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Xia Y, Xue M, Sun Y, Wang Y, Huang Z, Huang C. Electroacupuncture inhibits TLR4/NF-κB signaling in the dorsal root ganglion of rats with spared nerve injury. Acupunct Med 2024:9645284241279874. [PMID: 39340148 DOI: 10.1177/09645284241279874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuropathic pain can be provoked by high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) activation of toll-like receptor (TLR)4/nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Electroacupuncture (EA) has been reported to effectively alleviate neuropathic pain with few side effects, but its precise mechanism of action remains unknown. The aim of this study was to explore whether 2 Hz EA stimulation suppresses TLR4/NF-κB signaling in the DRG following spared nerve injury (SNI) in a rat model. METHODS In this experiment, SNI rats were given 2 Hz EA once every other day for a total of 21 days. Paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) was measured to assess SNI-induced mechanical hypersensitivity, and western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were used to determine the levels of pain-related signaling molecules and pro-inflammatory mediators in the DRG. RESULTS SNI up-regulated HMGB1, TLR4, myeloid differentiation factor-88 adaptor protein (MyD88) and NF-κB p65 protein expression in the DRG. In addition, immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that SNI induced higher levels of TLR4 and MyD88 in the DRG. We also demonstrated co-localization of TLR4 and MyD88 with both calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and isolectin GS-IB4 in the DRG of SNI rats, respectively. Meanwhile, 2 Hz EA stimulation effectively reversed the elevations of HMGB1, TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 induced by SNI in the DRG, which was coupled with amelioration of SNI-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggested that inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in the DRG by 2 Hz EA might be exploited as a therapeutic option for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Xia
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R. China
| | - Meng Xue
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yalan Sun
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhihua Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R. China
- Pain Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R. China
- Pain Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R. China
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2
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Yu N, Cui H, Jin S, Liu P, Fang Y, Sun F, Cao Y, Yuan B, Xie Y, Duan W, Ma C. IL-6 from cerebrospinal fluid causes widespread pain via STAT3-mediated astrocytosis in chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:60. [PMID: 38419042 PMCID: PMC10900663 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spinal inflammatory signal often spreads to distant segments, accompanied by widespread pain symptom under neuropathological conditions. Multiple cytokines are released into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), potentially inducing the activation of an inflammatory cascade at remote segments through CSF flow. However, the detailed alteration of CSF in neuropathic pain and its specific role in widespread pain remain obscure. METHODS A chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (CCI-ION) model was constructed, and pain-related behavior was observed on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days post surgery, in both vibrissa pads and hind paws. CSF from CCI-ION rats was transplanted to naïve rats through intracisternal injection, and thermal and mechanical allodynia were measured in hind paws. The alteration of inflammatory cytokines in CCI-ION's CSF was detected using an antibody array and bioinformatic analysis. Pharmacological intervention targeting the changed cytokine in the CSF and downstream signaling was performed to evaluate its role in widespread pain. RESULTS CCI-ION induced local pain in vibrissa pads together with widespread pain in hind paws. CCI-ION's CSF transplantation, compared with sham CSF, contributed to vibrissa pad pain and hind paw pain in recipient rats. Among the measured cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and leptin were increased in CCI-ION's CSF, while interleukin-13 (IL-13) was significantly reduced. Furthermore, the concentration of CSF IL-6 was correlated with nerve injury extent, which gated the occurrence of widespread pain. Both astrocytes and microglia were increased in remote segments of the CCI-ION model, while the inhibition of astrocytes in remote segments, but not microglia, significantly alleviated widespread pain. Mechanically, astroglial signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in remote segments were activated by CSF IL-6, the inhibition of which significantly mitigated widespread pain in CCI-ION. CONCLUSION IL-6 was induced in the CSF of the CCI-ION model, triggering widespread pain via activating astrocyte STAT3 signal in remote segments. Therapies targeting IL-6/STAT3 signaling might serve as a promising strategy for the widespread pain symptom under neuropathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 DongDanSanTiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Huan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 DongDanSanTiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Sixuan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 DongDanSanTiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Penghao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45# Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
- Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Yehong Fang
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengrun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 DongDanSanTiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 DongDanSanTiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 DongDanSanTiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yikuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 DongDanSanTiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Wanru Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45# Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing, China.
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 DongDanSanTiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China.
- National Human Brain Bank for Development and Function, Beijing, China.
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China.
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3
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Basu P, Maier C, Averitt DL, Basu A. NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes and peripheral neuropathic pain - Emphasis on microRNAs (miRNAs) as important regulators. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 955:175901. [PMID: 37451423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is caused by the lesion or disease of the somatosensory system and can be initiated and/or maintained by both central and peripheral mechanisms. Nerve injury leads to neuronal damage and apoptosis associated with the release of an array of pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns to activate inflammasomes. The activation of the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome contributes to neuropathic pain and may represent a novel target for pain therapeutic development. In the current review, we provide an up-to-date summary of the recent findings on the involvement of NLRP3 inflammasome in modulating neuropathic pain development and maintenance, focusing on peripheral neuropathic conditions. Here we provide a detailed review of the mechanisms whereby NLRP3 inflammasomes contribute to neuropathic pain via (1) neuroinflammation, (2) apoptosis, (3) pyroptosis, (4) proinflammatory cytokine release, (5) mitochondrial dysfunction, and (6) oxidative stress. We then present the current research literature reporting on the antinociceptive effects of several natural products and pharmacological interventions that target activation, expression, and/or regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Furthermore, we emphasize the effects of microRNAs as another regulator of NLRP3 inflammasome. In conclusion, we summarize the possible caveats and future perspectives that might provide successful therapeutic approaches against NLRP3 inflammasome for treating or preventing neuropathic pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Basu
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, The Pittsburgh Project to End Opioid Misuse, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Camelia Maier
- Division of Biology, School of the Sciences, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, 76204-5799, USA.
| | - Dayna L Averitt
- Division of Biology, School of the Sciences, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, 76204-5799, USA.
| | - Arpita Basu
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA.
