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Zhou Y, Tian S, Wang Q, Yao S, Qian L, Jiang S, Tang Y, Han T. DHA‐enriched phosphatidylserine ameliorates high‐fat diet‐induced kidney injury in mice possibly by regulating TLR4/NF‐κB and AMPK pathways. J Food Sci 2022; 87:4233-4249. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy Zhejiang Ocean University Zhoushan China
| | - Shanshan Tian
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy Zhejiang Ocean University Zhoushan China
| | - Qiongfen Wang
- Zhoushan Institute for Food and Drug Control Zhoushan China
| | - SiJia Yao
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy Zhejiang Ocean University Zhoushan China
| | - Li Qian
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy Zhejiang Ocean University Zhoushan China
| | - Su Jiang
- ECA Healthcare Inc. Shanghai China
| | - Yunping Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy Zhejiang Ocean University Zhoushan China
| | - Tao Han
- Department of Aquaculture Zhejiang Ocean University Zhoushan China
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2
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Castro BBA, Foresto-Neto O, Saraiva-Camara NO, Sanders-Pinheiro H. Renal lipotoxicity: insights from experimental models. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:1579-1588. [PMID: 34314523 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, there has been a progressive increase in the prevalence of obesity and chronic kidney disease. Renal lipotoxicity has been associated with obesity. Although lipids play fundamental physiological roles, the accumulation of lipids in kidney cells may cause dysfunction and/or renal fibrosis. Adipose tissue that exceed their lipid storage capacity begins to release triglycerides into the bloodstream that can get stored in several organs, including the kidneys. The mechanisms underlying renal lipotoxicity involve intracellular lipid accumulation and organelle dysfunction, which trigger oxidative stress and inflammation that consequently result in insulin resistance and albuminuria. However, the specific pathways involved in renal lipotoxicity have not yet been fully understood. We aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms by which lipotoxicity affects the renal morphology and function in experimental models of obesity. The accumulation of fatty acids in tubular cells has been described as the main mechanism of lipotoxicity; however, lipids and their metabolism also affect the function and the survival of podocytes. In this review, we presented indication of mitochondrial, lysosomal, and endoplasmic reticulum alterations involved in kidney damage caused by obesity. The kidney is vulnerable to lipotoxicity, and studies of the mechanisms underlying renal injury caused by obesity can help identify therapeutic targets to control renal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bruna Abreu Castro
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Nucleus of Animal Experimentation (NIDEAL), Centre of Reproductive Biology (CBR), Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora (MG), Brazil.,Nephrology Division and Interdisciplinary Nucleus of Studies and Research in Nephrology (NIEPEN), Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora (MG), Brazil
| | - Orestes Foresto-Neto
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva-Camara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Helady Sanders-Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Nucleus of Animal Experimentation (NIDEAL), Centre of Reproductive Biology (CBR), Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora (MG), Brazil.,Nephrology Division and Interdisciplinary Nucleus of Studies and Research in Nephrology (NIEPEN), Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora (MG), Brazil
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3
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Kikuchi R, Maeda Y, Tsuji T, Yamaguchi K, Abe S, Nakamura H, Aoshiba K. Fenofibrate inhibits TGF-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation and activation in human lung fibroblasts in vitro. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11. [PMID: 34228906 PMCID: PMC8329776 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fenofibrate (FF), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) agonist and a lipid-lowering agent, can decrease experimental pulmonary fibrosis. However, the mechanisms underlying the antifibrotic effect of FF remain unknown. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of FF on transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)-induced myofibroblast differentiation and activation in lung fibroblasts. The results showed that FF inhibited alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and connective tissue growth factor expression, collagen production, cell motility, SMAD3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, and metabolic reprogramming in TGF-β-exposed cells. The inhibitory effect of FF did not decrease with the addition of a PPAR-α antagonist. Moreover, the inhibitory effect given by FF could not be reproduced with the addition of an alternative PPAR-α agonist. FF inhibited mitochondrial respiration. However, rotenone, a complex I inhibitor, did not suppress TGF-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation. Furthermore, the TGF-β-induced nuclear reduction of protein phosphatase, Mg2+ /Mn2+ -dependent 1A (PPM1A), a SMAD phosphatase, was inhibited by FF. These results showed that FF suppressed TGF-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation and activation independent of PPAR-α activation and impaired mitochondrial respiration. In conclusion, this study provides information on the effects of FF on anti-TGF-β mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kikuchi
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical CenterInashikiJapan
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical UniversityShinjuku‐kuJapan
| | - Yuki Maeda
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical CenterInashikiJapan
| | - Takao Tsuji
- Department of MedicineOtsuki Municipal HospitalJapan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical CenterInashikiJapan
| | - Shinji Abe
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical UniversityShinjuku‐kuJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical CenterInashikiJapan
| | - Kazutetsu Aoshiba
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical CenterInashikiJapan
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4
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Jang HS, Noh MR, Kim J, Padanilam BJ. Defective Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation and Lipotoxicity in Kidney Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:65. [PMID: 32226789 PMCID: PMC7080698 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney is a highly metabolic organ and uses high levels of ATP to maintain electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis and reabsorb nutrients. Energy depletion is a critical factor in development and progression of various kidney diseases including acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and diabetic and glomerular nephropathy. Mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) serves as the preferred source of ATP in the kidney and its dysfunction results in ATP depletion and lipotoxicity to elicit tubular injury and inflammation and subsequent fibrosis progression. This review explores the current state of knowledge on the role of mitochondrial FAO dysfunction in the pathophysiology of kidney diseases including AKI and CKD and prospective views on developing therapeutic interventions based on mitochondrial energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Seong Jang
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Mi Ra Noh
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jinu Kim
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department of Anatomy, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, South Korea.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Babu J Padanilam
