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Jao NC, Papandonatos GD, Stanfield J, Borba K, Stroud LR. Characterizing the use, preferences, and perceptions of flavors in cigars in pregnant women. J Addict Dis 2024; 42:194-204. [PMID: 36734291 PMCID: PMC10397361 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2023.2170703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavors contribute to the appeal of tobacco products, but less is known about flavors in cigar products. The current study is the first to focus on characterizing the use and perceptions of flavors in cigar products among pregnant women. METHODS Pregnant women (N = 124) reported their use, preferences (liking, attractiveness, smoothness, interest), perceptions of harm (general, pregnancy-specific, fetal), and postpartum intention to use eight flavor categories (menthol/mint, spices, fruit, chocolate, alcohol, other beverages, candy/sweet, tobacco). We utilized correspondence analysis of contingency tables to investigate clustering of preferences and perceptions of flavors across the sample, and examined how preferences and perceptions of flavors may differ based on history of cigar use (none vs. lifetime vs. prenatal). RESULTS Overall, 37% reported never trying cigars, 51% reported lifetime use, and 12% reported prenatal use. Fruit (37%), tobacco (36%), and alcohol (14%) were the most common cigar flavors participants reported ever trying. Correspondence analysis revealed clustering in preferences for alcohol, fruit, and candy flavors compared to other flavors, and revealed lower intentions to use menthol/mint and tobacco flavors compared to other flavors. Participants who reported prenatal cigar use also reported more positive perceptions and greater intentions to use (1) spice and alcohol flavors compared to those who reported lifetime use (ps < .05); and (2) spice, alcohol, fruit, and tobacco cigar flavors compared to participants reporting never using cigars (ps < .04). CONCLUSIONS Regulations to restrict the availability of flavors, especially fruit, spice, and alcohol, may reduce the appeal and use of cigar products in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy C. Jao
- Department of Psychology, College of Health Professionals, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL
| | | | | | - Katelyn Borba
- Center for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Laura R. Stroud
- Center for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI
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O'Brien M, Dempsey B, Higgins MF. The experiences and outcomes of Gypsy, Roma, and Traveller pregnant people in pregnancy: A scoping review. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2024. [PMID: 38887905 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.15723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within Europe, Roma, Gypsy, and Traveller groups have been marginalized and discriminated against by larger society. Persecution and displacement have resulted in high rates of unemployment, reduced access to education, and poorer health, with significantly increased risk of poverty compared with the general population. In pregnancy, there appears to be a gap in the literature surrounding the experiences and outcomes of pregnant people within these ethnic groups. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was therefore to scope published research, specifically questioning "What is the experience of Roma Gypsy and Traveller pregnant people who access maternity care?" and "What are the obstetric outcomes within these groups?" SEARCH STRATEGY This review followed frameworks proposed by Arksey and O'Malley, Levac, and the Joanna Brigg's Institute. The PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) tool was used. The search strategy and specific terms were chosen using the population-concepts-context framework. SELECTION CRITERIA Titles and abstracts were reviewed independently by two reviewers. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined to set clear guidance for reviewers to identify appropriate studies. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Five electronic databases were searched (CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE [OVID] Web of Science and SCOPUS). A charting form was developed to record key characteristics systematically and uniformly from the studies. MAIN RESULTS Five themes were identified: systemic issues, antenatal care, complications of pregnancy, birth experience, and postnatal care. Systemic issues included racism, barriers to care, and adapted antenatal care. Antenatal issues included teenage pregnancy, smoking, risk of venous thrombus embolism, dietary issues, risk of communicable diseases, domestic violence, and mental health concerns. Increased risks of congenital abnormalities, growth restriction, premature labor, and perinatal and early childhood mortality were identified. For Roma women, negative birth experiences were reported, whereas the experiences of Traveller women varied. CONCLUSIONS The findings identified in this study serve to create a framework upon which healthcare providers can tailor the way in which pregnant people from a Roma, Gypsy, or Irish Traveller background are cared for. Using such a framework would hopefully begin to reduce the systematic marginalization and discrimination of these minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O'Brien