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Wang HC, Cheng KI, Tseng KY, Kwan AL, Chang LL. AAV-glycine receptor α3 alleviates CFA-induced inflammatory pain by downregulating ERK phosphorylation and proinflammatory cytokine expression in SD rats. Mol Med 2023; 29:22. [PMID: 36792984 PMCID: PMC9933394 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00606-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycine receptors (GlyRs) play key roles in the processing of inflammatory pain. The use of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors for gene therapy in human clinical trials has shown promise, as AAV generally causes a very mild immune response and long-term gene transfer, and there have been no reports of disease. Therefore, we used AAV for GlyRα1/3 gene transfer in F11 neuron cells and into Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to investigate the effects and roles of AAV-GlyRα1/3 on cell cytotoxicity and inflammatory response. METHODS In vitro experiments were performed using plasmid adeno-associated virus (pAAV)-GlyRα1/3-transfected F11 neurons to investigate the effects of pAAV-GlyRα1/3 on cell cytotoxicity and the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-mediated inflammatory response. In vivo experiment, the association between GlyRα3 and inflammatory pain was analyzed in normal rats after AAV-GlyRα3 intrathecal injection and after complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) intraplantar administration. Intrathecal AAV-GlyRα3 delivery into SD rats was evaluated in terms of its potential for alleviating CFA-induced inflammatory pain. RESULTS The activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inflammatory signaling and neuronal injury marker activating transcription factor 3 (ATF-3) were evaluated by western blotting and immunofluorescence; the level of cytokine expression was measured by ELISA. The results showed that pAAV/pAAV-GlyRα1/3 transfection into F11 cells did not significantly reduce cell viability or induce extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation or ATF-3 activation. PGE2-induced ERK phosphorylation in F11 cells was repressed by the expression of pAAV-GlyRα3 and administration of an EP2 inhibitor, GlyRαs antagonist (strychnine), and a protein kinase C inhibitor. Additionally, intrathecal AAV-GlyRα3 administration to SD rats significantly decreased CFA-induced inflammatory pain and suppressed CFA-induced ERK phosphorylation, did not induce obvious histopathological injury but increased ATF-3 activation in dorsal root ganglion (DRGs). CONCLUSIONS Antagonists of the prostaglandin EP2 receptor, PKC, and glycine receptor can inhibit PGE2-induced ERK phosphorylation. Intrathecal AAV-GlyRα3 administration to SD rats significantly decreased CFA-induced inflammatory pain and suppressed CFA-induced ERK phosphorylation, did not significantly induce gross histopathological injury but elicited ATF-3 activation. We suggest that PGE2-induced ERK phosphorylation can be modulated by GlyRα3, and AAV-GlyRα3 significantly downregulated CFA-induced cytokine activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chen Wang
- grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-I Cheng
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Yi Tseng
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Aij-Lie Kwan
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Li Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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5
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Kinoshita PF, Orellana AM, Andreotti DZ, de Souza GA, de Mello NP, de Sá Lima L, Kawamoto EM, Scavone C. Consequences of the Lack of TNFR1 in Ouabain Response in the Hippocampus of C57BL/6J Mice. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112937. [PMID: 36428505 PMCID: PMC9688030 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ouabain is a cardiac glycoside that has a protective effect against neuroinflammation at low doses through Na+/K+-ATPase signaling and that can activate tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the brain. TNF plays an essential role in neuroinflammation and regulates glutamate receptors by acting on two different receptors (tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 [TNFR1] and TNFR2) that have distinct functions and expression. The activation of constitutively and ubiquitously expressed TNFR1 leads to the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, this study aimed to elucidate the effects of ouabain in a TNFR1 knockout (KO) mouse model. Interestingly, the hippocampus of TNFR1 KO mice showed a basal increase in both TNFR2 membrane expression and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) release, suggesting a compensatory mechanism. Moreover, ouabain activated TNF-α-converting enzyme/a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (TACE/ADAM17), decreased N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit 2A (NR2A) expression, and induced anxiety-like behavior in both genotype animals, independent of the presence of TNFR1. However, ouabain induced an increase in interleukin (IL)-1β in the hippocampus, a decrease in IL-6 in serum, and an increase in NMDA receptor subunit 1 (NR1) only in wild-type (WT) mice, indicating that TNFR1 or TNFR2 expression may be important for some effects of ouabain. Collectively, our results indicate a connection between ouabain signaling and TNFR1, with the effect of ouabain partially dependent on TNFR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Fernanda Kinoshita
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Orellana
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Neurobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Diana Zukas Andreotti
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Neurobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Araujo de Souza
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Natalia Prudente de Mello
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Neurobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Larissa de Sá Lima
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Elisa Mitiko Kawamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Neurobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Cristoforo Scavone
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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6
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Derangula K, Javalgekar M, Kumar Arruri V, Gundu C, Kumar Kalvala A, Kumar A. Probucol attenuates NF-κB/NLRP3 signalling and augments Nrf-2 mediated antioxidant defence in nerve injury induced neuropathic pain. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 102:108397. [PMID: 34891000 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the most significant pathological drivers following nerve injury which along with immune cell activation, oxidative stress and other associated molecular mechanisms contribute to development of neuropathic pain characterized by hyperalgesia and allodynia. In the current study we have investigated the pharmacological effect of probucol (prb) using chronic constriction injury (CCI) of sciatic nerve induced neuropathic pain (NP) model in rats. CCI of sciatic nerve resulted in marked decrease in pain threshold along with perturbations in anti-oxidant defence, enhanced inflammatory mediators and abnormal foot posture. Administration of prb at the doses of 8 and 16 mg/kg, p.o. for 14 days significantly attenuated the behavioural, biochemical and functional deficits following CCI of sciatic nerve. To further explore the molecular mechanisms of prb, we assessed the post treatment levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers like NLRP3 inflammasome, NF-κB and associated proinflammatory molecules such as IL-1 β, TNF-α & IL-6 along with Nrf-2 and HO-1. Our findings demonstrated that CCI induced changes in levels of these markers were dose dependently reversed by administration of prb. Of note, at molecular level the elevated expression of transcription factors such as NF-κB which is crucial for Nlrp3 activation and diminished levels of Nrf-2 were manifested following CCI induction, these changes were markedly reversed with 14 days treatment of prb at both the doses. Our findings highlighted the dual pharmacological effect of prb, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant via modulation of NF-κB/NLRP3 signalling and Nrf-2 pathway in attenuation of CCI of sciatic nerve induced NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Derangula
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, India
| | - Mohit Javalgekar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Arruri
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chayanika Gundu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, India
| | - Anil Kumar Kalvala
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, India; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Kolkata, Chunnilal Bhavan, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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7
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Tang HY, Wang FJ, Ma JL, Wang H, Shen GM, Jiang AJ. Acupuncture attenuates the development of diabetic peripheral neuralgia by regulating P2X4 expression and inflammation in rat spinal microglia. J Physiol Sci 2020; 70:45. [PMID: 32967614 PMCID: PMC10717860 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-020-00769-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a chronic microvascular complication of diabetes. The purpose of this study is to find the underlying mechanism for the effects of acupuncture in DPN rats. Rats were rendered diabetic with a single injection of 35 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). These STZ-diabetic rats were treated with acupuncture for 20 min once daily. The therapeutic efficacy of acupuncture was assessed using mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) evaluations. After 14 days treatment, acupuncture markedly reduced the pathological injury in STZ-diabetic rats. Moreover, it significantly down-regulated P2X4 and OX42 expression along with the reduced levels of inflammatory factors (CXCR3, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), GSP and lipid metabolisms in the spinal cord of the DPN rats. Acupuncture could relieve DPN in rats by regulating P2X4 expression and inflammation in spinal microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Yong Tang
- Graduate School of Anhui, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No.1, Qianjiang Road, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Fan-Jing Wang
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No.1, Qianjiang Road, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Jun-Long Ma
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No.1, Qianjiang Road, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No.1, Qianjiang Road, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Guo-Ming Shen
- Graduate School of Anhui, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No.1, Qianjiang Road, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, China.
