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Giacomini F, Rho HS, Eischen-Loges M, Tahmasebi Birgani Z, van Blitterswijk C, van Griensven M, Giselbrecht S, Habibović P, Truckenmüller R. Enthesitis on Chip - A Model for Studying Acute and Chronic Inflammation of the Enthesis and its Pharmacological Treatment. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401815. [PMID: 39188199 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Enthesitis, the inflammation of the enthesis, which is the point of attachment of tendons and ligaments to bones, is a common musculoskeletal disease. The inflammation often originates from the fibrocartilage region of the enthesis as a consequence of mechanical overuse or -load and consequently tissue damage. During enthesitis, waves of inflammatory cytokines propagate in(to) the fibrocartilage, resulting in detrimental, heterotopic bone formation. Understanding of human enthesitis and its treatment options is limited, also because of lacking in vitro model systems that can closely mimic the pathophysiology of the enthesis and can be used to develop therapies. In this study, an enthes(it)is-on-chip model is developed. On opposite sides of a porous culture membrane separating the chip's two microfluidic compartments, human mesenchymal stromal cells are selectively differentiated into tenocytes and fibrochondrocytes. By introducing an inflammatory cytokine cocktail into the fibrochondrocyte compartment, key aspects of acute and chronic enthesitis, measured as increased expression of inflammatory markers, can be recapitulated. Upon inducing chronic inflammatory conditions, hydroxyapatite deposition, enhanced osteogenic marker expression and reduced secretion of tissue-related extracellular matrix components are observed. Adding the anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib to the fibrochondrocyte compartment mitigates the inflammatory state, demonstrating the potential of the enthesitis-on-chip model for drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Giacomini
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Hoon Suk Rho
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Eischen-Loges
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Zeinab Tahmasebi Birgani
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens van Blitterswijk
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Griensven
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Giselbrecht
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Pamela Habibović
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Roman Truckenmüller
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
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2
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Khoonkari M, Liang D, Kamperman M, van Rijn P, Kruyt FAE. The unfolded protein response sensor PERK mediates mechanical stress-induced maturation of focal adhesion complexes in glioblastoma cells. FEBS Lett 2024. [PMID: 39152526 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Stiffening of the brain extracellular matrix (ECM) in glioblastoma promotes tumor progression. Previously, we discovered that protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) plays a role in glioblastoma stem cell (GSC) adaptation to matrix stiffness through PERK/FLNA-dependent F-actin remodeling. Here, we examined the involvement of PERK in detecting stiffness changes via focal adhesion complex (FAC) formation. Compared to control GSCs, PERK-deficient GSCs show decreased vinculin and tensin expression, while talin and integrin-β1 remain constant. Furthermore, vimentin was also reduced while tubulin increased, and a stiffness-dependent increase of the differentiation marker GFAP expression was absent in PERK-deficient GSCs. In conclusion, our study reveals a novel role for PERK in FAC formation during matrix stiffening, which is likely linked to its regulation of F-actin remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khoonkari
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dong Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Kamperman
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick van Rijn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science-FB41, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank A E Kruyt
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Franchi M, Piperigkou Z, Mastronikolis NS, Karamanos N. Extracellular matrix biomechanical roles and adaptation in health and disease. FEBS J 2024; 291:430-440. [PMID: 37612040 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrices (ECMs) are dynamic 3D macromolecular networks that exhibit structural characteristics and composition specific to different tissues, serving various biomechanical and regulatory functions. The interactions between ECM macromolecules such as collagen, elastin, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans (PGs), fibronectin, and laminin, along with matrix effectors and water, contribute to the unique cellular and tissue functional properties during organ development, tissue homoeostasis, remodeling, disease development, and progression. Cells adapt to environmental changes by adjusting the composition and array of ECM components. ECMs, forming the 3D bioscaffolds of our body, provide mechanical support for tissues and organs and respond to the environmental variables influencing growth and final adult body shape in mammals. Different cell types display distinct adaptations to the respective ECM environments. ECMs regulate biological processes by controlling the diffusion of infections and inflammations, sensing and adapting to external stimuli and gravity from the surrounding habitat, and, in the context of cancer, interplaying with and regulating cancer cell invasion and drug resistance. Alterations in the ECM composition in pathological conditions drive adaptive responses of cells and could therefore result in abnormal cell behavior and tissue dysfunction. Understanding the biomechanical functionality, adaptation, and roles of distinct ECMs is essential for research on various pathologies, including cancer progression and multidrug resistance, which is of crucial importance for developing targeted therapies. In this Viewpoint article, we critically present and discuss specific biomechanical functions of ECMs and regulatory adaptation mechanisms in both health and disease, with a particular focus on cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Franchi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Zoi Piperigkou
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Patras, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
| | - Nicholas S Mastronikolis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Nikos Karamanos
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Patras, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
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4
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Nakagawa M, Matsumoto T, Yokoi A, Hashimura M, Oguri Y, Konno R, Ishibashi Y, Ito T, Ohhigata K, Harada Y, Fukagawa N, Kodera Y, Saegusa M. Interaction between membranous EBP50 and myosin 9 as a favorable prognostic factor in ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Mol Oncol 2023; 17:2168-2182. [PMID: 37539980 PMCID: PMC10552901 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ezrin-radixin-moesin-binding phosphoprotein 50 (EBP50) is a scaffold protein that is required for epithelial polarity. Knockout (KO) of membranous EBP50 (Me-EBP50) in ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) cells induced an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like phenotype, along with decreased proliferation, accelerated migration capability, and induction of cancer stem cell (CSC)-like properties. Shotgun proteomics analysis of proteins that co-immunoprecipitated with EBP50 revealed that Me-EBP50 strongly interacts with myosin 9 (MYH9). Specific inhibition of MYH9 with blebbistatin phenocopied Me-EBP50 KO, and blebbistatin treatment potentiated the effects of Me-EBP50 KO. In OCCC cells from clinical samples, Me-EBP50 and MYH9 were co-localized at the apical plasma membrane. Patients with a combination of Me-EBP50-high and MYH9-high scores had the best prognosis for overall and progression-free survival. Our data suggest that Me-EBP50 has tumor-suppressive effects through the establishment and maintenance of epithelial polarization. By contrast, loss of Me-EBP50 expression induces EMT-like phenotypes, probably due to MYH9 dysfunction; this results in increased cell mobility and enhanced CSC-like properties, which in turn promote OCCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Nakagawa
- Department of PathologyKitasato University School of MedicineSagamiharaJapan
| | - Toshihide Matsumoto
- Department of PathologyKitasato University School of Allied Health ScienceSagamiharaJapan
| | - Ako Yokoi
- Department of PathologyKitasato University School of MedicineSagamiharaJapan
| | - Miki Hashimura
- Department of PathologyKitasato University School of MedicineSagamiharaJapan
| | - Yasuko Oguri
- Department of PathologyKitasato University School of MedicineSagamiharaJapan
| | - Ryo Konno
- Center for Disease Proteomics, School of ScienceKitasato UniversitySagamiharaJapan
| | - Yu Ishibashi
- Department of PathologyKitasato University School of MedicineSagamiharaJapan
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of PathologyKitasato University School of MedicineSagamiharaJapan
| | - Kensuke Ohhigata
- Department of PathologyKitasato University School of MedicineSagamiharaJapan
| | - Yohei Harada
- Department of PathologyKitasato University School of MedicineSagamiharaJapan
| | - Naomi Fukagawa
- Department of PathologyKitasato University School of MedicineSagamiharaJapan
| | - Yoshio Kodera
- Center for Disease Proteomics, School of ScienceKitasato UniversitySagamiharaJapan
| | - Makoto Saegusa
- Department of PathologyKitasato University School of MedicineSagamiharaJapan
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5
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Austin J, Tu Y, Pal K, Wang X. Vinculin transmits high-level integrin tensions that are dispensable for focal adhesion formation. Biophys J 2023; 122:156-167. [PMID: 36352785 PMCID: PMC9822790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesions (FAs) transmit force and mediate mechanotransduction between cells and the matrix. Previous studies revealed that integrin-transmitted force is critical to regulate FA formation. As vinculin is a prominent FA protein implicated in integrin tension transmission, this work studies the relation among integrin tensions (force), vinculin (protein), and FA formation (structure) by integrin tension manipulation, force visualization and vinculin knockout (KO). Two DNA-based integrin tension tools are adopted: tension gauge tether (TGT) and integrative tension sensor (ITS), with TGT restricting integrin tensions under a designed Ttol (tension tolerance) value and ITS visualizing integrin tensions above the Ttol value by fluorescence. Results show that large FAs (area >1 μm2) were formed on the TGT surface with Ttol of 54 pN but not on those with lower Ttol values. Time-series analysis of FA formation shows that focal complexes (area <0.5 μm2) appeared on all TGT surfaces 20 min after cell plating, but only matured to large FAs on TGT with Ttol of 54 pN. Next, we tested FA formation in vinculin KO cells on TGT surfaces. Surprisingly, the Ttol value of TGT required for large FA formation is drastically decreased to 23 pN. To explore the cause, we visualized integrin tensions in both wild-type and vinculin KO cells using ITS. The results showed that integrin tensions in FAs of wild-type cells frequently activate ITS with Ttol of 54 pN. With vinculin KO, however, integrin tensions in FAs became lower and unable to activate 54 pN ITS. Force signal intensities of integrin tensions reported by 33 and 43 pN ITS were also significantly reduced with vinculin KO, suggesting that vinculin is essential to transmit high-level integrin tensions and involved in transmitting intermediate-level integrin tensions in FAs. However, the high-level integrin tensions transmitted by vinculin are not required by FA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Austin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Ying Tu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Kaushik Pal
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa; Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Ames, Iowa.