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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Takada I, Makishima M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists and antagonists: a patent review (2014-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 30:1-13. [PMID: 31825687 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1703952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), PPARα, PPARδ, and PPARγ, play an important role in the regulation of various physiological processes, specifically lipid and energy metabolism and immunity. PPARα agonists (fibrates) and PPARγ agonists (thiazolidinediones) are used for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and type 2 diabetes, respectively. PPARδ activation enhances mitochondrial and energy metabolism but PPARδ-acting drugs are not yet available. Many synthetic ligands for PPARs have been developed to expand their therapeutic applications.Areas covered: The authors searched recent patent activity regarding PPAR ligands. Novel PPARα agonists, PPARδ agonists, PPARγ agonists, PPARα/γ dual agonists, and PPARγ antagonists have been claimed for the treatment of metabolic disease and inflammatory disease. Methods for the combination of PPAR ligands with other drugs and expanded application of PPAR agonists for bone and neurological disease have been also claimed.Expert opinion: Novel PPAR ligands and the combination of PPAR ligands with other drugs have been claimed for the treatment of mitochondrial disease, inflammatory/autoimmune disease, neurological disease, and cancer in addition to metabolic diseases including dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes. Selective therapeutic actions of PPAR ligands should be exploited to avoid adverse effects. More basic studies are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of selective actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Takada
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Activation of PPARα by Oral Clofibrate Increases Renal Fatty Acid Oxidation in Developing Pigs. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122663. [PMID: 29292738 PMCID: PMC5751265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) activation by clofibrate on both mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation in the developing kidney. Ten newborn pigs from 5 litters were randomly assigned to two groups and fed either 5 mL of a control vehicle (2% Tween 80) or a vehicle containing clofibrate (75 mg/kg body weight, treatment). The pigs received oral gavage daily for three days. In vitro fatty acid oxidation was then measured in kidneys with and without mitochondria inhibitors (antimycin A and rotenone) using [1-14C]-labeled oleic acid (C18:1) and erucic acid (C22:1) as substrates. Clofibrate significantly stimulated C18:1 and C22:1 oxidation in mitochondria (p < 0.001) but not in peroxisomes. In addition, the oxidation rate of C18:1 was greater in mitochondria than peroxisomes, while the oxidation of C22:1 was higher in peroxisomes than mitochondria (p < 0.001). Consistent with the increase in fatty acid oxidation, the mRNA abundance and enzyme activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) in mitochondria were increased. Although mRNA of mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase (mHMGCS) was increased, the β-hydroxybutyrate concentration measured in kidneys did not increase in pigs treated with clofibrate. These findings indicate that PPARα activation stimulates renal fatty acid oxidation but not ketogenesis.
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Abstract
AKI is associated with high morbidity and mortality, and it predisposes to the development and progression of CKD. Novel strategies that minimize AKI and halt the progression of CKD are urgently needed. Normal kidney function involves numerous different cell types, such as tubular epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and podocytes, working in concert. This delicate balance involves many energy-intensive processes. Fatty acids are the preferred energy substrates for the kidney, and defects in fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial dysfunction are universally involved in diverse causes of AKI and CKD. This review provides an overview of ATP production and energy demands in the kidney and summarizes preclinical and clinical evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in AKI and CKD. New therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondria protection and cellular bioenergetics are presented, with emphasis on those that have been evaluated in animal models of AKI and CKD. Targeting mitochondrial function and cellular bioenergetics upstream of cellular damage may offer advantages compared with targeting downstream inflammatory and fibrosis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel H Szeto
- Mitochondrial Therapeutics Consulting, New York, New York
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Chen W, Zhang Q, Cheng S, Huang J, Diao G, Han J. Atgl gene deletion predisposes to proximal tubule damage by impairing the fatty acid metabolism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 487:160-166. [PMID: 28400046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is the final common pathway of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Normal lipid metabolism is integral to renal physiology, and disturbances of renal lipid metabolism are increasingly being linked with CKD, including the fibrosis. Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) is the rate-limiting enzyme of lipolysis. In the present study, we used Atgl-/- mice to investigate whether ATGL played a role in the regulation of proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) lipid metabolism and renal fibrosis development. ATGL deficiency led to lipid vacuolation of PCT and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, accompanied by massive albuminuria and decreased creatinine clearance rate (Ccr). In vitro experiments indicated that inhibition of ATGL in proximal tubular cell line HK-2 promoted intracellular lipid deposition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and cell apoptosis. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that ATGL inhibition decreased the renal peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorα(PPARα) expression, which implied the suppressed lipid metabolism. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) could partially reverse the effect of ROS accumulation and cell apoptosis, but could not restore the PPARαdecrease. These data raise the possibility that ATGL deficiency could impair the renal fatty acid metabolism though inhibiting PPARαexpression, which may lead to lipid deposition and cell apoptosis of PCT, and finally contribute to the renal fibrosis and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The 303th Hospital of PLA, Nanning, Guangxi Province 530000, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Diseases Proteomics, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shiwu Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The 303th Hospital of PLA, Nanning, Guangxi Province 530000, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ge Diao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jian Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Zhu H, Gui Q, Hui X, Wang X, Jiang J, Ding L, Sun X, Wang Y, Chen H. TGF-β1/Smad3 Signaling Pathway Suppresses Cell Apoptosis in Cerebral Ischemic Stroke Rats. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:366-376. [PMID: 28110342 PMCID: PMC5282965 DOI: 10.12659/msm.899195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We desired to observe the changes of transforming growth factor-β1/drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein (TGF-β1/Smad3) signaling pathway in the hippocampus region of cerebral ischemic stroke rats so that the effects of this pathway on nerve cells can be investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS The ischemic stroke models were built by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in vivo and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in vitro. TGF-β1 and TGF-β1 inhibitors were injected into rat models while TGF-β1, TGF-β1 siRNA, Smad3, and Smad3 siRNA were transfected into cells. Infarct sizes were measured using triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, while the apoptosis rate of cells were calculated by Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide (Annexin V-FITC/PI) staining. Levels of TGF-β1, Smad3, and Bcl-2 were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemical, and Western blot analysis. RESULTS The expressions of TGF-β1/Smad3 signal pathway were significantly increased in both model rats and BV2 cells, whereas the expression of Bcl-2 was down-regulated (P<0.05). The TGF-β1/Smad3 