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Coimbra JRM, Resende R, Custódio JBA, Salvador JAR, Santos AE. BACE1 Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives. J Alzheimers Dis 2024:JAD240146. [PMID: 38943390 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Disease-modifying therapies (DMT) for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are highly longed-for. In this quest, anti-amyloid therapies take center stage supported by genetic facts that highlight an imbalance between production and clearance of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in AD patients. Indeed, evidence from basic research, human genetic and biomarker studies, suggests the accumulation of Aβ as a driver of AD pathogenesis and progression. The aspartic protease β-site AβPP cleaving enzyme (BACE1) is the initiator for Aβ production. Underpinning a critical role for BACE1 in AD pathophysiology are the elevated BACE1 concentration and activity observed in the brain and body fluids of AD patients. Therefore, BACE1 is a prime drug target for reducing Aβ levels in early AD. Small-molecule BACE1 inhibitors have been extensively developed for the last 20 years. However, clinical trials with these molecules have been discontinued for futility or safety reasons. Most of the observed adverse side effects were due to other aspartic proteases cross-inhibition, including the homologue BACE2, and to mechanism-based toxicity since BACE1 has substrates with important roles for synaptic plasticity and synaptic homeostasis besides amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP). Despite these setbacks, BACE1 persists as a well-validated therapeutic target for which a specific inhibitor with high substrate selectivity may yet to be found. In this review we provide an overview of the evolution in BACE1 inhibitors design pinpointing the molecules that reached advanced phases of clinical trials and the liabilities that precluded adequate trial effects. Finally, we ponder on the challenges that anti-amyloid therapies must overcome to achieve clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judite R M Coimbra
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rosa Resende
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José B A Custódio
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge A R Salvador
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Armanda E Santos
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Ayoup MS, Barakat MR, Abdel-Hamid H, Emam E, Al-Faiyz YS, Masoud AA, Ghareeb DA, Sonousi A, Kassab AE. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 1,2,4-oxadiazole-based derivatives as multitarget anti-Alzheimer agents. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:2080-2097. [PMID: 38911158 PMCID: PMC11187554 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00113c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A series of novel 1,2,4-oxadiazole-based derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their potential anti-Alzheimer disease activity. The results revealed that compounds 2b, 2c, 2d, 3a, 4a, 6, 9a, 9b, and 13b showed excellent inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with IC50 values in the range of 0.0158 to 0.121 μM. They were 1.01 to 7.78 times more potent than donepezil (IC50 = 0.123 μM). The newly synthesized compounds exhibited lower activity towards butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) when compared to rivastigmine. Compounds 4b and 13b showed the most prominent inhibitory potential against BuChE with IC50 values of 11.50 and 15 μM, respectively. Moreover, 4b, and 9b were found to be more potent antioxidant agents (IC50 values of 59.25, and 56.69 μM, respectively) in comparison with ascorbic acid (IC50 = 74.55 μM). Compounds 2b and 2c exhibited monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 74.68 and 225.48 μM, respectively. They were 3.55 and 1.17 times more potent than biperiden (IC50 = 265.85 μM). The prominent interactions of the compounds with the AChE active site can be used to computationally explain the high AChE inhibitory activity. The results unveiled 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives 2c and 3a as multitarget anti-AD agents. The predicted ADME properties for compounds 2b and 4a were satisfactory, and 4a had the highest likelihood of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), making it the optimum compound for future optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Salah Ayoup
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University P.O. Box 400 Al-Ahsa 31982 Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University P.O. Box 426 Alexandria 21321 Egypt
| | - Mohamed Reda Barakat
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University P.O. Box 426 Alexandria 21321 Egypt
| | - Hamida Abdel-Hamid
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University P.O. Box 426 Alexandria 21321 Egypt
| | - Ehab Emam
- General Q.C Manager, Alexandria company for pharmaceuticals Alexandria 21521 Egypt
| | - Yasair S Al-Faiyz
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University P.O. Box 400 Al-Ahsa 31982 Saudi Arabia
| | - Aliaa A Masoud
- Bio-screening and Preclinical Trial Lab, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University 21511 Alexandria Egypt
| | - Doaa A Ghareeb
- Bio-screening and Preclinical Trial Lab, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University 21511 Alexandria Egypt
- Center of Excellence for Drug Preclinical Studies (CE-DPS), Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industry Development Center, City of Scientific Research & Technological Applications (SRTA-city) New Borg El Arab Alexandria Egypt
| | - Amr Sonousi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University P.O. Box 11562, Kasr El-Aini Street Cairo Egypt
- University of Hertfordshire hosted by Global Academic Foundation, New Administrative Capital Cairo Egypt
| | - Asmaa E Kassab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University P.O. Box 11562, Kasr El-Aini Street Cairo Egypt
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Verma A, Waiker DK, Singh N, Singh A, Saraf P, Bhardwaj B, Kumar P, Krishnamurthy S, Srikrishna S, Shrivastava SK. Lead optimization based design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of quinazoline derivatives as multi-targeting agents for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116450. [PMID: 38701714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The complexity and multifaceted nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have driven us to further explore quinazoline scaffolds as multi-targeting agents for AD treatment. The lead optimization strategy was utilized in designing of new series of derivatives (AK-1 to AK-14) followed by synthesis, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation against human cholinesterase's (hChE) and β-secretase (hBACE-1) enzymes. Amongst them, compounds AK-1, AK-2, and AK-3 showed good and significant inhibitory activity against both hAChE and hBACE-1 enzymes with favorable permeation across the blood-brain barrier. The most active compound AK-2 revealed significant propidium iodide (PI) displacement from the AChE-PAS region and was non-neurotoxic against SH-SY5Y cell lines. The lead molecule (AK-2) also showed Aβ aggregation inhibition in a self- and AChE-induced Aβ aggregation, Thioflavin-T assay. Further, compound AK-2 significantly ameliorated Aβ-induced cognitive deficits in the Aβ-induced Morris water maze rat model and demonstrated a significant rescue in eye phenotype in the Aꞵ-phenotypic drosophila model of AD. Ex-vivo immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis on hippocampal rat brains showed reduced Aβ and BACE-1 protein levels. Compound AK-2 suggested good oral absorption via pharmacokinetic studies and displayed a good and stable ligand-protein interaction in in-silico molecular modeling analysis. Thus, the compound AK-2 can be regarded as a lead molecule and should be investigated further for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Digambar Kumar Waiker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Abhinav Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Poorvi Saraf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Bhagwati Bhardwaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Saripella Srikrishna
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Sushant Kumar Shrivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India.
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Waiker DK, Verma A, Gajendra TA, Namrata, Roy A, Kumar P, Trigun SK, Srikrishna S, Krishnamurthy S, Davisson VJ, Shrivastava SK. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of some 2-(3-oxo-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazin-2(3H)-yl)-N-phenylacetamide hybrids as MTDLs for Alzheimer's disease therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116409. [PMID: 38663285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Inspite of established symptomatic relief drug targets, a multi targeting approach is highly in demand to cure Alzheimer's disease (AD). Simultaneous inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE), β secretase-1 (BACE-1) and Dyrk1A could be promising in complete cure of AD. A series of 18 diaryl triazine based molecular hybrids were successfully designed, synthesized, and tested for their hChE, hBACE-1, Dyrk1A and Aβ aggregation inhibitory potentials. Compounds S-11 and S-12 were the representative molecules amongst the series with multi-targeted inhibitory effects. Compound S-12 showed hAChE inhibition (IC50 value = 0.486 ± 0.047 μM), BACE-1 inhibition (IC50 value = 0.542 ± 0.099 μM) along with good anti-Aβ aggregation effects in thioflavin-T assay. Only compound S-02 of the series has shown Dyrk1A inhibition (IC50 value = 2.000 ± 0.360 μM). Compound S-12 has also demonstrated no neurotoxic liabilities against SH-SY5Y as compared to donepezil. The in vivo behavioral studies of the compound S-12 in the scopolamine- and Aβ-induced animal models also demonstrated attanuation of learning and memory functions in rats models having AD-like characteristics. The ex vivo studies, on the rat hippocampal brain demonstrated reduction in certain biochemical markers of the AD brain with a significant increase in ACh level. The Western blot and Immunohistochemistry further revealed lower tau, APP and BACE-1 molecular levels. The drosophilla AD model also revealed improved eyephenotype after treatment with compound S-12. The molecular docking studies of the compounds suggested that compound S-12 was interacting with the ChE-PAS & CAS residues and catalytic dyad residues of the BACE-1 enzymes. The 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation studies of the ligand-protein complexed with hAChE and hBACE-1 also suggested stable ligand-protein confirmation throughout the simulation run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digambar Kumar Waiker
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology - Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Akash Verma
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology - Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - T A Gajendra
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Namrata
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Anima Roy
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Surendra Kumar Trigun
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Saripella Srikrishna
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Vincent Jo Davisson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Sushant Kumar Shrivastava
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology - Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Parashar A, Jha D, Mehta V, Chauhan B, Ghosh P, Deb PK, Jaiswal M, Prajapati SK. Sonic hedgehog signalling pathway contributes in age-related disorders and Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 96:102271. [PMID: 38492808 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is caused by the aging process and manifested by cognitive deficits and progressive memory loss. During aging, several conditions, including hypertension, diabetes, and cholesterol, have been identified as potential causes of AD by affecting Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signalling. In addition to being essential for cell differentiation and proliferation, Shh signalling is involved in tissue repair and the prevention of neurodegeneration. Neurogenesis is dependent on Shh signalling; inhibition of this pathway results in neurodegeneration. Several protein-protein interactions that are involved in Shh signalling are implicated in the pathophysiology of AD like overexpression of the protein nexin-1 inhibits the Shh pathway in AD. A protein called Growth Arrest Specific-1 works with another protein called cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) to boost Shh signalling. CDO is involved in the development of the central nervous system (CNS). Shh signalling strengthened the blood brain barrier and therefore prevent the entry of amyloid beta and other toxins to the brain from periphery. Further, several traditional remedies used for AD and dementia, including Epigallocatechin gallate, yokukansan, Lycium barbarum polysaccharides, salvianolic acid, and baicalin, are known to stimulate the Shh pathway. In this review, we elaborated that the Shh signalling exerts a substantial influence on the pathogenesis of AD. In this article, we have tried to explore the various possible connections between the Shh signalling and various known pathologies of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Parashar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology & Management Sciences, Solan 173 212, India.