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6
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Focal Adhesion Protein Vinculin Is Required for Proper Meiotic Progression during Mouse Spermatogenesis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132013. [PMID: 35805097 PMCID: PMC9265697 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The focal adhesion protein Vinculin (VCL) is ascribed to various cytoplasmic functions; however, its nuclear role has so far been ambiguous. We observed that VCL localizes to the nuclei of mouse primary spermatocytes undergoing first meiotic division. Specifically, VCL localizes along the meiosis-specific structure synaptonemal complex (SC) during prophase I and the centromeric regions, where it remains until metaphase I. To study the role of VCL in meiotic division, we prepared a conditional knock-out mouse (VCLcKO). We found that the VCLcKO male mice were semi-fertile, with a decreased number of offspring compared to wild-type animals. This study of events in late prophase I indicated premature splitting of homologous chromosomes, accompanied by an untimely loss of SCP1. This caused erroneous kinetochore formation, followed by failure of the meiotic spindle assembly and metaphase I arrest. To assess the mechanism of VCL involvement in meiosis, we searched for its possible interacting partners. A mass spectrometry approach identified several putative interactors which belong to the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway (UPS). The depletion of VLC leads to the dysregulation of a key subunit of the proteasome complex in the meiotic nuclei and an altered nuclear SUMOylation level. Taken together, we show for the first time the presence of VCL in the nucleus of spermatocytes and its involvement in proper meiotic progress. It also suggests the direction for future studies regarding the role of VCL in spermatogenesis through regulation of UPS.
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7
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Complete Model of Vinculin Suggests the Mechanism of Activation by Helical Super-Bundle Unfurling. Protein J 2022; 41:55-70. [PMID: 35006498 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-022-10040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To shed light onto the activation mechanism of vinculin, we carried out a detailed refinement of chicken vinculin and compared it to the human protein which is greater than 95% identical. Refinement resulted in a complete and significantly improved model. This model includes important elements such as a pro-rich strap region (PRR) and C-terminus. The conformation of the PRR stabilized by its inter- and intra-molecular contacts shows a dynamic, but relatively stable motif that constitutes a docking platform for multiple molecules. The contact of the C-terminus with the PRR suggests that phosphorylation of Tyr1065 might control activation and membrane binding. Improved electron densities showed the presence of large solvent molecules such as phosphates/sulfates and a head-group of PIP2. The improved model allowed for a computational stability analysis to be performed by the program Corex/Best which located numerous hot-spots of increased and decreased stability. Proximity of the identified binding sites for regulatory partners involved in inducing or suppressing the activation of vinculin to the unstable elements sheds new light onto the activation pathway and differential activation. This stability analysis suggests that the activation pathway proceeds by unfurling of the super-bundle built from four bundles of helices without separation of the Vt region (840-1066) from the head. According to our mechanism, when activating proteins bind at the strap region a separation of N and C terminal bundles occurs, followed by unfurling of the super-bundle and flattening of the general shape of the molecule, which exposes the interaction sites for binding of auxiliary proteins.
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8
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Miyano T, Suzuki A, Sakamoto N. Hyperosmotic stress induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition through rearrangements of focal adhesions in tubular epithelial cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261345. [PMID: 34932568 PMCID: PMC8691603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tubular epithelial cells is a hallmark of renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis and is associated with chronic renal injury as well as acute renal injury. As one of the incidences and risk factors for acute renal injury, increasing the osmolality in the proximal tubular fluid by administration of intravenous mannitol has been reported, but the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. Hyperosmotic conditions caused by mannitol in the tubular tissue may generate not only osmotic but also mechanical stresses, which are known to be able to induce EMT in epithelial cells, thereby contributing to renal injury. Herein, we investigate the effect of hyperosmolarity on EMT in tubular epithelial cells. Normal rat kidney (NRK)-52E cells were exposed to mannitol-induced hyperosmotic stress. Consequently, the hyperosmotic stress led to a reduced expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and an enhanced expression of the mesenchymal marker, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), which indicates an initiation of EMT in NKR-52E cells. The hyperosmotic condition also induced time-dependent disassembly and rearrangements of focal adhesions (FAs) concomitant with changes in actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, prevention of FAs rearrangements by cotreatment with Y-27632, a Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor, could abolish the effects of hyperosmotic mannitol treatment, thus attenuating the expression of α-SMA to the level in nontreated cells. These results suggest that hyperosmotic stress may induce EMT through FAs rearrangement in proximal tubular epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Miyano
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Systems Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Systems Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Systems Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Kusuluri DK, Güler BE, Knapp B, Horn N, Boldt K, Ueffing M, Aust G, Wolfrum U. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor VLGR1/ADGRV1 regulates cell spreading and migration by mechanosensing at focal adhesions. iScience 2021; 24:102283. [PMID: 33851099 PMCID: PMC8024656 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
VLGR1 (very large G protein-coupled receptor-1) is by far the largest adhesion G protein-coupled receptor in humans. Homozygous pathologic variants of VLGR1 cause hereditary deaf blindness in Usher syndrome 2C and haploinsufficiency of VLGR1 is associated with epilepsy. However, its molecular function remains elusive. Herein, we used affinity proteomics to identify many components of focal adhesions (FAs) in the VLGR1 interactome. VLGR1 is localized in FAs and assembles in FA protein complexes in situ. Depletion or loss of VLGR1 decreases the number and length of FAs in hTERT-RPE1 cells and in astrocytes of Vlgr1 mutant mice. VLGR1 depletion reduces cell spread and migration kinetics as well as the response to mechanical stretch characterizing VLGR1 as a metabotropic mechanosensor in FAs. Our data reveal a critical role of VLGR1 in the FA function and enlighten potential pathomechanisms in diseases related to VLGR1. VLGR1 is an integral part of focal adhesions and crucial for their assembly Absence of VLGR1 from focal adhesions alters cell spreading and cell migration VLGR1 is a metabotropic mechanosensor in focal adhesions
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Affiliation(s)
- Deva K Kusuluri
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Baran E Güler
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Barbara Knapp
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicola Horn
- Medical Proteome Center, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Medical Proteome Center, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Medical Proteome Center, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Aust
- Clinic of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery & Clinic of Orthopedics, Traumatology and Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery Research Laboratory, Leipzig University, 04301 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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10
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Daum R, Mrsic I, Hutterer J, Junginger A, Hinderer S, Meixner AJ, Gauglitz G, Chassé T, Schenke-Layland K. Fibronectin adsorption on oxygen plasma-treated polyurethane surfaces modulates endothelial cell response. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:1647-1660. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02757j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fibronectin coating increases implant biocompatibility by enhancing surface endothelialization via integrin-mediated binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Daum
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences
- Institute at the University of Tübingen
- 72770 Reutlingen
- Germany
- Department of Women's Health
| | - Ivana Mrsic
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Eberhard Karls University Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
| | - Johanna Hutterer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Eberhard Karls University Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
| | - Achim Junginger
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Eberhard Karls University Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
| | - Svenja Hinderer
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences
- Institute at the University of Tübingen
- 72770 Reutlingen
- Germany
- Department of Women's Health
| | - Alfred J. Meixner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Eberhard Karls University Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
- Center for Light–Matter Interaction
| | - Günter Gauglitz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Eberhard Karls University Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
| | - Thomas Chassé
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Eberhard Karls University Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
- Center for Light–Matter Interaction
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences
- Institute at the University of Tübingen
- 72770 Reutlingen
- Germany
- Department of Women's Health
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11
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Zhu L, Plow EF, Qin J. Initiation of focal adhesion assembly by talin and kindlin: A dynamic view. Protein Sci 2020; 30:531-542. [PMID: 33336515 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesions (FAs) are integrin-containing protein complexes regulated by a network of hundreds of protein-protein interactions. They are formed in a spatiotemporal manner upon the activation of integrin transmembrane receptors, which is crucial to trigger cell adhesion and many other cellular processes including cell migration, spreading and proliferation. Despite decades of studies, a detailed molecular level understanding on how FAs are organized and function is lacking due to their highly complex and dynamic nature. However, advances have been made on studying key integrin activators, talin and kindlin, and their associated proteins, which are major components of nascent FAs critical for initiating the assembly of mature FAs. This review will discuss the structural and functional findings of talin and kindlin and their immediate interaction network, which will shed light upon the architecture of nascent FAs and how they act as seeds for FA assembly to dynamically regulate diverse adhesion-dependent physiological and pathological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Edward F Plow
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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12
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Zhou Z, Zhao J, Hu K, Hou X, Sun X, Pan X, Wang X, Li N, Yang Z, Zhang F, Zhou Q, Zhan L. Single High-Dose Radiation Enhances Dendritic Cell Homing and T Cell Priming by Promoting Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced Cytoskeletal Reorganization. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020; 109:95-108. [PMID: 32763455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.07.2321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation therapy (RT) affects tumor-infiltrating immune cells, cooperatively driving tumor growth inhibition. However, there is still no absolute consensus on whether the homing ability of dendritic cells (DCs) is affected by direct x-ray irradiation. Most importantly, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. METHODS AND MATERIALS Using noninvasive imaging, we systematically examined the dose effect of RT on the in vivo homing and distribution of bone marrow-derived DCs and elucidated the detailed mechanisms underlying these events. After exposure to 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 Gy, DCs were analyzed for maturation, in vivo homing ability, and T cell priming. RESULTS At ranges of 2 to 20 Gy, irradiation did not cause direct cellular apoptosis or necrosis, but it induced mitochondrial damage in DCs independent of dose. In addition, upregulation of CD40, CD80, CD86, CXCR4, and CCR7 were detected on irradiated DCs. Secretion of IL-1β and IL-12p70 remained unchanged, whereas decreased secretion of IL-6 and promotion of tumor necrosis factor α secretion were observed. In particular, the homing ability of both the local residual and blood circulating DCs to lymphoid tissues was significantly higher in groups that received ≥5 Gy radiation than in the group that received 2 Gy. Furthermore, improved homing ability was associated with rearrangement of the cytoskeleton, which was regulated by reactive oxygen species accumulation through the RhoA/ROCK1 signaling pathway. Finally, more robust T cell activation was observed in mice inoculated with 20 Gy-treated DCs than in those inoculated with 2 Gy-irradiated DCs, and T cell activation also correlated with reactive oxygen species production. CONCLUSIONS An RT dose ≥5 Gy has distinct advantages over 2 Gy in facilitating DC homing to lymph nodes and cross-priming T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Hou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiansong Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Pan