signal pathway exhibited protective effects, including the down-regulation of infarction size in cerebral tissues and the down-regulation of apoptosis rate of BV2 cells by increasing the expression of Bcl-2 (P<0.05). In addition, these effects could be antagonized by the corresponding inhibitors and siRNA (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway was up-regulated once cerebral ischemic stroke was simulated. TGF-β1 may activate the expression of Bcl-2 via Smad3 to suppress the apoptosis of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Changshou City, Changshou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Qunfeng Gui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, The affiliated Yancheng Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaobo Hui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Jian Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Lianshu Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoyang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Yanping Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Huaqun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, The affiliated Yancheng Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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Al-Rasheed NM, Al-Rasheed NM, Al-Amin MA, Hasan IH, Al-Ajmi HN, Mohammad RA, Attia HA. Fenofibrate attenuates diabetic nephropathy in experimental diabetic rat's model via suppression of augmented TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway. Arch Physiol Biochem 2016; 122:186-194. [PMID: 26959841 DOI: 10.3109/13813455.2016.1164186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fibrates, the ligands of peroxisome profileferator-activated receptor-α have been shown to have a renal protective action in diabetic nephropathy (DN). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to elucidate the effect of fenofibrate on renal transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and Smad3 in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DN. METHODS Diabetes was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). Diabetic rats were given fenofibrate (100 mg/kg, p.o.). After 12 weeks, diabetic nephropathy biomarkers were assessed. The mRNA expression of collage I and III, TGF-β1 and Smad3 and were detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS Fenofibrate reduced significantly serum creatinine, kidney/body weight ratio, serum albumin excretion Collage I & III, TGF-β1 and Smad3 mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results give further insights into the mechanisms underlying the protective role of fenofibrate in DN, suggesting that interference with TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway may be a useful therapeutic approach to prevent DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouf Mohamed Al-Rasheed
- a Pharmacology and Toxicology Department , College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , KSA
| | - Nawal Mohamed Al-Rasheed
- a Pharmacology and Toxicology Department , College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , KSA
- b Pharmacology Department , College of Pharmacy, Princess Nora Bint Abdul Rahman University , KSA
| | - Maha Abdelrahman Al-Amin
- a Pharmacology and Toxicology Department , College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , KSA
| | - Iman Huesein Hasan
- a Pharmacology and Toxicology Department , College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , KSA
| | - Hanaa Najeeb Al-Ajmi
- a Pharmacology and Toxicology Department , College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , KSA
| | - Raeesa Ahmed Mohammad
- c Anatomy Department , Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh , KSA , and
| | - Hala Aboulfotooh Attia
- a Pharmacology and Toxicology Department , College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , KSA
- d Biochemistry Department , College of Pharmacy, Mansours University , Mansoura , Egypt
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11
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Tsai SC, Tsai MH, Chiu CF, Lu CC, Kuo SC, Chang NW, Yang JS. AMPK-dependent signaling modulates the suppression of invasion and migration by fenofibrate in CAL 27 oral cancer cells through NF-κB pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:866-876. [PMID: 25545733 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) agonist and lipid-lowering agent, has been used worldwide for treatment of hyperlipidemia. The clinical trials demonstrate that fenofibrate possesses multiple pharmacological activities, including antitumor effects. However, the precise mechanisms in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the anticancer effects of fenofibrate on the migration and invasion of human oral cancer CAL 27 cells. Fenofibrate inhibited the cell migration and invasion of CAL 27 cells by the wound healing and Boyden chamber transwell assays, respectively. In addition, fenofibrate reduced the protein expressions of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-7, and MMP-9 by Western blotting and inhibited enzyme activities of MMP-2/-9 using gelatin zymography assay. Results from immunoblotting analysis showed that the proteins of p-LKB1 (Ser428), LKB1, p-AMPKα (Thr172), p-AMPKα1/α2 (Ser425/Ser491), p-AMPKβ1 (Ser108), and AMPKγ1 were upregulated by fenofibrate; the levels of p-IKKα/β (Ser176) and p-IκBα were reduced in fenofibrate-treated cells. Also, fenofibrate suppressed the expressions of nuclear NF-κB p65 and p50 by immunoblotting and NF-κB DNA binding activity by EMSA assay. The anti-invasive effect of fenofibrate was attenuated by compound C [an adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor] or dominant negative form of AMPK (DN-AMPKα1). Thus, fenofibrate considerably inhibited metastatic behaviors of CAL 27 cells might be mediated through blocking NF-κB signaling, resulting in the inhibition of MMPs; these effects were AMPK-dependent rather than PPARα signaling. Our findings provide a molecular rationale, whereby fenofibrate exerts anticancer effects and additional beneficial effects for the treatment of cancer patients. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 866-876, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chang Tsai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsui Tsai
- Department of Otolaryngology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Fang Chiu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Cheng Lu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chu Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Jai-Sing Yang
- Bracco Pharmaceutical Corp. Ltd., Taipei, 104, Taiwan
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12
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Obesity-related glomerulopathy: clinical and pathologic characteristics and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Nephrol 2016; 12:453-71. [PMID: 27263398 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2016.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity-related glomerulopathy is increasing in parallel with the worldwide obesity epidemic. Glomerular hypertrophy and adaptive focal segmental glomerulosclerosis define the condition pathologically. The glomerulus enlarges in response to obesity-induced increases in glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, filtration fraction and tubular sodium reabsorption. Normal insulin/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and mTOR signalling are critical for podocyte hypertrophy and adaptation. Adipokines and ectopic lipid accumulation in the kidney promote insulin resistance of podocytes and maladaptive responses to cope with the mechanical forces of renal hyperfiltration. Although most patients have stable or slowly progressive proteinuria, up to one-third develop progressive renal failure and end-stage renal disease. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone blockade is effective in the short-term but weight loss by hypocaloric diet or bariatric surgery has induced more consistent and dramatic antiproteinuric effects and reversal of hyperfiltration. Altered fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism are increasingly recognized as key mediators of renal lipid accumulation, inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis. Newer therapies directed to lipid metabolism, including SREBP antagonists, PPARα agonists, FXR and TGR5 agonists, and LXR agonists, hold therapeutic promise.