| | - Ai-Juan Jiang
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No.1, Qianjiang Road, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
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8
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Abdel Jaleel GA, Saleh DO, Al-Awdan SW, Hassan A, Asaad GF. Impact of type III collagen on monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis in rats. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04083. [PMID: 32548322 PMCID: PMC7284073 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative chronic disease that affects various tissues surrounding the joints, such as the subchondral bone and articular cartilage. The purpose of the study was to investigate the impact of collagen type III (CIII; 10 mg/kg; p.o.) on OA evidenced by restoration of articular cartilage structural changes as well as inflammatory responses using an established rat model of OA. OA was induced in rats by a single intra-articular injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) through the right knee of the rats. Oral administration of CIII was undergone for 14 consecutive days. Changes in joint volume were measured throughout the experiment period with one-week intervals. At the end of the experiment, the rats were placed in the activity cage, and their activities were counted. Oxidative stress and nitrosative biomarkers were assessed by measuring the serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NOx). Moreover, inflammatory markers viz. interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis nuclear factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured. In addition, radiographic analysis and histopathological examination of the rat's knee were performed. The results of the current study revealed that oral treatment of MIA-induced osteoarthritic rats with CIII (10 mg/kg) for two weeks showed a marked decrease in the joint volume which led eventually to a prominent increase in the motor activity. Furthermore, treatment with CIII restored the serum levels of MDA, GSH, NOx, IL-6, IL-1β and the TNF-α. Furthermore, CIII succeeded to ameliorate the detrimental effect of MIA on radiographic images and histopathological alterations of the joint. From these findings, it can be concluded that CIII has regenerative and anti-inflammatory properties, thus has the ability to counteract MIA-induced OA in rat. Finally, CIII is said to be a potential anti-osteoarthritic candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehad A Abdel Jaleel
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth st-Dokki, Cairo Governorate 12622 Egypt
| | - Dalia O Saleh
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth st-Dokki, Cairo Governorate 12622 Egypt
| | - Sally W Al-Awdan
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth st-Dokki, Cairo Governorate 12622 Egypt
| | - Azza Hassan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University Egypt
| | - Gihan F Asaad
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth st-Dokki, Cairo Governorate 12622 Egypt
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9
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Yang QQ, Li HN, Zhang ST, Yu YL, Wei W, Zhang X, Wang JY, Zeng XY. Red nucleus IL-6 mediates the maintenance of neuropathic pain by inducing the productions of TNF-α and IL-1β through the JAK2/STAT3 and ERK signaling pathways. Neuropathology 2020; 40:347-357. [PMID: 32380573 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that interleukin (IL)-6 in the red nucleus (RN) is involved in the maintenance of neuropathic pain induced by spared nerve injury (SNI), and exerts a facilitatory effect via Janus-activated kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signal transduction pathways. The present study aimed at investigating the roles of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-1β in RN IL-6-mediated maintenance of neuropathic pain and related signal transduction pathways. Being similar to the elevation of RN IL-6 three weeks after SNI, increased protein levels of both TNF-α and IL-1β were also observed in the contralateral RN three weeks after the nerve injury. The upregulations of TNF-α and IL-1β were closely correlative with IL-6 and suppressed by intrarubral injection of a neutralizing antibody against IL-6. Administration of either the JAK2 antagonist AG490 or the ERK antagonist PD98059 to the RN of rats with SNI remarkably increased the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and inhibited the up-regulations of local TNF-α and IL-1β. Further experiments indicated that intrarubral injection of exogenous IL-6 in naive rats apparently lowered the PWT of the contralateral hindpaw and boosted the local expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β. Pretreatment with AG490 could block IL-6-induced tactile hypersensitivity and suppress the up-regulations of both TNF-α and IL-1β. However, injection of PD98059 in advance only inhibited the upregulation of IL-1β, but not TNF-α. These findings indicate that RN IL-6 mediates the maintenance of neuropathic pain by inducing the productions of TNF-α and IL-1β. IL-6 induces the expression of TNF-α through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, and the production of IL-1β through the JAK2/STAT3 and ERK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao-Nan Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Shu-Ting Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-Li Yu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun-Yang Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Guan B, Chen R, Zhong M, Liu N, Chen Q. Protective effect of Oxymatrine against acute spinal cord injury in rats via modulating oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:149-157. [PMID: 31840202 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to examine the effect of oxymatrine (OMT) on motor functions and histopathologic changes after spinal cord injury and the mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effects. Results suggested that, OMT causes regain of lost motor function near to normal via attenuating oxidative stress, inflammatory response and cellular apoptosis. These observations were further supported by histological examination of spinal cord of rats. It also showed to regulate pro-inflammatory cytokines, Bcl2 family proteins and reduces the level of toll like receptor (TLR-4) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-ĸB) in concentration dependent manner. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway was also regulated by OMT after SCI. It has been suggested that, OMT promotes the recovery of motor function after SCI in rats via multiple mechanism, and this effect may be related to its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binggang Guan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Rongchun Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Mingliang Zhong
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China.