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuquan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qianqian Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Linsheng Zhan
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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13
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Kelley CF, Litschel T, Schumacher S, Dedden D, Schwille P, Mizuno N. Phosphoinositides regulate force-independent interactions between talin, vinculin, and actin. eLife 2020; 9:e56110. [PMID: 32657269 PMCID: PMC7384861 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesions (FA) are large macromolecular assemblies which help transmit mechanical forces and regulatory signals between the extracellular matrix and an interacting cell. Two key proteins talin and vinculin connecting integrin to actomyosin networks in the cell. Both proteins bind to F-actin and each other, providing a foundation for network formation within FAs. However, the underlying mechanisms regulating their engagement remain unclear. Here, we report on the results of in vitro reconstitution of talin-vinculin-actin assemblies using synthetic membrane systems. We find that neither talin nor vinculin alone recruit actin filaments to the membrane. In contrast, phosphoinositide-rich membranes recruit and activate talin, and the membrane-bound talin then activates vinculin. Together, the two proteins then link actin to the membrane. Encapsulation of these components within vesicles reorganized actin into higher-order networks. Notably, these observations were made in the absence of applied force, whereby we infer that the initial assembly stage of FAs is force independent. Our findings demonstrate that the local membrane composition plays a key role in controlling the stepwise recruitment, activation, and engagement of proteins within FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte F Kelley
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Structural Cell BiologyMartinsriedGermany
| | - Thomas Litschel
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Cellular and Molecular BiophysicsMartinsriedGermany
| | - Stephanie Schumacher
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Structural Cell BiologyMartinsriedGermany
| | - Dirk Dedden
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Structural Cell BiologyMartinsriedGermany
| | - Petra Schwille
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Cellular and Molecular BiophysicsMartinsriedGermany
| | - Naoko Mizuno
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Structural Cell BiologyMartinsriedGermany
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
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14
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Three-Dimensional Observations of an Aperiodic Oscillatory Gliding Behavior in Myxococcus xanthus Using Confocal Interference Reflection Microscopy. mSphere 2020; 5:5/1/e00846-19. [PMID: 31996414 PMCID: PMC6992375 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00846-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
3D imaging of live bacteria with optical microscopy techniques is a challenge due to the small size of bacterial cells, meaning that previous studies have been limited to observing motility behavior in 2D. We introduce the application of confocal multiwavelength interference reflection microscopy to bacteria, which enables visualization of 3D motility behaviors in a single 2D image. Using the model organism Myxococcus xanthus, we identified novel motility behaviors that are not explained by current motility models, where gliding bacteria exhibit aperiodic changes in their adhesion to an underlying solid surface. We concluded that the 3D behavior was not linked to canonical motility mechanisms and that IRM could be applied to study a range of microbiological specimens with minimal adaptation to a commercial microscope. The deltaproteobacterium Myxococcus xanthus is a model for bacterial motility and has provided unprecedented insights into bacterial swarming behaviors. Fluorescence microscopy techniques have been invaluable in defining the mechanisms that are involved in gliding motility, but these have almost entirely been limited to two-dimensional (2D) studies, and there is currently no understanding of gliding motility in a three-dimensional (3D) context. We present here the first use of confocal interference reflection microscopy (IRM) to study gliding bacteria, revealing aperiodic oscillatory behavior with changes in the position of the basal membrane relative to the substrate on the order of 90 nm in vitro. First, we use a model planoconvex lens specimen to show how topological information can be obtained from the wavelength-dependent interference pattern in IRM. We then use IRM to observe gliding M. xanthus bacteria and show that cells undergo previously unobserved changes in their adhesion profile as they glide. We compare the wild type with mutants that have reduced motility, which also exhibit the same changes in the adhesion profile during gliding. We find that the general gliding behavior is independent of the proton motive force-generating complex AglRQS and suggest that the novel behavior that we present here may be a result of recoil and force transmission along the length of the cell body following firing of the type IV pili. IMPORTANCE 3D imaging of live bacteria with optical microscopy techniques is a challenge due to the small size of bacterial cells, meaning that previous studies have been limited to observing motility behavior in 2D. We introduce the application of confocal multiwavelength interference reflection microscopy to bacteria, which enables visualization of 3D motility behaviors in a single 2D image. Using the model organism Myxococcus xanthus, we identified novel motility behaviors that are not explained by current motility models, where gliding bacteria exhibit aperiodic changes in their adhesion to an underlying solid surface. We concluded that the 3D behavior was not linked to canonical motility mechanisms and that IRM could be applied to study a range of microbiological specimens with minimal adaptation to a commercial microscope.
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15
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Wang P, Wu J, Wood A, Jones M, Pedley R, Li W, Ross RS, Ballestrem C, Gilmore AP, Streuli CH. Vinculins interaction with talin is essential for mammary epithelial differentiation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18400. [PMID: 31804547 PMCID: PMC6895056 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54784-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinculin is an essential component of cell adhesion complexes, where it regulates the strength and stability of adhesions. Whilst the role of vinculin in cell motility is well established, it remains unclear how vinculin contributes to other aspects of tissue function. Here we examine the role of vinculin in mammary epithelial cell phenotype. In these cells, correct adhesion to the extracellular matrix is essential for both the formation of polarised secretory acini and for the transcription of tissue-specific milk protein genes. We show that vinculin, through its interaction with talin, controls milk protein gene expression. However, vinculin is not required for the formation of polarised acini. This work reveals new roles for vinculin that are central to cellular differentiation, and for the ability of cells to interpret their extracellular microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Wang
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, FBMH, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- CRUK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK
| | - Jian Wu
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, FBMH, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Amber Wood
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, FBMH, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew Jones
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, FBMH, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert Pedley
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, FBMH, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Weiping Li
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, FBMH, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert S Ross
- UCSD School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, UK
- Veterans Administration Healthcare San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christoph Ballestrem
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, FBMH, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew P Gilmore
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, FBMH, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Charles H Streuli
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, FBMH, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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16
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The planarian Vinculin is required for the regeneration of GABAergic neurons in Dugesia japonica. Exp Cell Res 2019; 383:111540. [PMID: 31369753 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Vinculin is a cytoskeletal protein associated with cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions, playing an important role in linkage of integrin adhesion molecules to the actin cytoskeleton. The planarian nervous system is a fascinating system for studying the organogenesis during regeneration. In this paper, a homolog gene of Vinculin, DjVinculin, was identified and characterized in Dugesia japonica. The DjVinculin sequence analysis revealed that it contains an opening reading frame encoding a putative protein of 975 amino acids with functionally domains that are highly conserved, including eight anti-parallel α-helical bundles organized into five distinct domains. Whole mount in situ hybridization showed that DjVinculin was predominantly expressed in the brain of intact and regenerating planarians. RNA interference of DjVinculin caused distinct defects in brain morphogenesis and influences the regeneration of planarian GABAergic neurons. The expression level of DjGAD protein was decreased in the DjVinculin-knockdown planarians. These findings suggest that DjVinculin is required for GABAergic neurons regeneration.
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17
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Proietti S, Cucina A, Pensotti A, Biava PM, Minini M, Monti N, Catizone A, Ricci G, Leonetti E, Harrath AH, Alwasel SH, Bizzarri M. Active Fraction from Embryo Fish Extracts Induces Reversion of the Malignant Invasive Phenotype in Breast Cancer through Down-regulation of TCTP and Modulation of E-cadherin/β-catenin Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2151. [PMID: 31052313 PMCID: PMC6539734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Some yet unidentified factors released by both oocyte and embryonic microenvironments demonstrated to be non-permissive for tumor development and display the remarkable ability to foster cell/tissue reprogramming, thus ultimately reversing the malignant phenotype. In the present study we observed how molecular factors extracted from Zebrafish embryos during specific developmental phases (20 somites) significantly antagonize proliferation of breast cancer cells, while reversing a number of prominent aspects of malignancy. Embryo extracts reduce cell proliferation, enhance apoptosis, and dramatically inhibit both invasiveness and migrating capabilities of cancer cells. Counteracting the invasive phenotype is a relevant issue in controlling tumor spreading and metastasis. Moreover, such effect is not limited to cancerous cells as embryo extracts were also effective in inhibiting migration and invasiveness displayed by normal breast cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition upon TGF-β1 stimulation. The reversion program involves the modulation of E-cadherin/β-catenin pathway, cytoskeleton remodeling with dramatic reduction in vinculin, as well as downregulation of TCTP and the concomitant increase in p53 levels. Our findings highlight that-contrary to the prevailing current "dogma", which posits that neoplastic cells are irreversibly "committed"-the malignant phenotype can ultimately be "reversed", at least partially, in response to environmental morphogenetic influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Proietti
- Department of Surgery "Pietro Valdoni", Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Cucina
- Department of Surgery "Pietro Valdoni", Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Pier Mario Biava
- Scientific Institute of Research and Health Care (IRCCS) Multimedica, 20099 Milano, Italy.
