept plus FOLFIRI after failure of a prior oxaliplatin-based regimen in daily clinical practice. METHODS This French, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort (NCT05178745) included patients with CLM (alone or predominant; up to 5 lung nodules <2 cm allowed) initiating aflibercept plus FOLFIRI every 2 weeks per physician choice. Primary endpoint was R0/R1 resection rate. Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), radiological and pathological responses, and safety. RESULTS A total of 137 patients (median age 65 years, RAS/BRAF mutant 57 %/9 %) were enrolled at 22 French sites. CLM (median 4) were synchronous in 82 %, bilobar in 71 % and located in liver only in 54 %. Overall, 17 % of patients had R0/R1 resection (21 % for patients with liver-only disease). A major pathological response per Blazer score was observed in 55 % of resected patients, along with significantly longer OS (median 34.8 vs 9.1 months, p < 0.0001) and PFS (median 11.4 vs 4.9 months, p < 0.0001) compared to non-resected patients. Post-operative complications occurred in 17 % of patients (all Dindo-Clavien grade I-II) and there was no post-operative deaths. Overall, 34 % had grade ≥ 3 adverse events, mainly general health deterioration and diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that aflibercept plus FOLFIRI, after failure of a prior oxaliplatin-based regimen, allows R0/R1 resection of CLM in almost 20 % of patients with a major pathological response in most cases and a median OS prolonged by more than 3-fold versus non-resected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tougeron
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Frederic Bibeau
- Department of Pathology, Besançon University Hospital, Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | - Benoist Chibaudel
- Department of Medical Oncology, French-British Hospital, Cognacq-Jay Foundation, Cancérologie Paris Ouest, Levallois-Perret, France
| | - Stefano Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Investigational Center 1431, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Thierry Nguyen
- Department of Medical Oncology, North Franch-Comté Hospital, Montbeliard, France
| | - Jean-Marc Phelip
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saint-Etienne University Hospital, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Dominique Mille
- Department of Medical Oncology, Médipole de Savoie, Challes Les Eaux, France
| | - Mohamed Bouattour
- Department of Liver Oncology and Therapeutic Innovation Functional Unit, Beaujon Hospital APHP, Clichy, France
| | - David Tavan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Protestant Infirmary Clinic, Lyon, France
| | - Yves Rinaldi
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Marseille European Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Lecomte
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Digestive Cancerology, Tours University hospital, Chambray-les-Tours, France
| | - Hervé Perrier
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Saint Joseph Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Dominique Spaeth
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncology Institute of Gentilly, Nancy, France
| | | | | | - Marc Ferec
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Department of Oncology and Hematology, Pays De Morlaix hospital, Morlaix, France
| | - Vincent Hautefeuille
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Amiens-Picardie - North University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | | | - Jerome Danion
- Department of Surgery, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Pascal Hammel
- Department of Digestive and Medical Oncology, Paul Brousse AP-HP hospital, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Maïté Lewin
- Department of Radiology, Paul Brousse AP-HP hospital, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Tasu
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France and LaTim, UMR 1011, University of Brest, Brest, France
| | - Antoine Angelergues
- Department of Medical Oncology, Diaconesses-Croix Saint Simon hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frederic DiFiore
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Serge Evrard
- Digestive Tumors Unit, Bergogné Institute and Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Racha Mansar
- Department of Pathology, Besançon University Hospital, Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | - Hugo Caillou
- Department of Statistics, Excelya Bordeaux, Floirac, France
| | | | - René Adam
- Department of Hepato-Biliary Surgery and Transplantation, AP-HP Paul Brousse Hospital, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France.
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Ohira G, Endo S, Imanishi S, Tochigi T, Maruyama T, Hayano K, Maruyama M, Matsubara H. Prognosis and predictive factors of conversion surgery for initially unresectable advanced colorectal cancer. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2024; 409:182. [PMID: 38860986 PMCID: PMC11166789 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-024-03374-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to report the outcomes of conversion surgery for initially unresectable advanced colorectal cancer and to identify factors that enable successful conversion surgery. METHODS We compared the outcomes of patients with colorectal cancer with distant metastases, including extrahepatic metastases, who underwent upfront surgery, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, conversion surgery, and chemotherapy only at our department from 2007 to 2020. In addition, factors influencing the achievement of conversion surgery in patients who were initially unresectable were examined in univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS Of 342 colorectal cancer patients with distant metastases treated during the study period, 239 were judged to be initially unresectable, and 17 (conversion rate: 7.1%) underwent conversion surgery. The prognosis for the conversion surgery group was better than that of the chemotherapy only group but worse than that of the upfront surgery group. In the conversion surgery group, the recurrence-free survival after resection was significantly shorter than that upfront surgery group and neoadjuvant chemotherapy group, and no patients have been cured. Among patients who were initially unresectable, left-sided primary cancer and normal CA19-9 level were identified as independent factors contributing to the achievement of conversion surgery in a multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Although relapse after conversion surgery is common, and no patients have been cured thus far, overall survival was better in comparison to patients who received chemotherapy only. Among unresectable cases, patients with left-sided primary cancer and normal CA19-9 levels are likely to be candidates for conversion surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Ohira
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Chiba university graduate school of medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Endo
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Chiba university graduate school of medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Imanishi
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Chiba university graduate school of medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Toru Tochigi
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Chiba university graduate school of medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Maruyama
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Chiba university graduate school of medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Koichi Hayano
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Chiba university graduate school of medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Michihiro Maruyama
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Chiba university graduate school of medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hisahiro Matsubara
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Chiba university graduate school of medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
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Wirsik NM, Appel PC, Braun A, Strowitzki MJ, Schleussner N, Nienhüser H, Schneider M, Schmidt T. Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System Improves Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy in Patients With Liver Metastasis of Colorectal Cancers. J Surg Res 2024; 298:176-184. [PMID: 38621351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2024.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAAS-I) have been shown to prolong overall survival in patients with liver metastasized colorectal cancer in combination with antiangiogenic treatment. The effects of RAAS-I combined with neoadjuvant chemotherapy on colorectal cancer liver metastasis remain unexplored. We aimed to study the response of patients undergoing liver resection to RAAS-I in combination with neoadjuvant therapy to elucidate their potential benefits. METHODS Between February 2005 and May 2012, 62 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria for distant metastasis (cM1) and comparable computed tomography or magnetic resonance tomography scans in the Picture Archiving Communication System of our center before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Follow-up data and clinicopathological characteristics were collected from a prospective database and retrospectively investigated. The chemotherapeutic response to liver metastasis was evaluated according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria 1.1. RESULTS Comparing the average reduction of measured lesions, a significant response to chemotherapy was detected in the patients receiving RAAS-I (n = 24) compared to those who did not (n = 38) (P = 0.031). Interestingly, the effect was more distinctive when the size reduction was compared between high responses with more than 50% size reduction of all measured lesions (P = 0.011). In the subgroup analysis of patients receiving bevacizumab treatment, high responses to chemotherapy were observed only in the RAAS-I cohort (28.6% versus 0%, P = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS For neoadjuvantly treated patients, concomitant antihypertensive treatment with RAAS-I showed a higher total size reduction of liver metastasis as a sign of treatment response, especially in combination with antiangiogenic treatment with bevacizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naita M Wirsik
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pia C Appel
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Braun
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Henrik Nienhüser
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schneider
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Su YC, Wu CC, Chen YH, Su CC, Chang YC, Hsieh MC, Kao Yang YH. Assessing the effectiveness of targeted agents in adjuvant therapy for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer undergoing surgical resection: a retrospective cohort study. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2024; 16:17588359241246427. [PMID: 38655393 PMCID: PMC11036930 DOI: 10.1177/17588359241246427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Primary tumor resection and metastasectomy may be beneficial for many patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Objective To assess the differences in postoperative survival outcomes between adjuvant therapy with chemotherapy alone and chemotherapy plus targeted agents (TAs). Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods Patients with mCRC who underwent surgical resection for primary colorectal tumor and distant metastases and received adjuvant therapy from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2017 were enrolled in the Taiwan Cancer Registry. We analyzed the overall survival of patients with resectable or initially unresectable mCRC who received adjuvant chemotherapy alone and chemotherapy plus TAs. Results We enrolled 1124 and 542 patients with resectable and initially unresectable mCRC, respectively. Adjuvant chemotherapy plus TAs and chemotherapy alone resulted in similar mortality rates among patients with resectable mCRC [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.13; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.93-1.36]; however, it marginally reduced the mortality rate among patients with initially unresectable mCRC who underwent conversion surgery after neoadjuvant therapy (aHR = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.62-1.06). The subgroup analysis of patients who received more than nine cycles of TAs preoperatively and anti-epidermal growth factor receptor agents revealed aHRs of 0.48 (95% CI, 0.27-0.87) and 0.33 (95% CI, 0.18-0.60), respectively. Conclusion Adjuvant chemotherapy plus TAs may improve survival in patients with initially unresectable tumors who underwent conversion surgery following neoadjuvant therapy with TAs, especially in those who respond well to the targeted therapy. Our study underscores the importance of stratifying patients with mCRC based on tumor resectability when selecting the adjuvant therapy regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chia Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chien Wu
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsun Chen
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chou Su
- Clinical Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Chang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Che Hsieh
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yea-Huei Kao Yang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Health Outcome Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Xiao Y, Wen X, Ying Y, Zhang X, Li L, Wang Z, Su M, Miao S. Correlation between spleen density and prognostic outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer after curative resection. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:425. [PMID: 38582845 PMCID: PMC10999091 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12208-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between spleen density and the prognostic outcomes of patients who underwent curative resection for colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS The clinical data of patients who were diagnosed with CRC and underwent radical resection were retrospectively analyzed. Spleen density was determined using computed tomography. Analysis of spleen density in relation to overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) utilizing the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used to screen for independent prognostic factors, and a nomogram was constructed to predict OS and DFS. Moreover, internally validated using a bootstrap resamplling method. RESULTS Two hundred twelve patients were included, of whom 23 (10.85%) were defined as having a diffuse reduction of spleen density (DROSD) based on diagnostic cutoff values (spleen density≦37.00HU). Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that patients with DROSD had worse OS and DFS than those non-DROSD (P < 0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that DROSD, carbohydrate antigen 199 (CA199) > 37 U/mL, tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage III-IV, laparoscopy-assisted operation and American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) score were independent risk factors for 3-year DFS. DROSD, CA199 > 37 U/mL, TNM stage III-IV, hypoalbuminemia, laparoscopy-assisted operation and ASA score were chosen as predictors of for 3-year OS. Nomograms showed satisfactory accuracy in predicting OS and DFS using calibration curves, decision curve analysis and bootstrap resamplling method. CONCLUSION Patients with DROSD who underwent curative resection have worse 3-year DFS and OS. The nomogram demonstrated good performance, particularly in predicting 3-year DFS with a net clinical benefit superior to well-established risk calculator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhou Xiao
- Department of Radiology, PingYang People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325400, China
| | - Xiaoting Wen
- Department of Obstetrics, PingYang People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325400, China
| | - Yingying Ying
- Department of Radiology, PingYang People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325400, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, PingYang People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325400, China
| | - Luyao Li
- Department of Radiology, PingYang People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325400, China
| | - Zhongchu Wang
- Department of Radiology, PingYang People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325400, China
| | - Miaoguang Su
- Department of Radiology, PingYang People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325400, China.
| | - Shouliang Miao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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Petrella F, Danuzzo F, Sibilia MC, Vaquer S, Longarini R, Guidi A, Raveglia F, Libretti L, Pirondini E, Cara A, Cassina EM, Tuoro A, Cortinovis D. Colorectal Cancer Pulmonary Metastasectomy: When, Why and How. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1408. [PMID: 38611086 PMCID: PMC11010871 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third-most-diagnosed cancer in males and in females, representing 8% of estimated new cases, and the third cause of cancer-related death in both sexes, accounting for 9% of cancer deaths in men and 8% in women. About 20% of patients diagnosed with CRC present metastatic disease. Although lung metachronous or synchronous metastatic spread without other involved sites has been reported in only a small proportion of patients, considering that this tumor is frequently diagnosed, the clinical approach to CRC pulmonary metastases represents a major issue for thoracic surgeons and CRC oncologists. Among patients diagnosed with pulmonary metastases from CRC, about 9-12% are eligible for local treatments with radical intent, including surgical resection, SBRT (stereotactic body radiation therapy) and ablation therapy. Due to the lack of randomized controlled trials among different local strategies, there is no definitive evidence about the optimal approach, although surgical resection is considered the most effective therapeutic option in this clinical scenario. Oncological achievement of primary radical resection, the biology of primary tumor and metastatic sites, disease free interval and or progression free survival are independent prognostic factors which make it possible to define a cohort of patients which might significantly benefit from pulmonary metastasectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Petrella
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via GB Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy; (F.D.); (M.C.S.); (S.V.); (L.L.); (E.P.); (A.C.); (E.M.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Federica Danuzzo
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via GB Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy; (F.D.); (M.C.S.); (S.V.); (L.L.); (E.P.); (A.C.); (E.M.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Maria Chiara Sibilia
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via GB Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy; (F.D.); (M.C.S.); (S.V.); (L.L.); (E.P.); (A.C.); (E.M.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Sara Vaquer
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via GB Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy; (F.D.); (M.C.S.); (S.V.); (L.L.); (E.P.); (A.C.); (E.M.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Raffaella Longarini
- Division of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via GB Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy; (R.L.); or (D.C.)
| | - Alessandro Guidi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via GB Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy; (R.L.); or (D.C.)
| | - Federico Raveglia
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via GB Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy; (F.D.); (M.C.S.); (S.V.); (L.L.); (E.P.); (A.C.); (E.M.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Lidia Libretti
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via GB Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy; (F.D.); (M.C.S.); (S.V.); (L.L.); (E.P.); (A.C.); (E.M.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Emanuele Pirondini
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via GB Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy; (F.D.); (M.C.S.); (S.V.); (L.L.); (E.P.); (A.C.); (E.M.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Andrea Cara
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via GB Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy; (F.D.); (M.C.S.); (S.V.); (L.L.); (E.P.); (A.C.); (E.M.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Enrico Mario Cassina
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via GB Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy; (F.D.); (M.C.S.); (S.V.); (L.L.); (E.P.); (A.C.); (E.M.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Antonio Tuoro
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via GB Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy; (F.D.); (M.C.S.); (S.V.); (L.L.); (E.P.); (A.C.); (E.M.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Diego Cortinovis
- Division of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via GB Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy; (R.L.); or (D.C.)