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11
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Zhang Y, Yuan L, Chen Y, Lin C, Ye G. Oxyntomodulin attenuates TNF‑α induced neuropathic pain by inhibiting the activation of the NF‑κB pathway. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:5223-5228. [PMID: 31661136 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is rarely diagnosed. Oxyntomodulin is peripherally and centrally distributed; however, the potential mechanisms underlying the effects of oxyntomodulin in attenuating nociception remain unclear; thus, we aimed to explore them in the present study. A neuropathic pain model in male C57BL/6 mice was induced by intrathecal injection of tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α), and the duration of nociceptive behavioral responses was measured with a stop‑watch timer within 30 min. Western blotting was used to explore the protein levels of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule‑1 (IBA1), nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) phosphorylated‑p65, interleukin (IL)‑6 and IL‑1β. We performed reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and ELISA were performed to determine the mRNA and protein expression levels of IL‑6 and IL‑1β, respectively. An MTT assay was conducted to detect BV2 cell viability. Oxyntomodulin was observed to attenuate TNF‑α‑induced pain hypersensitivity in mice, as well as the expression of IBA1, NF‑κB p‑p65, IL‑6 and IL‑1β in the spinal cord. Oxyntomodulin exhibited no cytotoxicity on BV2 cells, and attenuated TNF‑α‑induced IL‑6 and IL‑1β production and release in BV2 cells and culture medium, respectively. Collectively, we proposed oxyntomodulin to attenuate TNF‑α induced neuropathic pain associated with the release of glial cytokines IL‑6 and IL‑1β via inhibiting the activation of the NF‑κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China
| | - Liyong Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China
| | - Yuebo Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China
| | - Guangyao Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China
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Cao S, Li Q, Hou J, Li Z, Cao X, Liu X, Qin B. Intrathecal TRPM8 blocking attenuates cold hyperalgesia via PKC and NF-κB signaling in the dorsal root ganglion of rats with neuropathic pain. J Pain Res 2019; 12:1287-1296. [PMID: 31114308 PMCID: PMC6497852 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s197168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: TRPM8 channel plays central roles in the sensitization of nociceptive transduction and is thought as one of the potential targets for the treatment of neuropathic pain. However, the specific molecular mechanisms are still less clear. Methods: Sciatic chronic constriction injury (CCI) rats were intrathecally administered with AMTB (TRPM8-selective antagonist) or PDTC (nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inhibitor). Cold-, thermal- and mechanical-pain thresholds were examined in CCI and sham-operated rats before and after intrathecal administration of AMTB or PDTC. Protein expression levels of TRPM8 and NF-κB p65, p-PKC/PKC value and p-PKA/PKA value in the CCI ipsilateral L4-6 dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) were analyzed. In addition, the co-expression of TRPM8 and NF-κB was evaluated in DRG. Results: Intrathecal injection of AMTB decreased the cold hypersensitivity and aggravated the thermal-hyperalgesia in the next 2 weeks after CCI surgery. The protein expression of TRPM8 and NF-κB p65 in the ipsilateral DRGs significantly increased after CCI surgery, which can be reversed by intrathecal administration of AMTB. The PKC, PKA, p-PKC/PKC and p-PKA/PKA values showed significantly increase after CCI surgery, while intrathecal AMTB administration offset the expression increase of PKC, p-PKC and p-PKC/PKC but PKA or p-PKA/PKA in the DRG. NF-κB inhibitor not only efficiently increased the cold-, thermal-pain threshold of CCI rats, but also enhanced AMTB’s anti-cold pain effect although exerted no anti-thermal hyperalgesia effect compared with TRPM8 blockade group. Immunofluorescence results showed co-expression of TRPM8 and NF-κB in DRG neurons. Conclusion: TRPM8 channels in DRGs participate in the pathogenesis of cold and thermal hyperalgesia (not mechanical allodynia) in rats with neuropathic pain, which could be regulated by PKC (not PKA) and NF-κB signaling. TRPM8 channel, PKC and NF-κB are potential targets for cold hyperalgesia treatment in neuropathic pain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Cao
- Department of Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, People's Republic of China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingmei Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingfeng Hou
- Department of Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhourui Li
- Department of Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinya Cao
- Department of Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bangyong Qin
- Department of Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, People's Republic of China
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Zhang X, Zhao W, Liu X, Huang Z, Shan R, Huang C. Celastrol ameliorates inflammatory pain and modulates HMGB1/NF-κB signaling pathway in dorsal root ganglion. Neurosci Lett 2019; 692:83-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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A Dual Noradrenergic Mechanism for the Relief of Neuropathic Allodynia by the Antidepressant Drugs Duloxetine and Amitriptyline. J Neurosci 2018; 38:9934-9954. [PMID: 30249798 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1004-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to treating depression, antidepressant drugs are also a first-line treatment for neuropathic pain, which is pain secondary to lesion or pathology of the nervous system. Despite the widespread use of these drugs, the mechanism underlying their therapeutic action in this pain context remains partly elusive. The present study combined data collected in male and female mice from a model of neuropathic pain and data from the clinical setting to understand how antidepressant drugs act. We show two distinct mechanisms by which the selective inhibitor of serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake duloxetine and the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline relieve neuropathic allodynia. One of these mechanisms is acute, central, and requires descending noradrenergic inhibitory controls and α2A adrenoceptors, as well as the mu and delta opioid receptors. The second mechanism is delayed, peripheral, and requires noradrenaline from peripheral sympathetic endings and β2 adrenoceptors, as well as the delta opioid receptors. We then conducted a transcriptomic analysis in dorsal root ganglia, which suggested that the peripheral component of duloxetine action involves the inhibition of neuroimmune mechanisms accompanying nerve injury, including the downregulation of the TNF-α-NF-κB signaling pathway. Accordingly, immunotherapies against either TNF-α or Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) provided allodynia relief. We also compared duloxetine plasma levels in the animal model and in patients and we observed that patients' drug concentrations were compatible with those measured in animals under chronic treatment involving the peripheral mechanism. Our study highlights a peripheral neuroimmune component of antidepressant drugs that is relevant to their delayed therapeutic action against neuropathic pain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In addition to treating depression, antidepressant drugs are also a first-line treatment for neuropathic pain, which is pain secondary to lesion or pathology of the nervous system. However, the mechanism by which antidepressant drugs can relieve neuropathic pain remained in part elusive. Indeed, preclinical studies led to contradictions concerning the anatomical and molecular substrates of this action. In the present work, we overcame these apparent contradictions by highlighting the existence of two independent mechanisms. One is rapid and centrally mediated by descending controls from the brain to the spinal cord and the other is delayed, peripheral, and relies on the anti-neuroimmune action of chronic antidepressant treatment.