| | - Mirko Minini
- Department of Surgery "Pietro Valdoni", Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Systems Biology Group Lab, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Noemi Monti
- Department of Surgery "Pietro Valdoni", Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Angela Catizone
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic-Medicine and Orthopedics, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulia Ricci
- Department. of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Erica Leonetti
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic-Medicine and Orthopedics, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Abdel Halim Harrath
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 2455, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Saleh H Alwasel
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 2455, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mariano Bizzarri
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic-Medicine and Orthopedics, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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18
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Rothenberg KE, Scott DW, Christoforou N, Hoffman BD. Vinculin Force-Sensitive Dynamics at Focal Adhesions Enable Effective Directed Cell Migration. Biophys J 2019; 114:1680-1694. [PMID: 29642037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a complex process, requiring coordination of many subcellular processes including membrane protrusion, adhesion, and contractility. For efficient cell migration, cells must concurrently control both transmission of large forces through adhesion structures and translocation of the cell body via adhesion turnover. Although mechanical regulation of protein dynamics has been proposed to play a major role in force transmission during cell migration, the key proteins and their exact roles are not completely understood. Vinculin is an adhesion protein that mediates force-sensitive processes, such as adhesion assembly under cytoskeletal load. Here, we elucidate the mechanical regulation of vinculin dynamics. Specifically, we paired measurements of vinculin loads using a Förster resonance energy transfer-based tension sensor and vinculin dynamics using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching to measure force-sensitive protein dynamics in living cells. We find that vinculin adopts a variety of mechanical states at adhesions, and the relationship between vinculin load and vinculin dynamics can be altered by the inhibition of vinculin binding to talin or actin or reduction of cytoskeletal contractility. Furthermore, the force-stabilized state of vinculin required for the stabilization of membrane protrusions is unnecessary for random migration, but is required for directional migration along a substrate-bound cue. These data show that the force-sensitive dynamics of vinculin impact force transmission and enable the mechanical integration of subcellular processes. These results suggest that the regulation of force-sensitive protein dynamics may have an underappreciated role in many cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David W Scott
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC Chapel, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Brenton D Hoffman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
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19
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Nichols AEC, Settlage RE, Werre SR, Dahlgren LA. Novel roles for scleraxis in regulating adult tenocyte function. BMC Cell Biol 2018; 19:14. [PMID: 30086712 PMCID: PMC6081934 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-018-0166-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tendinopathies are common and difficult to resolve due to the formation of scar tissue that reduces the mechanical integrity of the tissue, leading to frequent reinjury. Tenocytes respond to both excessive loading and unloading by producing pro-inflammatory mediators, suggesting that these cells are actively involved in the development of tendon degeneration. The transcription factor scleraxis (Scx) is required for the development of force-transmitting tendon during development and for mechanically stimulated tenogenesis of stem cells, but its function in adult tenocytes is less well-defined. The aim of this study was to further define the role of Scx in mediating the adult tenocyte mechanoresponse. Results Equine tenocytes exposed to siRNA targeting Scx or a control siRNA were maintained under cyclic mechanical strain before being submitted for RNA-seq analysis. Focal adhesions and extracellular matrix-receptor interaction were among the top gene networks downregulated in Scx knockdown tenocytes. Correspondingly, tenocytes exposed to Scx siRNA were significantly softer, with longer vinculin-containing focal adhesions, and an impaired ability to migrate on soft surfaces. Other pathways affected by Scx knockdown included increased oxidative phosphorylation and diseases caused by endoplasmic reticular stress, pointing to a larger role for Scx in maintaining tenocyte homeostasis. Conclusions Our study identifies several novel roles for Scx in adult tenocytes, which suggest that Scx facilitates mechanosensing by regulating the expression of several mechanosensitive focal adhesion proteins. Furthermore, we identified a number of other pathways and targets affected by Scx knockdown that have the potential to elucidate the role that tenocytes may play in the development of degenerative tendinopathy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12860-018-0166-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E C Nichols
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0442, USA
| | - Robert E Settlage
- Advanced Research Computing, Virginia Biocomplexity Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Stephen R Werre
- Laboratory for Study Design and Statistical Analysis, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Linda A Dahlgren
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0442, USA.
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20
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Loss of Linc01060 induces pancreatic cancer progression through vinculin-mediated focal adhesion turnover. Cancer Lett 2018; 433:76-85. [PMID: 29913236 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There is currently limited knowledge regarding the involvement of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancer development. We aimed to identify lncRNAs with important roles in pancreatic cancer progression. We screened for lncRNAs that were differentially expressed in pancreatic cancer tissues. Among 349 differentially expressed lncRNAs, Linc01060 showed the lowest expression in pancreatic cancer tissues compared with normal pancreatic tissues. Lower Linc01060 expression in pancreatic cancer tissues was significantly associated with a poor prognosis. Linc01060 inhibited pancreatic cancer proliferation and invasion in vitro and in vivo. Vinculin overexpression inhibited Linc01060KD-mediated increases in FAK and paxillin phosphorylation, whereas vinculin knockdown reversed the Linc01060-mediated repression of FAK and inactivation of focal adhesion turnover. Vinculin knockdown also accelerated pancreatic cancer cell proliferation by upregulating ERK activity. In biological function analyses, vinculin overexpression abrogated Linc01060-mediated repression of pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and invasion, whereas vinculin counteracted the Linc01060-mediated repression of PC cell proliferation and invasion. These data demonstrate that Linc01060 plays a key role in suppressing pancreatic cancer progression by regulating vinculin expression. These findings suggest that the Linc01060-vinculin-focal adhesion axis is a therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer treatment.
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21
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Orwoll ES, Wiedrick J, Jacobs J, Baker ES, Piehowski P, Petyuk V, Gao Y, Shi T, Smith RD, Bauer DC, Cummings SR, Nielson CM, Lapidus J. High-throughput serum proteomics for the identification of protein biomarkers of mortality in older men. Aging Cell 2018; 17. [PMID: 29399943 PMCID: PMC5847880 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological perturbations associated with incident mortality are not well elucidated, and there are limited biomarkers for the prediction of mortality. We used a novel high‐throughput proteomics approach to identify serum peptides and proteins associated with 5‐year mortality in community‐dwelling men age ≥65 years who participated in a longitudinal observational study of musculoskeletal aging (Osteoporotic Fractures in Men: MrOS). In a discovery phase, serum specimens collected at baseline in 2473 men were analyzed using liquid chromatography–ion mobility–mass spectrometry, and incident mortality in the subsequent 5 years was ascertained by tri‐annual questionnaire. Rigorous statistical methods were utilized to identify 56 peptides (31 proteins) that were associated with 5‐year mortality. In an independent replication phase, selected reaction monitoring was used to examine 21 of those peptides in baseline serum from 750 additional men; 81% of those peptides remained significantly associated with mortality. Mortality‐associated proteins included a variety involved in inflammation or complement activation; several have been previously linked to mortality (e.g., C‐reactive protein, alpha 1‐antichymotrypsin) and others are not previously known to be associated with mortality. Other novel proteins of interest included pregnancy‐associated plasma protein, VE‐cadherin, leucine‐rich α‐2 glycoprotein 1, vinculin, vitronectin, mast/stem cell growth factor receptor, and Saa4. A panel of peptides improved the predictive value of a commonly used clinical predictor of mortality. Overall, these results suggest that complex inflammatory pathways, and proteins in other pathways, are linked to 5‐year mortality risk. This work may serve to identify novel biomarkers for near‐term mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jon Jacobs
- Biological Science Division; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA USA
| | - Erin S. Baker
- Biological Science Division; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA USA
| | - Paul Piehowski
- Biological Science Division; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA USA
| | - Vladislav Petyuk
- Biological Science Division; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA USA
| | - Yuqian Gao
- Biological Science Division; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA USA
| | - Tujin Shi
- Biological Science Division; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA USA
| | - Richard D. Smith
- Biological Science Division; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA USA
| | - Douglas C. Bauer
- Department of Medicine; University of California; San Francisco CA USA
| | - Steven R Cummings
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute; San Francisco CA USA
| | | | - Jodi Lapidus
- Oregon Health & Science University; Portland OR USA
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22
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Lasocka I, Szulc-Dąbrowska L, Skibniewski M, Skibniewska E, Strupinski W, Pasternak I, Kmieć H, Kowalczyk P. Biocompatibility of pristine graphene monolayer: Scaffold for fibroblasts. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 48:276-285. [PMID: 29409908 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of pristine graphene monolayer and its utility as a scaffold for murine fibroblast L929 cell line. Cell viability, morphology, cytoskeleton architecture (microfilaments and microtubules), cell adhesion and migration into the scratch-wound area were determined using pristine graphene-coated microscopic slides. We found that fibroblasts cultured on pristine graphene monolayer exhibited changes in cell attachment, motility and cytoskeleton organization. Graphene was found to have no cytotoxicity on L929 fibroblasts and increased cell adhesion and proliferation within 24 h of culture. The area of cells growing on graphene was comparable to the area of fibroblasts cultured on glass. Migration of cells on the surface of graphene substrate appeared to be more regular in comparison to uncoated glass surface, however in both control (glass) and experimental (graphene) groups the scratch wound was closed after 48 h of culture. Taken together, our results indicate that pristine graphene monolayer is non-toxic for murine subcutaneous connective tissue fibroblasts and could be beneficial for recovery of damaged tissues after injury. These studies could be helpful in evaluating biocompatibility of graphene, which still remains ambiguous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Lasocka
- Department of Biology of Animal Environment, Faculty of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego street 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Szulc-Dąbrowska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego street 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Skibniewski