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
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8
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Verheij FS, Kuhlmann KFD, Silliman DR, Soares KC, Kingham TP, Balachandran VP, Drebin JA, Wei AC, Jarnagin WR, Cercek A, Kok NFM, Kemeny NE, D'Angelica MI. Combined Hepatic Arterial Infusion Pump and Systemic Chemotherapy in the Modern Era for Chemotherapy-Naive Patients with Unresectable Colorectal Liver Metastases. Ann Surg Oncol 2023; 30:7950-7959. [PMID: 37639032 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-023-14073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chemotherapy-naive patients with unresectable colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) have been the best responders to hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) therapy. The current treatment paradigm has drifted away from HAI in the first-line setting. We aimed to analyze outcomes of combined first-line systemic therapy with HAI therapy (HAI+SYS) in the modern era. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study of consecutive chemotherapy-naive patients with unresectable CRLM who received HAI+SYS between 2003 and 2019. Patients were selected from a prospectively maintained database. Outcomes included radiological response rate, conversion to resection (CTR) rate, and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Fifty-eight chemotherapy-naive patients were identified out of 546 patients with unresectable CRLM managed with HAI. After induction treatment, 4 patients (7%) had a complete radiological response, including two durable responses. In total, 32 patients (55%) underwent CTR. CTR or complete response without resection was achieved after seven cycles of systemic therapy and four cycles of HAI therapy. Median OS for the whole cohort was 53.0 months (95% confidence interval 23.0-82.9). Three- and 5-year OS in patients who achieved CTR or complete response versus patients who did not was 88% and 72% versus 27% and 0% respectively. Of patients who underwent CTR, complete and major pathological response (no and <10% viable tumor cells, respectively) was observed in 7 (22%) and 12 patients (38%). CONCLUSIONS Combined HAI+SYS in chemotherapy-naive patients resulted in durable and substantial response in a large proportion of patients. Nearly two-thirds of patients achieved a complete response or proceeded to conversion surgery, which was associated with prolonged survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris S Verheij
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koert F D Kuhlmann
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle R Silliman
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin C Soares
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - T Peter Kingham
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vinod P Balachandran
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Drebin
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alice C Wei
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - William R Jarnagin
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Cercek
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Niels F M Kok
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy E Kemeny
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael I D'Angelica
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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9
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Zmuc J, Heil J, Herfarth C, Bechstein WO, Koch C, Trojan J, Schnitzbauer AA. Chemotherapy and Targeted Therapy Strategies in Patients with Unresectable or Borderline Resectable Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Evidence for a Lack of Focus on Resection Rates. Ann Surg Oncol 2023; 30:7624-7632. [PMID: 37644249 PMCID: PMC10562287 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-023-14049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chemotherapy (CTx) with targeted therapy (TT) have increased the overall response rate (ORR) and improved survival in unresectable or borderline resectable metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, the resection rate is an endpoint with often suboptimal expert involvement. The aim was to investigate whether the improvements in ORR have translated to improved resection rates (RR). STUDY DESIGN A systematic literature search was performed using the PICO process. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals (OR, 95% CI) were analyzed for ORR and RR using dichotomous values with the Mantel-Haenszel method. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed using the inverse-variance method and displayed as hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (HR, 95% CI). RESULTS The literature search returned 469 records. Sixteen articles with 5724 patients were selected for analysis. The qualitative analysis revealed low and moderate risk of bias endpoints. Higher ORR was observed with CTx + TT versus CTx only (OR: 0.62 [95% CI 0.45; 0.82], p = 0.002) and with triplet CTx + TT versus doublet CTx + TT (OR: 0.61 [95% CI 0.46; 0.81], p < 0.001). PFS and OS were improved by use of TT (HR: 0.68-0.84; p < 0.001 to 0.04). The overall RR was low (< 15%) and did not improve in the same way as the other endpoints. CONCLUSION The ORR and survival rates in unresectable and borderline resectable mCRC were improved by modern CTx and TT that did not translate into higher RR, mostly due to the lack of expert involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zmuc
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jan Heil
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Frankfurt University Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Caroline Herfarth
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Frankfurt University Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wolf O Bechstein
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Frankfurt University Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christine Koch
- Department of Medicine I, Frankfurt University Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörg Trojan
- Department of Medicine I, Frankfurt University Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas A Schnitzbauer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Frankfurt University Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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10
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Bond MJG, Kuiper BI, Bolhuis K, Komurcu A, van Amerongen MJ, Chapelle T, Dejong CHC, Engelbrecht MRW, Gerhards MF, Grünhagen DJ, van Gulik T, Hermans JJ, de Jong KP, Klaase JM, Kok NFM, Leclercq WKG, Liem MSL, van Lienden KP, Molenaar IQ, Neumann UP, Patijn GA, Rijken AM, Ruers TM, Verhoef C, de Wilt JHW, Kazemier G, May AM, Punt CJA, Swijnenburg RJ. Intersurgeon Variability in Local Treatment Planning for Patients with Initially Unresectable Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases: Analysis of the Liver Expert Panel of the Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group. Ann Surg Oncol 2023; 30:5376-5385. [PMID: 37118612 PMCID: PMC10409679 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-023-13510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consensus on resectability criteria for colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM) is lacking, resulting in differences in therapeutic strategies. This study evaluated variability of resectability assessments and local treatment plans for patients with initially unresectable CRLM by the liver expert panel from the randomised phase III CAIRO5 study. METHODS The liver panel, comprising surgeons and radiologists, evaluated resectability by predefined criteria at baseline and 2-monthly thereafter. If surgeons judged CRLM as resectable, detailed local treatment plans were provided. The panel chair determined the conclusion of resectability status and local treatment advice, and forwarded it to local surgeons. RESULTS A total of 1149 panel evaluations of 496 patients were included. Intersurgeon disagreement was observed in 50% of evaluations and was lower at baseline than follow-up (36% vs. 60%, p < 0.001). Among surgeons in general, votes for resectable CRLM at baseline and follow-up ranged between 0-12% and 27-62%, and for permanently unresectable CRLM between 3-40% and 6-47%, respectively. Surgeons proposed different local treatment plans in 77% of patients. The most pronounced intersurgeon differences concerned the advice to proceed with hemihepatectomy versus parenchymal-preserving approaches. Eighty-four percent of patients judged by the panel as having resectable CRLM indeed received local treatment. Local surgeons followed the technical plan proposed by the panel in 40% of patients. CONCLUSION Considerable variability exists among expert liver surgeons in assessing resectability and local treatment planning of initially unresectable CRLM. This stresses the value of panel-based decisions, and the need for consensus guidelines on resectability criteria and technical approach to prevent unwarranted variability in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinde J G Bond
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Babette I Kuiper
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karen Bolhuis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aysun Komurcu
- The Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thiery Chapelle
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Transplantation, and Endocrine Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cornelis H C Dejong
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marc R W Engelbrecht
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dirk J Grünhagen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas van Gulik
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John J Hermans
- Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Koert P de Jong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost M Klaase
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels F M Kok
- Department of Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mike S L Liem
- Department of Surgery, Medical Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Krijn P van Lienden
- Department of Radiology, Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - I Quintus Molenaar
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ulf P Neumann
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gijs A Patijn
- Department of Surgery, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen M Rijken
- Department of Surgery, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M Ruers
- Department of Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Verhoef
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H W de Wilt
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Kazemier
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne M May
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J A Punt
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger-Jan Swijnenburg
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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11
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Uutela A, Nordin A, Osterlund E, Halonen P, Kallio R, Soveri LM, Salminen T, Ålgars A, Ristimäki A, Ovissi A, Lamminmäki A, Muhonen T, Kononen J, Ristamäki R, Heervä E, Stedt H, Lehtomäki K, Kytölä S, Sundström J, Mäkinen MJ, Nieminen L, Kuopio T, Keinänen M, Osterlund P, Isoniemi H. Resectability and resection rates of colorectal liver metastases according to RAS and BRAF mutational status: prospective study. Br J Surg 2023; 110:931-935. [PMID: 36511370 PMCID: PMC10361677 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znac424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aki Uutela
- Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Abdominal Centre, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Transplant and Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Arno Nordin
- Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Abdominal Centre, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emerik Osterlund
- Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Abdominal Centre, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Päivi Halonen
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Centre and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raija Kallio
- Department of Oncology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Leena-Maija Soveri
- Home Care Geriatric Clinic and Palliative Care, Joint Municipal Authority for Health Care and Social Services in Keski-Uusimaa, Hyvinkää, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tapio Salminen
- Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Annika Ålgars
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ari Ristimäki
- Department of Pathology, HUS Diagnostic Centre and Applied Tumour Genomics, Research Programmes Unit, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ali Ovissi
- Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Centre, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annamarja Lamminmäki
- Department of Oncology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Muhonen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oncology, South Carelia Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Juha Kononen
- Department of Oncology, Central Finland Hospital Nova, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Docrates Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raija Ristamäki
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eetu Heervä
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hanna Stedt
- Department of Oncology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kaisa Lehtomäki
- Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Soili Kytölä
- Department of Genetics, HUSLAB, HUS Diagnostic Centre, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Sundström
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lasse Nieminen
- Department of Pathology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teijo Kuopio
- Department of Pathology, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mauri Keinänen
- Department of Genetics, FIMLAB laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pia Osterlund
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Centre and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Oncology/Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska Sjukhuset, Cancer Centre of Excellence, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Isoniemi
- Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Abdominal Centre, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Bond MJG, Bolhuis K, Loosveld OJL, de Groot JWB, Droogendijk H, Helgason HH, Hendriks MP, Klaase JM, Kazemier G, Liem MSL, Rijken AM, Verhoef C, de Wilt JHW, de Jong KP, Gerhards MF, van Amerongen MJ, Engelbrecht MRW, van Lienden KP, Molenaar IQ, de Valk B, Haberkorn BCM, Kerver ED, Erdkamp F, van Alphen RJ, Mathijssen-van Stein D, Komurcu A, Lopez-Yurda M, Swijnenburg RJ, Punt CJA. First-line systemic treatment strategies in patients with initially unresectable colorectal cancer liver metastases (CAIRO5): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 study from the Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group. Lancet Oncol 2023; 24:757-771. [PMID: 37329889 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(23)00219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with initially unresectable colorectal cancer liver metastases might qualify for local treatment with curative intent after reducing the tumour size by induction systemic treatment. We aimed to compare the currently most active induction regimens. METHODS In this open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 3 study (CAIRO5), patients aged 18 years or older with histologically confirmed colorectal cancer, known RAS/BRAFV600E mutation status, WHO performance status of 0-1, and initially unresectable colorectal cancer liver metastases were enrolled at 46 Dutch and one Belgian secondary and tertiary centres. Resectability or unresectability of colorectal cancer liver metastases was assessed centrally by an expert panel of liver surgeons and radiologists, at baseline and every 2 months thereafter by predefined criteria. Randomisation was done centrally with the minimisation technique via a masked web-based allocation procedure. Patients with right-sided primary tumour site or RAS or BRAFV600E mutated tumours were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive FOLFOX or FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab (group A) or FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab (group B). Patients with left-sided and RAS and BRAFV600E wild-type tumours were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive FOLFOX or FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab (group C) or FOLFOX or FOLFIRI plus panitumumab (group D), every 14 days for up to 12 cycles. Patients were stratified by resectability of colorectal cancer liver metastases, serum lactate dehydrogenase concentration, choice of irinotecan versus oxaliplatin, and BRAFV600E mutation status (for groups A and B). Bevacizumab was administered intravenously at 5 mg/kg. Panitumumab was administered intravenously at 6 mg/kg. FOLFIRI consisted of intravenous infusion of irinotecan at 180 mg/m2 with folinic acid at 400 mg/m2, followed by bolus fluorouracil at 400 mg/m2 intravenously, followed by continuous infusion of fluorouracil at 2400 mg/m2. FOLFOX consisted of oxaliplatin at 85 mg/m2 intravenously together with the same schedule of folinic acid and fluorouracil as in FOLFIRI. FOLFOXIRI consisted of irinotecan at 165 mg/m2 intravenously, followed by intravenous infusion of oxaliplatin at 85 mg/m2 with folinic acid at 400 mg/m2, followed by continuous infusion of fluorouracil at 3200 mg/m2. Patients and investigators were not masked to treatment allocation. The primary outcome was progression-free survival, analysed on a modified intention-to-treat basis, excluding patients who withdrew consent before starting study treatment or violated major entry criteria (no metastatic colorectal cancer, or previous liver surgery for colorectal cancer liver metastases). The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02162563, and accrual is complete. FINDINGS Between Nov 13, 2014, and Jan 31, 2022, 530 patients (327 [62%] male and 203 [38%] female; median age 62 years [IQR 54-69]) were randomly assigned: 148 (28%) patients to group A, 146 (28%) patients to group B, 118 (22%) patients to group C, and 118 (22%) patients to group D. Groups C and D were prematurely closed for futility. 521 patients were included in the modified intention-to-treat population (147 in group A, 144 in group B, 114 in group C, and 116 in group D). The median follow-up at the time of this analysis was 51·1 months (95% CI 47·7-53·1) in groups A and B and 49·9 months (44·5-52·5) in in groups C and D. Median progression-free survival was 9·0 months (95% CI 7·7-10·5) in group A versus 10·6 months (9·9-12·1) in group B (stratified hazard ratio [HR] 0·76 [95% CI 0·60-0·98]; p=0·032), and 10·8 months (95% CI 9·9-12·6) in group C versus 10·4 months (9·8-13·0) in group D (stratified HR 1·11 [95% CI 0·84-1·48]; p=0·46). The most frequent grade 3-4 events in groups A and B were neutropenia (19 [13%] patients in group A vs 57 [40%] in group B; p<0·0001), hypertension (21 [14%] vs 20 [14%]; p=1·00), and diarrhoea (five [3%] vs 28 [19%]; p<0·0001), and in groups C and D were neutropenia (29 [25%] vs 24 [21%]; p=0·44), skin toxicity (one [1%] vs 29 [25%]; p<0·0001), hypertension (20 [18%] vs eight [7%]; p=0·016), and diarrhoea (five [4%] vs 18 [16%]; p=0·0072). Serious adverse events occurred in 46 (31%) patients in group A, 75 (52%) patients in group B, 41 (36%) patients in group C, and 49 (42%) patients in group D. Seven treatment-related deaths were reported in group B (two due to multiorgan failure, and one each due to sepsis, pneumonia, portal vein thrombosis, septic shock and liver failure, and sudden death), one in group C (multiorgan failure), and three in group D (cardiac arrest, pulmonary embolism, and abdominal sepsis). INTERPRETATION In patients with initially unresectable colorectal cancer liver metastases, FOLFOXIRI-bevacizumab was the preferred treatment in patients with a right-sided or RAS or BRAFV600E mutated primary tumour. In patients with a left-sided and RAS and BRAFV600E wild-type tumour, the addition of panitumumab to FOLFOX or FOLFIRI showed no clinical benefit over bevacizumab, but was associated with more toxicity. FUNDING Roche and Amgen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinde J G Bond
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Karen Bolhuis
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Helga Droogendijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bravis Hospital, Roosendaal, Netherlands
| | - Helgi H Helgason
- Department of Medical Oncology, Haaglanden Medical Centre, The Hague, Netherlands
| | | | - Joost M Klaase
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Geert Kazemier
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mike S L Liem
- Department of Surgery, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Arjen M Rijken
- Department of Surgery, Amphia Hospital, Breda, Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Verhoef
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Koert P de Jong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marc R W Engelbrecht
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - I Quintus Molenaar
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bart de Valk
- Department of Medical Oncology, Spaarne Gasthuis, Hoofddorp, Netherlands
| | | | - Emile D Kerver
- Department of Medical Oncology, OLVG Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frans Erdkamp
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - Robbert J van Alphen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | | | - Aysun Komurcu
- The Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marta Lopez-Yurda
- Biometrics Department, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rutger-Jan Swijnenburg
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J A Punt
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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13
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Payani E, Börner N, Kolliogiannis D, Brunner S, Klein I, Ehmer U, Denk G, Lange CM, Ograja K, Dietrich P, Werner J, Guba M. Regional transplant rates depend more on physician-dependent variables than on proximity to transplant center. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2023; 408:191. [PMID: 37171640 PMCID: PMC10181954 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-023-02874-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this work was to uncover inequalities in access to liver transplantation in Bavaria, Germany. METHODS For this purpose, the annual transplantation rate per 1 million inhabitants for the respective districts was determined from the aggregated postal codes of the place of residence of transplanted patients. The variables examined were proximity and travel time to the nearest transplant center, as well as the care category of the regional hospital. In addition, we assessed whether the head of gastroenterology at the regional hospital through which liver transplant candidates are referred was trained at a liver transplant center. RESULTS We could not demonstrate a direct relationship between proximity or travel time to the nearest transplant center and access to liver transplantation. Multivariate regression analysis shows that liver transplant training (p < 0.0001) of the chief physician (gastroenterologist) of the regional hospital was the most decisive independent factor for access to liver transplantation within a district. CONCLUSION We show that the transplant training experience of the head of gastroenterology at a regional hospital is an independent factor for the regional transplantation rate. Therefore, it appears important to maintain some liver transplant expertise outside the transplant centers in order to properly identify and assign potential transplant candidates for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Payani
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, LMU Klinikum Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Börner
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, LMU Klinikum Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Dionysios Kolliogiannis
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, LMU Klinikum Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Brunner
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Klein
- Department of Surgery, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ursula Ehmer
- Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Peter Dietrich
- Transplant Center Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, LMU Klinikum Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Guba
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, LMU Klinikum Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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14
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Bolhuis K, Bond MJG, Van Amerongen MJ, Komurcu A, Chapelle T, Dejong CHC, Engelbrecht MRW, Gerhards MF, Grünhagen DJ, van Gulik TM, Hermans JJ, De Jong KP, Kazemier G, Klaase JM, Kok NFM, Leclercq WKG, Liem MSL, van Lienden KP, Molenaar IQ, Neumann UP, Patijn GA, Rijken AM, Ruers TM, Verhoef C, de Wilt JHW, May AM, Punt CJA, Swijnenburg RJ. The role of tumour biological factors in technical anatomical resectability assessment of colorectal liver metastases following induction systemic treatment: An analysis of the Dutch CAIRO5 trial. Eur J Cancer 2023; 183:49-59. [PMID: 36801606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2023.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large inter-surgeon variability exists in technical anatomical resectability assessment of colorectal cancer liver-only metastases (CRLM) following induction systemic therapy. We evaluated the role of tumour biological factors in predicting resectability and (early) recurrence after surgery for initially unresectable CRLM. METHODS 482 patients with initially unresectable CRLM from the phase 3 CAIRO5 trial were selected, with two-monthly resectability assessments by a liver expert panel. If no consensus existed among panel surgeons (i.e. same vote for (un)resectability of CRLM), conclusion was based on majority. The association of tumour biological (sidedness, synchronous CRLM, carcinoembryonic antigen and RAS/BRAFV600E mutation status) and technical anatomical factors with consensus among panel surgeons, secondary resectability and early recurrence (<6 months) without curative-intent repeat local treatment was analysed by uni- and pre-specified multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS After systemic treatment, 240 (50%) patients received complete local treatment of CRLM of which 75 (31%) patients experienced early recurrence without repeat local treatment. Higher number of CRLM (odds ratio 1.09 [95% confidence interval 1.03-1.15]) and age (odds ratio 1.03 [95% confidence interval 1.00-1.07]) were independently associated with early recurrence without repeat local treatment. In 138 (52%) patients, no consensus among panel surgeons was present prior to local treatment. Postoperative outcomes in patients with and without consensus were comparable. CONCLUSIONS Almost a third of patients selected by an expert panel for secondary CRLM surgery following induction systemic treatment experience an early recurrence only amenable to palliative treatment. Number of CRLM and age, but no tumour biological factors are predictive, suggesting that until there are better biomarkers; resectability assessment remains primarily a technical anatomical decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bolhuis
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marinde J G Bond
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | | | - Aysun Komurcu
- The Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thiery Chapelle
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Transplantation, and Endocrine Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cornelis H C Dejong
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marc R W Engelbrecht
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Dirk J Grünhagen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas M van Gulik
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John J Hermans
- Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Koert P De Jong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Geert Kazemier
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joost M Klaase
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels F M Kok
- Department of Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Mike S L Liem
- Department of Surgery, Medical Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Krijn P van Lienden
- Department of Radiology, Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - I Quintus Molenaar
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ulf P Neumann
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gijs A Patijn
- Department of Surgery, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - Arjen M Rijken
- Department of Surgery, Amphia Hospital, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - Theo M Ruers
- Department of Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Verhoef
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anne M May
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J A Punt
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Rutger-Jan Swijnenburg
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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15
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Díaz Vico T, Granero Castro P, Alcover Navarro L, Suárez Sánchez A, Mihic Góngora L, Montalvá Orón EM, Maupoey Ibáñez J, Truán Alonso N, González-Pinto Arrillaga I, Granero Trancón JE. Two stage hepatectomy (TSH) versus ALPPS for initially unresectable colorectal liver metastases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2023; 49:550-559. [PMID: 36424260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although numerous comparisons between conventional Two Stage Hepatectomy (TSH) and Associating Liver Partition and Portal Vein Ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) have been reported, the heterogeneity of malignancies previously compared represents an important source of selection bias. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare perioperative and oncological outcomes between TSH and ALPPS to treat patients with initially unresectable colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). METHODS Main electronic databases were searched using medical subject headings for CRLM surgically treated with TSH or ALPPS. Patients treated for primary or secondary liver malignancies other than CRLM were excluded. RESULTS A total of 335 patients from 5 studies were included. Postoperative major complications were higher in the ALPPS group (relative risk [RR] 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-2.06, I2 = 0%), while no differences were observed in terms of perioperative mortality (RR 1.53, 95% CI 0.64-3.62, I2 = 0%). ALPPS was associated with higher completion of hepatectomy rates (RR 1.32, 95% CI 1.09-1.61, I2 = 85%), as well as R0 resection rates (RR 1.61, 95% CI 1.13-2.30, I2 = 40%). Nevertheless, no significant differences were achieved between groups in terms of overall survival (OS) (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.68-1.27, I2 = 52%) and disease-free survival (DFS) (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.47-2.49, I2 = 54%), respectively. CONCLUSION ALPPS and TSH to treat CRLM seem to have comparable operative risks in terms of mortality rates. No definitive conclusions regarding OS and DFS can be drawn from the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Díaz Vico
- Department of HPB Surgery and Transplantation Unit, Division of General Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain; Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Spain.