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Changes in Dorsal Root Ganglion Gene Expression in Response to Spinal Cord Stimulation. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2018; 42:246-251. [PMID: 28079752 DOI: 10.1097/aap.0000000000000550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been shown to influence pain-related genes in the spinal cord directly under the stimulating electrodes. There is limited information regarding changes occurring at the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). This study evaluates gene expression in the DRG in response to SCS therapy. METHODS Rats were randomized into experimental or control groups (n = 6 per group). Experimental animals underwent spared-nerve injury, implantation of lead, and continuous SCS (72 hours). Behavioral assessment for mechanical hyperalgesia was conducted to compare responses after injury and treatment. Ipsilateral DRG tissue was collected, and gene expression quantified for interleukin 1b (IL-1b), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), GABA B receptor 1 (GABAbr1), substance P (subP), Integrin alpha M (ITGAM), sodium/potassium ATP-ase (Na/K ATPase), fos proto-oncogene (cFOS), serotonin receptor 3A (5HT3r), galanin (Gal), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NpY), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) via quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Statistical significance was established using analysis of variance (ANOVA), independent t tests, and Pearson correlation tests. RESULTS Expression of IL-1b and IL-6 was reversed following SCS therapy relative to the increase caused by the injury model. Both GABAbr1 and Na/K ATPase were significantly up-regulated upon implantation of the lead, and SCS therapy reversed their expression to within control levels. Pearson correlation analyses reveal that GABAbr1 and Na/K ATPase expression was dependent on the stimulating current intensity. CONCLUSIONS Spinal cord stimulation modulates expression of key pain-related genes in the DRG. Specifically, SCS led to reversal of IL-1b and IL-6 expression induced by injury. Interleukin 6 expression was still significantly larger than in sham animals, which may correlate to residual sensitivity following continuous SCS treatment. In addition, expression of GABAbr1 and Na/K ATPase was down-regulated to within control levels following SCS and correlates with applied current.
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16
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The protective effects of sumatriptan on vincristine - induced peripheral neuropathy in a rat model. Neurotoxicology 2018; 67:279-286. [PMID: 29958920 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Clinical use of vincristine (VCR), an effective chemotherapeutic agent, has been limited due to its peripheral neuropathy toxicity. Sumatriptan, which is an anti-migraine agent is a specific agonist for 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B, 1D (5HT1B, 1D) receptors. Several studies have shown that sumatriptan exerts anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of sumatriptan on VCR-induced peripheral neuropathy in a rat model. Male Wistar rats were intraperitoneally injected with VCR and normal saline four times per week for 2 weeks. In the treatment group, sumatriptan (1 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 30 min prior to VCR injection every day. Mortality rate, weight variations and histopathological changes were monitored. Hot plate, tail flick and motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) tests were used to evaluate sensory and motor neuropathy. Levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and caspase-3 in the dorsal ganglion root were assessed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR). Moreover, the protein levels of p65 nuclear factor kappa B (NF-<kappa > B) and phospho-p65 NF-<kappa > B were examined by Western blot analysis. Co-administration of sumatriptan with VCR significantly reversed alterations in the hot plate, tail flick threshold and sciatic MNCV induced by VCR and also prevented mixed sensory-motor neuropathy, as indicated by better general conditions, behavioral and electrophysiological results. In addition, sumatriptan improved the body weight loss caused by VCR. The mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and caspase-3 were significantly diminished in the treatment group. These findings were confirmed by histopathological analysis. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that sumatriptan significantly attenuated VCR-induced neuropathy and could be considered as a neuroprotective agent to prevent the VCR-induced neuropathy.
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Phosphorylated CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein β Contributes to Rat HIV-Related Neuropathic Pain: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. J Neurosci 2017; 38:555-574. [PMID: 29196315 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3647-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is increasingly recognized as an important comorbidity of HIV-infected patients, however, the exact molecular mechanisms of HIV-related pain are still elusive. CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs) are expressed in various tissues, including the CNS. C/EBPβ, one of the C/EBPs, is involved in the progression of HIV/AIDS, but the exact role of C/EBPβ and its upstream factors are not clear in HIV pain state. Here, we used a neuropathic pain model of perineural HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 application onto the rat sciatic nerve to test the role of phosphorylated C/EBPβ (pC/EBPβ) and its upstream pathway in the spinal cord dorsal horn (SCDH). HIV gp120 induced overexpression of pC/EBPβ in the ipsilateral SCDH compared with contralateral SCDH. Inhibition of C/EBPβ using siRNA against C/EBPβ reduced mechanical allodynia. HIV gp120 also increased TNFα, TNFRI, mitochondrial superoxide (mtO2·-), and pCREB in the ipsilateral SCDH. ChIP-qPCR assay showed that pCREB enrichment on the C/EBPβ gene promoter regions in rats with gp120 was higher than that in sham rats. Intrathecal TNF soluble receptor I (functionally blocking TNFα bioactivity) or knockdown of TNFRI using antisense oligodeoxynucleotide against TNFRI reduced mechanical allodynia, and decreased mtO2·-, pCREB and pC/EBPβ. Intrathecal Mito-tempol (a mitochondria-targeted O2·-scavenger) reduced mechanical allodynia and decreased pCREB and pC/EBPβ. Knockdown of CREB with antisense oligodeoxynucleotide against CREB reduced mechanical allodynia and lowered pC/EBPβ. These results suggested that the pathway of TNFα/TNFRI-mtO2·--pCREB triggers pC/EBPβ in the HIV gp120-induced neuropathic pain state. Furthermore, we confirmed the pathway using both cultured neurons treated with recombinant TNFα in vitro and repeated intrathecal injection of recombinant TNFα in naive rats. This finding provides new insights in the understanding of the HIV neuropathic pain mechanisms and treatment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathy is a neurological complication of HIV infection. Phosphorylated C/EBPβ (pC/EBPβ) influences AIDS progression, but it is still not clear about the exact role of pC/EBPβ and the detailed upstream factors of pC/EBPβ in HIV-related pain. In a neuropathic pain model of perineural HIV gp120 application onto the sciatic nerve, we found that pC/EBPβ was triggered by TNFα/TNFRI-mtO2·--pCREB signaling pathway. The pathway was confirmed by using cultured neurons treated with recombinant TNFα in vitro, and by repeated intrathecal injection of recombinant TNFα in naive rats. The present results revealed the functional significance of TNFα/TNFRI-mtO2·--pCREB-pC/EBPβ signaling in HIV neuropathic pain, and should help in the development of more specific treatments for neuropathic pain.