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Skibniewska
- Department of Biology of Animal Environment, Faculty of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego street 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Strupinski
- Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, Wólczyńska street 133, 01-919 Warsaw, Poland; Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa street 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Pasternak
- Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, Wólczyńska street 133, 01-919 Warsaw, Poland; Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa street 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hubert Kmieć
- Department of Biology of Animal Environment, Faculty of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego street 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Kowalczyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka street 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
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Duran CL, Howell DW, Dave JM, Smith RL, Torrie ME, Essner JJ, Bayless KJ. Molecular Regulation of Sprouting Angiogenesis. Compr Physiol 2017; 8:153-235. [PMID: 29357127 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The term angiogenesis arose in the 18th century. Several studies over the next 100 years laid the groundwork for initial studies performed by the Folkman laboratory, which were at first met with some opposition. Once overcome, the angiogenesis field has flourished due to studies on tumor angiogenesis and various developmental models that can be genetically manipulated, including mice and zebrafish. In addition, new discoveries have been aided by the ability to isolate primary endothelial cells, which has allowed dissection of various steps within angiogenesis. This review will summarize the molecular events that control angiogenesis downstream of biochemical factors such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), and lipids. These and other stimuli have been linked to regulation of junctional molecules and cell surface receptors. In addition, the contribution of cytoskeletal elements and regulatory proteins has revealed an intricate role for mobilization of actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments in response to cues that activate the endothelium. Activating stimuli also affect various focal adhesion proteins, scaffold proteins, intracellular kinases, and second messengers. Finally, metalloproteinases, which facilitate matrix degradation and the formation of new blood vessels, are discussed, along with our knowledge of crosstalk between the various subclasses of these molecules throughout the text. Compr Physiol 8:153-235, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille L Duran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - David W Howell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jui M Dave
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca L Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Melanie E Torrie
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Essner
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Kayla J Bayless
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
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24
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Plasma assisted surface treatments of biomaterials. Biophys Chem 2017; 229:151-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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25
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De Pascalis C, Etienne-Manneville S. Single and collective cell migration: the mechanics of adhesions. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1833-1846. [PMID: 28684609 PMCID: PMC5541834 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-03-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical and physical properties of the environment control cell proliferation, differentiation, or apoptosis in the long term. However, to be able to move and migrate through a complex three-dimensional environment, cells must quickly adapt in the short term to the physical properties of their surroundings. Interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM) occur through focal adhesions or hemidesmosomes via the engagement of integrins with fibrillar ECM proteins. Cells also interact with their neighbors, and this involves various types of intercellular adhesive structures such as tight junctions, cadherin-based adherens junctions, and desmosomes. Mechanobiology studies have shown that cell-ECM and cell-cell adhesions participate in mechanosensing to transduce mechanical cues into biochemical signals and conversely are responsible for the transmission of intracellular forces to the extracellular environment. As they migrate, cells use these adhesive structures to probe their surroundings, adapt their mechanical properties, and exert the appropriate forces required for their movements. The focus of this review is to give an overview of recent developments showing the bidirectional relationship between the physical properties of the environment and the cell mechanical responses during single and collective cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Pascalis
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur Paris, CNRS UMR3691, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- UPMC Université Paris 06, IFD, Sorbonne Universités, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur Paris, CNRS UMR3691, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Dwivedi M, Winter R. Binding of Vinculin to Lipid Membranes in Its Inhibited and Activated States. Biophys J 2017; 111:1444-1453. [PMID: 27705767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositols are an important class of phospholipids that are involved in a myriad of cellular processes, from cell signaling to motility and adhesion. Vinculin (Vn) is a major adaptor protein that regulates focal adhesions in conjunction with PIP2 in lipid membranes and other cytoskeletal components. The binding and unbinding transitions of Vn at the membrane interface are an important link to understanding the coordination of cell signaling and motility. Using different biophysical tools, including atomic force microscopy combined with confocal fluorescence microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, we studied the nanoscopic interactions of activated and autoinhibited states of Vn with lipid membranes. We hypothesize that a weak interaction occurs between Vn and lipid membranes, which leads to binding of autoinhibited Vn to supported lipid bilayers, and to unbinding in freestanding lipid vesicles. Likely driving forces may include tethering of the C-terminus to the lipid membrane, as well as hydrophobic helix-membrane interactions. Conversely, activated Vn binds strongly to membranes through specific interactions with clusters of PIP2 embedded in lipid membranes. Activated Vn harbored on PIP2 clusters may form small oligomeric interaction platforms for further interaction partners, which is necessary for the proper function of focal adhesion points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridula Dwivedi
- Physical Chemistry I, Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Roland Winter
- Physical Chemistry I, Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.
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27
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Atherton P, Lausecker F, Harrison A, Ballestrem C. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound promotes cell motility through vinculin-controlled Rac1 GTPase activity. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2277-2291. [PMID: 28576970 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.192781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a therapy used clinically to promote healing. Using live-cell imaging we show that LIPUS stimulation, acting through integrin-mediated cell-matrix adhesions, rapidly induces Rac1 activation associated with dramatic actin cytoskeleton rearrangements. Our study demonstrates that the mechanosensitive focal adhesion (FA) protein vinculin, and both focal adhesion kinase (FAK, also known as PTK2) and Rab5 (both the Rab5a and Rab5b isoforms) have key roles in regulating these effects. Inhibiting the link of vinculin to the actin-cytoskeleton abolished LIPUS sensing. We show that this vinculin-mediated link was not only critical for Rac1 induction and actin rearrangements, but was also important for the induction of a Rab5-dependent increase in the number of early endosomes. Expression of dominant-negative Rab5, or inhibition of endocytosis with dynasore, also blocked LIPUS-induced Rac1 signalling events. Taken together, our data show that LIPUS is sensed by cell matrix adhesions through vinculin, which in turn modulates a Rab5-Rac1 pathway to control ultrasound-mediated endocytosis and cell motility. Finally, we demonstrate that a similar FAK-Rab5-Rac1 pathway acts to control cell spreading upon fibronectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Atherton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, USA
| | - Franziska Lausecker
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, USA
| | - Andrew Harrison
- Bioventus Cooperatief, Taurusavenue 31, 2132 LS Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph Ballestrem
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, USA
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28
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Bays JL, DeMali KA. Vinculin in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2999-3009. [PMID: 28401269 PMCID: PMC5501900 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vinculin was identified as a component of focal adhesions and adherens junctions nearly 40 years ago. Since that time, remarkable progress has been made in understanding its activation, regulation and function. Here we discuss the current understanding of the roles of vinculin in cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesions. Emphasis is placed on the how vinculin is recruited, activated and regulated. We also highlight the recent understanding of how vinculin responds to and transmits force at integrin- and cadherin-containing adhesion complexes to the cytoskeleton. Furthermore, we discuss roles of vinculin in binding to and rearranging the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Bays
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kris A DeMali
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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29
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Thompson PM, Ramachandran S, Case LB, Tolbert CE, Tandon A, Pershad M, Dokholyan NV, Waterman CM, Campbell SL. A Structural Model for Vinculin Insertion into PIP 2-Containing Membranes and the Effect of Insertion on Vinculin Activation and Localization. Structure 2017; 25:264-275. [PMID: 28089450 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vinculin, a scaffolding protein that localizes to focal adhesions (FAs) and adherens junctions, links the actin cytoskeleton to the adhesive super-structure. While vinculin binds to a number of cytoskeletal proteins, it can also associate with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to drive membrane association. To generate a structural model for PIP2-dependent interaction of vinculin with the lipid bilayer, we conducted lipid-association, nuclear magnetic resonance, and computational modeling experiments. We find that two basic patches on the vinculin tail drive membrane association: the basic collar specifically recognizes PIP2, while the basic ladder drives association with the lipid bilayer. Vinculin mutants with defects in PIP2-dependent liposome association were then expressed in vinculin knockout murine embryonic fibroblasts. Results from these analyses indicate that PIP2 binding is not required for localization of vinculin to FAs or FA strengthening, but is required for vinculin activation and turnover at FAs to promote its association with the force transduction FA nanodomain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Srinivas Ramachandran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lindsay B Case
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Caitlin E Tolbert
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Arpit Tandon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mihir Pershad
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nikolay V Dokholyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Clare M Waterman
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sharon L Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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30
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31