| | - Dhruv Jha
- Birla Institute of Technology, India
| | - Vineet Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, Government College of Pharmacy, Rohru, District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171207, India
| | - Bonney Chauhan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology & Management Sciences, Solan 173 212, India
| | - Pappu Ghosh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology & Management Sciences, Solan 173 212, India
| | - Prashanta Kumar Deb
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology & Management Sciences, Solan 173 212, India
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Verma A, Waiker DK, Singh N, Roy A, Singh N, Saraf P, Bhardwaj B, Krishnamurthy S, Trigun SK, Shrivastava SK. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Investigation of Quinazoline Derivatives as Multitargeting Therapeutics in Alzheimer's Disease Therapy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:745-771. [PMID: 38327209 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
An efficient and promising method of treating complex neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the multitarget-directed approach. Here in this work, a series of quinazoline derivatives (AV-1 to AV-21) were rationally designed, synthesized, and biologically evaluated as multitargeted directed ligands against human cholinesterase (hChE) and human β-secretase (hBACE-1) that exhibit moderate to good inhibitory effects. Compounds AV-1, AV-2, and AV-3 from the series demonstrated balanced and significant inhibition against these targets. These compounds also displayed excellent blood-brain barrier permeability via the PAMPA-BBB assay. Compound AV-2 significantly displaced propidium iodide (PI) from the acetylcholinesterase-peripheral anionic site (AChE-PAS) and was found to be non-neurotoxic at the maximum tested concentration (80 μM) against differentiated SH-SY5Y cell lines. Compound AV-2 also prevented AChE- and self-induced Aβ aggregation in the thioflavin T assay. Additionally, compound AV-2 significantly ameliorated scopolamine and Aβ-induced cognitive impairments in the in vivo behavioral Y-maze and Morris water maze studies, respectively. The ex vivo and biochemical analysis further revealed good hippocampal AChE inhibition and the antioxidant potential of the compound AV-2. Western blot and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of hippocampal brain revealed reduced Aβ, BACE-1, APP/Aβ, and Tau molecular protein expressions levels. The pharmacokinetic analysis of compound AV-2 demonstrated significant oral absorption with good bioavailability. The in silico molecular modeling studies of lead compound AV-2 moreover demonstrated a reasonable binding profile with AChE and BACE-1 enzymes and stable ligand-protein complexes throughout the 100 ns run. Compound AV-2 can be regarded as the lead candidate and could be explored more for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Digambar Kumar Waiker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Anima Roy
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Namrata Singh
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Poorvi Saraf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Bhagwati Bhardwaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Surendra Kumar Trigun
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sushant Kumar Shrivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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Bajad NG, Singh RB, T A G, Gutti G, Kumar A, Krishnamurthy S, Singh SK. Development of multi-targetable chalcone derivatives bearing N-aryl piperazine moiety for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:107082. [PMID: 38199142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The multi-target directed ligand (MTDL) discovery has been gaining immense attention in the development of therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The strategy has been evolved as an auspicious approach suitable to combat the heterogeneity and the multifactorial nature of AD. Therefore, multi-targetable chalcone derivatives bearing N-aryl piperazine moiety were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for the treatment of AD. All the synthesized compounds were screened for thein vitro activityagainst acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butylcholinesterase (BuChE), β-secretase-1 (BACE-1), and inhibition of amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation. Amongst all the tested derivatives, compound 41bearing unsubstituted benzylpiperazine fragment and para-bromo substitution at the chalcone scaffold exhibited balanced inhibitory profile against the selected targets. Compound 41 elicited favourable permeation across the blood-brain barrier in the PAMPA assay. The molecular docking and dynamics simulation studies revealed the binding mode analysis and protein-ligand stability ofthe compound with AChE and BACE-1. Furthermore,itameliorated cognitive dysfunctions and signified memory improvement in thein-vivobehavioural studies (scopolamine-induced amnesia model). Theex vivobiochemical analysis of mice brain homogenates established the reduced AChE and increased ACh levels. The antioxidant activity of compound 41 was accessed with the determination of catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The findings suggested thatcompound 41, containing a privileged chalcone scaffold, can act as a lead molecule for developing AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Gajanan Bajad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory I, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi - 221005, India
| | | | - Gajendra T A
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory I, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi - 221005, India
| | - Gopichand Gutti
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory I, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi - 221005, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory I, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi - 221005, India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory I, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi - 221005, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Singh
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory I, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi - 221005, India.
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Shi W, Han W, Liao Y, Wen J, Zhang G. Inhibition mechanism of fisetin on acetylcholinesterase and its synergistic effect with galantamine. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 305:123452. [PMID: 37769468 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The search for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors produced by natural sources is of great significance for the prevention and therapy of Alzheimer's disease and has been widely concerned. In this study, fisetin, a flavonoid compound of plant origin, displayed a mixed inhibition mode on AChE (IC50 = 8.88 ± 0.14 μM). Fluorescence spectra analysis revealed that fisetin statically quenched AChE fluorescence, and the ground state complex was formed by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Circular dichroism assays showed that fisetin induced AChE structure loosened with a decrease in α-helix structure (from 20.6 % to 19.5 %). Computer simulation exhibited that fisetin bound to both the peripheral anionic site (PAS) and the catalytic active site (CAS) and increased the stability of the AChE. Interestingly, the combination of fisetin and galantamine enhanced the binding affinity between AChE and galantamine and induced AChE structure further loosened, while the inhibition mode was still the mixed type. The heatmap analysis indicated that galantamine (0.2 μM) combined with fisetin (2.25 μM) had a significant synergy on AChE inhibition, probably because fisetin binding at the PAS-AChE induced conformation changes of the gorge and CAS, which enhanced galantamine binding affinity with CAS, and a further loose structure of AChE was induced by the mixture, so finally the interaction between the substrate and AChE was strongly affected. This work may offer a theoretical reference for the functional research of fisetin as a potential AChE inhibitor and an enhanced supplement for galantamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Wenxin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yijing Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jiaqi Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Guowen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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9
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Begum F, Yousaf M, Iqbal S, Ullah N, Hussain A, Khan M, Khalid A, Algarni AS, Abdalla AN, Khan A, Lodhi MA, Al-Harrasi A. Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase with Novel 1, 3, 4, Oxadiazole Derivatives: A Kinetic, In Silico, and In Vitro Approach. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:46816-46829. [PMID: 38107974 PMCID: PMC10719919 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological disease that disturbs the memory, thinking skills, and behavior of the affected person. AD is a complex disease caused by the breakdown of acetylcholine via acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The present study aimed to assess the synthetic inhibitors of AChE that could be used to treat AD. For this purpose, synthetic compounds of oxadiazole derivatives (15-35) were evaluated and identified as promising inhibitors of AChE, exhibiting IC50 varying between 41.87 ± 0.67 and 1580.25 ± 0.7 μM. The kinetic parameters indicated that all the studied compounds bind to the allosteric site and decrease the efficiency of the AChE enzyme. In silico docking analysis showed that the majority of the compounds interact with the anionic subsite and Per-Arnt-Sim domain of AChE and are stabilized by various bonds including π-π and hydrogen bonding. The stability of the most potent compounds 16 and 17 with AChE interaction was confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations. Moreover, all compounds exhibited concentration-dependent calcium (Ca2+) antagonistic and spasmolytic activities. Among the whole series of oxadiazole derivatives, compounds 16 and 17 displayed the highest activities on spontaneous and potassium (K+)-induced contraction. Therefore, the AChE inhibitory potential, cytotoxicity safe profile, and Ca2+ antagonistic ability of these compounds make them potential therapeutic agents against AD and its associated problems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Begum
- Department
of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University
Mardan, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yousaf
- Department
of Chemistry, Government Post Graduate College
Mardan, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Iqbal
- Atta-ur-Rahman
School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National
University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Nazif Ullah
- Department
of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University
Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan
| | - Anwar Hussain
- Department
of Botany, Garden Campus, Abdul Wali Khan
University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan
| | - Momin Khan
- Department
of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University
Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance
Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan