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Ding CP, Guo YJ, Li HN, Wang JY, Zeng XY. Red nucleus interleukin-6 participates in the maintenance of neuropathic pain through JAK/STAT3 and ERK signaling pathways. Exp Neurol 2017; 300:212-221. [PMID: 29183675 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the red nucleus (RN) is up-regulated at 3weeks after spared nerve injury (SNI), and plays facilitated role in the later maintenance of neuropathic pain. The current study aimed to reveal the roles of different signaling pathways, including Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK/STAT3), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), in RN IL-6-mediated pain modulation. In accord with the increase of IL-6 in the RN following SNI, the protein levels of phospho-STAT3 (p-STAT3), p-ERK and p-JNK were also up-regulated in the RN contralateral to the nerve injury side at 3weeks after SNI. The increases of p-STAT3 and p-ERK (but not p-JNK) were associated with IL-6 and could be blocked by anti-IL-6 antibody. Microinjection of JAK2 inhibitor AG490, ERK inhibitor PD98059 and also JNK inhibitor SP600125 into the RN significantly increased the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and alleviated SNI-induced mechanical allodynia. Further studies showed that microinjection of recombinant rat IL-6 (rrIL-6, 20ng) into the RN of normal rats significantly decreased the PWT of rats and increased the local protein levels of p-STAT3 and p-ERK, but not p-JNK. Pre-treatment with AG490 and PD98059 could prevent IL-6-induced mechanical allodynia. Whereas, p-p38 MAPK and p-AKT did not show any expression changes in the RN of rats with SNI or rats treated with rrIL-6. These results suggest that RN IL-6 participates in the later maintenance of SNI-induced neuropathic pain and plays facilitated role through activating JAK/STAT3 and ERK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Ping Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yi-Jie Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Hao-Nan Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Jun-Yang Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
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Zhao WX, Wang PF, Song HG, Sun N. Diosgenin attenuates neuropathic pain in a rat model of chronic constriction injury. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:1559-1564. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Horie K, Watanabe M, Chanbora C, Awada T, Kunimatsu R, Uchida T, Takata T, Tanimoto K. Bovine lactoferrin reduces extra-territorial facial allodynia/hyperalgesia following a trigeminal nerve injury in the rat. Brain Res 2017; 1669:89-96. [PMID: 28465227 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent clinical need for an effective therapeutic agent to treat neuropathic pain. This study explored whether intrathecal administration of bovine lactoferrin (bLF), in combination with signal transduction pathway inhibition or an inflammatory cytokine production, results in reduced allodynia/hyperalgesia in the whisker pad area following mental nerve transection (MNT) in rats. Rats were intrathecally infused with bLF, lipopolysaccharide from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (LPS-RS), an antagonist of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), or interleukin (IL)-18 binding protein (BP). bLF attenuated allodynia/hyperalgesia and blocked upregulation of phosphorylated (p)-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p-nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65, p-IκB kinase, and IL-18 in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc). Microglia expressed p-p38 and astrocytes expressed p-NF-κB p65 in the Vc following MNT. LPS-RS had the same effects as bLF, except for attenuation of p-NF-κB p65. IL-18BP attenuated allodynia/hyperalgesia and IL-18 upregulation in the Vc. These results suggest that bLF suppresses IL-18 production, which is involved in allodynia/hyperalgesia following MNT, by inhibiting TLR4-derived p38 MAPK activation in microglia. Additionally, binding of bLF to tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 might result in inhibition of p38 MAPK and NF-κB activation. The findings suggest that bLF could serve as a potent therapeutic agent for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Horie
- Department of Orthodontics, Applied Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Mineo Watanabe
- Department of Oral Biology, Basic Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Chea Chanbora
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathobiology, Basic Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Awada
- Department of Orthodontics, Applied Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Ryo Kunimatsu
- Department of Orthodontics, Applied Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Takashi Uchida
- Department of Oral Biology, Basic Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Takashi Takata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathobiology, Basic Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kotaro Tanimoto
- Department of Orthodontics, Applied Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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21
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Barr GA, Wang S, Weisshaar CL, Winkelstein BA. Developmental Changes in Pain and Spinal Immune Gene Expression after Radicular Trauma in the Rat. Front Neurol 2016; 7:223. [PMID: 28018284 PMCID: PMC5156703 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is chronic pain that develops after nerve injury and is less frequent in infants and children than in adults. Likewise, in animal models of neuropathic pain, allodynia and hyperalgesia are non-existent or attenuated in the infant, with a “switch” during development by which acute nerve injury transitions to chronic pain. Concomitant with the delay in neuropathic pain, there is a parallel delay in the ability of nerve injury to activate the immune system. Models of neuropathic pain in the infant have used various ligation methods and find that neuropathic pain does not occur under after postnatal days 21–28 (PN21–PN28), linked to activation of immune processes and developmental regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines. We applied a model of neuropathic pain in the adult using a transient compression of the cervical nerve or nerve root in infant rats (injured at 10, 14, 21, or 28 days of age) to define transition periods during which injury results in no change in thermal and mechanical pain sensitivity or in short-term changes in pain. There was little to no hyperalgesia when the injury was imposed at PN10, but significant thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia 1 day after compression injury when performed at PN14, 21, or 28. Thermal withdrawal latencies returned to near baseline by 7 days postsurgery when the injuries were at PN14, and lasted up to 14 days when the injury was imposed at PN28. There was mechanical allodynia following injury at 1 day postinjury and at 14 days after injury at PN14. Measurements of mRNA from spinal cord at 1, 7, and 14 days postinjury at PN14, 21, and 28 showed that both the magnitude and duration of elevated immune markers and chemokines/cytokines were greater in the older animals, corresponding to the development of hyperalgesia. Thus, we confirm the late onset of neuropathic pain but found no evidence of emergent hyperalgesia if the injury was before PN21. This may be due to the use of a transient, and not sustained, compression ligation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon A Barr
- Division of Basic Science Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Shaoning Wang
- Division of Basic Science Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Christine L Weisshaar
- Spine Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Beth A Winkelstein
- Spine Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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22
