A review: FDA-approved fluorine-containing small molecules from 2015 to 2022

Synthesis and agricultural antimicrobial evaluation of new quinazoline derivatives containing both a piperazine linker and the N-acetyl moiety

BACKGROUND

To discover more efficient agricultural antimicrobial agents, a series of new quinazoline derivatives containing both a piperazine linker and the N-acetyl moiety were prepared and assessed for their antibacterial and antifungal activities.

RESULTS

All the target compounds were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR as well as high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and the chemical structure of the most potent compound E19 incorporating a 4-trifluoromethoxy substituent was clearly confirmed via single crystal X-ray diffraction measurements. The bioassay results indicated that some compounds possessed notable inhibitory effects in vitro against the bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc). For example, compound E19 had an EC50 (effective concentration for 50% activity) value of 7.1 μg/mL towards this pathogen, approximately 15- and 10-fold more effective than the commercial bactericides thiodiazole copper and bismerthiazol (EC50 = 110.2 and 72.4 μg/mL, respectively). Subsequently, the mechanistic studies showed that compound E19 likely exerted its antibacterial efficacies by altering the cell morphology, increasing the permeability of bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, suppressing the production of bacterial extracellular polysaccharides and the extracellular enzyme activities (amylase and cellulase), and blocking the swimming motility of Xoc. Moreover, the proteomic analysis revealed that compound E19 could reduce the bacterial flagellar biosynthesis and decrease the flagellar motility by down-regulating the expression of the related differential proteins.

CONCLUSION

Compound E19 exhibited good potential for further development as a bactericide candidate for control of Xoc. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

A ratiometric fluorescent dark box and smartphone integrated portable sensing platform based on hydrogen bonding induction for on-site determination of enrofloxacin

Enrofloxacin (ENR) residues in animal-derived food and water threaten human health. Simple, low-cost and on-site detection methods are urgently needed. Blue emitting carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and orange rhodamine B (RhB) were used as recognition and reference signals, respectively, to construct a ratiometric fluorescence sensor. After the addition of ENR, the color of the sensor changed from orange to blue because hydrogen bonding induced a considerable increase in CQDs fluorescence. Based on this mechanism, a simple and low cost on-site portable sensing platform was constructed, which integrated a stable UV light strip and a smartphone with voice-controlled phototaking function and an RGB app. The t-test results of spiked ENR recoveries for diluted milk, honey and drinking water revealed no significant differences between the ratiometric fluorescent sensor and portable sensing platform. Thus, this portable sensing platform provides a novel strategy for on-site quantification of quinolone antibiotics in foodstuffs and environmental water.

Improved synthesis, molecular modeling and anti-inflammatory activity of new fluorinated dihydrofurano-naphthoquinone compounds

A series of new fluorinated dihydrofurano-napthoquinone compounds were sucessfully synthesized in good yields using microwave-assisted multi-component reactions of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, fluorinated aromatic aldehydes, and pyridinium bromide. The products were fully characterized using spectroscopic techniques and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Among 12 new compounds, compounds 8b, 8d, and 8e showed high potent NO inhibitory activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells with IC50 values ranging from 1.54 to 3.92 µM. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages were remarkably decreased after the application of 8b, 8d, 8e and 8k. Molecular docking simulations revealed structure-activity relationships of 8b, 8d, and 8e toward NO synthase, cyclooxygenase (COX-2 over COX-1), and prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1). Further physicochemical and pharmacokinetic computations also demonstrated the drug-like characteristics of synthesized compounds. These findings demonstrated the importance of fluorinated dihydrofurano-napthoquinone moieties in the development of potential anti-inflammatory agents.

Fluorine in the pharmaceutical industry: Synthetic approaches and application of clinically approved fluorine-enriched anti-infectious medications

The strategic integration of fluorine atoms into anti-infectious agents has become a cornerstone in the field of medicinal chemistry, owing to the unique influence of fluorine on the chemical and biological properties of pharmaceuticals. This review examines the synthetic methodologies that enable the incorporation of fluorine into anti-infectious drugs, and the resultant clinical applications of these fluorine-enriched compounds. With a focus on clinically approved medications, the discussion extends to the molecular mechanisms. It further outlines the specific effects of fluorination, which contribute to the heightened efficacy of anti-infective therapies. By presenting a comprehensive analysis of current drugs and their developmental pathways, this review underscores the continuing evolution and significance of fluorine in advancing anti-infectious treatment options. The insights offered extend valuable guidance for future drug design and the development of next-generation anti-infectious agents.

