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Sarmikasoglou E, Johnson ML, Vinyard JR, Sumadong P, Lobo RR, Arce-Cordero JA, Bahman A, Ravelo A, Halima S, Salas-Solis GK, Hikita C, Watanabe T, Faciola AP. Effects of cashew nutshell extract and monensin on microbial fermentation in a dual-flow continuous culture. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:8746-8757. [PMID: 37678783 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare cashew nutshell extract (CNSE) to monensin and evaluate changes in in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and microbial nitrogen outflow. Treatments were randomly assigned to 8 fermenters in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 4 experimental periods of 10 d (7 d for diet adaptation and 3 d for sample collection). Basal diets contained 43.5:56.5 forage: concentrate ratio and each fermenter was fed 106 g of DM/d divided equally between 2 feeding times. Treatments were control (CON, basal diet without additives), 2.5 μM monensin (MON), 0.1 mg CNSE granule/g DM (CNSE100), and 0.2 mg CNSE granule/g DM (CNSE200). On d 8 to10, samples were collected for pH, lactate, NH3-N, volatile fatty acids (VFA), mixed protozoa counts, organic matter (OM), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility. Data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test the effects of (1) ADD (CON vs. MON, CNSE100, and CNSE200); (2) MCN (MON vs. CNSE100 and CNSE200); and (3) DOSE (CNSE100 vs. CNSE200). We observed that butyrate concentration in all treatments was lower compared with CON and the concentration for MON was lower compared with CNSE treatments. Protozoal population in all treatments was lower compared with CON. No effects were observed for pH, lactate, NH3-N, total VFA, OM, or N utilization. Within the 24-h pool, protozoal generation time, tended to be lower, while NDF digestibility tended to be greater in response to all additives. Furthermore, the microbial N flow, and the efficiency of N use tended to be lower for the monensin treatment compared with CNSE treatments. Overall, our results showed that both monensin and CNSE decreased butyrate synthesis and protozoal populations, while not affecting OM digestibility and tended to increase NDF digestibility; however, such effects are greater with monensin than CNSE nutshell.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sarmikasoglou
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - M L Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - J R Vinyard
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - P Sumadong
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; Department of Animal Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - R R Lobo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - J A Arce-Cordero
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; Escuela de Zootecnia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - A Bahman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - A Ravelo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - S Halima
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - G K Salas-Solis
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - C Hikita
- SDS Biotech K.K., Tokyo, Japan 101-0022
| | | | - A P Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.
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Dame-Teixeira N, El-Gendy R, Monici Silva I, Holanda CA, de Oliveira AS, Romeiro LAS, Do T. Sustainable multifunctional phenolic lipids as potential therapeutics in Dentistry. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9299. [PMID: 35662265 PMCID: PMC9166758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic lipids components of the cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) have molecular structures capable of chemical signalling that regulate gene expression, metabolism and inflammation. This study sets out to assess how CNSL derivatives impact oral bacteria, from an antibacterial and anti-collagenolytic perspective, as well as its biocompatibility with dental pulp stem cells. Two hemi-synthetic saturated CNSL derivative compounds were selected (LDT11-Anacardic Acids-derivative and LDT409-cardanol-derivative). Bacteriostatic activity was tested against Streptococcus mutans and Veillonella parvula. Antimicrobial capacity against preformed S. mutans biofilms was investigated using a collagen-coated Calgary Biofilm Device and confocal microscopy. Clostridium histolyticum, P. gingivalis and S. mutans biofilms were used to assess anti-collagenolytic activity. Biocompatibility with human dental pulp stromal cells (HDPSCs) was investigated (MTT for viability proportion, LDH assays for cell death rate). LDTs inhibited the bacterial growth, as well as partially inhibited bacterial collagenases in concentrations higher than 5 μg/mL. Dose–response rates of biofilm cell death was observed (LDT11 at 20, 50, 100 μg/mL = 1.0 ± 0.4, 0.7 ± 0.3, 0.6 ± 0.03, respectively). Maximum cytotoxicity was 30%. After 1 week, LDT409 had no HDPSCs death. HDPSCs viability was decreased after 24 h of treatment with LDT11 and LDT409, but recovered at 72 h and showed a massive increase in viability and proliferation after 1 week. LDTs treatment was associated with odontoblast-like morphology. In conclusion, LDT11 multifunctionality and biocompatibility, stimulating dental pulp stem cells proliferation and differentiation, indicates a potential as a bio-based dental material for regenerative Dentistry. Its potential as a bacterial collagenases inhibitor to reduce collagen degradation in root/dentinal caries can be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naile Dame-Teixeira