University, P.O. Box: 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alanood S. Algarni
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf N. Abdalla
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural
and Medical Sciences Research Centre, University
of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Muhammad Arif Lodhi
- Department
of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University
Mardan, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural
and Medical Sciences Research Centre, University
of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
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10
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Kiran PVR, Waiker DK, Verma A, Saraf P, Bhardwaj B, Kumar H, Singh A, Kumar P, Singh N, Srikrishna S, Trigun SK, Shrivastava SK. Design and development of benzyl piperazine linked 5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione conjugates as potential agents to combat Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106749. [PMID: 37517157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Our present work demonstrates the molecular hybridization-assisted design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 22 benzylpiperazine-linked 1,2,4-triazole compounds (PD1-22) as AD modifying agents. All the compounds were tested for their in vitro hChEs, hBACE-1, and Aβ-aggregation inhibition properties. Among them, compound PD-08 and PD-22 demonstrated good hChE and hBACE-1 inhibition as compared to standards donepezil and rivastigmine. Both compounds displaced PI from PAS at 50 µM concentration which was comparable to donepezil and also demonstrated anti-Aβ aggregation properties in self- and AChE-induced thioflavin T assay. Both compounds have shown excellent BBB permeation via PAMPA-BBB assay and were found to be non-neurotoxic at 80 µM concentration against differentiated SH-SY5Y cell lines. Compound PD-22 demonstrated an increase in rescued eye phenotype in Aβ-phenotypic drosophila AD model and amelioration of behavioral deficits in the Aβ-induced rat model of AD. The in-silico docking studies of compound PD-22 revealed a good binding profile towards CAS and PAS residues of AChE and the catalytic dyad of the BACE-1. The 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation studies of compound PD-22 complexed with AChE and BACE-1 enzymes suggested stable ligand-protein complex throughout the simulation run. Based on our findings compound PD-22 could further be utilized as a lead to design a promising candidate for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pidugu Venkata Ravi Kiran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Digambar Kumar Waiker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Akash Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Poorvi Saraf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Bhagwati Bhardwaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Hansal Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Abhinav Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Namrata Singh
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Saripella Srikrishna
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Surendra Kumar Trigun
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sushant Kumar Shrivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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11
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Zahraee H, Mohammadi F, Parvaee E, Khoshbin Z, Arab SS. Reducing the assemblies of amyloid-beta multimers by sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactant at concentrations lower than critical micelle concentration: molecular dynamics simulation exploration. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37599504 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2247086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β peptide, the predominant proteinaceous component of senile plaques, is responsible for the incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD), an age-associated neurodegenerative disorder. Specifically, the amyloid-β(1-42) (Aβ1-42) isoform, known for its high toxicity, is the predominant biomarker for the preliminary diagnosis of AD. The aggregation of the Aβ1-42 peptides can be affected by the components of the cellular medium through changing their structures and molecular interactions. In this study, we investigated the effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at much lower concentrations than the critical micelle concentration (CMC) on Aβ1-42 aggregation. For this purpose, we studied mono-, di-, tri- and tetramers of Aβ1-42 peptide in two different concentrations of SDS molecules (10 and 40 molecules) using a 300 ns molecular dynamics simulation for each system. The distance between the center of mass (COM) of Aβ1-42 peptides confirms that an increase in the number of SDS molecules decreases their aggregation probability due to greater interaction with SDS molecules. Besides, the less compactness parameter reveals the reduced aggregation probability of Aβ1-42 peptides. Based on the energetic FEL landscapes, SDS molecules with the concentration closer to the CMC are an effective inhibitory agent to prevent the formation of Aβ1-42 fibrils. Also, the aggregation direction of the peptide pairs can be predicted by determining the direction of the accumulation-deterrent forces.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Zahraee
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elahe Parvaee
- Department of Chemistry, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Khoshbin
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Shahriar Arab
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Bhanukiran K, Singh SK, Singh R, Kumar A, Hemalatha S. Discovery of Multitarget-Directed Ligands from Piperidine Alkaloid Piperine as a Cap Group for the Management of Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:2743-2760. [PMID: 37433759 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The naturally inspired multitarget-directed ligands (PC01-PC10 and PD01-PD26) were synthesized from piperine for the management of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The compound PD07 showed significant inhibitory activity on ChEs, BACE1, and Aβ1-42 aggregation in in vitro studies. Further, compound PD07 effectively displaced the propidium iodide at the AChE PAS site. The compound PD07 exhibited significant lipophilicity in PAMPA studies. Additionally, PD07 demonstrated neuroprotective properties in the Aβ1-42 induced SH-SY5Y cell line. Furthermore, DFT calculations were performed using B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) basis sets to explore the PD07 physical and chemical properties. The compound PD07 showed a similar binding interaction profile at active sites of AChE, BuChE, and BACE1 proteins as compared to reference ligands (donepezil, tacrine, and BSD) in molecular docking and dynamic simulation studies. In acute oral toxicity studies, compound PD07 exhibited no toxicity symptoms up to 300 mg/kg, po. The compound PD07 (10 mg/kg, po) improved memory and cognition in scopolamine-induced amnesia rats. Further, PD07 increased ACh levels in the brain by inhibiting the AChE activity. The results from in vitro, in silico, and in vivo studies suggested that compound PD07 is a potent multitarget-directed lead from piperine to overcome Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kancharla Bhanukiran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ravi Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Siva Hemalatha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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13
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Auti PS, Jagetiya S, Paul AT. Chromone Containing Hybrid Analogs: Synthesis and Applications in Medicinal Chemistry. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300587. [PMID: 37332056 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The use of privileged scaffolds has proven beneficial for generating novel bioactive scaffolds in drug discovery program. Chromone is one such privileged scaffold that has been exploited for designing pharmacologically active analogs. The molecular hybridization technique combines the pharmacophoric features of two or more bioactive compounds to avail a better pharmacological activity in the resultant hybrid analogs. The current review summarizes the rationale and techniques involved in developing hybrid analogs of chromone, which show potential in fields of obesity, diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer's disease and microbial infections. Here the molecular hybrids of chromone with various pharmacologically active analogs or fragments (donepezil, tacrine, pyrimidines, azoles, furanchalcones, hydrazones, quinolines, etc.) are discussed with their structure-activity relationship against above-mentioned diseases. Detailed methodologies for the synthesis of corresponding hybrid analogs have also been described, with suitable synthetic schemes. The current review will shed light on various strategies utilized for the design of hybrid analogs in the field of drug discovery. The importance of hybrid analogs in various disease conditions is also illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant S Auti
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sakshi Jagetiya
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Atish T Paul
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
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14
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Waiker DK, Verma A, A GT, Singh N, Roy A, Dilnashin H, Tiwari V, Trigun SK, Singh SP, Krishnamurthy S, Lama P, Davisson VJ, Shrivastava SK. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Piperazine and N-Benzylpiperidine Hybrids of 5-Phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-thiol as Potential Multitargeted Ligands for Alzheimer's Disease Therapy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37216500 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Our present work demonstrates the successful design and synthesis of a new class of compounds based upon a multitargeted directed ligand design approach to discover new agents for use in Alzheimer's disease (AD). All the compounds were tested for their in vitro inhibitory potential against human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE), human butylcholinesterase (hBChE), β-secretase-1 (hBACE-1), and amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation. Compounds 5d and 5f have shown hAChE and hBACE-1 inhibition comparable to donepezil, while hBChE inhibition was comparable to rivastigmine. Compounds 5d and 5f also demonstrated a significant reduction in the formation of Aβ aggregates through the thioflavin T assay and confocal, atomic force, and scanning electron microscopy studies and significantly displaced the total propidium iodide, that is, 54 and 51% at 50 μM concentrations, respectively. Compounds 5d and 5f were devoid of neurotoxic liabilities against RA/BDNF (RA = retinoic acid; BDNF = brain-derived neurotrophic factor)-differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines at 10-80 μM concentrations. In both the scopolamine- and Aβ-induced mouse models for AD, compounds 5d and 5f demonstrated significant restoration of learning and memory behaviors. A series of ex vivo studies of hippocampal and cortex brain homogenates showed that 5d and 5f elicit decreases in AChE, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide levels, an increase in glutathione level, and reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA. The histopathological examination of mice revealed normal neuronal appearance in the hippocampal and cortex regions of the brain. Western blot analysis of the same tissue indicated a reduction in Aβ, amyloid precursor protein (APP)/Aβ, BACE-1, and tau protein levels, which were non-significant compared to the sham group. The immunohistochemical analysis also showed significantly lower expression of BACE-1 and Aβ levels, which was comparable to donepezil-treated group. Compounds 5d and 5f represent new lead candidates for developing AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digambar Kumar Waiker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Akash Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Gajendra T A