- UCD Perinatal Research Centre, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - B Dempsey
- UCD Perinatal Research Centre, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M F Higgins
- UCD Perinatal Research Centre, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Fernandez-Rodriguez B, Gomez AR, Jimenez Moreno BS, de Alba C, Galindo A, Villalain C, Pallás C, Herraiz I. Smoking influence on early and late fetal growth. J Perinat Med 2022; 50:200-206. [PMID: 34929071 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2021-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Smoking during pregnancy is a leading and modifiable risk factor for fetal growth restriction (FGR) and low birthweight (<10th centile). We studied the effects of smoking in the development of early and late FGR or low birthweight, as well as in uteroplacental and fetoplacental hemodynamics of growth-restricted fetuses. METHODS Retrospective cohort study of 5,537 consecutive singleton pregnancies delivered at ≤34 + 0 ("early delivery" group, n=95) and >34 + 0 ("late delivery" group, n=5,442) weeks of gestation. Each group was divided into smokers and non-smokers. Prenatal diagnosis of FGR was based on customized fetal growth standards and fetal Doppler, and postnatal birthweight was assessed using the Olsen newborn chart. RESULTS There were 15/95 (15.8%) and 602/5,442 (11.1%) smokers in the early and late delivery groups, respectively. In early deliveries, FGR was diagnosed in 3/15 (20%) of smokers and in 20/80 (25%) of non-smokers (p=0.68). We also found no differences in birthweights and hemodynamics. In late deliveres, FGR was detected in 30/602 (5%) smokers and 64/4,840 (1.3%) non-smokers (p<0.001). Birthweights <3rd centile and <10th centile were more common in smokers vs. non-smokers: 38/602 (6.3%) vs. 87/4,840 (1.8%) and 89/602 (14.8%) vs. 288/4,840 (6%), respectively (all p<0.01). Fetal Doppler of late FGR showed slightly higher umbilical artery resistances in smokers. CONCLUSIONS Smoking in pregnancy is associated with FGR, low birthweight and higher umbilical artery Doppler resistances after 34 weeks of gestation, but we could not confirm this association in earlier deliveries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Roche Gomez
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Sofia Jimenez Moreno
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción de Alba
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Galindo
- Fetal Medicine Unit-SAMID, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia Villalain
- Fetal Medicine Unit-SAMID, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Pallás
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Herraiz
- Fetal Medicine Unit-SAMID, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in Children is Associated with a Thinner Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer: The Hong Kong Children Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 223:91-99. [PMID: 33129810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to assess the effects of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) on peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (p-RNFL) thickness in children. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Children 6-8 years of age were consecutively recruited from the population-based Hong Kong Children Eye Study. All participants received comprehensive ophthalmic examinations and p-RNFL thickness was measured by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. SHS data were derived from a validated questionnaire. Associations between p-RNFL thickness and SHS exposure status, number of smokers in the family, and quantity of smoking in the family were determined by multivariate linear regression after adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS Among the Hong Kong Children Eye Study cohort (n = 3,103), approximately one-third of children were exposed to SHS (35.4%, n = 1,097). Compared to those without exposure to SHS, children exposed to SHS had similar age (P = .83), gender (P = .17), body mass index (P = .44), birth weight (P = .23), and axial length (P = .34), but had lower family income (P < .001) and lower parental education level (P < .001). After adjusting for all the above factors, exposure to SHS was associated with a thinner global p-RNFL by 4.4 μm (P < .001). Reduced p-RNFL was also associated with increased numbers of smokers in the family (β = -3.40, P < .001) and increased quantity of SHS (β = -0.22, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to SHS in children was associated with a thinner p-RNFL. A thinner p-RNFL may increase the risk of irreversible visual impairment in the future. Our results provide evidence to recommend that children avoid exposure to SHS.