| | - Pablo Granero Castro
- Department of HPB Surgery and Transplantation Unit, Division of General Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain; Department of Surgery, University of Oviedo, Spain
| | - Laura Alcover Navarro
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Aida Suárez Sánchez
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital Universitario San Agustín (HUSA), Avilés, Spain
| | - Luka Mihic Góngora
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Eva María Montalvá Orón
- Department of HPB Surgery and Transplantation Unit, Division of General Surgery, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Maupoey Ibáñez
- Department of HPB Surgery and Transplantation Unit, Division of General Surgery, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nuria Truán Alonso
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ignacio González-Pinto Arrillaga
- Department of HPB Surgery and Transplantation Unit, Division of General Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain; Department of Surgery, University of Oviedo, Spain
| | - José Electo Granero Trancón
- Department of Surgery, University of Oviedo, Spain; Department of Colorectal Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
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16
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Kobayashi K, Inoue Y, Kitano Y, Sato S, Oba A, Ono Y, Sato T, Ito H, Mise Y, Saiura A, Takahashi Y. Optimizing the selection of technically unresectable colorectal liver metastases. Surgery 2023; 173:442-449. [PMID: 36384649 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prediction of conversion surgery in patients with technically unresectable colorectal liver metastases has not been generalized or well-established. We developed a predictive model for conversion surgery and assessed the long-term outcomes of patients with technically unresectable colorectal liver metastases. METHODS In this single-center, retrospective study, we analyzed the perioperative parameters and outcomes of 892 consecutive patients (2014-2021). Conversion surgery was indicated when the chemotherapy response allowed the complete resection of colorectal liver metastases with negative margins and adequate remnant liver volume. RESULTS Of the 892 patients, 122 had technically unresectable colorectal liver metastases; 61 underwent conversion surgery (conversion surgery group) and 61 did not (nonconversion surgery group). The median overall survival was significantly higher in the conversion surgery group than in the nonconversion surgery group (5.6 vs 1.8 years, P < .001). After univariate and multivariate analyses, the predictive model for conversion surgery was constructed using 4 predictive factors: Rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog status (mutant, +2 points), tumor number (≥15, +1), hepatic vein contact (≥2 hepatic veins, +1), and the presence of preservable sections (absence of preservable sections, +2). The area under the curve for conversion surgery was 0.889. Patients were graded according to the scores (A [0-2], B [3-4], and C [5-6]), and the conversion rates were 91.5% (A), 32.6% (B), and 10.3% (C) (P < .001). Grade A patients (median survival time, 5.7 years) had significantly better overall survival than grade B and C patients (median survival time, 2.2 and 1.6 years, respectively; P < .001). CONCLUSION Patients who underwent conversion surgery for technically unresectable colorectal liver metastases had better prognoses, and our novel predictive model was useful in predicting conversion surgery and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kobayashi
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Inoue
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuki Kitano
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoki Sato
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Oba
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ono
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sato
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Ito
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Mise
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Saiura
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Takahashi
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Cervantes A, Adam R, Roselló S, Arnold D, Normanno N, Taïeb J, Seligmann J, De Baere T, Osterlund P, Yoshino T, Martinelli E. Metastatic colorectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2023; 34:10-32. [PMID: 36307056 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 472.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Cervantes
- Department of Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Adam
- AP-HP Hôpital Paul Brousse, Université Paris-Saclay, ER "Chronothérapie, Cancers, Transplantation", Villejuif, France
| | - S Roselló
- Department of Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Arnold
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Asklepios Tumourzentrum Hamburg, AK Altona, Hamburg, Germany
| | - N Normanno
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumouri, 'Fondazione G. Pascale'-IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - J Taïeb
- Department of Gastroenterology and GI Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Assitance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris AP-HP Paris Centre, Paris, France; Paris Cancer Institute SIRIC CARPEM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - J Seligmann
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - T De Baere
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; University of Paris-Saclay, UFR Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique BIOTHERIS, INSERM CIC1428, Villejuif, France
| | - P Osterlund
- Tampere University Hospitals and University, Tampere, Finland; Tema Cancer/GI-oncology, Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - T Yoshino
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - E Martinelli
- Department of Precision Medicine, Oncology Unit, Università della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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18
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Quero G, De Sio D, Fiorillo C, Menghi R, Rosa F, Massimiani G, Laterza V, Lucinato C, Galiandro F, Papa V, Salvatore L, Bensi M, Tortorelli AP, Tondolo V, Alfieri S. The role of the multidisciplinary tumor board (MDTB) in the assessment of pancreatic cancer diagnosis and resectability: A tertiary referral center experience. Front Surg 2023; 10:1119557. [PMID: 36874464 PMCID: PMC9981784 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2023.1119557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The introduction of multidisciplinary tumor boards (MDTBs) for the diagnostic and therapeutic pathway of several oncological disease significantly ameliorated patients' outcomes. However, only few evidences are currently present on the potential impact of the MDTB on pancreatic cancer (PC) management. Aim of this study is to report how MDTB may influence PC diagnosis and treatment, with particular focus on PC resectability assessment and the correspondence between MDTB definition of resectability and intraoperative findings. Methods All patients with a proven or suspected diagnosis of PC discussed at the MDTB between 2018 and 2020 were included in the study. An evaluation of diagnosis, tumor response to oncological/radiation therapy and resectability before and after the MDTB was conducted. Moreover, a comparison between the MDTB resectability assessment and the intraoperative findings was performed. Results A total of 487 cases were included in the analysis: 228 (46.8%) for diagnosis evaluation, 75 (15.4%) for tumor response assessment after/during medical treatment, 184 (37.8%) for PC resectability assessment. As a whole, MDTB led to a change in treatment management in 89 cases (18.3%): 31/228 (13.6%) in the diagnosis group, 13/75 (17.3%) in the assessment of treatment response cohort and 45/184 (24.4%) in the PC resectability evaluation group. As a whole, 129 patients were given indication to surgery. Surgical resection was accomplished in 121 patients (93.7%), with a concordance rate of resectability between MDTB discussion and intraoperative findings of 91.5%. Concordance rate was 99% for resectable lesions and 64.3% for borderline PCs. Conclusions MDTB discussion consistently influences PC management, with significant variations in terms of diagnosis, tumor response assessment and resectability. In this last regard, MDTB discussion plays a key role, as demonstrated by the high concordance rate between MDTB resectability definition and intraoperative findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Quero
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy.,Gemelli Pancreatic Advanced Research Center (CRMPG), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide De Sio
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Fiorillo
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Menghi
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy.,Gemelli Pancreatic Advanced Research Center (CRMPG), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Fausto Rosa
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy.,Gemelli Pancreatic Advanced Research Center (CRMPG), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Massimiani
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Vito Laterza
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Lucinato
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Galiandro
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Papa
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy.,Gemelli Pancreatic Advanced Research Center (CRMPG), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Lisa Salvatore
- Gemelli Pancreatic Advanced Research Center (CRMPG), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Bensi
- Gemelli Pancreatic Advanced Research Center (CRMPG), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pio Tortorelli
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tondolo
- General Surgery Unit, Fatebenefratelli Isola Tiberina - Gemelli Isola, Via di Ponte Quattro Capi, Roma, Italy
| | - Sergio Alfieri
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy.,Gemelli Pancreatic Advanced Research Center (CRMPG), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy
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19
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Inhibition of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Protects against the Development of Oxaliplatin-Induced Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome in Wild-Type but Not in CD39-Null Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235992. [PMID: 36497474 PMCID: PMC9739893 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) after oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy is associated with unfavorable outcomes after partial hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases (CLM). Bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), may prevent SOS development. We investigated the impact of VEGF-inhibition on the development of SOS in a murine model. (2) Methods: Male wild-type and CD39-null mice received oxaliplatin, additional anti-VEGF (OxAV), or controls, and were sacrificed or subjected to major partial hepatectomy (MH). Specimen were used for histological analysis of SOS. Liver damage was assessed by plasma transaminases. The VEGF pathway was elucidated by quantitative PCR of liver tissue and protein analysis of plasma. (3) Results: Mice treated with oxaliplatin developed SOS. Concomitant anti-VEGF facilitated a reduced incidence of SOS, but not in CD39-null mice. SOS was associated with increased plasma VEGF-A and decreased hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). After OxAV treatment, VEGF-R2 was upregulated in wild-type but downregulated in CD39-null mice. Oxaliplatin alone was associated with higher liver damage after MH than in mice with concomitant VEGF-inhibition. (4) Conclusions: We established a murine model of oxaliplatin-induced SOS and provided novel evidence on the protective effect of VEGF-inhibition against the development of SOS that may be associated with changes in the pathway of VEGF and its receptor VEGF-R2.
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20
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Modest DP, Karthaus M, Kasper S, Moosmann N, Keitel V, Kiani A, Uhlig J, Jacobasch L, Fischer V Weikersthal L, Fuchs M, Kaiser F, Lerchenmüller C, Sent D, Junghanß C, Held S, Lorenzen S, Kaczirek K, Jung A, Stintzing S, Heinemann V. FOLFOX plus panitumumab or FOLFOX alone as additive therapy following R0/1 resection of RAS wild-type colorectal cancer liver metastases - The PARLIM trial (AIO KRK 0314). Eur J Cancer 2022; 173:297-306. [PMID: 35970102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This trial investigates the addition of panitumumab to chemotherapy with fluorouracil/folinic acid and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) in a 2:1 randomised, controlled, open-label, phase II trial in RAS wild-type colorectal cancer patients with R0/1-resected liver metastases. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS) two years after randomisation. The experimental arm (12 weeks of biweekly mFOLFOX6 plus panitumumab followed by 12 weeks of panitumumab alone) was considered active if the two-year PFS rate was ≥65%. Based on historical data, a two-year PFS rate of 50% was estimated in the control arm (12 weeks of biweekly FOLFOX). The trial was performed with a power of 80% and an alpha of 0.05. Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS) and toxicity. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01384994. RESULTS The full analysis set consists of 70 patients (pts) in the experimental arm and 36 pts in the control arm. The primary endpoint was missed with a two-year PFS of 35.7% with FOLFOX plus panitumumab and 30.6% in the control arm. In comparative analyses, trends towards improved PFS (HR 0.83; 95%CI, 0.52-1.33; P = 0.44) and OS (HR 0.70; 95% CI, 0.34-1.46; P = 0.34) were observed in favour of the panitumumab-based study arm. No new or unexpected safety signals were observed with FOLFOX plus panitumumab following liver resection. CONCLUSION The PARLIM trial failed to demonstrate a two-year PFS rate of 65% after resection of colorectal liver metastases. The positive trends in survival endpoints may support future trials evaluating treatment with anti-EGFR agents after resection of liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Paul Modest
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Meinolf Karthaus
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Munich Hospital Neuperlach, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Verena Keitel
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin Fuchs
- Department of Gastroenterology, Munich Hospital Bogenhausen, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Kaiser
- Practice Oncology, Hospital Landshut-Achdorf, Landshut, Germany
| | | | - Dagmar Sent
- Oncological Practice, MVZ Hospital Leverkusen, Leverkusen, Germany
| | | | | | - Sylvie Lorenzen
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III (Haematology/Medical Oncology), Technical University of Munich Hospital Rechts der Isar, Munchen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Klaus Kaczirek
- Department of Surgery, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Jung
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Ludwig Maximillians Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Stintzing
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Heinemann
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Medicine III & Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hospital of the University (LMU), München, Germany
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21
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Moretto R, Borelli B, Boraschi P, Roffi N, Donati F, Antoniotti C, Della Pina C, Colombatto P, Balestri R, Signori S, Gigoni R, Guidoccio F, Volterrani D, Masi G, Cremolini C, Urbani L. Impact of baseline gadoxetic acid-enhanced liver magnetic resonance and diffusion-weighted imaging in resectable colorectal liver metastases: A prospective, monocentric study. Surg Oncol 2022; 44:101836. [PMID: 35998501 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2022.101836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) utilizing hepatocyte-specific contrast agent and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is currently used to properly stage colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) in patients candidate to liver surgery. However, the added value of liver MRI in choosing the treatment strategy in resectable CRLM over computed tomography (CT)-scan is not clear. PATIENTS AND METHODS This is a prospective monocentric collection of consecutive cases of patients with CRLM conceived with the aim to assess the added value of liver MRI in changing the initial treatment strategy planned according to CT-scan. Potential changes in the initially planned strategy were defined as: - from upfront surgery to perioperative chemotherapy (fluoropyrimidine and oxaliplatin) - from upfront surgery to first-line systemic therapy (doublet or triplet plus a biological agent) - from perioperative chemotherapy to first-line systemic therapy. Hypothesising that MRI may induce a change in the choice of the treatment strategy in the 20% of cases (alternative hypothesis), against a null hypothesis of 5%, with one-tailed alpha and beta errors of 0.05 and 0.20 respectively, 27 patients were needed. The added value of liver MRI would have been considered clinically meaningful if at least 4 changes in the treatment strategy were observed. RESULTS Among 27 enrolled patients, upfront surgery and perioperative chemotherapy strategies were chosen in 17 (63%) and 10 (37%) cases, respectively, based on CT-scan. After liver MRI, additional liver lesions were found in 8 patients (30%) and the initial strategy was changed in 7 patients (26%) (4 initially deemed candidate to upfront surgery and 3 initially sent to perioperative chemotherapy) that were treated with first-line systemic therapy. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the indication of the current guidelines on the routine use of liver MRI in the initial workup of patients with resectable CRLM with an MRI-driven changes of initial treatment plan in a relevant percentage of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Moretto
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Borelli
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy; Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Risorgimento 36, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Boraschi
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, and Nuclear Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicolò Roffi
- General Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francescamaria Donati
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, and Nuclear Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlotta Antoniotti
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy; Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Risorgimento 36, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Clotilde Della Pina
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, and Nuclear Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Colombatto
- Hepatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Balestri
- General Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Signori
- General Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Gigoni
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, and Nuclear Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Guidoccio
- Regional Center of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Duccio Volterrani
- Regional Center of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Masi
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy; Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Risorgimento 36, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Cremolini
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy; Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Risorgimento 36, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucio Urbani
- General Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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22
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Efficacy of FOLFIRI plus cetuximab vs FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab in 1st-line treatment of older patients with RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer: an analysis of the randomised trial FIRE-3. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:836-843. [PMID: 35637412 PMCID: PMC9427779 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01854-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Background
The evidence on the efficacy of anticancer therapy is limited in older patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). This retrospective analysis of phase III FIRE-3 trial assesses the efficacy of FOLFIRI plus either cetuximab or bevacizumab according to the patients’ age and sidedness of primary tumour.
Methods
The study endpoints overall response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were compared between younger (<65 years) and older (≥65 years) patients, followed by stratification according to primary tumour sidedness. ORR was compared using Fisher´s exact test, OS and PFS were estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Univariate Cox regression analyses assessed hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for OS and PFS.
Results
Overall, older patients with RAS WT tumours had a significantly shorter OS when compared to younger patients (25.9 months vs 29.3 months, HR 1.29; P = 0.02). Also the proportion of right-sided tumours was significantly greater in older patients (27.1% vs 17.9%; P = 0.029). Secondary resection rates were numerically higher in younger patients (25.4% vs. 17.6%, P = 0.068) than in older patients. This was primarily seen in the Cetuximab arm, where older patients underwent less likely resection (13.1% vs. 26%; P = 0.02). Older patients with left-sided tumours showed only a trend towards greater efficacy of cetuximab (HR 0.86; P = 0.38). In patients with right-sided primary tumours, older patients did not appear to benefit from cetuximab in contrast to younger patients (≥65 years: 16.6 months vs 23.6 months, HR 1.1; P = 0.87; <65 years: 21.9 months vs 16.4 months HR 1.5; P = 0.31).
Conclusions
In FIRE-3, OS was generally shorter in older patients in comparison to younger patients. This could be explained by the overrepresentation of right-sided tumours and a lower secondary resection rate in older patients. The efficacy of targeted therapy was dependent on tumour sidedness in older patients with RAS WT mCRC.
Clinical trial
FIRE-3 (NCT00433927).