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13
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Sahebkar A, Hernández-Aguilera A, Abelló D, Sancho E, Camps J, Joven J. Systematic review and meta-analysis deciphering the impact of fibrates on paraoxonase-1 status. Metabolism 2016; 65:609-622. [PMID: 27085770 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A significant residual cardiovascular risk is consistently observed in patients treated with statins. A combined treatment with fibrates reduces cardiovascular events in very high-risk patients. Because this is apparently unconnected to an improvement in lipid-related outcomes we hypothesized that the cardioprotective effects of fibrates might be associated with an improvement in paraoxonase-1 (PON1) status. METHOD The search for existing evidence, using the Medline, Scopus and Cochrane databases, was systematic and followed the PRISMA statement without restrictions on publication date. We excluded non-clinical and observational studies and we extracted data on baseline and post-treatment values of serum PON1 activity and other measurements of PON1 status. RESULTS Nine studies (including 12 treatment arms) in patients with hyperlipidemia, diabetes or metabolic syndrome treated with fibrates, alone or in combination with statins, were included to synthesize results. A meta-analysis of the data using a random-effects model revealed a significant increase in serum PON1 activity following fibrate therapy (WMD: 15.64U/L, 95% CI: 6.94, 24.34, p<0.001), an effect that was robust and not sensitive to any particular study. Subgroup analysis indicated differences in the effect size among types of fibrates and that PON1 alterations were associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol changes following fibrate therapy. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate a significant PON1-enhancing effect of fibrates. Whether this effect is associated with a clinical benefit, although likely, remains to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic Research Centre, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Anna Hernández-Aguilera
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - David Abelló
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Elena Sancho
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Jordi Camps
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Jorge Joven
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain.
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Dhingra R, Lally C, Darrow LA, Klein M, Winquist A, Steenland K. Perfluorooctanoic acid and chronic kidney disease: Longitudinal analysis of a Mid-Ohio Valley community. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 145:85-92. [PMID: 26656498 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is an environmentally persistent chemical found at low-levels in the serum of almost all U.S. residents. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been positively associated with serum PFOA in prior cross-sectional studies and in one occupational mortality study, while other investigations have found no association between kidney function and PFOA. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal analysis of chronic kidney disease among adults, aged ≥20 years, (N=32,254) in a Mid-Ohio Valley community cohort, exposed to high PFOA levels from contaminated drinking water. Estimated retrospective yearly serum PFOA concentrations (1951-2011) were previously modeled in this population. Information about lifetime history of CKD diagnosis was collected during surveys in 2008-2011; self-reported CKD diagnoses were validated through medical record review. Using a Cox proportional hazards model, we retrospectively examined the association between validated adult onset CKD, and modeled PFOA exposure, from time of first exposure. We also analyzed data for the cohort prospectively, among people with no CKD diagnosis prior to enrollment in a baseline survey in 2005-2006. Both the full cohort and a non-diabetic subset were analyzed, retrospectively and prospectively. RESULTS Neither in retrospective nor in prospective analyses did we find a significant (α=0.05) trend between PFOA exposure and CKD. In the full cohort, estimated hazard ratios by quintile of cumulative serum PFOA in the retrospective analysis were 1.00 (referent), 1.26, 1.12, 1.12 and 1.24 (trend test for log cumulative exposure: p=0.80). CONCLUSION Our analyses suggest that CKD is not associated with exposure to PFOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Dhingra
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Cathy Lally
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Lyndsey A Darrow
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Mitch Klein
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Andrea Winquist
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Kyle Steenland
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Du C, Shi Y, Ren Y, Wu H, Yao F, Wei J, Wu M, Hou Y, Duan H. Anthocyanins inhibit high-glucose-induced cholesterol accumulation and inflammation by activating LXRα pathway in HK-2 cells. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:5099-113. [PMID: 26379423 PMCID: PMC4567235 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s90201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism and inflammation plays a significant role in the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Anthocyanins are polyphenols widely distributed in food and exert various biological effects including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperlipidemic effects. However, it remains unclear whether anthocyanins are associated with DN, and the mechanisms involved in the reciprocal regulation of inflammation and cholesterol efflux are yet to be elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the regulation of cholesterol metabolism and the anti-inflammatory effects exerted by anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside chloride [C3G] or cyanidin chloride [Cy]) and investigated the underlying molecular mechanism of action using high-glucose (HG)-stimulated HK-2 cells. We found that anthocyanins enhanced cholesterol efflux and ABCA1 expression markedly in HK-2 cells. In addition, they increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) expression and decreased the HG-induced expression of the proinflammatory cytokines intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1), as well as NFκB activation. Incubation with the PPARα-specific inhibitor GW6471 and LXRα shRNA attenuated the anthocyanin-mediated promotion of ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux, suggesting that anthocyanins activated PPARα-LXRα-ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux in HK-2 cells. Moreover, the knockout of LXRα abrogated the anti-inflammatory effect of anthocyanins, whereas the PPARα antagonist GW6471 does not have this effect. Further investigations revealed that LXRα might interfere with anthocyanin-induced decreased ICAM1, MCP1, and TGFβ1 expression by reducing the nuclear translocation of NFκB. Collectively, these findings suggest that blocking cholesterol deposition and inhibiting the LXRα pathway-induced inflammatory response might be one of the main mechanisms by which anthocyanins exert their protective effects in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Du
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China ; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Shi
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China ; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunzhuo Ren
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China ; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijiang Wu
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China ; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Yao
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China ; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinying Wei
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China ; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Wu