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Schlatterer SD, du Plessis AJ. Exposures influencing the developing central autonomic nervous system. Birth Defects Res 2020; 113:845-863. [PMID: 33270364 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autonomic nervous system function is critical for transition from in-utero to ex-utero life and is associated with neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric outcomes later in life. Adverse prenatal and neonatal conditions and exposures can impair or alter ANS development and, as a result, may also impact long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. The objective of this article is to provide a broad overview of the impact of factors that are known to influence autonomic development during the fetal and early neonatal period, including maternal mood and stress during and after pregnancy, fetal growth restriction, congenital heart disease, toxic exposures, and preterm birth. We touch briefly on the typical development of the ANS, then delve into both in-utero and ex-utero maternal and fetal factors that may impact developmental trajectory of the ANS and, thus, have implications in transition and in long-term developmental outcomes. While many types of exposures and conditions have been shown to impact development of the autonomic nervous system, there is still much to be learned about the mechanisms underlying these influences. In the future, more advanced neuromonitoring tools will be required to better understand autonomic development and its influence on long-term neurodevelopmental and neuropsychological function, especially during the fetal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Schlatterer
- Children's National Hospital, Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,George Washington University School of Health Sciences, Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Adre J du Plessis
- Children's National Hospital, Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,George Washington University School of Health Sciences, Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Adibelli D, Kirca N. The relationship between gestational active and passive smoking and early postpartum complications. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2020; 33:2473-2479. [PMID: 32393083 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1763294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The studies especially on the postpartum effects of passive exposure to cigarette smoke are limited, although there are studies investigating early and late postpartum effects of active smoking during pregnancy. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between gestational active and passive smoking and early postpartum complications.Methods: This study was conducted with 217 women in the early postpartum period (first 7 days after birth) in a research hospital, gynecology and obstetrics clinic. Data were collected using the questionnaire form prepared in accordance with the literature by the face-to-face interview method. They were evaluated in the SPSS 23.0 program, and descriptive statistics, logistic regression analysis in multivariate analyses and multiple linear regression analysis were in the analysis of data.Results: In the study, it was found that active smoking was associated with cardiac anomalies (OR = 0.18, 95% = CI 0.03-0.91; p = .039), developmental retardation (OR = 0.11, 95% CI = 0.02-0.56; p = .008), respiratory distress (OR = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.02-0.58; p = .008), low birth weight (OR = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.08-0.57; p = .003) and premature labor (OR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.16-0.59; p = .000) while passive smoking was associated with premature labor (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.25-0.89; p = .021). It was determined that passive smoking was associated with gestational hypertension (OR 0.30, 95% CI = 0.09-0.85; p = .025). Nevertheless, it was found that active smoking negatively affected the infant's birth weight (p = .000), length (p = .040), head circumference (p = .000) and breastfeeding (p = .005).Conclusion: Gestational active and passive smoking has significant negative effects on maternal and infant health in the early postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Adibelli
- Department of Public Health Nursing, Kumluca Health Science Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Kirca
- Department of Women Health Nursing, Nursing Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Wang B, Chen H, Chan YL, Wang G, Oliver BG. Why Do Intrauterine Exposure to Air Pollution and Cigarette Smoke Increase the Risk of Asthma? Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:38. [PMID: 32117969 PMCID: PMC7012803 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of childhood asthma is increasing worldwide and increased in utero exposure to environmental toxicants may play a major role. As current asthma treatments are not curative, understanding the mechanisms underlying the etiology of asthma will allow better preventative strategies to be developed. This review focuses on the current understanding of how in utero exposure to environmental factors increases the risk of developing asthma in children. Epidemiological studies show that maternal smoking and particulate matter exposure during pregnancy are prominent risk factors for the development of childhood asthma. We discuss the changes in the developing fetus due to reduced oxygen and nutrient delivery affected by intrauterine environmental change. This leads to fetal underdevelopment and abnormal lung structure. Concurrently an altered immune response and aberrant epithelial and mesenchymal cellular function occur possibly due to epigenetic reprograming. The sequelae of these early life events are airway remodeling, airway hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation, the hallmark features of asthma. In summary, exposure to inhaled oxidants such as cigarette smoking or particulate matter increases the risk of childhood asthma and involves multiple mechanisms including impaired fetal lung development (structural changes), endocrine disorders, abnormal immune responses, and epigenetic modifications. These make it challenging to reduce the risk of asthma, but knowledge of the mechanisms can still help to develop personalized medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoming Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yik Lung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Lindström L, Wikström AK, Bergman E, Lundgren M. Born Small for Gestational Age and Poor School Performance - How Small Is Too Small? Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 88:215-223. [PMID: 28697501 DOI: 10.1159/000477905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the relationship between severity of small for gestational age (SGA) and the risk of poor school performance, and to investigate whether adult stature modifies this risk. METHODS 1,088,980 Swedish children born at term between 1973 and 1988 were categorized into severe SGA (less than -3 standard deviations (SD) of expected birth weight), moderate SGA (-2.01 to -3 SD), mild SGA (-1.01 to -2 SD), and appropriate for gestational age (-1 to 0.99 SD). The risk of poor school performance at the time of graduation from compulsory school (grades <10th percentile) was calculated using unconditional logistic regression models and adjusted for socio-economic factors. In a sub-analysis, we stratified boys by adult stature, and adjusted for maternal but not paternal height. RESULTS All SGA groups were significantly associated with an increased risk of poor school performance, with adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals ranging from 1.85 (1.65-2.07) for severe SGA to 1.25 (1.22-1.28) for mild SGA. In the sub-analysis, all birth weight groups were associated with an increased risk of poor school performance among boys with short stature compared to those with non-short stature. CONCLUSION Mild SGA is associated with a significantly increased risk of poor school performance, and the risk increases with severity of SGA. Further, this risk diminishes after adequate catch-up growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Lindström
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Wikström
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Bergman
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Lundgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Kehl S, Dötsch J, Hecher K, Schlembach D, Schmitz D, Stepan H, Gembruch U. Intrauterine Growth Restriction. Guideline of the German Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics (S2k-Level, AWMF Registry No. 015/080, October 2016). Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2017; 77:1157-1173. [PMID: 29375144 PMCID: PMC5784232 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-118908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this official guideline published and coordinated by the German Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics (DGGG) was to provide consensus-based recommendations obtained by evaluating the relevant literature for the diagnostic treatment and management of women with fetal growth restriction. METHODS This S2k guideline represents the structured consensus of a representative panel of experts with a range of different professional backgrounds commissioned by the Guideline Committee of the DGGG. RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendations for diagnostic treatment, management, counselling, prophylaxis and screening are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Kehl
- Frauenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Dötsch
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Kurt Hecher
- Klinik für Geburtshilfe und Pränatalmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Dagmar Schmitz
- Institut für Geschichte, Theorie und Ethik der Medizin, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Holger Stepan
- Abteilung für Geburtsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gembruch
- Abteilung für Geburtshilfe und Pränatale Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Domínguez Vigo P, Álvarez Silvares E, Alves Pérez M, Vázquez Rodríguez M, Pérez Adán M. Retraso de crecimiento intrauterino severo: ¿es posible su cribado en el primer trimestre de gestación? CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN GINECOLOGIA Y OBSTETRICIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gine.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Zacharasiewicz A. Maternal smoking in pregnancy and its influence on childhood asthma. ERJ Open Res 2016; 2:00042-2016. [PMID: 27730206 PMCID: PMC5034599 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00042-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal smoking in pregnancy (MSP) is a large modifiable risk factor for pregnancy related mortality and morbidity and also the most important known modifiable risk factor for asthma. This review summarises the effects of MSP throughout infancy, childhood and adolescence with regards to asthma (development and severity). Firstly, the direct damage caused by nicotine on fetal lung development, fetal growth and neuronal differentiation is discussed, as well as the indirect effects of nicotine on placental functioning. Secondly, the effects of MSP on later immune functioning resulting in increased infection rate are summarised and details are given on the effects of MSP modulating airway hyperreactivity, reducing lung function and therefore increasing asthma morbidity. Furthermore, epigenetic effects are increasingly being recognised. These can also result in transgenerational detrimental effects induced by cigarette smoke. In summary, the causal relationship between MSP and asthma development is well documented and presents a major health problem for generations to come. The high prevalence of MSP is alarming and epigenetic effects of nicotine on immune functioning potentiate this danger. A considerable part of the increase in asthma prevalence worldwide is due to MSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Zacharasiewicz