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23
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Resectability, conversion, metastasectomy and outcome according to RAS and BRAF status for metastatic colorectal cancer in the prospective RAXO study. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:686-694. [PMID: 35610367 PMCID: PMC9381729 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01858-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Outcomes after metastasectomy for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) vary with RAS and BRAF mutational status, but their effects on resectability and conversion rates have not been extensively studied. Methods This substudy of the prospective RAXO trial included 906 patients recruited between 2011 and 2018. We evaluated repeated centralised resectability assessment, conversion/resection rates and overall survival (OS), according to RAS and BRAF status. Results Patients included 289 with RAS and BRAF wild-type (RAS and BRAFwt), 529 with RAS mutated (RASmt) and 88 with BRAF mutated (BRAFmt) mCRC. Metastatic prevalence varied between the RAS and BRAFwt/RASmt/BRAFmt groups, for liver (78%/74%/61%), lung (24%/35%/28%) and peritoneal (15%/15%/32%) metastases, respectively. Upfront resectability (32%/29%/15%), conversion (16%/13%/7%) and resection/local ablative therapy (LAT) rates (45%/37%/17%) varied for RASa and BRAFwt/RASmt/BRAFmt, respectively. Median OS for patients treated with resection/LAT (n = 342) was 83/69/30 months, with 5-year OS-rates of 67%/60%/24%, while systemic therapy-only patients (n = 564) had OS of 29/21/15 months with 5-year OS-rates of 11%/6%/2% in RAS and BRAFwt/RASmt/BRAFmt, respectively. Resection/LAT was associated with improved OS in all subgroups. Conclusions There were significant differences in resectability, conversion and resection/LAT rates according to RAS and BRAF status. OS was also significantly longer for RAS and BRAFwt versus either mutant. Patients only receiving systemic therapy had poorer long-term survival, with variation according to molecular status. Clinical trial registration NCT01531621/EudraCT2011-003158-24
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24
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Su YC, Wu CC, Su CC, Hsieh MC, Cheng CL, Kao Yang YH. Comparative Effectiveness of Bevacizumab versus Cetuximab in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients without Primary Tumor Resection. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2118. [PMID: 35565247 PMCID: PMC9104998 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary tumor resection may be unfeasible in metastatic colorectal cancer. We determined the effects of bevacizumab and cetuximab therapies on survival or conversion surgery in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who did not undergo primary tumor resection. This retrospective cohort study enrolled 8466 patients who underwent first-line bevacizumab- or cetuximab-based therapy. We analyzed the data of both therapies in patients who did not undergo primary tumor resection. Overall survival after targeted therapy plus chemotherapy was assessed. The groups were matched using propensity score matching and weighting. Cetuximab resulted in lower mortality than bevacizumab (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.75); however, it did not have the same effect in patients that underwent primary tumor resection (HR = 0.95) after propensity score weighting. Among patients treated with targeted agents, primary tumor resection was associated with lower mortality among those who received both bevacizumab (HR = 0.60) and cetuximab (HR = 0.75). Among patients that did not undergo primary tumor resection, multivariable analysis for conversion surgery showed that the cetuximab group (HR = 1.82) had a significantly higher metastasectomy rate. In these patients, cetuximab-based therapy was associated with significantly better survival compared with bevacizumab-based therapy. Cetuximab also yielded a higher conversion surgery rate. These findings demonstrate the importance of stratification by primary tumor resection in the application of current treatment guidelines and initiation of future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chia Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813414, Taiwan;
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung 821004, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chien Wu
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813414, Taiwan;
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chou Su
- Clinical Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701006, Taiwan;
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701006, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Che Hsieh
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung 824005, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824005, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Lan Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701006, Taiwan
| | - Yea-Huei Kao Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
- Health Outcome Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
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Raschzok N, Stintzing S, Heinemann V, Rauch G, Ricke J, Guckenberger M, Kurreck A, Alig AHS, Stahler A, Bullinger L, Schmelzle M, Schöning W, Lurje G, Krenzien F, Haase O, Rau B, Gebauer B, Sauer IM, Pratschke J, Modest DP. FIRE-9 – PORT / AIO-KRK-0418: a prospective, randomized, open, multicenter Phase III trial to investigate the efficacy of adjuvant/additive chemotherapy in patients with definitely-treated metastatic colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:359. [PMID: 35366831 PMCID: PMC8976276 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Additive/adjuvant chemotherapy as concept after local treatment of colorectal metastases has not been proven to be successful by phase III trials. Accordingly, a standard of care to improve relapse rates and long-term survival is not established and adjuvant chemotherapy cannot be recommended as a standard therapy due to limited evidence in literature. The PORT trial aims to generate evidence that post-resection/ablation/radiation chemotherapy improves the survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
Methods
Patients to be included into this trial must have synchronous or metachronous metastases of colorectal cancer—either resected (R0 or R1) and/or effectively treated by ablation or radiation within 3–10 weeks before randomization—and have the primary tumor resected, without radiographic evidence of active metastatic disease at study entry. The primary endpoint of the trial is progression-free survival after 24 months, secondary endpoints include overall survival, safety, quality of life, treatments (including efficacy) beyond study participation, translational endpoints, and others. One arm of the study comprising 2/3 of the population will be treated for 6 months with modified FOLFOXIRI or modified FOLFOX6 (investigator´s choice, depending on the performance status of the patients but determined before randomization), while the other arm (1/3 of the population) will be observed and undergo scheduled follow-up computed tomography scans according to the interventional arm.
Discussion
Optimal oncological management after removal of colorectal metastases is unclear. The PORT trial aims to generate evidence that additive/adjuvant chemotherapy after definitive treatment of colorectal metastases improves progression free and overall survival in patients with colorectal cancer.
Trial registration
This study is registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05008809) and EudraCT (2020–006,144-18).
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Muhsin A, Rangel R, Vien L, Bover L. Monoclonal Antibodies Generation: Updates and Protocols on Hybridoma Technology. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2435:73-93. [PMID: 34993940 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2014-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Since its inception in 1975, the hybridoma technology revolutionized science and medicine, facilitating discoveries in almost any field from the laboratory to the clinic. Many technological advancements have been developed since then, to create these "magical bullets." Phage and yeast display libraries expressing the variable heavy and light domains of antibodies, single B-cell cloning from immunized animals of different species including humans or in silico approaches, all have rendered a myriad of newly developed antibodies or improved design of existing ones. However, still the majority of these antibodies or their recombinant versions are from hybridoma origin, a preferred methodology that trespass species barriers, due to the preservation of the natural functions of immune cells in producing the humoral response: antigen specific immunoglobulins. Remarkably, this methodology can be reproduced in small laboratories without the need of sophisticate equipment. In this chapter, we will describe the most recent methods utilized by our Monoclonal Antibodies Core Facility at the University of Texas-M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. During the last 10 years, the methods, techniques, and expertise implemented in our core had generated more than 350 antibodies for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Muhsin
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roberto Rangel
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Long Vien
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Laura Bover
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, TX, USA.
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27
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Rasbach E, Birgin E, Betzler A, Rahbari NN, Reissfelder C. Therapiestrategien beim synchron metastasierten Kolonkarzinom. COLOPROCTOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00053-022-00601-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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[Oncological surgery in the interdisciplinary context-On the way to personalized medicine]. Chirurg 2022; 93:234-241. [PMID: 35201386 DOI: 10.1007/s00104-022-01614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Oncological surgery is a discipline which closely interacts with other clinical partners and remains in many cases the cornerstone of a curative treatment of solid tumors. Due to the progress in the field of systemic tumor treatment as well as innovations in surgical techniques, the indications in oncological surgery are also changing, such as extended indications for patients with oligometastatic disease. Surgery of metastases has long been established for colorectal cancer and is being further tested for other entities, such as pancreatic and gastric cancer, within randomized controlled clinical trials (e.g. RENAISSANCE and METAPANC). A new challenge is the handling of a clinical complete remission after total neoadjuvant therapy, for example in locally advanced rectal cancer or in esophageal cancer. Here, organ and function preservation are increasingly propagated but should only be performed within clinical trials until stratification enables the identification of patients in whom this concept is oncologically safe. The personalized use of oncological surgery is dependent on the patient, the tumor and on the total multimodal concept.
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29
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Vogel JD, Felder SI, Bhama AR, Hawkins AT, Langenfeld SJ, Shaffer VO, Thorsen AJ, Weiser MR, Chang GJ, Lightner AL, Feingold DL, Paquette IM. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Colon Cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2022; 65:148-177. [PMID: 34775402 DOI: 10.1097/dcr.0000000000002323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Amy J Thorsen
- Colon and Rectal Surgery Associates, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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30
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Zhao Y, Wang C, Goel A. A combined treatment with melatonin and andrographis promotes autophagy and anticancer activity in colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis 2022; 43:217-230. [PMID: 35089340 PMCID: PMC9036994 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent malignancies worldwide and remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the USA. The high degree of morbidity and mortality associated with this disease is largely due to the inadequate efficacy of current treatments as well the development of chemoresistance. In recent years, several pharmaceutical agents screened from natural products have shown the promise to offer a safe, inexpensive and synergistically multi-targeted treatment option in various cancers. Given the growing evidence of anti-carcinogenic properties of two natural compounds, melatonin (MLT) and andrographis (Andro), we aimed to evaluate their synergistic anticancer effects in CRC. We demonstrate that indeed these two compounds possessed a synergistic anticancer effect in terms of their ability to inhibit cell viability, suppression of colony-formation and induction of apoptosis (P < 0.05). In line with our in vitro findings, we were able to validate this combinatorial anticancer activity in xenograft animal models (P < 0.001) as well as tumor-derived 3D organoids (P < 0.01). RNA-sequencing analysis revealed candidate pathways and genes that mediated antitumor efficacy of MLT and Andro in CRC, among which autophagy pathway and related genes, including NR4A1, CTSL and Atg12, were found to be primarily responsible for the increased anticancer effect by the two natural products. In conclusion, our data reveal a potent and synergistic therapeutic effect of MLT and Andro in the treatment of CRC and provides a rationale for suppressing autophagy in cancer cells as a potential therapeutic strategy for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Zhao
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Biomedical Research Center, Monrovia, CA, USA,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chuanxin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China,Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker Detection, Jinan, China,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Ajay Goel
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1218 S. Fifth Avenue, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA. Tel: +1 626-218-3452;
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Bulut G, Guner Oytun M, Almuradova E, Harman M, Uslu R, Karabulut B. Contribution of "complete response to treatment" to survival in patients with unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer: A retrospective analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259622. [PMID: 34748587 PMCID: PMC8575296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study is to reveal the contribution of complete response (CR) to treatment to overall survival (OS) in patients with unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer. In addition, to evaluate progression-free survival (PFS) in patients who attained CR to treatment and to examine the clinicopathologic features of the patient group with CR. METHODS This article is a retrospective chart review. Patients diagnosed with metastatic colorectal cancer were divided into two groups. The systemic treatment was compared with the patients who received a full response according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST1.1) and those who did not attain CR (progression partial response and stable response) in terms of both PFS and OS data, and the effect of attaining CR to treatment on prognosis was evaluated. RESULTS A total of 222 patients were included in the study. 202 of 222 patients could be evaluated in terms of complete response. All data from their files were tabulated and analyzed retrospectively. The mean age of diagnosis of the study group was 60.13 ± 12.52 years. The total number of patients who attained CR to treatment was 31 (15.3%); 171 (84.6%) patients did not attain CR. Patients who had a CR had longer median PFS times than patients who did not have a CR (15.2 vs. 7.4 months, P<0.001). Patients who had CR had longer median survival times than patients who did not have a CR (39.2 vs. 16.9 months, P<0.001). In subgroup patients who underwent primary surgery, the number of patients who attained CR was statistically higher compared with the number of patients who did not attain CR (p<0.001). Complete response was less common in the presence of liver metastasis and bone metastasis (p = 0.041 and p = 0.046, respectively), had a negative prognostic effect. In other words, 89.1% of patients with liver metastasis, 100.0% of patients with bone metastasis, and 88.7% of those who died did not have a CR to the treatment. According to multivariate analysis, CR to treatment, primary surgery, first-line chemotherapy (combination compared with fluoropyrimidine), and no bone metastasis were found to be predictors for OS. CONCLUSION Providing CR with systemic treatment in patients with unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) contributes to prognosis. The primary resection in our secondary acquisitions from the study, the number of metastatic regions and the combination therapy regimens also contributed to the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulcan Bulut
- Division of Medical Oncology, Defne Hospital, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Merve Guner Oytun
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elvina Almuradova
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ege University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Harman
- Department of Radiology, Ege University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ruchan Uslu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Celal Bayar University Medical School, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Bulent Karabulut
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ege University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