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Namrata Singh
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Anima Roy
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Hagera Dilnashin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Surendra Kumar Trigun
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Surya P Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Prem Lama
- CSIR - Indian Institute of Petroleum, Tech. Block, Mohkampur, Dehradun 248005, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vincent Jo Davisson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 479047, United States
| | - Sushant Kumar Shrivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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15
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Quan J, Yang H, Qin F, He Y, Liu J, Zhao Y, Ma C, Cheng M. Discovery of novel tryptamine derivatives as GluN2B subunit-containing NMDA receptor antagonists via pharmacophore-merging strategy with orally available therapeutic effect of cerebral ischemia. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 253:115318. [PMID: 37037139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of tryptamine derivatives has been designed and synthesized as novel GluN2B subunit-containing NMDA receptor (GluN2B-NMDAR) antagonists, which could simultaneously manifest the receptor-ligand interactions of representative GluN2B-NMDAR antagonists ifenprodil (1) and EVT-101 (3). In the present study, the neuroprotective potential of these compounds was explored through chemical synthesis and pharmacological characterization. Compound Z25 with significantly better neuroprotective activity than the positive control drug (percentage of protection: 55.8 ± 0.6% vs. 41.0 ± 2.7%) was considered to be an effective antagonist of the human GluN2B-NMDA receptor. Judging from in vitro pharmacological profiling, Z25 could downregulate NMDA-induced increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and Z25 could also upregulate NMDA-induced decreased intracellular p-ERK 1/2 expression, which suggested that Z25 is an antagonist of the GluN2B-NMDA receptor. Furthermore, the in vitro preliminary evaluation of the drug-like properties of compound Z25 showed remarkable plasma stability. Based on in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies in C57 mice, compound Z25 exhibited a relatively short half-life and a low F value (3.12 ± 0.01%), while administration of Z25 substantially improved the cognitive performance of mice in a series of tests of cerebral ischemic injury. Overall, these results support the further development of compound Z25 as a potential lead compound to treat the cerebral ischemic injury by antagonizing GluN2B-NMDA receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishun Quan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Huali Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengyun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yeli He
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Waiker D, Verma A, Saraf P, T.A. G, Krishnamurthy S, Chaurasia RN, Shrivastava SK. Development and Evaluation of Some Molecular Hybrids of N-(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-((5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)thio) as Multifunctional Agents to Combat Alzheimer's Disease. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:9394-9414. [PMID: 36936338 PMCID: PMC10018501 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c08061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A series of some novel compounds (SD-1-17) were designed following a molecular hybridization approach, synthesized, and biologically tested for hAChE, hBChE, hBACE-1, and Aβ aggregation inhibition potential to improve cognition and memory functions associated with Alzheimer's disease. Compounds SD-4 and SD-6 have shown multifunctional inhibitory profiles against hAChE, hBChE, and hBACE-1 enzymes in vitro. Compounds SD-4 and SD-6 have also shown anti-Aβ aggregation potential in self- and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-induced thioflavin T assay. Both compounds have shown a significant propidium iodide (PI) displacement from the cholinesterase-peripheral active site (ChE-PAS) region with excellent blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and devoid of neurotoxic liabilities. Compound SD-6 ameliorates cognition and memory functions in scopolamine- and Aβ-induced behavioral rat models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ex vivo biochemical estimation revealed a significant decrease in malonaldehyde (MDA) and AChE levels, while a substantial increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione (GSH), and ACh levels is seen in the hippocampal brain homogenates. The histopathological examination of brain slices also revealed no sign of neuronal or any tissue damage in the SD-6-treated experimental animals. The in silico molecular docking results of compounds SD-4 and SD-6 showed their binding with hChE-catalytic anionic site (CAS), PAS, and the catalytic dyad residues of the hBACE-1 enzymes. A 100 ns molecular dynamic simulation study of both compounds with ChE and hBACE-1 enzymes also confirmed the ligand-protein complex's stability, while quikprop analysis suggested drug-like properties of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digambar
Kumar Waiker
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras
Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Akash Verma
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras
Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Poorvi Saraf
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras
Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Gajendra T.A.
- Neurotherapeutics
Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and
Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras
Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Neurotherapeutics
Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and
Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras
Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rameshwar Nath Chaurasia
- Institute
of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sushant Kumar Shrivastava
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras
Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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17
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Martins MM, Branco PS, Ferreira LM. Enhancing the Therapeutic Effect in Alzheimer's Disease Drugs: The role of Polypharmacology and Cholinesterase inhibitors. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202300461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Margarida Martins
- Department of Chemistry NOVA School of Science and Technology Campus da Caparica 2825-149 Caparica Portugal
| | - Paula S. Branco
- Department of Chemistry NOVA School of Science and Technology Campus da Caparica 2825-149 Caparica Portugal
| | - Luísa M. Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry NOVA School of Science and Technology Campus da Caparica 2825-149 Caparica Portugal
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18
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Bhanukiran K, T A G, Krishnamurthy S, Singh SK, Hemalatha S. Discovery of multi-target directed 3-OH pyrrolidine derivatives through a semisynthetic approach from alkaloid vasicine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 249:115145. [PMID: 36706620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Vasicine is a pyrroloquinazoline alkaloid, which has been isolated from the plant Adhatoda vasica. Naturally inspired semi-synthetic transformations were prepared using vasicine as a synthetic precursor to overcome Alzheimer's disease (AD). These semi-synthetic analogs exhibited stable interactions and were well resided at AChE and BChE active sites in in-silico studies. Further, in-vitro experiments were performed to assess the cholinesterase inhibitory activity and reduction of amyloid-beta (Aβ1-42) plaques potency, PAMPA assay permeability, and antioxidant activity, these findings suggested that compound VA10 can be a lead molecule among all the synthesized analogs. The compound VA10 binds towards AChE peripheral anionic site (PAS) property was established through propidium iodide displacement assay. Moreover, VA10 showed no notable cytotoxicity and exhibited neuroprotective nature on Aβ1-42 treated SH-SY5Y cell line. In addition, VA10 was found to be safe in rats, which was confirmed by acute oral toxicity studies. Furthermore, in-vivo studies suggested that compound VA10 (10 mg/kg, p.o) ameliorated the memory and cognition impairment in scopolamine-induced amnesia model and Aβ1-42 induced Alzheimer rat model. Ex-vivo studies of compound VA10 demonstrate improved ACh levels by inhibiting AChE activity in rat brain. Moreover, histopathological observations on rats brain sections indicate VA10 (10 mg/kg, p.o) recovered the neuronal cells at hippocampus region (DG, CA3, and CA1). These positive experimental data from in-silico, in-vitro and in-vivo studies, suggested that compound VA10 can be a lead compound for further preclinical development studies as a naturally derived alkaloid for anti-AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kancharla Bhanukiran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Gajendra T A
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Siva Hemalatha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India.
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19
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Piperidine Derivatives: Recent Advances in Synthesis and Pharmacological Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032937. [PMID: 36769260 PMCID: PMC9917539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Piperidines are among the most important synthetic fragments for designing drugs and play a significant role in the pharmaceutical industry. Their derivatives are present in more than twenty classes of pharmaceuticals, as well as alkaloids. The current review summarizes recent scientific literature on intra- and intermolecular reactions leading to the formation of various piperidine derivatives: substituted piperidines, spiropiperidines, condensed piperidines, and piperidinones. Moreover, the pharmaceutical applications of synthetic and natural piperidines were covered, as well as the latest scientific advances in the discovery and biological evaluation of potential drugs containing piperidine moiety. This review is designed to help both novice researchers taking their first steps in this field and experienced scientists looking for suitable substrates for the synthesis of biologically active piperidines.