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Hu X, Jing C, Xu X, Nakazawa N, Cornish VW, Margadant FM, Sheetz MP. Cooperative Vinculin Binding to Talin Mapped by Time-Resolved Super Resolution Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:4062-8. [PMID: 27210030 PMCID: PMC5367886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The dimeric focal adhesion protein talin contains up to 22 cryptic vinculin binding sites that are exposed by unfolding. Using a novel method to monitor the in situ dynamics of the talin dimer stretch, we find that in contrast to several prevalent talin dimer models the integrin-binding talin N-termini are separated by 162 ± 44 nm on average whereas as expected the C-terminal dimerization domains colocalize and are mobile. Using vinculin tagged by DHFR-TMP Atto655 label, we found that optimal vinculin and vinculin head binding occurred when talin was stretched to 180 nm, while the controls did not bind to talin. Surprisingly, multiple vinculins bound within a single second in narrowly localized regions of the talin rod during stretching. We suggest that talin stretches as an antiparallel dimer and that activates vinculin binding in a cooperative manner, consistent with the stabilization of folded talin by other binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Hu
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Chaoran Jing
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xiaochun Xu
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Naotaka Nakazawa
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Virginia W. Cornish
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Felix M. Margadant
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Michael P. Sheetz
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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32
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Rahman A, Carey SP, Kraning-Rush CM, Goldblatt ZE, Bordeleau F, Lampi MC, Lin DY, García AJ, Reinhart-King CA. Vinculin Regulates Directionality and Cell Polarity in 2D, 3D Matrix and 3D Microtrack Migration. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:mbc.E15-06-0432. [PMID: 26960796 PMCID: PMC4850031 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-06-0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During metastasis, cells can use proteolytic activity to form tube-like "microtracks" within the extracellular matrix (ECM). Using these microtracks, cells can migrate unimpeded through the stroma. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of microtrack migration, we developed an in vitro 3D micromolded collagen platform. When in microtracks, cells tend to migrate unidirectionally. Since focal adhesions are the primary mechanism by which cells interact with the ECM, we examined the roles of several focal adhesion molecules in driving unidirectional motion. Vinculin knockdown results in the repeated reversal of migration direction compared with control cells. Tracking the position of the Golgi centroid relative to the position of the nucleus centroid reveals that vinculin knockdown disrupts cell polarity in microtracks. Vinculin also directs migration on 2D substrates and in 3D uniform collagen matrices, indicated by reduced speed, shorter net displacement and decreased directionality in vinculin-deficient cells. In addition, vinculin is necessary for Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) activation in 3D as vinculin knockdown results in reduced FAK activation in both 3D uniform collagen matrices and microtracks, but not on 2D substrates, and accordingly, FAK inhibition halts cell migration in 3D microtracks. Together, these data indicate that vinculin plays a key role in polarization during migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniqua Rahman
- *Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shawn P Carey
- *Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Casey M Kraning-Rush
- *Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Zachary E Goldblatt
- *Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Francois Bordeleau
- *Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Marsha C Lampi
- *Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Deanna Y Lin
- *Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Andrés J García
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology; School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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33
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Sayyad WA, Fabris P, Torre V. The Role of Rac1 in the Growth Cone Dynamics and Force Generation of DRG Neurons. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146842. [PMID: 26766136 PMCID: PMC4713067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We used optical tweezers, video imaging, immunocytochemistry and a variety of inhibitors to analyze the role of Rac1 in the motility and force generation of lamellipodia and filopodia from developing growth cones of isolated Dorsal Root Ganglia neurons. When the activity of Rac1 was inhibited by the drug EHop-016, the period of lamellipodia protrusion/retraction cycles increased and the lamellipodia retrograde flow rate decreased; moreover, the axial force exerted by lamellipodia was reduced dramatically. Inhibition of Arp2/3 by a moderate amount of the drug CK-548 caused a transient retraction of lamellipodia followed by a complete recovery of their usual motility. This recovery was abolished by the concomitant inhibition of Rac1. The filopodia length increased upon inhibition of both Rac1 and Arp2/3, but the speed of filopodia protrusion increased when Rac1 was inhibited and decreased instead when Arp2/3 was inhibited. These results suggest that Rac1 acts as a switch that activates upon inhibition of Arp2/3. Rac1 also controls the filopodia dynamics necessary to explore the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim A. Sayyad
- Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Fabris
- Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Vincent Torre
- Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
- * E-mail:
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34
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Izard T, Brown DT. Mechanisms and Functions of Vinculin Interactions with Phospholipids at Cell Adhesion Sites. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:2548-55. [PMID: 26728462 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r115.686493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeletal protein vinculin is a major regulator of cell adhesion and attaches to the cell surface by binding to specific phospholipids. Structural, biochemical, and biological studies provided much insight into how vinculin binds to membranes, what components it recognizes, and how lipid binding is regulated. Here we discuss the roles and mechanisms of phospholipids in regulating the structure and function of vinculin and of its muscle-specific metavinculin splice variant. A full appreciation of these processes is necessary for understanding how vinculin regulates cell motility, migration, and wound healing, and for understanding of its role in cancer and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Izard
- From the Cell Adhesion Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology and Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458 and
| | - David T Brown
- the Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
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35
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Atherton P, Stutchbury B, Wang DY, Jethwa D, Tsang R, Meiler-Rodriguez E, Wang P, Bate N, Zent R, Barsukov IL, Goult BT, Critchley DR, Ballestrem C. Vinculin controls talin engagement with the actomyosin machinery. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10038. [PMID: 26634421 PMCID: PMC4686655 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The link between extracellular-matrix-bound integrins and intracellular F-actin is essential for cell spreading and migration. Here, we demonstrate how the actin-binding proteins talin and vinculin cooperate to provide this link. By expressing structure-based talin mutants in talin null cells, we show that while the C-terminal actin-binding site (ABS3) in talin is required for adhesion complex assembly, the central ABS2 is essential for focal adhesion (FA) maturation. Thus, although ABS2 mutants support cell spreading, the cells lack FAs, fail to polarize and exert reduced force on the surrounding matrix. ABS2 is inhibited by the preceding mechanosensitive vinculin-binding R3 domain, and deletion of R2R3 or expression of constitutively active vinculin generates stable force-independent FAs, although cell polarity is compromised. Our data suggest a model whereby force acting on integrin-talin complexes via ABS3 promotes R3 unfolding and vinculin binding, activating ABS2 and locking talin into an actin-binding configuration that stabilizes FAs. The mechanosensitive proteins talin and vinculin mediate the linkage between integrin-bound extracellular matrix and the actin cytoskeleton. Here the authors dissect distinct roles for two actin-binding sites within talin on adhesion complex assembly and maturation, which are regulated by vinculin binding to talin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Atherton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Ben Stutchbury
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - De-Yao Wang
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Devina Jethwa
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Ricky Tsang
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | | | - Pengbo Wang
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Neil Bate
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Roy Zent
- Vanderbilt Centre for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt Division of Nephrology, S-3223 Medical Centre, North Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Igor L Barsukov
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Benjamin T Goult
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, KENT CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - David R Critchley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Christoph Ballestrem
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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36
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Mechanosensitive components of integrin adhesions: Role of vinculin. Exp Cell Res 2015; 343:21-27. [PMID: 26607713 PMCID: PMC4856733 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
External forces play a key role in shaping development and normal physiology. Aberrant responses to forces, or changes in the nature of such forces, are implicated in a variety of diseases. Cells contain several types of adhesions, linking them to their external environment. It is through these adhesions that forces are both sensed (from the outside inwards) and applied (from inside to out). Furthermore, several adhesion-based proteins are sensitive to changes in intracellular forces, utilising them for activation and regulation. Here, we outline how vinculin, a key component of integrin-mediated adhesions linking the actin cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix (ECM), is regulated by force and acts as force transducing protein. We discuss the role of vinculin in vivo and its place in health and disease; summarise the proposed mechanisms by which vinculin is recruited to and activated at integrin-ECM adhesions; and discuss recent findings that place vinculin as the major force sensing and transmitting component of cell–matrix adhesion complexes. Finally, we discuss the role of vinculin in regulating the cellular responses to both the physical properties of the external environment and to externally applied physical stimuli.
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37
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Actomyosin-dependent formation of the mechanosensitive talin-vinculin complex reinforces actin anchoring. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3095. [PMID: 24452080 PMCID: PMC3916842 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The force generated by the actomyosin cytoskeleton controls focal adhesion dynamics during cell migration. This process is thought to involve the mechanical unfolding of talin to expose cryptic vinculin-binding sites. However, the ability of the actomyosin cytoskeleton to directly control the formation of a talin–vinculin complex and the resulting activity of the complex are not known. Here we develop a microscopy assay with pure proteins in which the self-assembly of actomyosin cables controls the association of vinculin to a talin-micropatterned surface in a reversible manner. Quantifications indicate that talin refolding is limited by vinculin dissociation and modulated by the actomyosin network stability. Finally, we show that the activation of vinculin by stretched talin induces a positive feedback that reinforces the actin–talin–vinculin association. This in vitro reconstitution reveals the mechanism by which a key molecular switch senses and controls the connection between adhesion complexes and the actomyosin cytoskeleton. The interaction between focal adhesion proteins vinculin and talin is stimulated by mechanical stretching. Here the authors reconstitute actomyosin-dependent stretching of talin in vitro, and show that the resulting activation of vinculin reinforces anchoring of the adhesion complex to actin.