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China ; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjuan Hou
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China ; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijun Duan
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China ; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
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Dounousi E, Duni A, Leivaditis K, Vaios V, Eleftheriadis T, Liakopoulos V. Improvements in the Management of Diabetic Nephropathy. Rev Diabet Stud 2015; 12:119-33. [PMID: 26676665 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2015.12.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The burden of diabetes mellitus is relentlessly increasing. Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes. The current standard therapy of diabetic nephropathy involves intensive treatment of hyperglycemia and strict blood pressure control, mainly via blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Attention has been drawn to additional beneficial effects of oral hypoglycemic drugs and fibrates on other aspects of diabetic nephropathy. On the other hand, antiproteinuric effects of RAS combination therapy do not seem to enhance the prevention of renal disease progression, and it has been associated with an increased rate of serious adverse events. Novel agents, such as bardoxolone methyl, pentoxifylline, inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC), sulodexide, pirfenidone, endothelin receptor antagonists, vitamin D supplements, and phosphate binders have been associated with controversial outcomes or significant side effects. Although new insights into the pathogenetic mechanisms have opened new horizons towards novel interventions, there is still a long way to go in the field of DN research. The aim of this review is to highlight the recent progress made in the field of diabetes management based on the existing evidence. The article also discusses novel targets of therapy, with a special focus on the major pathophysiologic mechanisms implicated in the initiation and progression of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Dounousi
- University of Ioannina, School of Health Siences, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Anila Duni
- University of Ioannina, School of Health Siences, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Leivaditis
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasilios Vaios
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodoros Eleftheriadis
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilios Liakopoulos
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Pappa M, Dounousi E, Duni A, Katopodis K. Less known pathophysiological mechanisms of anemia in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Int Urol Nephrol 2015; 47:1365-72. [PMID: 26017902 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-015-1012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is currently considered a modern global epidemic, and diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Anemia is one of the most significant complications of CKD, and it is mainly attributed to insufficient erythropoietin (EPO) production. However, anemia develops earlier in the course of CKD among patients with DM, and the severity of anemia tends to be more marked in these patients compared to nondiabetic subjects, regardless of the stage of CKD. In this review, we focus on the "less known" complex interacting mechanisms which are involved in the pathophysiology of anemia associated with DN. Although the major cause of anemia in DN is considered to be an inappropriate response of the plasma EPO concentration to anemia, several other possible mechanisms have been suggested. Glomerular hyperfiltration, proteinuria, renal tubular dysfunction and interstitial fibrosis are among the main culprits. On the other hand, systemic effects such as chronic inflammation, autonomic neuropathy and the renin-angiotensin system are also involved. Finally, several medications are considered to aggravate anemia associated with DN. Since anemia is an important predictor of quality of life and is implicated in the increased burden of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, further research is required to elucidate its pathogenesis in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pappa
- Department of Nephrology, General Hospital of Arta, Arta, Greece
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18
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Al-Rasheed NM, Al-Rasheed NM, Attia HA, Al-Amin MA, Al-Ajmi HN, Hasan IH, Mohamad RA, Sinjilawi NA. Renoprotective Effects of Fenofibrate via Modulation of LKB1/AMPK mRNA Expression and Endothelial Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Diabetic Nephropathy. Pharmacology 2015; 95:229-39. [PMID: 25967095 DOI: 10.1159/000381190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate whether the renoprotective effects of fenofibrate are mediated via attenuation of endothelial dysfunction and modulating the mRNA expression of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its downstream kinase liver kinase B1 (LKB1) in rats with diabetic nephropathy (DN). Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg kg(-1)). Fenofibrate (100 mg kg(-1), p.o.) was given to diabetic rats daily for 12 weeks. Treatment with fenofibrate significantly improved the renal function as revealed by the significant reductions in urinary albumin excretion and serum levels of creatinine and urea, in addition to the significant increase in creatinine clearance compared with the diabetic control group. Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative damage was ameliorated by treatment with fenofibrate as indicated by the significantly increased levels of glutathione and catalase together with the significant decrease in lipid peroxidation. Administration of fenofibrate caused significant increases in renal nitric oxide (NO) production and mRNA expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), AMPK and LKB1, reflecting improvement of endothelial function. Our results give further insights into the mechanisms underlying the protective role of fenofibrate in DN via modulation of AMPK, LKB1 and eNOS mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal M Al-Rasheed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Gao D, Zhang YL, Xu P, Lin YX, Yang FQ, Liu JH, Zhu HW, Xia ZN. In vitro evaluation of dual agonists for PPARγ/β from the flower of Edgeworthia gardneri (wall.) Meisn. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 162:14-19. [PMID: 25557029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Tibet, the flower of Edgeworthia gardneri (Wall.) Meisn., locally named "Lvluohua, [symbols: see text]", has been traditionally used to treat diabetes mellitus for many years. AIM OF THIS STUDY To evaluate the activity of dual agonists for PPARγ/β from the flower of E.gardneri in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS HeLa cells were transiently co-transfected with the re-constructed plasmids of pBIND-PPARγ-LBD or pBIND-PPARβ-LBD and rL4.35. The activities of crude extracts, secondary fractions and compounds from the flower of E.gardneri were evaluated with the transfected cells. Rosiglitazone (at 0.5 μg/mL) and L-165041 (at 0.5 μg/mL) were used as the positive controls for PPARγ and PPARβ respectively. RESULTS The results demonstrated that n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts from the flower of E.gardneri were able to significantly activate PPARγ and PPARβ respectively, and the activity of ethyl acetate extract was much better. We further observed that, among the 11 secondary fractions of ethyl acetate extract, the fr. 9 could activate PPARγ and PPARβ significantly. Moreover, umbelliferone (from fr.9) and pentadecanoic acid could activate PPARγ and PPARβ at the same time. CONCLUSIONS The extracts from the flower of E.gardneri could significantly activate PPARγ and PPARβ. Besides, umbelliferone and pentadecanoic acid isolated from the flower of E.gardneri were the new agonists for PPARγ and PPARβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Yong-lan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Pan Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Ye-xin Lin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Feng-qing Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Jian-hui Liu