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20
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Saleem U, Chauhdary Z, Islam S, Zafar A, Khayat RO, Althobaiti NA, Shah GM, Alqarni M, Shah MA. Sarcococca saligna ameliorated D-galactose induced neurodegeneration through repression of neurodegenerative and oxidative stress biomarkers. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:717-734. [PMID: 35881299 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01046-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sarcococca saligna is a valuable source of bioactive secondary metabolites exhibiting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. The study was intended to explore the therapeutic pursuits of S. saligna in amelioration of cognitive and motor dysfunctions induced by D-galactose and linked mechanistic pathways. Alzheimer's disease model was prepared by administration of D-galactose subcutaneous injection100 mg/kg and it was treated with rivastigmine (100 mg/kg, orally) and plant extract for 42 days. Cognitive and motor functions were evaluated by behavioral tasks and oxidative stress biomarkers. Level of acetylcholinesterase, reduced level of glutathione, protein and nitrite level, and brain neurotransmitters were analyzed in brain homogenate. The level of apoptosis regulator Bcl-2, Caspases 3 and heat shock protein HSP-70 in brain homogenates were analyzed by ELISA and colorimetric method, respectively. AChE, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-1α and β secretase expressions were analyzed by RT-PCR. S. saligna dose dependently suppressed the neurodegenerative effects of D-galactose induced behavioral and biochemical impairments through modulation of antioxidant enzymes and acetylcholinesterase inhibition. S. saligna markedly (P < 0.05) ameliorated the level of brain neurotransmitters, Bcl-2, HSP-70 and Caspases-3 level. S. saligna at 500-1000 mg/kg considerably recovered the mRNA expression of neurodegenerative and neuro-inflammatory biomarkers, also evident from histopathological analysis. These findings suggest that S. saligna could be applicable in cure of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Zunera Chauhdary
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sumera Islam
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Aimen Zafar
- University Institute of Food Science & Technology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rana O Khayat
- Department of Biology, College of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah A Althobaiti
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Al-Quwaiiyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Mujtaba Shah
- Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed Alqarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Monteiro KLC, Dos Santos Alcântara MG, Freire NML, Brandão EM, do Nascimento VL, Dos Santos Viana LM, de Aquino TM, da Silva-Júnior EF. BACE-1 Inhibitors Targeting Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2023; 20:131-148. [PMID: 37309767 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666230612155953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) is the main event related to Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Over the years, several disease-modulating approaches have been reported, but without clinical success. The amyloid cascade hypothesis evolved and proposed essential targets such as tau protein aggregation and modulation of β-secretase (β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 - BACE-1) and γ-secretase proteases. BACE-1 cuts the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to release the C99 fragment, giving rise to several Aβ peptide species during the subsequent γ-secretase cleavage. In this way, BACE-1 has emerged as a clinically validated and attractive target in medicinal chemistry, as it plays a crucial role in the rate of Aβ generation. In this review, we report the main results of candidates in clinical trials such as E2609, MK8931, and AZD-3293, in addition to highlighting the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic-related effects of the inhibitors already reported. The current status of developing new peptidomimetic, non-peptidomimetic, naturally occurring, and other class inhibitors are demonstrated, considering their main limitations and lessons learned. The goal is to provide a broad and complete approach to the subject, exploring new chemical classes and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadja Luana Chagas Monteiro
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Marcone Gomes Dos Santos Alcântara
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Monteiro Lins Freire
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Esaú Marques Brandão
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Lima do Nascimento
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Líbni Maísa Dos Santos Viana
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mendonça de Aquino
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Edeildo Ferreira da Silva-Júnior
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
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22
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Current Pharmacotherapy and Multi-Target Approaches for Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121560. [PMID: 36559010 PMCID: PMC9781592 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by decreased synaptic transmission and cerebral atrophy with appearance of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Cognitive, functional, and behavioral alterations are commonly associated with the disease. Different pathophysiological pathways of AD have been proposed, some of which interact and influence one another. Current treatment for AD mainly involves the use of therapeutic agents to alleviate the symptoms in AD patients. The conventional single-target treatment approaches do not often cause the desired effect in the disease due to its multifactorial origin. Thus, multi-target strategies have since been undertaken, which aim to simultaneously target multiple targets involved in the development of AD. In this review, we provide an overview of the pathogenesis of AD and the current drug therapies for the disease. Additionally, rationales of the multi-target approaches and examples of multi-target drugs with pharmacological actions against AD are also discussed.
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23
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Ramesh M, Govindaraju T. Multipronged diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13657-13689. [PMID: 36544728 PMCID: PMC9710308 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03932j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and a major contributor to dementia cases worldwide. AD is clinically characterized by learning, memory, and cognitive deficits. The accumulation of extracellular amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of tau are the pathological hallmarks of AD and are explored as targets for clinical diagnosis and therapy. AD pathology is poorly understood and there are no fully approved diagnosis and treatments. Notwithstanding the gap, decades of research in understanding disease mechanisms have revealed the multifactorial nature of AD. As a result, multipronged and holistic approaches are pertinent to targeting multiple biomarkers and targets for developing effective diagnosis and therapeutics. In this perspective, recent developments in Aβ and tau targeted diagnostic and therapeutic tools are discussed. Novel indirect, combination, and circulating biomarkers as potential diagnostic targets are highlighted. We underline the importance of multiplexing and multimodal detection of multiple biomarkers to generate biomarker fingerprints as a reliable diagnostic strategy. The classical therapeutics targeting Aβ and tau aggregation pathways are described with bottlenecks in the strategy. Drug discovery efforts targeting multifaceted toxicity involving protein aggregation, metal toxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and neuroinflammation are highlighted. Recent efforts focused on multipronged strategies to rationally design multifunctional modulators targeting multiple pathological factors are presented as future drug development strategies to discover potential therapeutics for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Ramesh
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Jakkur P.O. Bengaluru Karnataka 560064 India
| | - Thimmaiah Govindaraju
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Jakkur P.O. Bengaluru Karnataka 560064 India
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24
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Manzoor S, Prajapati SK, Majumdar S, Khurana S, Krishnamurthy S, Hoda N. Pharmacological Investigations of Selected Multitarget‐Direct Ligands for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Manzoor
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi India- 110025
| | - Santosh Kumar Prajapati
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, U.P India- 221005
| | - Shreyasi Majumdar
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, U.P India- 221005
| | - Shilpi Khurana
- Department of Chemistry Deshbandhu College Kalkaji Main Rd, Block H, Kalkaji New Delhi India- 110019
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, U.P India- 221005
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi India- 110025
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25
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Wang N, Liu W, Zhou L, Liu W, Liang X, Liu X, Xu Z, Zhong T, Wu Q, Jiao X, Chen J, Ning X, Jiang X, Zhao Q. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Notopterol Derivatives as Triple Inhibitors of AChE/BACE1/GSK3β for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:32131-32152. [PMID: 36120034 PMCID: PMC9476211 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is very complex, and there are many hypotheses. Therefore, the development of a multi-target-directed-ligand may be an effective therapeutic strategy. Our previous study showed that notopterol (a natural product from Notopterygium) is a dual BACE1/GSK3β inhibitor. In this study, we designed and synthesized 48 notopterol derivatives with furacoumarin as a scaffold in order to enhance their balanced AChE/BACE1/GSK3β inhibitory activity. Fortunately, 1c showed effective inhibitory activity against AChE (58.7% at 1.0 μM), BACE1 (48.3% at 20 μM), and GSK3β (40.3% at 10 μM). Furthermore, 1c showed good blood-brain barrier penetrability, suitable bioavailability, and oral safety. More importantly, 1c could ameliorate the impaired learning and memory in Aβ-induced AD mice. In conclusion, we reported the triple inhibitor of AChE/BACE1/GSK3β lead compounds based on a furocoumarin scaffold of notopterol for the first time, which provides a potential new strategy for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Department
of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern
Theater Command, Shenyang110840, People’s Republic
of China
- School
of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- School
of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang
Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Lijun Zhou
- School
of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenwu Liu
- School
of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang
Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Xu Liang
- School
of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- School
of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zihua Xu
- Department
of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern
Theater Command, Shenyang110840, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Tianming Zhong
- Department
of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern
Theater Command, Shenyang110840, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department
of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern
Theater Command, Shenyang110840, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Xinming Jiao
- School
of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangxia Chen
- School
of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Ning
- School
of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Jiang
- Department
of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern
Theater Command, Shenyang110840, People’s Republic
of China
- School
of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People’s Republic of China
- Key
Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry
of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingchun Zhao
- Department
of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern
Theater Command, Shenyang110840, People’s Republic
of China
- School
of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People’s Republic of China
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26
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Zhang HR, Song YQ, Kang MH, Gong ZQ, Wang R, Tang GM, Wang YT. Tunable Ambroxol-based luminescent materials: Syntheses, crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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27
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Liu W, Wu L, Liu W, Tian L, Chen H, Wu Z, Wang N, Liu X, Qiu J, Feng X, Xu Z, Jiang X, Zhao Q. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel coumarin derivatives as multifunctional ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 242:114689. [PMID: 36007469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multi-targeted directed ligands (MTDLs) are emerging as promising Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapeutic possibilities. Coumarin is a multifunctional backbone with extensive bioactivity that has been utilized to develop innovative anti-neurodegenerative properties and is a desirable starting point for the construction of MTDLs. Herein, we explored and synthesized a series of novel coumarin derivatives and assessed their inhibitory effects on cholinesterase (AChE, BuChE), GSK-3β, and BACE1. Among these compounds, compound 30 displayed the multifunctional profile of targeting the AChE (IC50 = 1.313 ± 0.099 μM) with a good selectivity over BuChE (SI = 24.623), GSK-3β (19.30% inhibition at 20 μM), BACE1 (IC50 = 1.227 ± 0.112 μM), along with moderate HepG2 cytotoxicity, SH-SY5Y cytotoxicity, low HL-7702 cytotoxicity, as well as good blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Kinetic and docking studies indicated that compound 30 was a competitive AChE inhibitor. Furthermore, acute toxicity experiments revealed that it was non-toxic at a dosage of 1000 mg/kg. The ADME prediction results indicate that 30 has acceptable physicochemical properties. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that compound 30 would be a potential multifunctional candidate for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Limeng Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwu Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Liting Tian
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanhua Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongchan Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110840, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingsong Qiu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangling Feng
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihua Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110840, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Jiang
- School of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110840, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingchun Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110840, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Alzheimer's disease: Updated multi-targets therapeutics are in clinical and in progress. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114464. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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29