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro - UnB, Federal District, Asa Norte, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil. .,Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Reem El-Gendy
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.,Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Isabela Monici Silva
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro - UnB, Federal District, Asa Norte, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Cleonice Andrade Holanda
- Nucleus of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Federal District, Brasilia, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Andressa Souza de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Federal District, Brasilia, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Soares Romeiro
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Federal District, Brasilia, 70910-900, Brazil.,Nucleus of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Federal District, Brasilia, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Thuy Do
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
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3
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Physicochemical and microbiological assessment of a dental adhesive doped with cashew nut shell liquid. Odontology 2021; 110:434-443. [PMID: 34800212 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-021-00672-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate i) the inhibitory and bactericidal activity of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) and its isolated compounds (anacardic acid and cardol) against oral bacteria; ii) the biofilm formation inhibition, resin-dentin bond strength and physicochemical properties of a dental adhesive incorporated with these substances. The antibacterial effect of CNSL, anacardic acid, and cardol were assessed by determining the minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal (MBC) concentrations. Effect in inhibiting biofilm formation of the adhesive incorporated with the substances (15 μg/ml) against a mixed-species biofilm of Streptococcus mutans and Candida Albicans and was determined by direct contact test. Additional Analysis included microtensile bond strength (μTBS) test, elastic modulus (EM), flexural strength (FS), degree of conversion (DC), water sorption (WS) and solubility (SL). The data were submitted to statistical analysis by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). CNSL, anacardic acid and cardol showed antibacterial activity for all strains tested, with MIC and MBC values ranging from 3.12 to 25 μg/ml. There was no growth of colonies forming units in the adhesives incorporated with the substances. EM increased in the adhesive incorporated with anacardic acid, decreased after incorporation of cardol and it was not affected by incorporation of CNSL. The substances tested showed no effect in FS, DC, WS, SL and μTBS. In conclusion, the CNSL, anacardic acid and cardol showed antibacterial effects against oral bacteria and, the incorporation of substances did not reduce the performance of the adhesive.
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Uliassi E, de Oliveira AS, de Camargo Nascente L, Romeiro LAS, Bolognesi ML. Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) as a Source of Drugs for Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2021; 26:5441. [PMID: 34576912 PMCID: PMC8466601 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder with a multifaceted pathogenesis. This fact has long halted the development of effective anti-AD drugs. Recently, a therapeutic strategy based on the exploitation of Brazilian biodiversity was set with the aim of discovering new disease-modifying and safe drugs for AD. In this review, we will illustrate our efforts in developing new molecules derived from Brazilian cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), a natural oil and a byproduct of cashew nut food processing, with a high content of phenolic lipids. The rational modification of their structures has emerged as a successful medicinal chemistry approach to the development of novel anti-AD lead candidates. The biological profile of the newly developed CNSL derivatives towards validated AD targets will be discussed together with the role of these molecular targets in the context of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Uliassi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Andressa Souza de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Faculty, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (A.S.d.O.); (L.d.C.N.)
| | - Luciana de Camargo Nascente
- Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Faculty, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (A.S.d.O.); (L.d.C.N.)
| | - Luiz Antonio Soares Romeiro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Faculty, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (A.S.d.O.); (L.d.C.N.)