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Ding CP, Xue YS, Yu J, Guo YJ, Zeng XY, Wang JY. The Red Nucleus Interleukin-6 Participates in the Maintenance of Neuropathic Pain Induced by Spared Nerve Injury. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:3042-3051. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Ko JS, Eddinger KA, Angert M, Chernov AV, Dolkas J, Strongin AY, Yaksh TL, Shubayev VI. Spinal activity of interleukin 6 mediates myelin basic protein-induced allodynia. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 56:378-89. [PMID: 26970355 PMCID: PMC4917441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensory fibers are enveloped by myelin, a unique multilamellar membrane permitting saltatory neuronal conduction. Damage to myelin is thought to contribute to severe pain evoked by innocuous tactile stimulation (i.e., mechanical allodynia). Our earlier (Liu et al., 2012) and present data demonstrate that a single injection of a myelin basic protein-derived peptide (MBP84-104) into an intact sciatic nerve produces a robust and long-lasting (>30days) mechanical allodynia in female rats. The MBP84-104 peptide represents the immunodominant epitope and requires T cells to maintain allodynia. Surprisingly, only systemic gabapentin (a ligand of voltage-gated calcium channel α2δ1), but not ketorolac (COX inhibitor), lidocaine (sodium channel blocker) or MK801 (NMDA antagonist) reverse allodynia induced by the intrasciatic MBP84-104. The genome-wide transcriptional profiling of the sciatic nerve followed by the bioinformatics analyses of the expression changes identified interleukin (IL)-6 as the major cytokine induced by MBP84-104 in both the control and athymic T cell-deficient nude rats. The intrasciatic MBP84-104 injection resulted in both unilateral allodynia and unilateral IL-6 increase the segmental spinal cord (neurons and astrocytes). An intrathecal delivery of a function-blocking IL-6 antibody reduced the allodynia in part by the transcriptional effects in large-diameter primary afferents in DRG. Our data suggest that MBP regulates IL-6 expression in the nervous system and that the spinal IL-6 activity mediates nociceptive processing stimulated by the MBP epitopes released after damage or disease of the somatosensory nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S. Ko
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA,Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kelly A. Eddinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mila Angert
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA,VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Andrei V. Chernov
- Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Dolkas
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA,VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alex Y. Strongin
- Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tony L. Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Veronica I. Shubayev
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA,VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA,Corresponding Author: Veronica I. Shubayev, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0629. Phone: (858) 534-5278; Fax: (858) 534-1445;
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24
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Zhou YQ, Liu Z, Liu ZH, Chen SP, Li M, Shahveranov A, Ye DW, Tian YK. Interleukin-6: an emerging regulator of pathological pain. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:141. [PMID: 27267059 PMCID: PMC4897919 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0607-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 is an inflammatory cytokine with wide-ranging biological effects. It has been widely demonstrated that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the development of pathological pain. Recently, various pathological pain models have shown elevated expression levels of interleukin-6 and its receptor in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. Additionally, the administration of interleukin-6 could cause mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, and an intrathecal injection of anti-interleukin-6 neutralizing antibody alleviated these pain-related behaviors. These studies indicated a pivotal role of interleukin-6 in pathological pain. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in understanding the roles and mechanisms of interleukin-6 in mediating pathological pain associated with bone cancer, peripheral nerve injury, spinal cord injury, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, complete Freund’s adjuvant injection, and carrageenan injection. Understanding and regulating interleukin-6 could be an interesting lead to novel therapeutic strategies for pathological pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Heng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shu-Ping Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Allahverdi Shahveranov
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Da-Wei Ye
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yu-Ke Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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25
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Rozas P, Lazcano P, Piña R, Cho A, Terse A, Pertusa M, Madrid R, Gonzalez-Billault C, Kulkarni AB, Utreras E. Targeted overexpression of tumor necrosis factor-α increases cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activity and TRPV1-dependent Ca2+ influx in trigeminal neurons. Pain 2016; 157:1346-1362. [PMID: 26894912 PMCID: PMC4868804 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We reported earlier that TNF-α, a proinflammatory cytokine implicated in many inflammatory disorders causing orofacial pain, increases the activity of Cdk5, a key kinase involved in brain development and function and recently found to be involved in pain signaling. To investigate a potential mechanism underlying inflammatory pain in trigeminal ganglia (TGs), we engineered a transgenic mouse model (TNF) that can conditionally overexpresses TNF-α upon genomic recombination by Cre recombinase. TNF mice were bred with Nav1.8-Cre mouse line that expresses the Cre recombinase in sensory neurons to obtain TNF-α:Nav1.8-Cre (TNF-α cTg) mice. Although TNF-α cTg mice appeared normal without any gross phenotype, they displayed a significant increase in TNF-α levels after activation of NFκB signaling in the TG. IL-6 and MCP-1 levels were also increased along with intense immunostaining for Iba1 and GFAP in TG, indicating the presence of infiltrating macrophages and the activation of satellite glial cells. TNF-α cTg mice displayed increased trigeminal Cdk5 activity, and this increase was associated with elevated levels of phospho-T407-TRPV1 and capsaicin-evocated Ca influx in cultured trigeminal neurons. Remarkably, this effect was prevented by roscovitine, an inhibitor of Cdk5, which suggests that TNF-α overexpression induced sensitization of the TRPV1 channel. Furthermore, TNF-α cTg mice displayed more aversive behavior to noxious thermal stimulation (45°C) of the face in an operant pain assessment device as compared with control mice. In summary, TNF-α overexpression in the sensory neurons of TNF-α cTg mice results in inflammatory sensitization and increased Cdk5 activity; therefore, this mouse model would be valuable for investigating the mechanism of TNF-α involved in orofacial pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Rozas
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Pain, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Cellular and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Lazcano
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Pain, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Cellular and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Piña
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrew Cho
- Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anita Terse
- Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria Pertusa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodolfo Madrid
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Gonzalez-Billault
- Laboratory of Cellular and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ashok B. Kulkarni
- Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elias Utreras
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Pain, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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26