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Shrivastava SK, Nivrutti AA, Bhardwaj B, Waiker DK, Verma A, Tripathi PN, Tripathi M, Saraf P. Drug reposition-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of dual inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and β-Secretase for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Costantino AR, Charbe N, Duarte Y, Gutiérrez M, Giordano A, Prasher P, Dua K, Mandolesi S, Zacconi FC. Toward the cholinesterase inhibition potential of TADDOL derivatives: Seminal biological and computational studies. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200142. [PMID: 35892245 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative neurological disease characterized by gradual loss of cognitive skills and memory. The exact pathogenesis involved still remains unrevealed, but several studies indicate the involvement of an array of different enzymes, underlining the multifactorial character of the disease. Inhibition of these enzymes is therefore a powerful approach in the development of AD treatments, with promising candidates, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), and monoamine oxidase. Interestingly, AChE is the target of a major pesticide family (organophosphates), with several reports indicating an intersection between the pesticide's activity and AD. In this study, various TADDOL derivatives were synthesized and their in vitro activities as AChE/BuChE inhibitors as well as their antioxidant activities were studied. Molecular modeling studies revealed the capability of TADDOL derivatives to bind to AChE and induce inhibition, especially compounds 2b and 3c furnishing IC50 values of 36.78 ± 8.97 and 59.23 ± 5.31 µM, respectively. Experimental biological activities and molecular modeling studies clearly demonstrate that TADDOL derivatives with specific stereochemistry have an interesting potential for the design of potent AChE inhibitors. The encouraging results for compounds 2b and 3c indicate them as promising scaffolds for selective and potent AChE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Costantino
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Nitin Charbe
- Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, Texas, USA
| | - Yorley Duarte
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita Gutiérrez
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory and Biological Activity (LSO-Act-Bio), Institute of Chemistry and Natural Resources, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Ady Giordano
- Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia.,Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Sandra Mandolesi
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Flavia C Zacconi
- Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,The Research Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, CIEN-UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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31
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Rai H, Gupta S, Kumar S, Yang J, Singh SK, Ran C, Modi G. Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probes as Imaging and Theranostic Modalities for Amyloid-Beta and Tau Aggregates in Alzheimer's Disease. J Med Chem 2022; 65:8550-8595. [PMID: 35759679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A person suspected of having Alzheimer's disease (AD) is clinically diagnosed for the presence of principal biomarkers, especially misfolded amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau proteins in the brain regions. Existing radiotracer diagnostic tools, such as PET imaging, are expensive and have limited availability for primary patient screening and pre-clinical animal studies. To change the status quo, small-molecular near-infrared (NIR) probes have been rapidly developed, which may serve as an inexpensive, handy imaging tool to comprehend the dynamics of pathogenic progression in AD and assess therapeutic efficacy in vivo. This Perspective summarizes the biochemistry of Aβ and tau proteins and then focuses on structurally diverse NIR probes with coverages of their spectroscopic properties, binding affinity toward Aβ and tau species, and theranostic effectiveness. With the summarized information and perspective discussions, we hope that this paper may serve as a guiding tool for designing novel in vivo imaging fluoroprobes with theranostic capabilities in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Rai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, U.P.-221005, India
| | - Sarika Gupta
- Molecular Science Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Saroj Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
| | - Jian Yang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Sushil K Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, U.P.-221005, India
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Gyan Modi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, U.P.-221005, India
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32
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Azetidin-2-one-based small molecules as dual hHDAC6/HDAC8 inhibitors: Investigation of their mechanism of action and impact of dual inhibition profile on cell viability. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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33
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Advancements in the development of multi-target directed ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 61:116742. [PMID: 35398739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial irreversible neurological disorder which results in cognitive impairment, loss of cholinergic neurons in synapses of the basal forebrain and neuronal death. Exact pathology of the disease is not yet known however, many hypotheses have been proposed for its treatment. The available treatments including monotherapies and combination therapies are not able to combat the disease effectively because of its complex pathological mechanism. A multipotent drug for AD has the potential to bind or inhibit multiple targets responsible for the progression of the disease like aggregated Aβ, hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, cholinergic and adrenergic receptors, MAO enzymes, overactivated N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor etc. The traditional approach of one disease-one target-one drug has been rationalized to one drug-multi targets for the chronic diseases like AD and cancer. Thus, over the last decade research focus has been shifted towards the development of multi target directed ligands (MTDLs) which can simultaneously inhibit multiple targets and stop or slow the progression of the disease. The MTDLs can be more effective against AD and eliminate any possibility of drug-drug interactions. Many important active pharmacophore units have been fused, merged or incorporated into different scaffolds to synthesize new potent drugs. In the current article, we have described various hypothesis for AD and effectiveness of the MTDLs treatment strategy is discussed in detail. Different chemical scaffolds and their synthetic strategies have been described and important functionalities are identified in the chemical scaffold that have the potential to bind to the multiple targets. The important leads identified in this study with MTDL characteristics have the potential to be developed as drug candidates for the effective treatment of AD.
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Generation of wild-type rat Glucocerebrosidase homology modeling: Identification of putative interactions site and mechanism for chaperone using combined in-silico and in-vitro studies. Bioorg Chem 2022; 126:105871. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Yang J, Zhou Y, Ban Y, Mi J, He Y, Li X, Liu Z, Wang K, Zhu G, Liu W, Tan Z, Sang Z. Development of naringenin- O-alkylamine derivatives as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:792-816. [PMID: 35193434 PMCID: PMC8881077 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2041627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a series of naringenin-O-alkylamine derivatives were designed and obtained by introducing an alkylamine fragment into the naringenin skeleton. The in vitro biological activity results revealed that compounds 5f and 7k showed good antioxidant activity with ORAC values of 2.3eq and 1.2eq, respectively. Compounds 5f and 7k were reversible and excellent huAChE inhibitors with IC50 values of 0.91 μM and 0.57 μM, respectively. Moreover, compounds 5f and 7k could inhibit self-induced Aβ1–42 aggregation with 62.1% and 43.8% inhibition rate, respectively, and significantly inhibited huAChE-Aβ1–40 aggregation with 51.7% and 43.4% inhibition rate, respectively. In addition, compounds 5f and 7k were selective metal chelators and remarkably inhibited Cu2+-induced Aβ1–42 aggregation with 73.5% and 68.7% inhibition rates, respectively. Furthermore, compounds 5f and 7k could cross the blood-brain barrier in vitro and displayed good neuroprotective effects and anti-inflammatory properties. Further investigation showed that compound 5f did not show obvious hepatotoxicity and displayed a good hepatoprotective effect by its antioxidant activity. The in vivo study displayed that compound 5f significantly improved scopolamine-induced mice memory impairment. Therefore, compound 5f was a potential multifunctional candidate for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Yujuan Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jing Mi
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Ying He
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Xinjuan Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Zhengwei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Keren Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Gaofeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wenmin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Zhenghuai Tan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhipei Sang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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Karimian S, Shekouhy M, Pirhadi S, Iraji A, Attarroshan M, Edraki N, Khoshneviszadeh M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of benzimidazoles/1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine hybrid compounds: a new class of multifunctional alzheimer targeting agents. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00371f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Twelve novel benzimidazole/1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine hybrids were synthesized and biologically studied as multifunctional Alzheimer-controlling agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaye Karimian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Shekouhy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran
| | - Somayeh Pirhadi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aida Iraji
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Central Research Laboratory, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahshid Attarroshan
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Najmeh Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoshneviszadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Sang Z, Song Q, Cao Z, Deng Y, Zhang L. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of chalcone-Vitamin E-donepezil hybrids as multi-target-directed ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 37:69-85. [PMID: 34894968 PMCID: PMC8667902 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1993845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel series of chalcone-Vitamin E-donepezil hybrids was designed and developed based on multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) strategy for treating Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The biological results revealed that compound 17f showed good AChE inhibitory potency (ratAChE IC50 = 0.41 µM; eeAChE IC50 = 1.88 µM). Both the kinetic analysis and docking study revealed that 17f was a mixed type AChE inhibitor. 17f was also a good antioxidant (ORAC = 3.3 eq), selective metal chelator and huMAO-B inhibitor (IC50 = 8.8 µM). Moreover, it showed remarkable inhibition of self- and Cu2+-induced Aβ1–42 aggregation with a 78.0 and 93.5% percentage rate at 25 µM, respectively, and disassembled self-induced and Cu2+-induced aggregation of the accumulated Aβ1–42 fibrils with 72.3 and 84.5% disaggregation rate, respectively. More importantly, 17f exhibited a good neuroprotective effect on H2O2-induced PC12 cell injury and presented good blood-brain barrier permeability in vitro. Thus, 17f was a promising multi-target-directed ligand for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipei Sang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Song
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongcheng Cao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Deng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Elderly Digestive, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Liu Y, Cong L, Han C, Li B, Dai R. Recent Progress in the Drug Development for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease Especially on Inhibition of Amyloid-peptide Aggregation. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:969-990. [PMID: 33245270 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666201127104539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As the world 's population is aging, Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become a big concern since AD has started affecting younger people and the population of AD patients is increasing worldwide. It has been revealed that the neuropathological hallmarks of AD are typically characterized by the presence of neurotoxic extracellular amyloid plaques in the brain, which are surrounded by tangles of neuronal fibers. However, the causes of AD have not been completely understood yet. Currently, there is no drug to effectively prevent AD or to completely reserve the symptoms in the patients. This article reviews the pathological features associated with AD, the recent progress in research on the drug development to treat AD, especially on the discovery of natural product derivatives to inhibit Aβ peptide aggregation as well as the design and synthesis of Aβ peptide aggregation inhibitors to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lin Cong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 10081, China
| | - Chu Han
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bo Li
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Rongji Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 10081, China
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Bulbocodin D ameliorate cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 transgenic mice by modulating amyloid-beta burden, oxidative status and neuroinflammation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2073-2082. [PMID: 33811504 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05832-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Amyloid β peptide (Aβ) triggers a series of pathological events including microglial activation, oxidative stress, and inflammation-causing neuronal death and typical pathological changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanism of bulbocodin D for AD in vivo. METHODS In this study, Morris water maze (MWM) analysis was used to detect the cognitive ability of APP/PS1 mice after gavage with bulbocodin D for 2 months. Levels of Aβ40, Aβ42, IL-1β, and TNF-α were evaluated by ELISA. Aβ plaques and biomarkers of neuroinflammation were also investigated through histological analysis. RESULTS We established that bulbocodin D significantly improved cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 transgenic mice and reduced the levels of amyloid plaque, Aβ40, and Aβ42. Bulbocodin D also reduced levels of microglial markers IbA1, GFAP, and antioxidant enzymes and reduced the products of lipid peroxidation and proinflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION In summary, the present study provides preclinical evidence that oral bulbocodin D can reduce AD pathology.