- College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Hai-wen Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Zhi-ning Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
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Balakumar P, Varatharajan R, Nyo YH, Renushia R, Raaginey D, Oh AN, Akhtar SS, Rupeshkumar M, Sundram K, Dhanaraj SA. Fenofibrate and dipyridamole treatments in low-doses either alone or in combination blunted the development of nephropathy in diabetic rats. Pharmacol Res 2014; 90:36-47. [PMID: 25263930 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Low-doses of fenofibrate and dipyridamole have pleiotropic renoprotective actions in diabetic rats. This study investigated their combined effect relative to their individual treatments and lisinopril in rats with diabetic nephropathy. Streptozotocin (55mg/kg, i.p., once)-administered diabetic rats were allowed for 10 weeks to develop nephropathy. Diabetic rats after 10 weeks developed nephropathy with discernible renal structural and functional changes as assessed in terms of increase in kidney weight to body weight ratio (KW/BW), and elevations of serum creatinine, urea and uric acid, which accompanied with elevated serum triglycerides and decreased high-density lipoproteins. Hematoxylin-eosin, periodic acid Schiff and Masson trichrome staining confirmed renal pathological changes in diabetic rats that included glomerular capsular wall distortion, mesangial cell expansion, glomerular microvascular condensation, tubular damage and degeneration and fibrosis. Low-dose fenofibrate (30mg/kg, p.o., 4 weeks) and low-dose dipyridamole (20mg/kg, p.o., 4 weeks) treatment either alone or in combination considerably reduced renal structural and functional abnormalities in diabetic rats, but without affecting the elevated glucose level. Fenofibrate, but not dipyridamole, significantly prevented the lipid alteration and importantly the uric acid elevation in diabetic rats. Lisinopril (5mg/kg, p.o., 4 weeks, reference compound), prevented the hyperglycemia, lipid alteration and development of diabetic nephropathy. Lipid alteration and uric acid elevation, besides hyperglycemia, could play key roles in the development of nephropathy. Low-doses of fenofibrate and dipyridamole treatment either alone or in combination markedly prevented the diabetes-induced nephropathy. Their combination was as effective as to their individual treatment, but not superior in preventing the development of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchai Balakumar
- Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, 08100 Bedong, Malaysia.
| | - Rajavel Varatharajan
- Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, 08100 Bedong, Malaysia
| | - Ying Hui Nyo
- Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, 08100 Bedong, Malaysia
| | - Raja Renushia
- Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, 08100 Bedong, Malaysia
| | - Devarajan Raaginey
- Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, 08100 Bedong, Malaysia
| | - Ann Nah Oh
- Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, 08100 Bedong, Malaysia
| | - Shaikh Sohrab Akhtar
- Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, 08100 Bedong, Malaysia
| | - Mani Rupeshkumar
- Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, 08100 Bedong, Malaysia
| | - Karupiah Sundram
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, 08100 Bedong, Malaysia
| | - Sokkalingam A Dhanaraj
- Pharmaceutical Technology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, 08100 Bedong, Malaysia
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Effects of CP-900691, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, agonist on diabetic nephropathy in the BTBR ob/ob mouse. J Transl Med 2014; 94:851-62. [PMID: 24955894 PMCID: PMC4404155 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Piperidine-based peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonists are agents that are efficacious in improving lipid, glycemic, and inflammatory indicators in diabetes and obesity. This study sought to determine whether CP-900691 ((S)-3-[3-(1-carboxy-1-methyl-ethoxy)-phenyl]-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid 4-trifluoromethyl-benzyl ester; CP), a member of this novel class of agents, by decreasing plasma triglycerides, could prevent diabetic nephropathy in the Black and Tan, BRachyuric (BTBR) ob/ob mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Four-week old female BTBR WT and BTBR ob/ob mice received either regular chow or one containing CP (3 mg/kg per day) for 14 weeks. CP elevated plasma high-density lipoprotein, albuminuria, and urinary excretion of 8-epi PGF(2α), a product of the nonenzymatic metabolism of arachidonic acid and whose production is elevated in oxidative stress, in BTBR WT mice. In BTBR ob/ob mice, CP reduced plasma triglycerides and non-esterified fatty acids, fasting blood glucose, body weight, and plasma interleukin-6, while concomitantly improving insulin resistance. Despite these beneficial metabolic effects, CP had no effect on elevated plasma insulin, 8-epi PGF(2α) excretion, and albuminuria, and surprisingly, did not ameliorate the development of diabetic nephropathy, having no effect on the accumulation of renal macrophages, glomerular hypertrophy, and increased mesangial matrix expansion. In addition, CP did not increase plasma high-density lipoprotein in BTBR ob/ob mice, while paradoxically increasing total cholesterol levels. These findings indicate that 8-epi PGF(2α), possibly along with hyperinsulinemia and inflammatory and dysfunctional lipoproteins, is integral to the development of diabetic nephropathy and should be considered as a potential target of therapy in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
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Treatment of albuminuria due to diabetic nephropathy: recent trial results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4155/cli.14.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Speeckaert MM, Vanfraechem C, Speeckaert R, Delanghe JR. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists in a battle against the aging kidney. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 14:1-18. [PMID: 24503003 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As aging is a complex phenomenon characterized by intraindividual and interindividual diversities in the maintenance of the homeostatic condition of cells and tissues, changes in renal function are not uniform and depend on associated diseases and environmental factors. Multiple studies have investigated the possible underlying mechanisms of age-related decline in kidney function. Evolutionary, molecular, cellular and systemic theories have been postulated to explain the primary disease independent age-related changes and adaptive responses. As peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are involved in a broad spectrum of biological processes, PPAR activation might have an effect on the prevention of cell senescence. In this review, we will focus on the experimental and clinical evidence of PPAR agonists in a battle against the aging kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joris R Delanghe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