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy;
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Lima RA, de Souza SLX, Lima LA, Batista ALX, de Araújo JTC, Sousa FFO, Rolim JPML, Bandeira TDJPG. Antimicrobial effect of anacardic acid-loaded zein nanoparticles loaded on Streptococcus mutans biofilms. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1623-1630. [PMID: 32562202 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms play a key role in the pathogenesis of major oral diseases. Nanoparticles open new paths for drug delivery in complex structures such as biofilms. This study evaluated the antimicrobial effect of zein nanoparticles containing anacardic acid (AA) extracted from cashew shells of Anacardium occidentale on in vitro Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation and mature biofilms. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bacterial concentration (MBC), and antibiofilm assays were performed. Streptococcus mutans UA159 biofilms were formed on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite disk for 5 days. To evaluate the preventive effect on biofilm formation, before contact with the inoculum, the disks were immersed once for 2 min in (1) hydroethanolic solution; (2) blank zein nanoparticles; (3) zein nanoparticles containing AA; and (4) 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate. To determine the effect against mature biofilms, the disks containing 5-day preformed biofilms were further treated using the same procedure. The bacterial viability and dry weight were determined for both assays and used to compare the groups using ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Both MIC and MBC for AA-loaded zein nanoparticles were 0.36 μg/mL. Groups 3 and 4 were very effective in inhibiting S. mutans biofilm formation, as no colony-forming units were detected. In contrast, for mature biofilms, no difference in bacterial viability (p = 0.28) or dry weight (p = 0.09) was found between the treatments. Therefore, the AA-based nanoformulation presented very high inhibitory and bactericidal activities against planktonic S. mutans, and the results indicate a strong antiplaque effect. However, the formulation showed no antimicrobial effect on the established biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramille Araújo Lima
- Centro Universitário Christus (UNICHRISTUS), Rua João Adolfo Gurgel, 133, Cocó, Fortaleza, CE, 60190-060, Brazil
| | | | - Lais Aragão Lima
- Centro Universitário Christus (UNICHRISTUS), Rua João Adolfo Gurgel, 133, Cocó, Fortaleza, CE, 60190-060, Brazil
| | - Ana Larissa Ximenes Batista
- Centro Universitário Christus (UNICHRISTUS), Rua João Adolfo Gurgel, 133, Cocó, Fortaleza, CE, 60190-060, Brazil
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Salehi B, Gültekin-Özgüven M, Kirkin C, Özçelik B, Morais-Braga MFB, Carneiro JNP, Bezerra CF, da Silva TG, Coutinho HDM, Amina B, Armstrong L, Selamoglu Z, Sevindik M, Yousaf Z, Sharifi-Rad J, Muddathir AM, Devkota HP, Martorell M, Jugran AK, Cho WC, Martins N. Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anticancer Effects of Anacardium Plants: An Ethnopharmacological Perspective. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:295. [PMID: 32595597 PMCID: PMC7303264 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anacardium plants have received increasing recognition due to its nutritional and biological properties. A number of secondary metabolites are present in its leaves, fruits, and other parts of the plant. Among the diverse Anacardium plants' bioactive effects, their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities comprise those that have gained more attention. Thus, the present article aims to review the Anacardium plants' biological effects. A special emphasis is also given to their pharmacological and clinical efficacy, which may trigger further studies on their therapeutic properties with clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Mine Gültekin-Özgüven
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Celale Kirkin
- Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, School of Applied Sciences, Özyegin University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Beraat Özçelik
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Bioactive Research & Innovation Food Manufac. Indust. Trade Ltd., Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Joara Nalyda Pereira Carneiro
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology of Cariri, Department of Biological Sciences, Cariri Regional University, Crato, Brazil
| | - Camila Fonseca Bezerra
- Laboratory of Planning and Synthesis of Drugs, Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Teresinha Gonçalves da Silva
- Laboratory of Planning and Synthesis of Drugs, Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Brazil
| | - Benabdallah Amina
- Department of Agronomy, SAPVESA Laboratory, Nature and Life Sciences Faculty, University Chadli Bendjedid, El-Tarf, Algeria
| | - Lorene Armstrong
- State University of Ponta Grossa, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Zeliha Selamoglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nigde Ömer Halisdemir University, Campus, Nigde, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Sevindik
- Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Bahçe Vocational School, Department of Food Processing, Osmaniye, Turkey
| | - Zubaida Yousaf
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mahmoud Muddathir
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat, Sudan
| | - Hari Prasad Devkota