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Machine learning models for predicting the activity of AChE and BACE1 dual inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Divers 2021; 26:1501-1517. [PMID: 34327619 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Multi-target directed ligand-based 2D-QSAR models were developed using different N-benzyl piperidine derivatives showing inhibitory activity toward acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and β-Site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE1). Five different classes of molecular descriptors belonging to spatial, structural, thermodynamics, electro-topological and E-state indices were used for machine learning by linear method, genetic function approximation (GFA) and nonlinear method, support vector machine (SVM) and artificial neural network (ANN). Dataset used for QSAR model development includes 57 AChE and 53 BACE1 inhibitors. Statistically significant models were developed for AChE (R2 = 0.8688, q2 = 0.8600) and BACE1 (R2 = 0.8177, q2 = 0.7888) enzyme inhibitors. Each model was generated with an optimum five significant molecular descriptors such as electro-topological (ES_Count_aaCH and ES_Count_dssC), structural (QED_HBD, Num_TerminalRotomers), spatial (JURS_FNSA_1) for AChE and structural (Cl_Count, Num_Terminal Rotomers), electro-topological (ES_Count_dO), electronic (Dipole_Z) and spatial (Shadow_nu) for BACE1 enzyme, determining the key role in its enzyme inhibitory activity. The predictive ability of the generated machine learning models was validated using the leave-one-out, Fischer (F) statistics and predictions based on the test set of 11 AChE (r2 = 0.8469, r2pred = 0.8138) and BACE1 (r2 = 0.7805, r2pred = 0.7128) inhibitors. Further, nonlinear machine learning methods such as ANN and SVM predicted better than the linear method GFA. These molecular descriptors are very important in describing the inhibitory activity of AChE and BACE1 enzymes and should be used further for the rational design of multi-targeted anti-Alzheimer's lead molecules.
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Dual-target compounds for Alzheimer's disease: Natural and synthetic AChE and BACE-1 dual-inhibitors and their structure-activity relationship (SAR). Eur J Med Chem 2021; 221:113492. [PMID: 33984802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease and represents the major cause of dementia worldwide. Currently, there are no available treatments capable to deliver disease-modifying effects, and the available drugs can only alleviate the symptoms. The exact pathology of AD is not yet fully understood and several hallmarks such as the presence of amyloid-β (Aβ) senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) as well as the loss of cholinergic function have been associated to AD. Distinct pharmacological targets have been validated to address AD, with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and β-secretase-1 (BACE-1) being two of the most explored ones. A great deal of research has been devoted to the development of new AChE and BACE-1 effective inhibitors, tackled separately or in combination of both. The multi-factorial nature of AD conducted to the development of multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs), defined as single molecules capable to modulate more than one biological target, as an alternative approach to the old paradigm one-target one-drug. In this context, this review describes a collection of natural and synthetic compounds with dual-inhibitory properties towards both AChE and BACE-1 in the MTDLs context. Furthermore, this review also provides a critical comprehensive analysis of structure-activity relationships (SAR) of the synthetic compounds.
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Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel dimethylamino chalcone-O-alkylamines derivatives as potential multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 216:113310. [PMID: 33667847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of dimethylamino chalcone-O-alkylamines derivatives was designed and synthesized as multifunctional agents for the treatment of AD. All the target compounds exhibited significant abilities to inhibit and disaggregate Aβ aggregation, and acted as potential selective AChE inhibitors, biometal chelators and selective MAO-B inhibitors. Among these compounds, compound TM-6 showed the greatest inhibitory activity against self-induced Aβ aggregation (IC50 = 0.88 μM) and well disaggregation ability toward self-induced Aβ aggregation (95.1%, 25 μM), the TEM images, molecular docking study and molecular dynamics simulations provided reasonable explanation for its high efficiency, and it was also found to be a remarkable antioxidant (ORAC-FL values of 2.1eq.), the best AChE inhibitor (IC50 = 0.13 μM) and MAO-B inhibitor (IC50 = 1.0 μM), as well as a good neuroprotectant. UV-visual spectrometry and ThT fluorescence assay revealed that compound TM-6 was not only a good biometal chelator by inhibiting Cu2+-induced Aβ aggregation (95.3%, 25 μM) but also could disassemble the well-structured Aβ fibrils (88.1%, 25 μM). Further, TM-6 could cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vitro. More importantly, compound TM-6 did not show any acute toxicity in mice at doses of up to 1000 mg/kg and improved scopolamine-induced memory impairment. Taken together, these data indicated that TM-6, an excellent balanced multifunctional inhibitor, was a potential lead compound for the treatment of AD.
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Manzoor S, Prajapati SK, Majumdar S, Raza MK, Gabr MT, Kumar S, Pal K, Rashid H, Kumar S, Krishnamurthy S, Hoda N. Discovery of new phenyl sulfonyl-pyrimidine carboxylate derivatives as the potential multi-target drugs with effective anti-Alzheimer's action: Design, synthesis, crystal structure and in-vitro biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 215:113224. [PMID: 33582578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is multifactorial, progressive neurodegeneration with impaired behavioural and cognitive functions. The multitarget-directed ligand (MTDL) strategies are promising paradigm in drug development, potentially leading to new possible therapy options for complex AD. Herein, a series of novel MTDLs phenylsulfonyl-pyrimidine carboxylate (BS-1 to BS-24) derivatives were designed and synthesized for AD treatment. All the synthesized compounds were validated by 1HNMR, 13CNMR, HRMS, and BS-19 were structurally validated by X-Ray single diffraction analysis. To evaluate the plausible binding affinity of designed compounds, molecular docking study was performed, and the result revealed their significant interaction with active sites of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). The synthesized compounds displayed moderate to excellent in vitro enzyme inhibitory activity against AChE and BuChE at nanomolar (nM) concentration. Among 24 compounds (BS-1 to BS-24), the optimal compounds (BS-10 and BS-22) displayed potential inhibition against AChE; IC50 = 47.33 ± 0.02 nM and 51.36 ± 0.04 nM and moderate inhibition against BuChE; IC50 = 159.43 ± 0.72 nM and 153.3 ± 0.74 nM respectively. In the enzyme kinetics study, the compound BS-10 displayed non-competitive inhibition of AChE with Ki = 8 nM. Respective compounds BS-10 and BS-22 inhibited AChE-induced Aβ1-42 aggregation in thioflavin T-assay at 10 μM and 20 μM, but BS-10 at 10 μM and 20 μM concentrations are found more potent than BS-22. In addition, the aggregation properties were determined by the dynamic light scattering (DLS) and was found that BS-10 and BS-22 could significantly inhibit self-induced as well as AChE-induced Aβ1-42 aggregation. The effect of compounds (BS-10 and BS-22) on the viability of MC65 neuroblastoma cells and their capability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in PAMPA-BBB were further studied. Further, in silico approach was applied to analyze physicochemical and pharmacokinetics properties of the designed compounds via the SwissADME and PreADMET server. Hence, the novel phenylsulfonyl-pyrimidine carboxylate derivatives can act as promising leads in the development of AChE inhibitors and Aβ disaggregator for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Manzoor
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Prajapati
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, U.P, 221005, India
| | - Shreyasi Majumdar
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, U.P, 221005, India
| | - Md Kausar Raza
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Moustafa T Gabr
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Shivani Kumar
- University School of Biotechnology Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Dwarka, Sector 16C, New Delhi, 110078, India
| | - Kavita Pal
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Haroon Rashid
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- University School of Biotechnology Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Dwarka, Sector 16C, New Delhi, 110078, India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, U.P, 221005, India.