- Dept of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Teaching Hospital Wilhelminenspital of the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Rejc B, Kato Y, Karas-Kuzelicki N, Osredkar J, Gersak K. Lipid-lysine adducts and modified tyrosines as markers of oxidative stress in the second trimester of pregnancy and their association with infant characteristics. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:797-805. [PMID: 26997995 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.2985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is a physiological state accompanied by excessive levels of oxidative stress (OS), due to the increased demand and utilisation of oxygen. There is increasing evidence that maternally augmented OS exerts an adverse effect on pregnancy outcome. The aim of the present prospective study was to determine the association between the urinary concentration of relatively novel OS markers measured in the second trimester of pregnancy and the infant characteristics at birth. The maternal levels of urinary hexanoyl-lysine (HEL), propanoyl-lysine (PRL), dityrosine (DiY) and 3-nitrotyrosine (NY) were evaluated in generally healthy pregnant subjects to determine their association with birth weight, gestation at delivery and Apgar score. The observed levels of the markers were in agreement with those measured in healthy non-pregnant subjects in a previous study. A positive correlation was detected between HEL and PRL, as well as between HEL and DiY. Although the absence of a correlation between NY and the other markers has been previously noted in a non-pregnant population, a positive correlation in the pair PRL-NY (r=0.367; P<0.001) was observed in the present study. Maternal cigarette smoking was associated with increased urinary PRL levels (P=0.034). The most notable observation in the present study was that high levels of PRL and NY were associated with low Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min after birth (OR, 1.098 and 2.084 for PRL and NY, respectively; P<0.05). However, poor predictive accuracy was shown. For NY, the following results were obtained: Area under the curve (AUC), 0.818; sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 57%; positive predictive value (PPV), 11.54%; and negative predictive value (NPV), 100%. For PLR the values were as follows: AUC, 0.802; sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 62.6%; PPV, 13.05%; and NPV, 100%. DiY was negatively associated with preterm birth risk (OR=0.703; P=0.028). In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated the presence of OS in the second trimester of pregnancy, which was detected with damage to lipids and proteins and associated with an adverse Apgar score; however, the selected urinary markers exhibited poor positive predictive efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rejc
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Yoji Kato
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo 670-00092, Japan
| | | | - Josko Osredkar
- Clinical Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1525, Slovenia
| | - Ksenija Gersak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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13
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Urquia ML, Vang ZM, Bolumar F. Birth Outcomes of Latin Americans in Two Countries with Contrasting Immigration Admission Policies: Canada and Spain. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136308. [PMID: 26308857 PMCID: PMC4550416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We delved into the selective migration hypothesis on health by comparing birth outcomes of Latin American immigrants giving birth in two receiving countries with dissimilar immigration admission policies: Canada and Spain. We hypothesized that a stronger immigrant selection in Canada will reflect more favourable outcomes among Latin Americans giving birth in Canada than among their counterparts giving birth in Spain. Materials and Methods We conducted a cross-sectional bi-national comparative study. We analyzed birth data of singleton infants born in Canada (2000–2005) (N = 31,767) and Spain (1998–2007) (N = 150,405) to mothers born in Spanish-speaking Latin American countries. We compared mean birthweight at 37–41 weeks gestation, and low birthweight and preterm birth rates between Latin American immigrants to Canada vs. Spain. Regression analysis for aggregate data was used to obtain Odds Ratios and Mean birthweight differences adjusted for infant sex, maternal age, parity, marital status, and father born in same source country. Results Latin American women in Canada had heavier newborns than their same-country counterparts giving birth in Spain, overall [adjusted mean birthweight difference: 101 grams; 95% confidence interval (CI): 98, 104], and within each maternal country of origin. Latin American women in Canada had fewer low birthweight and preterm infants than those giving birth in Spain [adjusted Odds Ratio: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.94 for low birthweight, and 0.88; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.93 for preterm birth, respectively]. Conclusion Latin American immigrant women had better birth outcomes in Canada than in Spain, suggesting a more selective migration in Canada than in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L. Urquia
- Centre for Research on Inner City Health, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Keenan Research Centre, St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana Faculty of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Zoua M. Vang
- Sociology Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Francisco Bolumar
- CIBERESP and Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- City University of New York, School of Public Health at Hunter College, New York, New York, United States of America
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14