- School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Program for Leading Graduate Schools, Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented (HIGO) Program, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad de Concepción UDT, Concepción, Chile
| | - Arun Kumar Jugran
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Garhwal Regional Centre, Uttarakhand, India
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Zafar F, Gupta A, Thangavel K, Khatana K, Sani AA, Ghosal A, Tandon P, Nishat N. Physicochemical and Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Anacardic Acid Derivatives. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:6021-6030. [PMID: 32226883 PMCID: PMC7098041 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Anacardic acid (AA) and its derivatives are well-known for their therapeutic applications ranging from antitumor, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and so forth. However, their poor pharmacokinetic and safety properties create significant hurdles in the formulation of the final drug molecule. As a part of our endeavor to enhance the potential and exploration of the anticancer activities, a detailed study on the properties of selected AA derivatives was performed in this work. A comprehensive analysis of the drug-like properties of 100 naturally occurring AA derivatives was performed, and the results were compared with certain marketed anticancer drugs. The work focused on the understanding of the interplay among eight physicochemical properties. The relationships between the physicochemical properties, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion attributes, and the in silico toxicity profile for the set of AA derivatives were established. The ligand efficacy of the finally scrutinized 17 AA derivatives on the basis of pharmacokinetic properties and toxicity parameters was further subjected to dock against the potential anticancer target cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (PDB ID: 1W98). In the docked complex, the ligand molecules (AA derivatives) selectively bind with the target residues, and a high binding affinity of the ligand molecules was ensured by the full fitness score using the SwissDock Web server. The BOILED-Egg model shows that out of 17 scrutinized molecules, 3 molecules exhibit gastrointestinal absorption capability and 14 molecules exhibit permeability through the blood-brain barrier penetration. The analysis can also provide some useful insights to chemists to modify the existing natural scaffolds in designing new anacardic anticancer drugs. The increased probability of success may lead to the identification of drug-like candidates with favorable safety profiles after further clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahmina Zafar
- Inorganic
Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Anjali Gupta
- Division
of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Science, Galgotias University, Greater
Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karthick Thangavel
- Department
of Physics, School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kavita Khatana
- Division
of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Science, Galgotias University, Greater
Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ali Alhaji Sani
- Division
of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Science, Galgotias University, Greater
Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anujit Ghosal
- Inorganic
Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
- Division
of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Science, Galgotias University, Greater
Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
- School
of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100811, China
| | - Poonam Tandon
- Department
of Physics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
| | - Nahid Nishat
- Inorganic
Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
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Paiva Filho JC, Morais SMD, Nogueira Sobrinho AC, Cavalcante GS, Silva NAD, Abreu FOMDS. Design of chitosan-alginate core-shell nanoparticules loaded with anacardic acid and cardol for drug delivery. POLIMEROS 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.08118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ramos EH, Nomen R, Sempere J. Recovery of Anacardic Acids from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid with Ion-Exchange Resins. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b04192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erick H. Ramos
- Department of Process Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas (UCA), Boulevard Los Próceres, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Rosa Nomen
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliá Sempere
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
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Weigel WK, Dennis TN, Kang AS, Perry JJP, Martin DBC. A Heck-Based Strategy To Generate Anacardic Acids and Related Phenolic Lipids for Isoform-Specific Bioactivity Profiling. Org Lett 2018; 20:6234-6238. [PMID: 30251866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic strategy for phenolic lipids such as anacardic acid and ginkgolic acid derivatives using an efficient and selective redox-relay Heck reaction followed by a stereoselective olefination is reported. This approach controls both the alkene position and stereochemistry, allowing the synthesis of natural and unnatural unsaturated lipids as single isomers. By this strategy, the activities of different anacardic acid and ginkgolic acid derivatives have been examined in a matrix metalloproteinase inhibition assay.