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Khan S, Abu Jawdeh BG, Goel M, Schilling WP, Parker MD, Puchowicz MA, Yadav SP, Harris RC, El-Meanawy A, Hoshi M, Shinlapawittayatorn K, Deschênes I, Ficker E, Schelling JR. Lipotoxic disruption of NHE1 interaction with PI(4,5)P2 expedites proximal tubule apoptosis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1057-68. [PMID: 24531551 DOI: 10.1172/jci71863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease progression can be predicted based on the degree of tubular atrophy, which is the result of proximal tubule apoptosis. The Na+/H+ exchanger NHE1 regulates proximal tubule cell survival through interaction with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], but pathophysiologic triggers for NHE1 inactivation are unknown. Because glomerular injury permits proximal tubule luminal exposure and reabsorption of fatty acid/albumin complexes, we hypothesized that accumulation of amphipathic, long-chain acyl-CoA (LC-CoA) metabolites stimulates lipoapoptosis by competing with the structurally similar PI(4,5)P2 for NHE1 binding. Kidneys from mouse models of progressive, albuminuric kidney disease exhibited increased fatty acids, LC-CoAs, and caspase-2-dependent proximal tubule lipoapoptosis. LC-CoAs and the cytosolic domain of NHE1 directly interacted, with an affinity comparable to that of the PI(4,5)P2-NHE1 interaction, and competing LC-CoAs disrupted binding of the NHE1 cytosolic tail to PI(4,5)P2. Inhibition of LC-CoA catabolism reduced NHE1 activity and enhanced apoptosis, whereas inhibition of proximal tubule LC-CoA generation preserved NHE1 activity and protected against apoptosis. Our data indicate that albuminuria/lipiduria enhances lipotoxin delivery to the proximal tubule and accumulation of LC-CoAs contributes to tubular atrophy by severing the NHE1-PI(4,5)P2 interaction, thereby lowering the apoptotic threshold. Furthermore, these data suggest that NHE1 functions as a metabolic sensor for lipotoxicity.
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Zhao L, Wu F, Jin L, Lu T, Yang L, Pan X, Shao C, Li X, Lin Z. Serum CXCL16 as a novel marker of renal injury in type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87786. [PMID: 24489966 PMCID: PMC3906379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble C-X-C chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16), a scavenger receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein, has been shown to promote atherogenic effects in vivo and to predict long-term mortality in acute coronary syndrome. The aim of this study was to explore the association of circulating CXCL16 levels with diabetic subjects with and without renal disease. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS One hundred twenty Chinese subjects, which included patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), diabetic nephropathy (DN), and CKD, as well as healthy controls, were enrolled in this study. Serum CXCL16 levels were examined by immunoassay and other clinical biochemical parameters were tested based on standard methods. Our results indicated that, HDL and LDL cholesterol levels are significantly different in DN but not in T2D patients in comparison with healthy subjects. On the other hand, Serum CXCL16 levels were significantly increased in DN subjects compared with age and gender matched healthy and T2DM subjects (p<0.05 respectively). However, no significant changes in serum CXCL16 levels were found between T2DM and healthy subjects. Furthermore, serum CXCL16 concentration negatively correlated with estimated glomerular filtrate rate, creatinine clearance rate and blood albumin, and positively with 24 h proteinuria, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and uric acid after adjusting for age, gender and BMI in subjects with DN. Multiple stepwise regression analyses indicated that serum CXCL16 levels were independently associated with serum 24 h proteinuria, and BUN (p<0.05 respectively). CONCLUSION Serum CXCL16 may be an indicator of renal injury in subjects with T2DM. Understanding the exact mechanism of elevated CXCL16 in subjects with DN requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leping Zhao
- The affiliated Yueqing Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Leigang Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan College Park, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingting Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan College Park, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Lihui Yang
- The affiliated Yueqing Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuebo Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan College Park, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Chuanfeng Shao
- The affiliated Yueqing Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan College Park, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhuofeng Lin
- Engineering Research Center of Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan College Park, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail:
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Herman-Edelstein M, Scherzer P, Tobar A, Levi M, Gafter U. Altered renal lipid metabolism and renal lipid accumulation in human diabetic nephropathy. J Lipid Res 2013; 55:561-72. [PMID: 24371263 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p040501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models link ectopic lipid accumulation to renal dysfunction, but whether this process occurs in the human kidney is uncertain. To this end, we investigated whether altered renal TG and cholesterol metabolism results in lipid accumulation in human diabetic nephropathy (DN). Lipid staining and the expression of lipid metabolism genes were studied in kidney biopsies of patients with diagnosed DN (n = 34), and compared with normal kidneys (n = 12). We observed heavy lipid deposition and increased intracellular lipid droplets. Lipid deposition was associated with dysregulation of lipid metabolism genes. Fatty acid β-oxidation pathways including PPAR-α, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, acyl-CoA oxidase, and L-FABP were downregulated. Downregulation of renal lipoprotein lipase, which hydrolyzes circulating TGs, was associated with increased expression of angiopoietin-like protein 4. Cholesterol uptake receptor expression, including LDL receptors, oxidized LDL receptors, and acetylated LDL receptors, was significantly increased, while there was downregulation of genes effecting cholesterol efflux, including ABCA1, ABCG1, and apoE. There was a highly significant correlation between glomerular filtration rate, inflammation, and lipid metabolism genes, supporting a possible role of abnormal lipid metabolism in the pathogenesis of DN. These data suggest that renal lipid metabolism may serve as a target for specific therapies aimed at slowing the progression of glomerulosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Herman-Edelstein
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, and Departments of Nephrology Rabin Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Matsuda S, Kitagishi Y. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and vitamin d receptor signaling pathways in cancer cells. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:1261-70. [PMID: 24202445 PMCID: PMC3875939 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5041261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors, which respond to specific ligands such as polyunsaturated fatty acids by altering gene expression. Three subtypes of this receptor have been discovered, each evolving to achieve different biological functions. Like other nuclear receptors, the transcriptional activity of PPARs is affected not only by ligand-stimulation, but also by cross-talk with other molecules. For example, both PPARs and the RXRs are ligand-activated transcription factors that coordinately regulate gene expression. In addition, PPARs and vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling pathways regulate a multitude of genes that are of importance for cellular functions including cell proliferation and cell differentiation. Interaction of the PPARs and VDR signaling pathways has been shown at the level of molecular cross-regulation of their transcription factor. A variety of ligands influencing the PPARs and VDR signaling pathways have been shown to reveal chemopreventive potential by mediating tumor suppressive activities in human cancers. Use of these compounds may represent a potential novel strategy to prevent cancers. This review summarizes the roles of the PPARs and the VDR in pathogenesis and progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Matsuda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan.