High-Valent Copper Catalysis Enables Regioselective Fluoroarylation of Gem-Difluorinated Cyclopropanes

Transition-metal (TM) catalyzed reaction of gem-difluorinated cyclopropanes (gem-DFCPs) has drawn much attention recently. The reaction generally occurs via the activation of the distal C─C bond in gem-DFCPs by a low-valent TM through oxidative addition, eventually producing mono-fluoro olefins as the coupling products. However, achieving regioselective activation of the proximal C─C bond in gem-DFCPs that overcomes the intrinsic reactivity via TM catalysis remains elusive. Here, a new reaction mode of gem-DFCPs enabled by high-valent copper catalysis, which allows exclusive activation of the congested proximal C─C bond is presented. The reaction that achieves fluoroarylation of gem-DFCPs uses NFSI (N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide) as electrophilic fluoro reagent and arenes as the C─H nucleophiles, enabling the synthesis of diverse CF3-containing scaffolds. It is proposed that a high-valent copper species plays an important role in the regioselective activation of the proximal C─C bond possibly via a σ-bond metathesis.

Controllable Fluorocarbon Chain Elongation: TMSCF2Br-Enabled Trifluorovinylation and Pentafluorocyclopropylation of Aldehydes

Controllable fluorocarbon chain elongation (CFCE) is a promising yet underdeveloped strategy for the well-defined synthesis of structurally novel polyfluorinated compounds. Herein, the direct and efficient trifluorovinylation and pentafluorocyclopropylation of aldehydes are described by using TMSCF2Br (TMS = trimethylsilyl) as the sole fluorocarbon source, accomplishing the goals of CFCE from C1 to C2 and from C1 to C3, respectively. The key to the success of these CFCE processes lies in the unique and diversified chemical reactivity of TMSCF2Br, which can serve as two different precursors, namely, a TMSCF2 radical precursor and a difluorocarbene precursor. Various functional groups are amenable to this new synthetic protocol, providing streamlined access to a broad range of alcohols containing trifluorovinyl or pentafluorocyclopropyl moieties from abundantly available aldehydes. The potential utility of these methods is further demonstrated by the gram-scale synthesis, derivatization, and measurement of log P values of the products.

An Expedition on Synthetic Methodology of FDA-approved Anticancer Drugs (2018-2021)

New drugs being established in the market every year produce specified structures for selective biological targeting. With medicinal insights into molecular recognition, these begot molecules open new rooms for designing potential new drug molecules. In this review, we report the compilation and analysis of a total of 56 drugs including 33 organic small molecules (Mobocertinib, Infigratinib, Sotorasib, Trilaciclib, Umbralisib, Tepotinib, Relugolix, Pralsetinib, Decitabine, Ripretinib, Selpercatinib, Capmatinib, Pemigatinib, Tucatinib, Selumetinib, Tazemetostat, Avapritinib, Zanubrutinib, Entrectinib, Pexidartinib, Darolutamide, Selinexor, Alpelisib, Erdafitinib, Gilteritinib, Larotrectinib, Glasdegib, Lorlatinib, Talazoparib, Dacomitinib, Duvelisib, Ivosidenib, Apalutamide), 6 metal complexes (Edotreotide Gallium Ga-68, fluoroestradiol F-18, Cu 64 dotatate, Gallium 68 PSMA-11, Piflufolastat F-18, 177Lu (lutetium)), 16 macromolecules as monoclonal antibody conjugates (Brentuximabvedotin, Amivantamab-vmjw, Loncastuximabtesirine, Dostarlimab, Margetuximab, Naxitamab, Belantamabmafodotin, Tafasitamab, Inebilizumab, SacituzumabGovitecan, Isatuximab, Trastuzumab, Enfortumabvedotin, Polatuzumab, Cemiplimab, Mogamulizumab) and 1 peptide enzyme (Erwiniachrysanthemi-derived asparaginase) approved by the U.S. FDA between 2018 to 2021. These drugs act as anticancer agents against various cancer types, especially non-small cell lung, lymphoma, breast, prostate, multiple myeloma, neuroendocrine tumor, cervical, bladder, cholangiocarcinoma, myeloid leukemia, gastrointestinal, neuroblastoma, thyroid, epithelioid and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. The review comprises the key structural features, approval times, target selectivity, mechanisms of action, therapeutic indication, formulations, and possible synthetic approaches of these approved drugs. These crucial details will benefit the scientific community for futuristic new developments in this arena.