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de Souza MQ, Teotônio IMSN, de Almeida FC, Heyn GS, Alves PS, Romeiro LAS, Pratesi R, de Medeiros Nóbrega YK, Pratesi CB. Molecular evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of phenolic lipid extracted from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 18:181. [PMID: 29890972 PMCID: PMC5996561 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anacardium occidentale L phenolic lipid (LDT11) is used in traditional medicine as anti-inflammatory, astringent, antidiarrheal, anti-asthmatic and depurative. Phenolic derivatives, such as anacardic acid, extracted from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) have demonstrated biological and pharmacological properties, and its profile makes it a candidate for the development of new anti-inflammatory agents. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory profile of a derivative, synthesized from LDT11, on an in vitro cellular model. METHODS Organic synthesis of the phenolic derivative of CNSL that results in the hemi-synthetic compound LDT11. The cytotoxicity of the planned compound, LDT11, was analyzed in murine macrophages cell line, RAW264.7. The cells were previously treated with LDT11, and then, the inflammation was stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in intervals of 6 h and 24 h. The analysis of the gene expression of inflammatory markers (TNFα, iNOS, COX-2, NF-κB, IL-1β and IL-6), nitric oxide (NO) dosage, and cytokine IL-6 were realized. RESULTS The results showed that the phenolic derivative, LDT11, influenced the modulatory gene expression. The relative gene transcripts quantification demonstrated that the LDT11 disclosed an immunoprotective effect against inflammation by decreasing genes expression when compared with cells stimulated with LPS in the control group. The NO and IL-6 dosages confirmed the results found in gene expression. DISCUSSION The present study evaluated the immunoprotective effect of LDT11. In addition to a significant reduction in the expression of inflammatory genes, LDT11 also had a faster and superior anti-inflammatory action than the commercial products, and its response was already evident in the test carried out six hours after the treatment of the cells. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated LDT11 is potentially valuable as a rapid immunoprotective anti-inflammatory agent. Treatment with LDT11 decreased the gene expression of inflammatory markers, and the NO, and IL-6 production. When compared to commercial drugs, LDT11 showed a superior anti-inflammatory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilen Queiroz de Souza
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences and Celiac Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Asa Norte – CEP 70910900, Brasilia, DF Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF Brazil
| | - Isabella Márcia Soares Nogueira Teotônio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences and Celiac Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Asa Norte – CEP 70910900, Brasilia, DF Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF Brazil
| | - Fernanda Coutinho de Almeida
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences and Celiac Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Asa Norte – CEP 70910900, Brasilia, DF Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF Brazil
| | - Gabriella Simões Heyn
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF Brazil
| | - Priscilla Souza Alves
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF Brazil
| | - Luiz Antônio Soares Romeiro
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF Brazil
| | - Riccardo Pratesi
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences and Celiac Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Asa Norte – CEP 70910900, Brasilia, DF Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF Brazil
| | - Yanna Karla de Medeiros Nóbrega
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF Brazil
| | - Claudia B. Pratesi
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences and Celiac Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Asa Norte – CEP 70910900, Brasilia, DF Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF Brazil
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Potential biological applications of bio-based anacardic acids and their derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:8569-90. [PMID: 25894225 PMCID: PMC4425097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16048569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cashew nut shells (CNS), which are agro wastes from cashew nut processing factories, have proven to be among the most versatile bio-based renewable materials in the search for functional materials and chemicals from renewable resources. CNS are produced in the cashew nut processing process as waste, but they contain cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) up to about 30-35 wt. % of the nut shell weight depending on the method of extraction. CNSL is a mixture of anacardic acid, cardanol, cardol, and methyl cardol, and the structures of these phenols offer opportunities for the development of diverse products. For anacardic acid, the combination of phenolic, carboxylic, and a 15-carbon alkyl side chain functional group makes it attractive in biological applications or as a synthon for the synthesis of a multitude of bioactive compounds. Anacardic acid, which is about 65% of a CNSL mixture, can be extracted from the agro waste. This shows that CNS waste can be used to extract useful chemicals and thus provide alternative green sources of chemicals, apart from relying only on the otherwise declining petroleum based sources. This paper reviews the potential of anacardic acids and their semi-synthetic derivatives for antibacterial, antitumor, and antioxidant activities. The review focuses on natural anacardic acids from CNS and other plants and their semi-synthetic derivatives as possible lead compounds in medicine. In addition, the use of anacardic acid as a starting material for the synthesis of various biologically active compounds and complexes is reported.