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Deter RL, Lee W, Sangi-Haghpeykar H, Tarca AL, Yeo L, Romero R. A modified prenatal growth assessment score for the evaluation of fetal growth in the third trimester using single and composite biometric parameters. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014; 28:745-54. [PMID: 24993892 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2014.934218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define modified Prenatal Growth Assessment Scores (mPGAS) for single and composite biometric parameters and determine their reference ranges in normal fetuses. METHODS Nine anatomical parameters (ap) were measured and the weight estimated (EWTa, EWTb) in a longitudinal study of 119 fetuses with normal neonatal growth outcomes. Expected third trimester size trajectories, obtained from second trimester Rossavik size models, were used in calculating Percent Deviations (% Dev's) and their age-specific reference ranges in each fetus. The components of individual % Dev's values outside their reference ranges, designated +iapPGAS, -iapPGAS, were averaged to give +apPGAS and -apPGAS values for the 3rd trimester. The +iapPGAS and -iapPGAS values for different combinations of ap (c1a (HC, AC, FDL, ThC, EWTa), c1b (HC, AC, FDL, ThC, EWTb), c2 (ThC, ArmC, AVol, TVol), c3 (HC, AC, FDL, EWTa)) were then averaged to give +icPGAS and -icPGAS values at different time points or at the end of the third trimester (+cPGAS, -cPGAS). Values for iapPGAS, ic1bPGAS, and ic2PGAS were compared to their respective apPGAS or cPGAS reference ranges. RESULTS All mPGAS values had one 95% range boundary at 0.0%. Upper boundaries of 1D +apPGAS values ranged from 0.0% (HC) to +0.49% (ThC) and were +0.06%, +2.3% and +1.8% for EWT, AVol and TVol, respectively. Comparable values for -apPGAS were 0.0% (BPD, FDL, HDL), to -0.58% (ArmC), -0.13% (EWT), -0.8% (AVol), and 0.0% (TVol). The +cPGAS, 95% reference range upper boundaries varied from +0.36% (c1b) to +0.89% (c2). Comparable values for -cPGAS lower boundaries were -0.17% (c1b) to -0.43% (c2). CONCLUSIONS The original PGAS concept has now been extended to individual biometric parameters and their combinations. With the standards provided, mPGAS values can now be tested to see if detection of different types of third trimester growth problems is improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell L Deter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX , USA
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15
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[Socio-cultural, obstetric and anthropometric characteristics of newborn children of mothers who smoke in Spain]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2011; 76:4-9. [PMID: 21862426 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One in every four women smoke at the beginning of the pregnancy in Spain; of these, 25-50% give up smoking during gestation and most of them smoke again after childbirth. Maternal smoking has harmful effects on babies, such as low birth-weight with its resulting morbidity. The objective of this study is to compare the anthropometric and socio-cultural characteristics between newborns from smoking motheŕs and those from non- smoking ones. MATERIALS AND METHODS Smoking habits and the socio-cultural characteristics were assessed from a sample of 1499 pregnant women, as well as their newborn anthropometric variables of their newborn babies during 2009 in the Aragon region of Spain. RESULTS In the sample of 1499 pregnant women the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy was 19.6%; among the Spanish women, 23% of them smoked during the gestation compared with only 11% in women from other countries. The smoker mothers were younger and they had a lower educational level than the non smoker ones; however, there were no statistical differences between their anthropometric characteristics. Newborns from smoker women in Aragon had a lower weigh at delivery (3155 vs. 3295 grams: p<.001) and a relative risk of low weight at birth for their gestational age of 2.1 (95% CI: 1.35 - 2.97). The length and the rest of newborn anthropometric variables were also affected. CONCLUSION The prevalence of smoking during gestation is high in Aragon. The mothers who smoke are younger and have different socio-cultural characteristics compared with non-smoker mothers. Maternal smoking habits have a harmful effect on newborn nutritional status, representing an avoidable risk of low weight at birth.
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16
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Pueyo V, Güerri N, Oros D, Valle S, Tuquet H, González I, Ferrer C, Pablo LE. Effects of smoking during pregnancy on the optic nerve neurodevelopment. Early Hum Dev 2011; 87:331-4. [PMID: 21353403 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smoking during pregnancy alters neurodevelopment. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides precise measurements of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), which forms part of the central nervous system. AIMS To assess using the OCT how smoking during pregnancy would affect optic nerve development as detected in human offspring. STUDY DESIGN Visual examination and OCT were performed on a group of children (n=70; 4.15-13.50 years of age), classified as being exposed or not to maternal smoking during gestational period. The association between smoking during pregnancy and RNFL thickness was assessed by a linear regression analysis adjusted for possible confounding factors. RESULTS Although visual outcomes did not differ between groups, a significant decrease in the RNFL thickness was found in the group of infants exposed to smoke (105.3 vs 95.6; p=0.002), even when adjusting for gestational age, birth weight or gender. CONCLUSIONS OCT measurements show that intrautero exposure to tobacco smoke interferes with the development of the optic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Pueyo
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain.