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Seok H, Cha BS. Refocusing Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor-α: A New Insight for Therapeutic Roles in Diabetes. Diabetes Metab J 2013; 37:326-32. [PMID: 24199160 PMCID: PMC3816132 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2013.37.5.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although glucose-lowering treatment shows some risk lowering effects in cardiovascular diseases, risks of macrovascular and microvascular complications have still remained, and development of new therapeutic strategies is needed. Recent data have shown that peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of lipid homeostasis, fatty acid oxidation, cellular differentiation, and immune response such as inflammation or vascularization related to diabetic complication. This review will re-examine the metabolic role of PPAR-α, summarize data from clinical studies on the effect of PPAR-α agonist in diabetes, and will discuss the possible therapeutic role of PPAR-α activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Seok
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bong Soo Cha
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Kitagishi Y, Matsuda S. Diets involved in PPAR and PI3K/AKT/PTEN pathway may contribute to neuroprotection in a traumatic brain injury. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2013; 5:42. [PMID: 24074163 PMCID: PMC3978568 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic encephalopathy has emerged as a significant public health problem. It is believed that traumatic encephalopathy is caused by exposure to repetitive brain trauma prior to the initial symptoms of neurodegenerative disease. Therefore, prevention is important for the disease. The PI3K/AKT/PTEN (phosphoinositide-3 kinase/AKT/phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10) pathway has been shown to play a pivotal role in neuroprotection, enhancing cell survival by stimulating cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. PTEN negatively regulates the PI3K/AKT pathways through its lipid phosphatase activity. Although PTEN has been discovered as a tumor suppressor, PTEN is also involved in several other diseases, including diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Dietary fish oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids may induce the PTEN expression by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. Supplementation of these natural compounds may provide a new therapeutic approach to the brain disorder. We review recent studies on the features of several diets and the signaling pathways involved in traumatic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Kitagishi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Satoru Matsuda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
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Expression and Function of PPARs in Placenta. PPAR Res 2013; 2013:256508. [PMID: 23476631 PMCID: PMC3583145 DOI: 10.1155/2013/256508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) are members of the superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors involved in embryonic development and differentiation of several tissues including placenta, which respond to specific ligands such as polyunsaturated fatty acids by altering gene expression. Three subtypes of this receptor have been discovered, each evolving to achieve different biological functions. The PPARs also control a variety of target genes involved in lipid homeostasis. Similar to other nuclear receptors, the transcriptional activity of PPARs is affected not only by ligand-stimulation but also by crosstalk with other molecules. For example, both PPARs and the RXRs are ligand-activated transcription factors that coordinately regulate gene expression. In addition, several mechanisms underlying negative regulation of gene expression by PPARs have been shown. It is suggested that PPARs are key messengers responsible for the translation of nutritional stimuli into changes in gene expression pathways for placental development.
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Cunard R. Mammalian tribbles homologs at the crossroads of endoplasmic reticulum stress and Mammalian target of rapamycin pathways. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:750871. [PMID: 24490110 PMCID: PMC3892554 DOI: 10.1155/2013/750871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In 2000, investigators discovered Tribbles, a Drosophila protein that coordinates morphogenesis by inhibiting mitosis. Further work has delineated Xenopus (Xtrb2), Nematode (Nipi-3), and mammalian homologs of Drosophila tribbles, which include TRB1, TRB2, and TRB3. The sequences of tribbles homologs are highly conserved, and despite their protein kinase structure, to date they have not been shown to have kinase activity. TRB family members play a role in the differentiation of macrophages, lymphocytes, muscle cells, adipocytes, and osteoblasts. TRB isoforms also coordinate a number of critical cellular processes including glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, cellular stress, survival, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis. TRB family members modulate multiple complex signaling networks including mitogen activated protein kinase cascades, protein kinase B/AKT signaling, mammalian target of rapamycin, and inflammatory pathways. The following review will discuss metazoan homologs of Drosophila tribbles, their structure, expression patterns, and functions. In particular, we will focus on TRB3 function in the kidney in podocytes. This review will also discuss the key signaling pathways with which tribbles proteins interact and provide a rationale for developing novel therapeutics that exploit these interactions to provide better treatment options for both acute and chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Cunard
- Research Service and Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Veterans Medical Research Foundation, Mail Code 151, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- *Robyn Cunard:
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