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38
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Kim LY, Thompson PM, Lee HT, Pershad M, Campbell SL, Alushin GM. The Structural Basis of Actin Organization by Vinculin and Metavinculin. J Mol Biol 2015; 428:10-25. [PMID: 26493222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vinculin is an essential adhesion protein that links membrane-bound integrin and cadherin receptors through their intracellular binding partners to filamentous actin, facilitating mechanotransduction. Here we present an 8.5-Å-resolution cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction and pseudo-atomic model of the vinculin tail (Vt) domain bound to F-actin. Upon actin engagement, the N-terminal "strap" and helix 1 are displaced from the Vt helical bundle to mediate actin bundling. We find that an analogous conformational change also occurs in the H1' helix of the tail domain of metavinculin (MVt) upon actin binding, a muscle-specific splice isoform that suppresses actin bundling by Vt. These data support a model in which metavinculin tunes the actin bundling activity of vinculin in a tissue-specific manner, providing a mechanistic framework for understanding metavinculin mutations associated with hereditary cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Y Kim
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Interactions, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter M Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hyunna T Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mihir Pershad
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sharon L Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gregory M Alushin
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Interactions, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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39
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Qin S, Clark RAF, Rafailovich MH. Establishing correlations in the en-mass migration of dermal fibroblasts on oriented fibrillar scaffolds. Acta Biomater 2015; 25:230-9. [PMID: 26117312 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing proceeds via fibroblast migration along three dimensional fibrillar substrates with multiple angles between fibers. We have developed a technique for preparation of three dimensional fibrillar scaffolds with where the fiber diameters and the angles between adjacent fiber layers could be precisely controlled. Using the agarose droplet method we were able to make accurate determinations of the dependence of the migration speed, focal adhesion distribution, and nuclear deformation on the fiber diameter, fiber spacing, and angle between adjacent fiber layers. We found that on oriented single fiber layers, whose diameters exceeded 1 μm, large focal adhesion complexes formed in a linear arrangement along the fiber axis and cell motion was highly correlated. On multi layered scaffolds most of the focal adhesion sites reformed at the junction points and the migration speed was determined by the angle between adjacent fiber layers, which followed a parabolic function with a minimum at 30°. On these surfaces we observed a 25% increase in the number of focal adhesion points and a similar decrease in the degree of nuclear deformation, both phenomena associated with decreased mobility. These results underscore the importance of substrate morphology on the en-mass migration dynamics. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE En-mass fibroblast migration is an essential component of the wound healing process which can determine rate and scar formation. Yet, most publications on this topic have focused on single cell functions. Here we describe a new apparatus where we designed three dimensional fibrillar scaffolds with well controlled angles between junction points and highly oriented fiber geometries. We show that the motion of fibroblasts undergoing en-mass migration on these scaffolds can be controlled by the substrate topography. Significant differences in cell morphology and focal adhesions was found to exist between cells migrating on flat versus fibrillar scaffolds where the migration speed was found to be a function of the angle between fibers, the fiber diameter, and the distance between fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Qin
- Materials Sciences and Engineering Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Richard A F Clark
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Miriam H Rafailovich
- Materials Sciences and Engineering Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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40
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Abstract
Insight into how molecular machines perform their biological functions depends on knowledge of the spatial organization of the components, their connectivity, geometry, and organizational hierarchy. However, these parameters are difficult to determine in multicomponent assemblies such as integrin-based focal adhesions (FAs). We have previously applied 3D superresolution fluorescence microscopy to probe the spatial organization of major FA components, observing a nanoscale stratification of proteins between integrins and the actin cytoskeleton. Here we combine superresolution imaging techniques with a protein engineering approach to investigate how such nanoscale architecture arises. We demonstrate that talin plays a key structural role in regulating the nanoscale architecture of FAs, akin to a molecular ruler. Talin diagonally spans the FA core, with its N terminus at the membrane and C terminus demarcating the FA/stress fiber interface. In contrast, vinculin is found to be dispensable for specification of FA nanoscale architecture. Recombinant analogs of talin with modified lengths recapitulated its polarized orientation but altered the FA/stress fiber interface in a linear manner, consistent with its modular structure, and implicating the integrin-talin-actin complex as the primary mechanical linkage in FAs. Talin was found to be ∼97 nm in length and oriented at ∼15° relative to the plasma membrane. Our results identify talin as the primary determinant of FA nanoscale organization and suggest how multiple cellular forces may be integrated at adhesion sites.
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41
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Jain G, Ford AJ, Rajagopalan P. Opposing Rigidity-Protein Gradients Reverse Fibroblast Durotaxis. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 1:621-631. [PMID: 33435085 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The migration of cells is a complex and dynamic process that is governed by several stimuli acting simultaneously. In vivo, cells receive and process a wide range of cues that guide their motion and migratory characteristics such as speed and directionality. The design of biomaterials that can recapitulate the combinatorial signaling environment can aid in understanding how migrating cells respond to more than one stimulus and when one cue dominates over the other. We have designed hydrogel substrates that exhibit opposing rigidity-and collagen gradients. Within the boundaries of the interfacial region, the values for substrate modulus decreased in one direction with a concomitant increase in the concentration of surface-bound collagen. The well-known durotactic migration of fibroblasts was first validated on substrates that only exhibit a gradient in modulus while keeping the concentration of surface-bound collagen constant. Upon increasing the collagen concentration on the low-modulus regions by 4- or 7-fold compared to the high-modulus side of the interface, cells exhibited directed migration toward the soft regions of the substrate. This effect was more pronounced when the surface-bound collagen concentration was 7-fold greater. Cell displacements, areas, cytoskeleton and focal adhesions were investigated on the opposing rigidity-immobilized collagen gradients. These features were affected by the elastic modulus of the substrate as well as the change in protein concentration. In the future, incorporating multiple gradients within a single substrate will lead to a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of cells navigate through the complex in vivo microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Jain
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, §Department of Chemical Engineering, and ⊥ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissues, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Andrew J Ford
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, and ⊥ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissues, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Padmavathy Rajagopalan
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, and ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissues, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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42
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Le OTT, Cho OY, Tran MH, Kim JA, Chang S, Jou I, Lee SY. Phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase γ by Akt regulates its interaction with talin and focal adhesion dynamics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:2432-43. [PMID: 26149501 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The type I phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K) family members and their lipid product, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) are important regulators of actin cytoskeleton. PIP5Kγ 90kDa (PIP5Kγ90), an isoform of PIP5K, localizes to focal adhesions (FAs) and is activated via its interaction with the cytoskeletal protein, talin. Currently, regulatory signaling pathways of talin-PIP5Kγ90 interaction related to FA dynamics and cell motility are not well understood. Considering the presence of Akt consensus motifs in PIP5Kγ90, we examined a potential link of Akt activation to talin-PIP5Kγ90 interaction. We found that Akt phosphorylated PIP5Kγ90 specifically at serine 555 (S555) in vitro and in epidermal growth factor (EGF)-treated cells phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependently. EGF treatment suppressed talin-PIP5Kγ90 interaction and PIP2 levels. Similarly, a phosphomimetic mutant (S555D), but not non-phosphorylatable mutant (S555A), of PIP5Kγ90 had reduced talin binding affinity, lowered PIP2 levels, and was dislocated from FAs. The S555D mutant also caused decreases in actin stress fibers and vinculin-positive FAs. Moreover, assembly and disassembly of FAs were enhanced by S555D expression and EGF-induced cell migration was relatively low in S555A-expressing cells compared to wild-type-expressing cells. PIP5Kγ87, a PIP5Kγ splice variant lacking the talin binding motif, was phosphorylated by Akt, which, however, hardly affected PIP2 levels. Taken together, our results suggested that Akt-mediated PIP5Kγ90 S555 phosphorylation is a novel regulatory point for talin binding to control PIP2 level at the FAs, thereby modulating FA dynamics and cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oanh Thi Tu Le
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi 443-721, South Korea.
| | - Oh Yeon Cho
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
| | - Mai Hoang Tran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi 443-721, South Korea
| | - Jung Ah Kim
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
| | - Sunghoe Chang
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, South Korea; Biomembrane Plasticity Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, South Korea.
| | - Ilo Jou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi 443-721, South Korea; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi 443-721, South Korea; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi 443-721, South Korea.
| | - Sang Yoon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi 443-721, South Korea; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi 443-721, South Korea.
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43
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Case LB, Baird MA, Shtengel G, Campbell SL, Hess HF, Davidson MW, Waterman CM. Molecular mechanism of vinculin activation and nanoscale spatial organization in focal adhesions. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:880-92. [PMID: 26053221 PMCID: PMC4490039 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesions (FAs) link the extracellular matrix (ECM) to the actin cytoskeleton to mediate cell adhesion, migration, mechanosensing and signaling. FAs have conserved nanoscale protein organization, suggesting that the position of proteins within FAs regulates their activity and function. Vinculin binds different FA proteins to mediate distinct cellular functions, but how vinculin’s interactions are spatiotemporally organized within FA is unknown. Using interferometric photo-activation localization (iPALM) super-resolution microscopy to assay vinculin nanoscale localization and a FRET biosensor to assay vinculin conformation, we found that upward repositioning within the FA during FA maturation facilitates vinculin activation and mechanical reinforcement of FA. Inactive vinculin localizes to the lower integrin signaling layer in FA by binding to phospho-paxillin. Talin binding activates vinculin and targets active vinculin higher in FA where vinculin can engage retrograde actin flow. Thus, specific protein interactions are spatially segregated within FA at the nano-scale to regulate vinculin activation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay B Case
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Michelle A Baird
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - Gleb Shtengel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA
| | - Sharon L Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Harald F Hess
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA
| | - Michael W Davidson
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - Clare M Waterman
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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44
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Liu S, Li T, Yang G, Hu Y, Xiao X, Xu J, Zhang J, Liu L. Protein markers related to vascular responsiveness after hemorrhagic shock in rats. J Surg Res 2015; 196:149-58. [PMID: 25801977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular hyporesponsiveness is an important pathophysiological feature of some critical conditions such as hemorrhagic shock. Many proteins and molecules are involved in the regulation of the pathologic process, however the mechanism has still remained unclear. Our study was intended to look for the related protein markers involved in the regulation of vascular reactivity after hemorrhagic shock. METHODS Differential in-gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry were applied to quantify the differences of protein expression in the superior mesenteric arteries from hemorrhagic shock and normal rats. RESULTS A total of 2317 differentially expressed protein spots in the superior mesenteric arteries of rats before and after hemorrhagic shock were found, and 146 protein spots were selected for tandem mass spectrometry identification. Thirty-seven differentially expressed proteins were obtained, including 3 uncharacterized proteins and 34 known proteins. Among them, heat shock protein beta-1 and calmodulin were the known proteins involved in the occurrence of vascular hyporesponsiveness. Bioinformatics analysis results showed that 18 proteins were related to vasoconstriction, 11 proteins may be involved in other vascular functions such as regulation of angiogenesis and endothelial cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS The changes of vascular responsiveness after hemorrhagic shock in rats may be associated with the upregulation or downregulation of previously mentioned protein expressions. These findings may provide the basis for understanding and further study of the mechanism and treatment targets of vascular hyporeactivity after shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Second Department of the Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China; Experimental Teaching Centre of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, North Sichuan Medical College, Nangchong, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Second Department of the Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Guangming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Second Department of the Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Second Department of the Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Second Department of the Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Second Department of the Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Second Department of the Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Liangming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Second Department of the Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China.