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17
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Gardosi J. Clinical strategies for improving the detection of fetal growth restriction. Clin Perinatol 2011; 38:21-31, v. [PMID: 21353087 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The single most important condition affecting the viable fetus is intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). IUGR is a common condition, affecting about 10% to 15% of the general maternity population. Despite its importance and relatively high prevalence, IUGR detection is poor. This article will focus on how to improve on IUGR detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Gardosi
- West Midlands Perinatal Institute, Birmingham, B6 5RQ, UK.
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18
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Gardosi J, Figueras F, Clausson B, Francis A. The customised growth potential: an international research tool to study the epidemiology of fetal growth. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2011; 25:2-10. [PMID: 21133964 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2010.01166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Customised centiles based on individual fetal growth potential enhance our ability to differentiate between physiological and pathological smallness. A series of studies in different maternity populations has found striking similarities in the way fetal growth varies with maternal and pregnancy related characteristics, and has established the clear advantages of this method over generic, population-based birthweight or fetal weight standards. The method opens up many new avenues for the retrospective study of risk factors and fetal growth. The findings quantify the strength of association between fetal growth restriction and perinatal outcome, and therefore also highlight the clinical imperative to improve antenatal detection of the at-risk fetus. Applied prospectively as customised charts, the concept improves the detection of fetal growth restriction and reduces the need for unnecessary investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Gardosi
- West Midlands Perinatal Institute, Aston Cross, Birmingham, UK.
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19
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Varvarigou AA, Fouzas S, Beratis NG. Effect of prenatal tobacco smoke exposure on fetal growth potential. J Perinat Med 2010; 38:683-7. [PMID: 20707625 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2010.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM to determine the independent effect of prenatal tobacco smoke exposure on fetal growth using customized birthweight norms. METHODS demographic characteristics and data on exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy were obtained from singleton neonates ≥ 34 weeks' gestation. Centile Calculator software v62.2 (www.gestation.net) was used for calculating customized birthweight percentiles. RESULTS of the 3227 neonates studied, 30.9% were exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy, whereas involuntary maternal exposure was reported in 20.1%. Growth restriction was noted in 350 (10.8%). The odds ratio (OR) for fetal growth restriction was 1.49 (1.10-1.91) in passive smokers, and 2.34 (1.81-2.96) in smokers. A decrease in birthweight and an increase in the prevalence of growth restriction with the increasing number of cigarette consumption was observed. This effect was evident even in cases of a "minimal" consumption of 1-5 cigarettes per day. CONCLUSION an essential adverse effect of tobacco smoke exposure on fetal growth in pregnancies exposed to passive smoking, as well as in those with "minimal" maternal cigarette consumption, was found. Since approximately 30% of growth restricted neonates could be independently attributed to active or passive maternal exposure, these findings reinforce the need for smoking preventive strategies in pregnant women and their environment.
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20
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Vardavas CI, Chatzi L, Patelarou E, Plana E, Sarri K, Kafatos A, Koutis AD, Kogevinas M. Smoking and smoking cessation during early pregnancy and its effect on adverse pregnancy outcomes and fetal growth. Eur J Pediatr 2010; 169:741-8. [PMID: 19953266 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-009-1107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy is a significant threat to the fetus. We examined the association between active maternal smoking and smoking cessation during early pregnancy with newborn somatometrics and adverse pregnancy outcomes including preterm delivery, low birth weight, and fetal growth restriction. One thousand four hundred mother-child pairs with extensive questionnaire data were followed up until delivery, within the context of a population-based mother-child cohort study (Rhea study), in Crete, Greece, 2007-2008. Comparing smokers to nonsmokers, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 2.8 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.7, 4.6] for low birth weight and 2.6 (95%CI: 1.6, 4.2) for fetal growth restriction. This corresponded to a 119-g reduction in birth weight, a 0.53-cm reduction in length, and a 0.35-cm reduction in head circumference. Smoking cessation early during pregnancy modified significantly these pregnancy outcomes indicating the necessity for primary smoking prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine I Vardavas
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Crete, PO Box 2208, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece.
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