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Omanakuttan A, Nambiar J, Harris RM, Bose C, Pandurangan N, Varghese RK, Kumar GB, Tainer JA, Banerji A, Perry JJP, Nair BG. Anacardic acid inhibits the catalytic activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82:614-22. [PMID: 22745359 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.079020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of a wide variety of pathophysiological conditions. To further define the mechanism of CNSL action, we investigated the effect of cashew nut shell extract (CNSE) on two matrix metalloproteinases, MMP-2/gelatinase A and MMP-9/gelatinase B, which are known to have critical roles in several disease states. We observed that the major constituent of CNSE, anacardic acid, markedly inhibited the gelatinase activity of 3T3-L1 cells. Our gelatin zymography studies on these two secreted gelatinases, present in the conditioned media from 3T3-L1 cells, established that anacardic acid directly inhibited the catalytic activities of both MMP-2 and MMP-9. Our docking studies suggested that anacardic acid binds into the MMP-2/9 active site, with the carboxylate group of anacardic acid chelating the catalytic zinc ion and forming a hydrogen bond to a key catalytic glutamate side chain and the C15 aliphatic group being accommodated within the relatively large S1' pocket of these gelatinases. In agreement with the docking results, our fluorescence-based studies on the recombinant MMP-2 catalytic core domain demonstrated that anacardic acid directly inhibits substrate peptide cleavage in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC₅₀ of 11.11 μM. In addition, our gelatinase zymography and fluorescence data confirmed that the cardol-cardanol mixture, salicylic acid, and aspirin, all of which lack key functional groups present in anacardic acid, are much weaker MMP-2/MMP-9 inhibitors. Our results provide the first evidence for inhibition of gelatinase catalytic activity by anacardic acid, providing a novel template for drug discovery and a molecular mechanism potentially involved in CNSL therapeutic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athira Omanakuttan
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India
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Carvalho ALN, Annoni R, Silva PRP, Borelli P, Fock RA, Trevisan MTS, Mauad T. Acute, subacute toxicity and mutagenic effects of anacardic acids from cashew (Anacardium occidentale Linn.) in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 135:730-736. [PMID: 21511024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Anacardium occidentale Linn. (cashew) is a Brazilian plant that is usually consumed in natura and is used in folk medicine. Anacardic acids (AAs) in the cashew nut shell liquid are biologically active as gastroprotectors, inhibitors of the activity of various deleterious enzymes, antitumor agents and antioxidants. Yet, there are no reports of toxicity testing to guarantee their use in vivo models. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated AAs biosafety by measuring the acute, subacute and mutagenic effects of AAs administration in BALB/c mice. In acute tests, BALB/c mice received a single oral dose of 2000 mg/kg, whereas animals in subacute tests received 300, 600 and 1000 mg/kg for 30 days. Hematological, biochemical and histological analyses were performed in all animals. Mutagenicity was measured with the acute micronucleus test 24h after oral administration of 250 mg/kg AAs. RESULTS Our results showed that the AAs acute minimum lethal dose in BALB/c mice is higher than 2000 mg/kg since this concentration did not produce any symptoms. In subacute tests, females which received the highest doses (600 or 1000 mg/kg) were more susceptible, which was seen by slightly decreased hematocrit and hemoglobin levels coupled with a moderate increase in urea. Anacardic acids did not produce any mutagenic effects. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that doses less than 300 mg/kg did not produce biochemical and hematological alterations in BALB/c mice. Additional studies must be conducted to investigate the pharmacological potential of this natural substance in order to ensure their safe use in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Nicoletti Carvalho