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Boos SL, Loevenich LP, Vosberg S, Engleitner T, Öllinger R, Kumbrink J, Rokavec M, Michl M, Greif PA, Jung A, Hermeking H, Neumann J, Kirchner T, Rad R, Jung P. Disease Modeling on Tumor Organoids Implicates AURKA as a Therapeutic Target in Liver Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:517-540. [PMID: 34700030 PMCID: PMC8688726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patient-derived tumor organoids recapitulate the characteristics of colorectal cancer (CRC) and provide an ideal platform for preclinical evaluation of personalized treatment options. We aimed to model the acquisition of chemotolerance during first-line combination chemotherapy in metastatic CRC organoids. METHODS We performed next-generation sequencing to study the evolution of KRAS wild-type CRC organoids during adaptation to irinotecan-based chemotherapy combined with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 protein (Cas9)-editing showed the specific effect of KRASG12D acquisition in drug-tolerant organoids. Compound treatment strategies involving Aurora kinase A (AURKA) inhibition were assessed for their capability to induce apoptosis in a drug-persister background. Immunohistochemical detection of AURKA was performed on a patient-matched cohort of primary tumors and derived liver metastases. RESULTS Adaptation to combination chemotherapy was accompanied by transcriptomic rather than gene mutational alterations in CRC organoids. Drug-tolerant cells evaded apoptosis and up-regulated MYC (c-myelocytomatosis oncogene product)/E2F1 (E2 family transcription factor 1) and/or interferon-α-related gene expression. Introduction of KRASG12D further increased the resilience of drug-persister CRC organoids against combination therapy. AURKA inhibition restored an apoptotic response in drug-tolerant KRAS-wild-type organoids. In dual epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)- pathway blockade-primed CRC organoids expressing KRASG12D, AURKA inhibition augmented apoptosis in cases that had acquired increased c-MYC protein levels during chemotolerance development. In patient-matched CRC cohorts, AURKA expression was increased in primary tumors and derived liver metastases. CONCLUSIONS Our study emphasizes the potential of patient-derived CRC organoids in modeling chemotherapy tolerance ex vivo. The applied therapeutic strategy of dual EGFR pathway blockade in combination with AURKA inhibition may prove effective for second-line treatment of chemotolerant CRC liver metastases with acquired KRAS mutation and increased AURKA/c-MYC expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L. Boos
- German Cancer Research Center, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung), Partner Site Munich, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung) Research Group, Oncogenic Signaling Pathways of Colorectal Cancer, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany,Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Leon P. Loevenich
- German Cancer Research Center, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung), Partner Site Munich, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung) Research Group, Oncogenic Signaling Pathways of Colorectal Cancer, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany,Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Vosberg
- German Cancer Research Center, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung), Partner Site Munich, Germany,Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Engleitner
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rupert Öllinger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Kumbrink
- German Cancer Research Center, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung), Partner Site Munich, Germany,Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Matjaz Rokavec
- Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Marlies Michl
- Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp A. Greif
- German Cancer Research Center, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung), Partner Site Munich, Germany,Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Jung
- German Cancer Research Center, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung), Partner Site Munich, Germany,Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Heiko Hermeking
- German Cancer Research Center, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung), Partner Site Munich, Germany,Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Neumann
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- German Cancer Consortium (Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung), Partner Site Munich, Germany,Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- German Cancer Research Center, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung), Partner Site Munich, Germany,Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Jung
- German Cancer Research Center, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung), Partner Site Munich, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung) Research Group, Oncogenic Signaling Pathways of Colorectal Cancer, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany,Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Peter Jung, Dr.rer.nat., Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Institut of Pathology, Thalkirchner Straße 36, D-80337, Munich, Germany. Fax: +49 89 21 80 736 04
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Lee HY, Woo IS. Perioperative Systemic Chemotherapy for Colorectal Liver Metastasis: Recent Updates. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184590. [PMID: 34572817 PMCID: PMC8464667 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The development of cytotoxic chemotherapy, targeted agents and immune check point inhibitors has improved survival outcomes and quality of life in patients diagnosed with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). Long-term survival and cure are possible in well-selected CRC patients with liver metastases (LM). The criteria for resectable LM and the eligibility of patients should be evaluated at the time of diagnosis or during the clinical course via a multidisciplinary team approach. The advantages of adjuvant chemotherapy after curative resection of LM are uncertain currently. Systemic preoperative chemotherapy may convert unresectable LM to a resectable type. However, the optimal combination of systemic drugs and treatment strategy has yet to be established. This article summarizes recent reports of perioperative systemic treatment for patients with colorectal liver metastases (CLM). This review provides an update for physicians involved in managing patients with CLM. Abstract The liver is the most common site of metastases for colorectal cancer. Complete resection in some patients with resectable liver metastases (LM) can lead to long-term survival and cure. Adjuvant systemic chemotherapy after complete resection of LM improves recurrence-free survival; however, the overall survival benefit is not clear. In selected patients, preoperative systemic treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer can convert unresectable to resectable cancer. This review will focus on patient selection, and integration of perioperative and postoperative systemic treatment to surgery in resectable and initially unresectable LM. Additionally, new drugs and biomarkers will be discussed.
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Bolhuis K, Grosheide L, Wesdorp NJ, Komurcu A, Chapelle T, Dejong CHC, Gerhards MF, Grünhagen DJ, van Gulik TM, Huiskens J, De Jong KP, Kazemier G, Klaase JM, Liem MSL, Molenaar IQ, Patijn GA, Rijken AM, Ruers TM, Verhoef C, de Wilt JHW, Punt CJA, Swijnenburg RJ. Short-Term Outcomes of Secondary Liver Surgery for Initially Unresectable Colorectal Liver Metastases Following Modern Induction Systemic Therapy in the Dutch CAIRO5 Trial. ANNALS OF SURGERY OPEN 2021; 2:e081. [PMID: 37635815 PMCID: PMC10455233 DOI: 10.1097/as9.0000000000000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To present short-term outcomes of liver surgery in patients with initially unresectable colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) downsized by chemotherapy plus targeted agents. Background The increase of complex hepatic resections of CRLM, technical innovations pushing boundaries of respectability, and use of intensified induction systemic regimens warrant for safety data in a homogeneous multicenter prospective cohort. Methods Patients with initially unresectable CRLM, who underwent complete resection after induction systemic regimens with doublet or triplet chemotherapy, both plus targeted therapy, were selected from the ongoing phase III CAIRO5 study (NCT02162563). Short-term outcomes and risk factors for severe postoperative morbidity (Clavien Dindo grade ≥ 3) were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 173 patients underwent resection of CRLM after induction systemic therapy. The median number of metastases was 9 and 161 (93%) patients had bilobar disease. Thirty-six (20.8%) 2-stage resections and 88 (51%) major resections (>3 liver segments) were performed. Severe postoperative morbidity and 90-day mortality was 15.6% and 2.9%, respectively. After multivariable analysis, blood transfusion (odds ratio [OR] 2.9 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-6.4], P = 0.03), major resection (OR 2.9 [95% CI 1.1-7.5], P = 0.03), and triplet chemotherapy (OR 2.6 [95% CI 1.1-7.5], P = 0.03) were independently correlated with severe postoperative complications. No association was found between number of cycles of systemic therapy and severe complications (r = -0.038, P = 0.31). Conclusion In patients with initially unresectable CRLM undergoing modern induction systemic therapy and extensive liver surgery, severe postoperative morbidity and 90-day mortality were 15.6% and 2.7%, respectively. Triplet chemotherapy, blood transfusion, and major resections were associated with severe postoperative morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bolhuis
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lodi Grosheide
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nina J. Wesdorp
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aysun Komurcu
- The Netherlands Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thiery Chapelle
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Transplantation, and Endocrine Surgery, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cornelis H. C. Dejong
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Maastricht, The Netherlands and Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Dirk J. Grünhagen
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Department of Surgery, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas M. van Gulik
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Koert P. De Jong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen
| | - Geert Kazemier
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost M. Klaase
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen
| | - Mike S. L. Liem
- Department of Surgery, Medical Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - I. Quintus Molenaar
- Regional Academic Cancer Center Utrecht, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht and St Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | | | - Arjen M. Rijken
- Amphia hospital, Department of Surgery, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M. Ruers
- Amphia hospital, Department of Surgery, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Verhoef
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Department of Surgery, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cornelis J. A. Punt
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Department of Epidemiology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger-Jan Swijnenburg
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Chen CC, Chen CP, Yao PC. Surgical resection for huge recurrent right colon carcinoma after cetuximab plus FOLFIRI. Asian J Surg 2021; 44:1310-1311. [PMID: 34330592 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2021.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chou-Chen Chen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal,Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, 40705, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Engineering, Dayeh University, Changhua County, 51591, Taiwan.
| | - Chou-Pin Chen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal,Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, 40705, Taiwan.
| | - Pin-Chuan Yao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dayeh University, Changhua County, 51591, Taiwan.
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Stahler A, Heinemann V, Holch JW, von Einem JC, Westphalen CB, Heinrich K, Schlieker L, Jelas I, Alig AHS, Fischer LE, Weiss L, Modest DP, von Weikersthal LF, Decker T, Kiani A, Moehler M, Kaiser F, Kirchner T, Jung A, Stintzing S. Mutational profiles of metastatic colorectal cancer treated with FOLFIRI plus cetuximab or bevacizumab before and after secondary resection (AIO KRK 0306; FIRE-3). Int J Cancer 2021; 149:1935-1943. [PMID: 34310714 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Secondary resection of metastases is recommended in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Data describing changes in mutational profiles of corresponding primary tumor and metastatic tissue after conversion treatment are limited. Next generation sequencing was performed in formalin-fixed mCRC samples from patients of the FIRE-3 trial (FOLFIRI plus cetuximab or bevacizumab) before treatment start (baseline) and after secondary resection of metastases (post baseline). Changes of mutational profiles and tumor mutational burden (TMB) were assessed within a post-hoc analysis. Median overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and objective response rate (ORR) were compared between treatment arms. Paired tumor samples were obtained from 25 patients (19 RAS wild-type, 6 RAS mutant by pyrosequencing). ORR (92.0% vs 58.0%) and OS (60.8 vs 35.4 months, hazard ratio = 0.39 [95% CI 0.14-1.12], P = .08) were higher for patients receiving cetuximab. After conversion therapy, 56 alterations (42 in the cetuximab and 14 in the bevacizumab arm) were newly observed in 18 patients (9 each treated with cetuximab or bevacizumab). Gains (n = 21) and losses (n = 21) of alterations occurred during cetuximab-based treatment, while mainly gains of alterations occurred during bevacizumab (n = 10). Three of nine patients treated with cetuximab that presented a change of mutational profiles, developed resistance to cetuximab. Mutational profiles were largely comparable before and after treatment with anti-VEGF or anti-EGFR directed monoclonal antibodies after secondary resection. Mutations associated with resistance to anti-EGFR antibodies were observed in only one-third of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arndt Stahler
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Heinemann
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,LMU Munich, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Walter Holch
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,LMU Munich, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jobst Christian von Einem
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Kathrin Heinrich
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ivan Jelas
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annabel Helga Sophie Alig
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Lena Weiss
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Paul Modest
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Alexander Kiani
- Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum Bayreuth GmbH, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Markus Moehler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Kirchner
- LMU Munich, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Jung
- LMU Munich, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Stintzing
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany
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Liang X, Yao S, Lu P, Ma Y, Xu H, Yin Z, Hu J, Liu Y, Wei S. The Prognostic Value of New Index (LANR) Composed of Pre-operative Lymphocytes, Albumin, and Neutrophils in Patients With Resectable Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:610264. [PMID: 34150609 PMCID: PMC8210780 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.610264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Inflammatory factors and nutritional status are critical to the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of the combination of preoperative lymphocytes, albumin, and neutrophils (LANR) in patients with resectable colorectal cancer. Methods: A total of 753 patients with pathologically diagnosed primary colorectal cancer were included in the study. The value of LANR was defined as follows: LANR, lymphocyte × albumin/neutrophil. The ROC curve, subgroup analysis and Cox proportional hazard regression analysis were used to assess the prognostic value of LANR in overall survival and progression-free survival. Results: The median age of the patients was 60 years (range 52–67 years). In overall survival, the area under the curve of LANR was 0.6276, and the HR (95% CI) was 0.551 (0.393–0.772). And in progression-free survival, the area under the curve of LANR was 0.5963, and the HR (95% CI) was 0.697 (0.550–0.884). The results indicate that preoperative LANR may be a reliable predictor of overall and progression-free survival in resectable colorectal cancer patients. Conclusions: LANR is an important prognostic indicator for patients with resectable colorectal cancer, and it can also provide a reference for clinicians and patients to choose a treatment plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjun Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tongji Medical College, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.,Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Yao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tongji Medical College, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.,Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tongji Medical College, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.,Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Yifei Ma
- Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.,Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of Wuhan, Wuhan, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Medical College, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongli Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tongji Medical College, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.,Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhucheng Yin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tongji Medical College, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.,Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.,Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of Wuhan, Wuhan, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Medical College, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaozhong Wei
- Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.,Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of Wuhan, Wuhan, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Medical College, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Isoniemi H, Uutela A, Nordin A, Lantto E, Kellokumpu I, Ovissi A, Kosunen J, Kallio R, Soveri LM, Salminen T, Ålgars A, Lamminmäki A, Halonen P, Ristamäki R, Räsänen J, Karjula H, Vaalavuo Y, Lavonius M, Osterlund P. Centralized repeated resectability assessment of patients with colorectal liver metastases during first-line treatment: prospective study. Br J Surg 2021; 108:817-825. [PMID: 33749772 PMCID: PMC10364914 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znaa145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasectomy is probably underused in metastatic colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of centralized repeated assessment on resectability rate of liver metastases. METHODS The prospective RAXO study was a nationwide study in Finland. Patients with treatable metastatic colorectal cancer at any site were eligible. This planned substudy included patients with baseline liver metastases between 2012 and 2018. Resectability was reassessed by the multidisciplinary team at Helsinki tertiary referral centre upfront and twice during first-line systemic therapy. Outcomes were resectability rates, management changes, and survival. RESULTS Of 812 patients included, 301 (37.1 per cent) had liver-only metastases. Of these, tumours were categorized as upfront resectable in 161 (53.5 per cent), and became amenable to surgery during systemic treatment in 63 (20.9 per cent). Some 207 patients (68.7 per cent) eventually underwent liver resection or ablation. At baseline, a discrepancy in resectability between central and local judgement was noted for 102 patients (33.9 per cent). Median disease-free survival (DFS) after first resection was 20 months and overall survival (OS) 79 months. Median OS after diagnosis of metastatic colorectal cancer was 80, 32, and 21 months in R0-1 resection, R2/ablation, and non-resected groups, and 5-year OS rates were 68, 37, and 9 per cent, respectively. Liver and extrahepatic metastases were present in 511 patients. Of these, tumours in 72 patients (14.1 per cent) were categorized as upfront resectable, and 53 patients (10.4 per cent) became eligible for surgery. Eventually 110 patients (21.5 per cent) underwent liver resection or ablation. At baseline, a discrepancy between local and central resectability was noted for 116 patients (22.7 per cent). Median DFS from first resection was 7 months and median OS 55 months. Median OS after diagnosis of metastatic colorectal cancer was 79, 42, and 17 months in R0-1 resection, R2/ablation, and non-resected groups, with 5-year OS rates of 65, 39, and 2 per cent, respectively. CONCLUSION Repeated centralized resectability assessment in patients with colorectal liver metastases improved resection and survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Isoniemi
- Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Uutela
- Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Nordin
- Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Lantto
- Department of Radiology, Helsinki University Hospital, Päijät-Häme Central Hospital, Lahti, Finland
| | - I Kellokumpu
- Department of Surgery, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - A Ovissi
- Department of Radiology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Kosunen
- Department of Radiology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R Kallio
- Department of Oncology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - L M Soveri
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Hyvinkää Hospital and Home Care, Hyvinkää, Finland
| | - T Salminen
- Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - A Ålgars
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - A Lamminmäki
- Department of Oncology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - P Halonen
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R Ristamäki
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - J Räsänen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Karjula
- Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Y Vaalavuo
- Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Lavonius
- Department of Surgery, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - P Osterlund
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Drefs M, Schoenberg MB, Schiergens TS, Albertsmeier M, Andrassy J, Angele MK, Westphalen CB, Seidensticker M, Werner J, Guba MO. Chances, challenges and outcomes of patients with complex bilobar colorectal liver metastases approached by a combined multimodal therapy with liver resection and local ablative therapy. J Surg Oncol 2021; 123:1578-1591. [PMID: 33684241 DOI: 10.1002/jso.26443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In treatment of colorectal liver metastases (CRC-LM), liver surgery combined with systemic therapies and local ablation (LAT) allows improved survival. This study aims at the outcomes of patients with complex bilobar CRC-LM who were intended to undergo multimodal therapy with liver resection and LAT. METHODS Forty-three CRC-LM patients with recommendation for multimodal treament were extracted from 5878 tumor board decisions between 2014 and 2017. Outcome variables included patient survival, as well as completion of hepatic clearance. Prognostic factors were identified by correlation and a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS Out of 43 patients only 23 achieved complete clearance of CRC-LM. One- and 3-year overall survival of patients with cleared liver disease was 100% and 91.7%, respectively, as compared to 83.8% and 12.1%. Incomplete hepatic clearance was the strongest independent risk factor for overall survival (hazards ratio [HR], 5.86; p = .009). Risk factors for incomplete clearance were higher age (r = .34; p = .026), comorbidities (r = .40; p = .008), major complications (r = .34; p = .024), and prolonged intensive care unit stay (r = .41; p = .017). CONCLUSION Completion of hepatic clearance is crucial to achieve long-term survival in patients with complex bilobar CRC-LM. Careful patient selection and treatment planning should avoid treatment failure before completing the intended therapy plan when multimodal treatments are planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Drefs
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus B Schoenberg
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias S Schiergens
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Albertsmeier
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Andrassy
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin K Angele
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Max Seidensticker
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus O Guba
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
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40
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Quero G, Salvatore L, Fiorillo C, Bagalà C, Menghi R, Maria B, Cina C, Laterza V, Di Stefano B, Maratta MG, Ribelli M, Galiandro F, Mattiucci GC, Brizi MG, Genco E, D'Aversa F, Zileri L, Attili F, Larghi A, Perri V, Inzani F, Gasbarrini A, Valentini V, Costamagna G, Manfredi R, Tortora G, Alfieri S. The impact of the multidisciplinary tumor board (MDTB) on the management of pancreatic diseases in a tertiary referral center. ESMO Open 2021; 6:100010. [PMID: 33399076 PMCID: PMC7910721 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2020.100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The implementation of multidisciplinary tumor board (MDTB) meetings significantly ameliorated the management of oncological diseases. However, few evidences are currently present on their impact on pancreatic cancer (PC) management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the MDTB on PC diagnosis, resectability and tumor response to oncological treatment compared with indications before discussion. PATIENTS AND METHODS All patients with a suspected or proven diagnosis of PC presented at the MDTB from 2017 to 2019 were included in the study. Changes of diagnosis, resectability and tumor response to oncological/radiation treatment between pre- and post-MDTB discussion were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 438 cases were included in the study: 249 (56.8%) were presented as new diagnoses, 148 (33.8%) for resectability assessment and 41 (9.4%) for tumor response evaluation to oncological treatment. MDTB discussion led to a change in diagnosis in 54/249 cases (21.7%), with a consequent treatment strategy variation in 36 cases (14.5%). Change in resectability was documented in 44/148 cases (29.7%), with the highest discrepancy for borderline lesions. The treatment strategy was thus modified in 27 patients (18.2%). The MDTB brought a modification in the tumor response assessment in 6/41 cases (14.6%), with a consequent protocol modification in four (9.8%) cases. CONCLUSIONS MDTB discussion significantly impacts on PC management, especially in high-volume centers, with consistent variations in terms of diagnosis, resectability and tumor response assessment compared with indications before discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Quero
- Digestive Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; CRMPG (Advanced Pancreatic Research Center), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy.
| | - L Salvatore
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - C Fiorillo
- Digestive Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; CRMPG (Advanced Pancreatic Research Center), Rome, Italy
| | - C Bagalà
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - R Menghi
- Digestive Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; CRMPG (Advanced Pancreatic Research Center), Rome, Italy
| | - B Maria
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - C Cina
- Digestive Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; CRMPG (Advanced Pancreatic Research Center), Rome, Italy
| | - V Laterza
- Digestive Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; CRMPG (Advanced Pancreatic Research Center), Rome, Italy
| | - B Di Stefano
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - M G Maratta
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - M Ribelli
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - F Galiandro
- Digestive Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; CRMPG (Advanced Pancreatic Research Center), Rome, Italy
| | - G C Mattiucci
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy; Radiation Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - M G Brizi
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy; Radiology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - E Genco
- Radiology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - F D'Aversa
- Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - L Zileri
- Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - F Attili
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; CERTT, Center for Endoscopic Research Therapeutics and Training, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - A Larghi
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; CERTT, Center for Endoscopic Research Therapeutics and Training, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - V Perri
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; CERTT, Center for Endoscopic Research Therapeutics and Training, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - F Inzani
- Pathology Unit, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - A Gasbarrini
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy; Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - V Valentini
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy; Radiation Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - G Costamagna
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy; Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; CERTT, Center for Endoscopic Research Therapeutics and Training, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - R Manfredi
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy; Radiology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - G Tortora
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - S Alfieri
- Digestive Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; CRMPG (Advanced Pancreatic Research Center), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy
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Osterlund P, Salminen T, Soveri LM, Kallio R, Kellokumpu I, Lamminmäki A, Halonen P, Ristamäki R, Lantto E, Uutela A, Osterlund E, Ovissi A, Nordin A, Heervä E, Lehtomäki K, Räsänen J, Murashev M, Aroviita L, Jekunen A, Lindvall-Andersson R, Nyandoto P, Kononen J, Lepistö A, Poussa T, Muhonen T, Ålgars A, Isoniemi H. Repeated centralized multidisciplinary team assessment of resectability, clinical behavior, and outcomes in 1086 Finnish metastatic colorectal cancer patients (RAXO): A nationwide prospective intervention study. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-EUROPE 2021; 3:100049. [PMID: 34557799 PMCID: PMC8454802 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Resection of colorectal cancer (CRC) metastases provides good survival but is probably underused in real-world practice. Methods A prospective Finnish nationwide study enrolled treatable metastatic CRC patients. The intervention was the assessment of resectability upfront and twice during first-line therapy by the multidisciplinary team (MDT) at Helsinki tertiary referral centre. The primary outcome was resection rates and survival. Findings In 2012–2018, 1086 patients were included. Median follow-up was 58 months. Multiple metastatic sites were present in 500 (46%) patients at baseline and in 820 (76%) during disease trajectory. In MDT assessments, 447 (41%) were classified as resectable, 310 (29%) upfront and 137 (18%) after conversion therapy. Six-hundred and ninety curative intent resections or local ablative therapies (LAT) were performed in 399 patients (89% of 447 resectable). Multiple metastasectomies for multisite or later developing metastases were performed in 148 (37%) patients. Overall, 414 liver, 112 lung, 57 peritoneal, and 107 other metastasectomies were performed. Median OS was 80·4 months in R0/1-resected (HR 0·15; CI95% 0·12–0·19), 39·1 months in R2-resected/LAT (0·39; 0·29–0·53) patients, and 20·8 months in patients treated with “systemic therapy alone” (reference), with 5-year OS rates of 66%, 40%, and 6%, respectively. Interpretation Repeated centralized MDT assessment in real-world metastatic CRC patients generates high resectability (41%) and resection rates (37%) with impressive survival, even when multisite metastases are present or develop later. Funding The funders had no role in the study design, analysis, and interpretation of the data or writing of this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Osterlund
- Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oncology/Pathology, Karolinska Insitutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tapio Salminen
- Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Leena-Maija Soveri
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of palliative care, Hyvinkää Hospital and Home Care, Hyvinkää, Finland
| | - Raija Kallio
- Department of Oncology, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ilmo Kellokumpu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Annamarja Lamminmäki
- Department of Oncology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Päivi Halonen
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raija Ristamäki
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eila Lantto
- Department of Radiology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Radiology, Päijät-Häme Central Hospital, Lahti, Finland
| | - Aki Uutela
- Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emerik Osterlund
- Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and Akademiska sjukhuset, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ali Ovissi
- Department of Radiology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arno Nordin
- Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eetu Heervä
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kaisa Lehtomäki
- Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari Räsänen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Murashev
- Department of Oncology, Satakunta Central Hospital, Pori, Finland
| | - Laura Aroviita
- Department of Oncology, Kanta-Häme Central Hospital, Hämeenlinna, Finland
| | - Antti Jekunen
- Department of Oncology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland
| | | | - Paul Nyandoto
- Department of Oncology, Päijät-Häme Central Hospital, Lahti, Finland
| | - Juha Kononen
- Department of Oncology, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anna Lepistö
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Timo Muhonen
- Department of Oncology, South Carelia Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Annika Ålgars
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Helena Isoniemi
- Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Rumpold H, Niedersüß-Beke D, Heiler C, Falch D, Wundsam HV, Metz-Gercek S, Piringer G, Thaler J. Prediction of mortality in metastatic colorectal cancer in a real-life population: a multicenter explorative analysis. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:1149. [PMID: 33238958 PMCID: PMC7691098 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07656-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) remains a lethal disease. Survival, however, is increasing due to a growing number of treatment options. Yet due to the number of prognostic factors and their interactions, prediction of mortality is difficult. The aim of this study is to provide a clinical model supporting prognostication of mCRC mortality in daily practice. METHODS Data from 1104 patients with mCRC in three prospective cancer datasets were used to construct and validate Cox models. Input factors for stepwise backward method variable selection were sex, RAS/BRAF-status, microsatellite status, treatment type (no treatment, systemic treatment with or without resection of metastasis), tumor load, location of primary tumor, metastatic patterns and synchronous or metachronous disease. The final prognostic model for prediction of survival at two and 3 years was validated via bootstrapping to obtain calibration and discrimination C-indices and dynamic time dependent AUC. RESULTS Age, sidedness, number of organs with metastases, lung as only site of metastasis, BRAF mutation status and treatment type were selected for the model. Treatment type had the most prominent influence on survival (resection of metastasis HR 0.26, CI 0.21-0.32; any treatment vs no treatment HR 0.31, CI 0.21-0.32), followed by BRAF mutational status (HR 2.58, CI 1.19-1.59). Validation showed high accuracy with C-indices of 72.2 and 71.4%, and dynamic time dependent AUC's of 76.7 ± 1.53% (both at 2 or 3 years), respectively. CONCLUSION The mCRC mortality prediction model is well calibrated and internally valid. It has the potential to support both, clinical prognostication for treatment decisions and patient communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Rumpold
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Ordensklinikum Linz, Seilerstaette 4, 4010, Linz, Austria.