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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Development of genistein-O-alkylamines derivatives as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2021; 107:104602. [PMID: 33453647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The multi-target-directed ligands have been regarded as the promising multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Based on our previous work, a series of genistein-O-alkylamines derivatives was developed to further explore the structure-activity-relationship. The results showed that compound 7d indicated reversible and highly selective hAChE inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 0.53 μM. Compound 7d also displayed good antioxidant activity (ORAC = 1.1 eq.), promising neuroprotective effect and selective metal chelation property. Moreover, compound 7d significantly inhibited self-induced, hAChE-induced and Cu2+-induced Aβ aggregation with 39.8%, 42.1% and 74.1%, respectively, and disaggregated Cu2+-induced Aβ1-42 aggregation (67.3%). In addition, compound 7d was a potential autophagy inducer and improved the levels of GPX4 protein. Furthermore, compound 7d presented good blood-brain-barrier permeability in vitro. More importantly, compound 7d did not show any acute toxicity at doses of up to 1000 mg/kg and presented good precognitive effect on scopolamine-induced memory impairment. Therefore, compound 7d was a promising multifunctional agent for the development of anti-AD drugs.
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Kareem RT, Abedinifar F, Mahmood EA, Ebadi AG, Rajabi F, Vessally E. The recent development of donepezil structure-based hybrids as potential multifunctional anti-Alzheimer's agents: highlights from 2010 to 2020. RSC Adv 2021; 11:30781-30797. [PMID: 35498922 PMCID: PMC9041380 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03718h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a term used to define different brain disorders that affect memory, thinking, behavior, and emotion. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the second cause of dementia that is generated by the death of cholinergic neurons (especially acetylcholine (ACh)), which have a vital role in cognition. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) affect acetylcholine levels in the brain and are broadly used to treat Alzheimer's. Donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine, which are FDA-approved drugs for AD, are cholinesterase inhibitors. In addition, scientists are attempting to develop hybrid molecules and multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) that can simultaneously modulate multiple biological targets. This review highlights recent examples of MTDLs and fragment-based strategy in the rational design of new potential AD medications from 2010 onwards. This review highlights recent examples of multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) based on donepezil structure modification from 2010 onwards.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rzgar Tawfeeq Kareem
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bu Ali Sina, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Abedinifar
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Evan Abdolkareem Mahmood
- College of Health Sciences, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Kurdistan region of Iraq
| | - Abdol Ghaffar Ebadi
- Department of Agriculture, Jouybar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jouybar, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rajabi
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmail Vessally
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
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Yu J, Zhu H, Taheri S, Mondy W, Perry S, Kirstein C, Kindy MS. Effects of GrandFusion Diet on Cognitive Impairment in Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Nutrients 2020; 13:nu13010117. [PMID: 33396967 PMCID: PMC7824640 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the result of the deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide into amyloid fibrils and tau into neurofibrillary tangles. At the present time, there are no possible treatments for the disease. We have recently shown that diets enriched in phytonutrients show protection or limit the extent of damage in a number of neurological disorders. GrandFusion (GF) diets have attenuated the outcomes in animal models of traumatic brain injury, cerebral ischemia, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. In this study, we investigated the effect of GF diets in a mouse model of AD prior to the development of amyloid plaques to show how this treatment paradigm would alter the accumulation of Aβ peptide and related pathologic changes (i.e., inflammation, cathepsin B, and memory impairment). Administration of GF diets (2–4%) over a period of four months in APP/ΔPS1 double-transgenic mice resulted in attenuation in Aβ peptide levels, reduction of amyloid load, and inflammation, increased cathepsin B expression, and improved spatial orientation. Additionally, treatment with GF diets increased nerve growth factor (NGF) levels in the brain and tempered the memory impairment in the animal model. These data suggest that GF diets may alter the development and progression of the mechanisms associated with the disease process to effectively modify AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (J.Y.); (H.Z.); (S.T.); (W.M.)
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (J.Y.); (H.Z.); (S.T.); (W.M.)
| | - Saeid Taheri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (J.Y.); (H.Z.); (S.T.); (W.M.)
| | - William Mondy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (J.Y.); (H.Z.); (S.T.); (W.M.)
| | | | - Cheryl Kirstein
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA;
| | - Mark S. Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (J.Y.); (H.Z.); (S.T.); (W.M.)
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA;
- James A. Haley Veterans Administration Medical Center, Research, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Research, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-813-974-1468
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Kumar S, Tyagi YK, Kumar M, Kumar S. Synthesis of novel 4-methylthiocoumarin and comparison with conventional coumarin derivative as a multi-target-directed ligand in Alzheimer's disease. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:509. [PMID: 33184595 PMCID: PMC7644673 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02481-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial disorder characterized by cognitive deficit and memory loss. The pathological feature of the disease involves β-amyloid senile plaques, reduced levels of acetylcholine neurotransmitter, oxidative stress and neurofibrillary tangles formation within the brain of AD patients. The present study aims to screen the inhibitory activity of newly synthesized and existing novel 4-methylthiocoumarin derivative against acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, BACE1, β-amyloid aggregation and oxidative stress involved in the AD pathogenesis. The in vitro assays used in this study were Ellman's assay, FRET assays, Thioflavin T, transmission electron microscopy, circular dichroism, FRAP, and TEAC. Molecular docking and dynamics studies were performed to correlate the results. C3 and C7 (thiocoumarin derivatives) were found to be the most potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (IC50-5.63 µM) and butyrylcholinesterase (IC50-3.40 µM) using Ellman's assays. Enzyme kinetic studies showed that C3 and C7 compounds followed by the mixed mode of inhibition using LB plot. C3 also moderately inhibited the BACE1 using FRET assay. C3 inhibited the fibrillization of β-amyloid peptides in a concentration-dependent manner as observed by Thioflavin T, TEM studies and Circular dichroism data. Molecular modeling studies were performed to understand the probable mode of binding of C3 and C7 in the binding pocket of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, BACE1 and amyloid β peptides. This indicates the important role of hydrophobic interactions between C3 and acetylcholinesterase. C3 also exhibited significant antioxidant potential by FRAP and TEAC assays. Hence, C3 might serve as a promising lead for developing novel multi target-directed ligand for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Kumar
- University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Dwarka, Sector 16C, New Delhi, 110078 India
| | - Yogesh Kumar Tyagi
- University School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Dwarka, Sector 16C, New Delhi, 110078 India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Dwarka, Sector 16C, New Delhi, 110078 India
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Choubey PK, Tripathi A, Sharma P, Shrivastava SK. Design, synthesis, and multitargeted profiling of N-benzylpyrrolidine derivatives for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115721. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Ghotbi G, Mahdavi M, Najafi Z, Moghadam FH, Hamzeh-Mivehroud M, Davaran S, Dastmalchi S. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and docking study of novel dual-acting thiazole-pyridiniums inhibiting acetylcholinesterase and β-amyloid aggregation for Alzheimer’s disease. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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50
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Multitarget Therapeutic Strategies for Alzheimer's Disease: Review on Emerging Target Combinations. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5120230. [PMID: 32714977 PMCID: PMC7354643 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5120230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases represent nowadays one of the major health problems. Despite the efforts made to unveil the mechanism leading to neurodegeneration, it is still not entirely clear what triggers this phenomenon and what allows its progression. Nevertheless, it is accepted that neurodegeneration is a consequence of several detrimental processes, such as protein aggregation, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, finally resulting in the loss of neuronal functions. Starting from these evidences, there has been a wide search for novel agents able to address more than a single event at the same time, the so-called multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs). These compounds originated from the combination of different pharmacophoric elements which endowed them with the ability to interfere with different enzymatic and/or receptor systems, or to exert neuroprotective effects by modulating proteins and metal homeostasis. MTDLs have been the focus of the latest strategies to discover a new treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is considered the most common form of dementia characterized by neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunctions. This review is aimed at collecting the latest and most interesting target combinations for the treatment of AD, with a detailed discussion on new agents with favorable in vitro properties and on optimized structures that have already been assessed in vivo in animal models of dementia.
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