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45
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Chinthalapudi K, Patil DN, Rangarajan ES, Rader C, Izard T. Lipid-directed vinculin dimerization. Biochemistry 2015; 54:2758-68. [PMID: 25880222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Vinculin localizes to cellular adhesions where it regulates motility, migration, development, wound healing, and response to force. Importantly, vinculin loss results in cancer phenotypes, cardiovascular disease, and embryonic lethality. At the plasma cell membrane, the most abundant phosphoinositide, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), binds the vinculin tail domain, Vt, and triggers homotypic and heterotypic interactions that amplify binding of vinculin to the actin network. Binding of PIP2 to Vt is necessary for maintaining optimal focal adhesions, for organizing stress fibers, for cell migration and spreading, and for the control of vinculin dynamics and turnover of focal adhesions. While the recently determined Vt/PIP2 crystal structure revealed the conformational changes occurring upon lipid binding and oligomerization, characterization of PIP2-induced vinculin oligomerization has been challenging in the adhesion biology field. Here, via a series of novel biochemical assays not performed in previous studies that relied on chemical cross-linking, we characterize the PIP2-induced vinculin oligomerization. Our results show that Vt/PIP2 forms a tight dimer with Vt or with the muscle-specific vinculin isoform, metavinculin, at sites of adhesion at the cell membrane. Insight into how PIP2 regulates clustering and into mechanisms that regulate cell adhesion allows the development for a more definite sensor for PIP2, and our developed techniques can be applied generally and thus open the door for the characterization of many other protein/PIP2 complexes under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Chinthalapudi
- †Cell Adhesion Laboratory, ‡Department of Cancer Biology, and §Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Dipak N Patil
- †Cell Adhesion Laboratory, ‡Department of Cancer Biology, and §Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Erumbi S Rangarajan
- †Cell Adhesion Laboratory, ‡Department of Cancer Biology, and §Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Christoph Rader
- †Cell Adhesion Laboratory, ‡Department of Cancer Biology, and §Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Tina Izard
- †Cell Adhesion Laboratory, ‡Department of Cancer Biology, and §Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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46
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Awaja F, Carletti E, Bonani W, Speranza G. Vinculin focal adhesion of osteoblast-like cells on PEEK coated with ultra-thin polymer nano films. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Firas Awaja
- Center for Materials and Microsystems; PAM-SE, Fondazione Bruno Kessler; Via Sommarive 18 Trento Italy
| | - Eleonora Carletti
- Department of Industrial Engineering; BIOtech Research Center and INSTM Research Unit, University of Trento; Via Sommarive 9 Trento Italy
| | - Walter Bonani
- Department of Industrial Engineering; BIOtech Research Center and INSTM Research Unit, University of Trento; Via Sommarive 9 Trento Italy
| | - Giorgio Speranza
- Center for Materials and Microsystems; PAM-SE, Fondazione Bruno Kessler; Via Sommarive 18 Trento Italy
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47
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Chinthalapudi K, Rangarajan ES, Patil DN, George EM, Brown DT, Izard T. Lipid binding promotes oligomerization and focal adhesion activity of vinculin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 207:643-56. [PMID: 25488920 PMCID: PMC4259812 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201404128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PIP2 binds vinculin and directs its oligomerization, which promotes proper focal adhesion structure and function. Adherens junctions (AJs) and focal adhesion (FA) complexes are necessary for cell migration and morphogenesis, and for the development, growth, and survival of all metazoans. Vinculin is an essential regulator of both AJs and FAs, where it provides links to the actin cytoskeleton. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) affects the functions of many targets, including vinculin. Here we report the crystal structure of vinculin in complex with PIP2, which revealed that PIP2 binding alters vinculin structure to direct higher-order oligomerization and suggests that PIP2 and F-actin binding to vinculin are mutually permissive. Forced expression of PIP2-binding–deficient mutants of vinculin in vinculin-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts revealed that PIP2 binding is necessary for maintaining optimal FAs, for organization of actin stress fibers, and for cell migration and spreading. Finally, photobleaching experiments indicated that PIP2 binding is required for the control of vinculin dynamics and turnover in FAs. Thus, through oligomerization, PIP2 directs a transient vinculin sequestration at FAs that is necessary for proper FA function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Chinthalapudi
- Cell Adhesion Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Erumbi S Rangarajan
- Cell Adhesion Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Dipak N Patil
- Cell Adhesion Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Eric M George
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216 Department of Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - David T Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Tina Izard
- Cell Adhesion Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
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48
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Fascin actin bundling controls podosome turnover and disassembly while cortactin is involved in podosome assembly by its SH3 domain in THP-1 macrophages and dendritic cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:940-52. [PMID: 25601713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Podosomes are dynamic degrading devices present in myeloid cells among other cell types. They consist of an actin core with associated regulators, surrounded by an adhesive ring. Both fascin and cortactin are known constituents but the role of fascin actin bundling is still unclear and cortactin research rather focuses on its homologue hematopoietic lineage cell-specific protein-1 (HS1). A fascin nanobody (FASNb5) that inhibits actin bundling and a cortactin nanobody (CORNb2) specifically targeting its Src-homology 3 (SH3) domain were used as unique tools to study the function of these regulators in podosome dynamics in both THP-1 macrophages and dendritic cells (DC). Upon intracellular FASNb5 expression, the few podosomes present were aberrantly stable, long-living and large, suggesting a role for fascin actin bundling in podosome turnover and disassembly. Fascin modulates this by balancing the equilibrium between branched and bundled actin networks. In the presence of CORNb2, the few podosomes formed show disrupted structures but their dynamics were unaffected. This suggests a role of the cortactin SH3 domain in podosome assembly. Remarkably, both nanobody-induced podosome-losses were compensated for by focal adhesion structures. Furthermore, matrix degradation capacities were altered and migratory phenotypes were lost. In conclusion, the cortactin SH3 domain contributes to podosome assembly while fascin actin bundling is a master regulator of podosome disassembly in THP-1 macrophages and DC.
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Abstract
A variety of cell types exhibit phenotype changes in response to the mechanical stiffness of the substrate. Many cells excluding neurons display an increase in the spread area, actin stress fiber formation and larger focal adhesion complexes as substrate stiffness increases in a sparsely populated culture. Cell proliferation is also known to directly correlate with these phenotype changes/changes in substrate stiffness. Augmented spreading and proliferation on stiffer substrates require nuclear transcriptional regulator YAP (Yes associated protein) localization in the cell nucleus and is tightly coupled to larger traction force generation. In this study, we show that different types of fibroblasts can exhibit spread morphology, well defined actin stress fibers, and larger focal adhesions even on very soft collagen gels (modulus in hundreds of Pascals) as if they are on hard glass substrates (modulus in GPa, several orders of magnitude higher). Strikingly, we show, for the first time, that augmented spreading and other hard substrate cytoskeleton architectures on soft collagen gels are not correlated with the cell proliferation pattern and do not require YAP localization in the cell nucleus. Finally, we examine the response of human colon carcinoma (HCT-8) cells on soft collagen gels. Recent studies show that human colon carcinoma (HCT-8) cells form multicellular clusters by 2-3 days when cultured on soft polyacrylamide (PA) gels with a wide range of stiffness (0.5-50 kPa) and coated with an extracellular matrix, ECM (collagen monomer/fibronectin). These clusters show limited spreading/wetting on PA gels, form 3D structures at the edges, and eventually display a remarkable, dissociative metastasis like phenotype (MLP), i.e., epithelial to rounded morphological transition after a week of culture on PA gels only, but not on collagen monomer coated stiff polystyrene/glass where they exhibit enhanced wetting and form confluent monolayers. Here, we show that HCT-8 cell clusters also show augmented spreading/wetting on soft collagen gels and eventually form confluent monolayers as on rigid glass substrates and MLP is completely inhibited on soft collagen gels. Overall, these results suggest that cell-material interactions (soft collagen gels in this case) can induce cellular phenotype and cytoskeleton organization in a remarkably distinct manner compared to a classical synthetic polyacrylamide (PA) hydrogel cell culture model and may contribute in designing new functional biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yakut Ali
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA61801.
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50
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Centrosome-declustering drugs mediate a two-pronged attack on interphase and mitosis in supercentrosomal cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1538. [PMID: 25412316 PMCID: PMC4260758 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Classical anti-mitotic drugs have failed to translate their preclinical efficacy into clinical response in human trials. Their clinical failure has challenged the notion that tumor cells divide frequently at rates comparable to those of cancer cells in vitro and in xenograft models. Given the preponderance of interphase cells in clinical tumors, we asked whether targeting amplified centrosomes, which cancer cells carefully preserve in a tightly clustered conformation throughout interphase, presents a superior chemotherapeutic strategy that sabotages interphase-specific cellular activities, such as migration. Herein we have utilized supercentrosomal N1E-115 murine neuroblastoma cells as a test-bed to study interphase centrosome declustering induced by putative declustering agents, such as Reduced-9-bromonoscapine (RedBr-Nos), Griseofulvin and PJ-34. We found tight ‘supercentrosomal' clusters in the interphase and mitosis of ~80% of patients' tumor cells with excess centrosomes. RedBr-Nos was the strongest declustering agent with a declustering index of 0.36 and completely dispersed interphase centrosome clusters in N1E-115 cells. Interphase centrosome declustering caused inhibition of neurite formation, impairment of cell polarization and Golgi organization, disrupted cellular protrusions and focal adhesion contacts—factors that are crucial prerequisites for directional migration. Thus our data illustrate an interphase-specific potential anti-migratory role of centrosome-declustering agents in addition to their previously acknowledged ability to induce spindle multipolarity and mitotic catastrophe. Centrosome-declustering agents counter centrosome clustering to inhibit directional cell migration in interphase cells and set up multipolar mitotic catastrophe, suggesting that disbanding the nuclear–centrosome–Golgi axis is a potential anti-metastasis strategy.
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