| | | | - Cordula Heiler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Wilhelminenspital, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Falch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Wilhelminenspital, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Gudrun Piringer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Hospital Wels-Grieskirchen, Wels, Austria
| | - Josef Thaler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Hospital Wels-Grieskirchen, Wels, Austria
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Bolhuis K, Kos M, van Oijen MGH, Swijnenburg RJ, Punt CJA. Conversion strategies with chemotherapy plus targeted agents for colorectal cancer liver-only metastases: A systematic review. Eur J Cancer 2020; 141:225-238. [PMID: 33189037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no consensus on the optimal systemic conversion therapy in patients with unresectable colorectal cancer liver-only metastases (CRLM) to achieve a complete resection. Interpretation of trials is complicated by heterogeneity of patients caused by emerging prognostic and predictive characteristics, such as RAS/BRAF mutation status, lack of consensus on unresectability criteria and lack of data on clinical outcome of secondary resections. A systematic review was performed of characteristics of study populations and methodology of trials regarding patients with initially unresectable colorectal cancer liver-only metastases. METHODS Phase II/III randomised trials, published after 2008, regarding first-line systemic conversion therapy in patients or subgroups of patients with CRLM were included. Data on secondary resection outcomes were collected. RESULTS Overall, 20 trials were included for analysis: seven prospective trials in patients with unresectable CRLM and 13 trials in the overall population of unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) with retrospective subgroup analysis of CRLM patients. Fourteen trials did not provide unresectability criteria at baseline, and criteria differed among the remaining studies. Trials and study populations were heterogeneous in prognostic/predictive factors, use of primary end-points, and reporting on long-term clinical outcomes. R0-resection rates in CRLM patients varied between CRLM studies and mCRC studies, with rates of 22-57% and 11-38%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Cross-study comparison of (subgroups of) studies regarding first-line systemic treatment in patients with unresectable CRLM is hampered by heterogeneity in study populations, trial designs, use of (K)RAS/BRAF mutational tumour status, and differences/absence of unresectability criteria. No optimal conversion systemic regimen can be selected from available data. Prospective studies with well-defined criteria of these issues are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bolhuis
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Milan Kos
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn G H van Oijen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rutger-Jan Swijnenburg
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J A Punt
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Comment on "Survival Following Liver Transplantation for Patients With Nonresectable Liver-only Colorectal Metastases": Shaking the Coconut Tree. Ann Surg 2020; 271:e122-e124. [PMID: 32310616 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000003605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Intra-arterial hepatic beads loaded with irinotecan (DEBIRI) with mFOLFOX6 in unresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer: a Phase 2 study. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:518-524. [PMID: 32507854 PMCID: PMC7435188 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0917-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemo-embolisation with drug-eluting beads loaded with irinotecan (DEBIRI) increased survival as compared with intravenous irinotecan in chemorefractory patients with liver-dominant metastases from colorectal cancer (LMCRC). First-line DEBIRI with systemic chemotherapy may increase survival and secondary resection. Methods In the FFCD-1201 single-arm Phase 2 study, patients with untreated, non-resectable LMCRC received DEBIRI plus mFOLFOX6. Four courses of DEBIRI were performed alternating right and left lobe or two sessions with both lobes treated during the same session. Results Fifty-seven patients were enrolled. Grade 3–5 toxicities were more frequent when both lobes were treated during the same session (90.5% versus 52.8%). Nine-month PFS rate was 53.6% (95% CI, 41.8–65.1%). The objective response rate (RECIST 1.1) was 73.2%, and the secondary R0 surgery was 33%. With a median follow-up of 38.3 months, median OS was 37.4 months (95% CI, 25.7–45.8), and median PFS 10.8 months (95% CI, 8.2–12.3). Conclusions Front-line DEBIRI + mFOLFOX6 should not be recommended as the hypothesised 9-month PFS was not met. However, high response rate, deep responses, and prolonged OS encourage further evaluation in strategies integrating biologic agent, in particular in patients with secondary surgery as the main goal. Clinical trial registration NCT01839877.
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Abstract
This article deals with the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (stage IV). The treatment goals and approaches are determined by the resectability status of the metastases: resectable liver and lung metastases are primarily resected and perioperative chemotherapy appears to be dispensable. In potentially resectable metastases, a conversion therapy is attempted to enable a potentially curative resection. In the case of nonresectability the treatment goal is palliative. Induction and maintenance therapy as well as drug holidays are suggested in an attempt to achieve extended survival while maintaining the quality of life, beginning with the best possible individual treatment. For some patients with stage IV, molecular targeted therapies are available. The study situation and approval status are dealt with in detail. With improved molecular characterization of tumors the treatment can be further individualized.
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Kim SA, Kim JW, Suh KJ, Chang W, Kim JW, Oh HK, Cho JY, Kim DW, Cho S, Kim JH, Kim K, Kang SB, Jheon S, Lee KW. Conversion surgery after cetuximab or bevacizumab plus FOLFIRI chemotherapy in colorectal cancer patients with liver- and/or lung-limited metastases. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:2399-2410. [PMID: 32358699 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03233-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Some metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients receive conversion surgery (CS), including metastasectomy after palliative chemotherapy. Although targeted agents significantly improved the outcomes, the clinical outcome of CS in the targeted agent era has not yet been thoroughly investigated. METHODS We analyzed the clinical data of 96 mCRC patients who initially had unresectable liver- and/or lung-limited metastases and underwent first-line cetuximab or bevacizumab plus FOLFIRI between January 2013 and June 2017. RESULTS Liver-limited metastasis was seen in 44 patients (45.8%), lung-limited metastases in 21 patients (21.9%), and both liver and lung metastases in 31 patients (32.3%). Among them, 37 patients (38.5%) received cetuximab, and 59 patients (61.5%) received bevacizumab plus FOLFIRI. Overall response rate was 63.9% and 40.7%, respectively (p = 0.035). After median 8.7 (range 2.5-27.3) months, CS was performed in 11 patients (29.7%) in cetuximab group and 15 patients (25.4%) in bevacizumab group (p = 0.646). Median overall survival has not been reached in R0-resected patients (n = 23), during the median follow-up period of 22.5 (range 9.8-54.5) months. Median disease-free survival was 7.1 (95% CI 2.5-11.7) months: 11.0 (95% CI 3.1-19.0) months in cetuximab group and 3.2 (95% CI 0.0-7.8) months in bevacizumab group (p = 0.422). There was no progression after 18.5 months and disease-free survival reached a plateau at 19.9%. CONCLUSIONS A substantial proportion of patients could receive CS after cetuximab or bevacizumab plus FOLFIRI chemotherapy. R0-resected patients had excellent overall survival, although 80.1% of them eventually experienced recurrence. Some patients could achieve durable disease-free state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-A Kim
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 82 Gumi-ro-173-beon-gil, Seongnam, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Kim
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 82 Gumi-ro-173-beon-gil, Seongnam, 13620, Republic of Korea.
| | - Koung Jin Suh
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 82 Gumi-ro-173-beon-gil, Seongnam, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Chang
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Kim
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 82 Gumi-ro-173-beon-gil, Seongnam, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Kwon Oh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jai Young Cho
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Duck-Woo Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukki Cho
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Hyun Kim
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 82 Gumi-ro-173-beon-gil, Seongnam, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwhanmien Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Bum Kang
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghoon Jheon
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Wook Lee
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 82 Gumi-ro-173-beon-gil, Seongnam, 13620, Republic of Korea
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[Treatment of colorectal and non-colorectal liver metastases: rationale for neoadjuvant therapeutic concepts]. Chirurg 2020; 91:396-404. [PMID: 32291472 DOI: 10.1007/s00104-020-01133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver metastases represent the most common secondary malignant liver disease. Data regarding the incidence of colorectal and non-colorectal liver metastases are rare due to insufficient documentation in a register. Results regarding neoadjuvant therapy are limited and mostly from retrospective analyses. OBJECTIVE A summary and rating of the rationale for neoadjuvant therapeutic concepts for colorectal and non-colorectal liver metastases were performed. MATERIAL UND METHODS The analysis was based on European and American guidelines and included publications in both German and English languages. The results and recommendations were summarized and a review based on the literature is given. RESULTS Neoadjuvant treatment of liver metastases is performed with heterogeneous intentions. The selection of biologically favorable tumors as well as the conversion of primarily non-operable into resectable metastases of the liver are classical reasons for neoadjuvant treatment. The rationale for neoadjuvant treatment of colorectal and especially for non-colorectal liver metastases cannot be answered in a consistently coherent way with respect to the current status quo of the literature and guidelines. The creation of treatment strategies in clinical settings follows criteria, such as patterns of metastases, complexity of the resection and biological factors (metachronous/synchronous metastases, prognostic factors). CONCLUSION Neoadjuvant treatment in the context of conversion therapy is the standard procedure for metastasized colorectal cancer. The biological selection of favorable tumors as the basis for neoadjuvant treatment of resectable lesions is not a consistently used standard for colorectal cancer. Non-colorectal liver metastases are resected only as part of individual concepts.
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Modest DP, Heinemann V, Folprecht G, Denecke T, Pratschke J, Lang H, Bemelmans M, Becker T, Rentsch M, Seehofer D, Bruns CJ, Gebauer B, Held S, Stahler A, Heinrich K, von Einem JC, Stintzing S, Neumann UP, Ricard I. Factors That Influence Conversion to Resectability and Survival After Resection of Metastases in RAS WT Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (mCRC): Analysis of FIRE-3- AIOKRK0306. Ann Surg Oncol 2020; 27:2389-2401. [PMID: 32172334 PMCID: PMC7311511 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-08219-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor assessments after first-line therapy of RAS wild-type mCRC with cetuximab (cet) versus bevacizumab (bev) in combination with FOLFIRI were evaluated for factors influencing resectability, conversion to resectability, and survival after best response. METHODS Conversion to resectability was defined as conversion of initially unresectable to resectable disease at best response as determined by retrospective assessment. Univariate and multivariate logistic models were fitted with resectability at best response as response variable. A Cox model comparing the survival from best response was used to measure the influence of treatment, resectability at best response, and resection. Interaction of resection and treatment arm on survival was tested by likelihood ratio test. RESULTS Overall, 270 patients were evaluable (127 cet-arm, 143 bev-arm). Lung metastases (odds ratio [OR] 0.35, 95% confidence response [CI] 0.19-0.63), BRAF mutation (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.12-0.82), and elevated alkaline phosphatase (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.18-0.9) before randomization were associated with less chance of successful conversion and were integrated into a nomogram. Early tumor shrinkage (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.06-3.3; p 0.034) and depth of response (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01-1.03; p < 0.001) were associated with successful conversion therapy. Resection of metastases improved post-best-response survival (hazard ratio 0.53, 95% CI 0.29-0.97; p = 0.039), predominantely in cet-treated patients (interaction test, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Conversion to resectability is significantly associated with baseline characteristics that can be used in a nomogram to predict conversion. Moreover, early efficacy parameters (ETS and DpR) are associated with successful conversion therapy. In FIRE-3, resection of metastases was associated with improved post-best response survival, this effect originated predominantly from the cetuximab-based study arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Paul Modest
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, CVK, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Volker Heinemann
- Medical Department III and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hospital of the University, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Gunnar Folprecht
- University Cancer Center/Medical Department I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Timm Denecke
- Institute of Radiology, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johann Pratschke
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hauke Lang
- Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marc Bemelmans
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Becker
- Klinik für Allgemeine-, Viszeral-, Thorax-, Transplantations- und Kinderchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Rentsch
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Visceral-, Transplantations-, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christiane J Bruns
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Tumorchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Köln, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Arndt Stahler
- Medical Department III and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hospital of the University, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Heinrich
- Medical Department III and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hospital of the University, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Jobst C von Einem
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, CVK, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Stintzing
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, CVK, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf P Neumann
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ingrid Ricard
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hospital of the University, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
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50
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Nozawa H, Sonoda H, Ishii H, Emoto S, Murono K, Kaneko M, Sasaki K, Nishikawa T, Shuno Y, Tanaka T, Kawai K, Hata K, Ishihara S. Postoperative chemotherapy is associated with prognosis of stage IV colorectal cancer treated with preoperative chemotherapy/chemoradiotherapy and curative resection. Int J Colorectal Dis 2020; 35:177-180. [PMID: 31807855 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-019-03461-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Advances in systemic chemotherapy have increased the resectability in colorectal cancer (CRC) associated with metastases even if it was initially unresectable. However, what determines the prognosis of stage IV CRC patients treated by preoperative therapy and surgery remains unclear. We attempted to identify prognostic factors in such CRC patients. METHODS We reviewed stage IV CRC patients who underwent curative resection between December 2007 and May 2019. The patients who underwent conversion chemotherapy for initially unresectable disease and those who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for resectable synchronous metastases or neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NACRT) for advanced lower rectal cancer with resectable metastases were included. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were examined by multivariate analyses using Cox proportional hazard models. The RFS and OS curves were analyzed according to postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy (AC). RESULTS Among 70 patients who underwent curative surgery (34 men, mean age: 60 years old), 33 had initially unresectable disease, 23 received NAC, and 14 NACRT. By multivariate analyses, AC was an independent predictor for improved RFS and OS (hazard ratio = 0.29, p = 0.0002, and hazard ratio = 0.37, p = 0.025). Patients treated with AC showed improved RFS and OS than those without AC (2-year RFS rate = 30% vs 19%, p = 0.031, and 3-year OS rate = 87% vs 67%, p = 0.045). CONCLUSION Because of its association with improved prognosis, AC should be considered for stage IV CRC patients after curative resection regardless of initial resectability status and preoperative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Nozawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Sonoda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ishii
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Emoto
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Koji Murono
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Manabu Kaneko
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Sasaki
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishikawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Shuno
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tanaka
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazushige Kawai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hata
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ishihara
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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