- Experimental Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LPAE), Department of Pathology, São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av Dr Arnaldo 455, Room 1155, 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Watanabe Y, Suzuki R, Koike S, Nagashima K, Mochizuki M, Forster RJ, Kobayashi Y. In vitro evaluation of cashew nut shell liquid as a methane-inhibiting and propionate-enhancing agent for ruminants. J Dairy Sci 2011; 93:5258-67. [PMID: 20965342 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) containing antibacterial phenolic compounds was evaluated for its potency as a feed additive for ruminants. In experiment 1, ruminal responses to CNSL supplementation were assessed using a batch culture system. Rumen fluid from cattle was diluted with artificial saliva and incubated for 18h in a batch culture with a mixed diet containing a 30:70 hay:concentrate diet to which raw or heated CNSL was added at a final concentration of 500 μg/mL. In experiment 2, a Rusitec, using rumen fluid from the same cattle, was operated over a period of 7 d during which only raw CNSL was tested at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, or 200 μg/mL, and variations in fermentation and bacterial population were assessed. In experiment 3, a pure culture study was conducted using selected bacteria to determine their susceptibility to CNSL. In experiment 1, methane production was inhibited by raw CNSL (56.9% inhibition) but not by heated CNSL. Total volatile fatty acid concentration was not affected, whereas increased concentrations of propionate and decreased concentrations of acetate and butyrate were observed using either raw or heated CNSL. These changes were more obvious when raw CNSL was tested. In experiment 2, raw CNSL inhibited methanogenesis and increased propionate production in a dose-dependent manner, showing maximum methane inhibition (70.1%) and propionate enhancement (44.4%) at 200 μg/mL supplementation. Raw CNSL increased total volatile fatty acid concentration and dry matter digestibility. Raw CNSL also appeared to induce a dramatic shift in the population of rumen microbiota, based on decreased protozoa numbers and changes in quantitative PCR assay values for representative bacterial species. In experiment 3, using pure cultures, raw CNSL prevented the growth of hydrogen-, formate-, and butyrate-producing rumen bacteria, but not the growth of bacteria involved in propionate production. Based on these data, raw CNSL, rich in the antibacterial phenolic compound anacardic acid, is a potential candidate feed additive with selective activity against rumen microbes, leading to fermentation that results in decreased methane and enhanced propionate production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Watanabe
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Kalbasi RJ, Massah AR, Barkhordari Z. An Efficient and Green Approach for the Esterification of Aromatic Acids with Various Alcohols over H3PO4/TiO2-ZrO2. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.8.2361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Stasiuk M, Kozubek A. Biological activity of phenolic lipids. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:841-60. [PMID: 20213924 PMCID: PMC11115636 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic lipids are a very diversified group of compounds derived from mono and dihydroxyphenols, i.e., phenol, catechol, resorcinol, and hydroquinone. Due to their strong amphiphilic character, these compounds can incorporate into erythrocytes and liposomal membranes. In this review, the antioxidant, antigenotoxic, and cytostatic activities of resorcinolic and other phenolic lipids are described. The ability of these compounds to inhibit bacterial, fungal, protozoan and parasite growth seems to depend on their interaction with proteins and/or on their membrane-disturbing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stasiuk
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, University of Wroclaw, Poland.
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