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Chen Y, Zhang Y, Huo Y, Wang D, Hong Y. Adrenomedullin mediates tumor necrosis factor-α-induced responses in dorsal root ganglia in rats. Brain Res 2016; 1644:183-91. [PMID: 27184601 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM), a member of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) family, has been demonstrated to be a pain peptide. This study investigated the possible involvement of AM in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-induced responses contributing to neuronal plasticity in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Exposure of the DRG explant cultures to TNF-α (5nM) for 48h upregulated the expression of AM mRNA. The treatment with TNF-α also increased the level of CGRP, CCL-2 and MMP-9 mRNA in the cultured DRG. This increase was attenuated by the co-treatment with the selective AM receptor antagonist AM22-52 (2μM). The blockade of AM receptors inhibited TNF-α-induced increase of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (pCREB) and nuclear factor kappa B (pNF-κB) proteins. On the other hand, the treatment with the AM receptor agonist AM1-50 (10nM) for 96h induced an increase in the level of GFAP, IL-1β, pCREB and pNF-κB proteins. The inhibition of AM activity did not change TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase (pERK) while the treatment with AM1-50 still increased the level of pERK in the cultured DRG. Immunofluorescence assay showed the colocalization of AM-like immunoreactivity (IR) with TNF-α-IR in DRG neurons. The present study suggests that the increased AM receptor signaling mediated the many, but not all, TNF-α-induced activities, contributing to peripheral sensitization in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
| | - Yuanhui Huo
- College of Life Sciences and Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
| | - Yanguo Hong
- College of Life Sciences and Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China.
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27
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Komirishetty P, Areti A, Sistla R, Kumar A. Morin Mitigates Chronic Constriction Injury (CCI)-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress Induced PARP Over-Activation and Neuroinflammation. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2029-42. [PMID: 27084773 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1914-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is initiated or caused due to the primary lesion or dysfunction in the nervous system and is proposed to be linked to a cascade of events including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and apoptosis. Oxidative/nitrosative stress aggravates the neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration through poly (ADP) ribose polymerase (PARP) overactivation. Hence, the present study investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the phytoconstituent; morin in chronic constriction injury (CCI) induced neuropathy. Neuropathic pain was induced by chronic constriction of the left sciatic nerve in rats, and the effect of morin (15 and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) was evaluated by measuring behavioural and biochemical changes. Mechanical, chemical and thermal stimuli confirmed the CCI-induced neuropathic pain and treatment with morin significantly improved these behavioural deficits and improved the sciatic functional index by the 14th day after CCI induction. After 14 days of CCI induction, oxidative/nitrosative stress and inflammatory markers were elevated in rat lumbar spinal cord. Oxidative stress induced PARP overactivation resulted in depleted levels of ATP and elevated levels of poly (ADP) ribose (PAR). Treatment with morin reduced the levels of nitrites, restored glutathione levels and abrogated the oxidant induced DNA damage. It also mitigated the increased levels of TNF-α and IL-6. Protein expression studies confirmed the PARP inhibition and anti-inflammatory activity of morin. Findings of this study suggest that morin, by virtue of its antioxidant properties, limited PARP overactivation and neuroinflammation and protected against CCI induced functional, behavioural and biochemical deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Komirishetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana State, 500037, India
| | - Aparna Areti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana State, 500037, India
| | - Ramakrishna Sistla
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana State, 500037, India.
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28
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Souza GR, Cunha TM, Silva RL, Lotufo CM, Verri WA, Funez MI, Villarreal CF, Talbot J, Sousa LP, Parada CA, Cunha FQ, Ferreira SH. Involvement of nuclear factor kappa B in the maintenance of persistent inflammatory hypernociception. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 134:49-56. [PMID: 25902407 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory pain remains poorly understood. In this context, we developed an experimental model in which successive daily injection of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) for 14days into rat hind paws produces a persistent state of hypernociception (i.e. decrease in mechanical nociceptive threshold). This state persists for more than 30days after discontinuing PGE2 injection. In the present study, we investigated the participation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), in the maintenance of this process. Mechanical hypernociception was evaluated using the electronic von Frey test. Activation of NF-κB signaling was measured through the determination of NF-κB p65 subunit translocation to the nucleus of dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRG) by immunofluorescence and western blotting. Herein, we detected an increase in NF-κB p65 subunit translocation to the nucleus of DRG neurons along with persistent inflammatory hypernociception compared with controls. Intrathecal treatment with either dexamethasone or PDTC (NF-κB activation inhibitor) after ending of the induction phase of the persistent inflammatory hypernociception, curtailed the hypernociception period as well as reducing NF-κB p65 subunit translocation. Treatment with antisense oligonucleotides against the NF-κB p65 subunit for 5 consecutive days also reduced persistent inflammatory hypernociception. Inhibition of PKA and PKCε reduced persistent inflammatory hypernociception, which was associated with inhibition of NF-κB p65 subunit translocation. Together these results suggest that peripheral activation of NF-κB by PKA and PKC in primary sensory neurons plays an important role in maintaining persistent inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme R Souza
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rangel L Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celina M Lotufo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Federal University of Uberlandia, Umuarama, MG 38405-320 Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Departamento de Ciencias Patologicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Mani I Funez
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christiane F Villarreal
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jhimmy Talbot
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Parada
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sergio H Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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29
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Old EA, Clark AK, Malcangio M. The role of glia in the spinal cord in neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 227:145-170. [PMID: 25846618 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-46450-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain, both inflammatory and neuropathic, is a debilitating condition in which the pain experience persists after the painful stimulus has resolved. The efficacy of current treatment strategies using opioids, NSAIDS and anticonvulsants is limited by the extensive side effects observed in patients, underlining the necessity for novel therapeutic targets. Preclinical models of chronic pain have recently provided evidence for a critical role played by glial cells in the mechanisms underlying the chronicity of pain, both at the site of damage in the periphery and in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Here microglia and astrocytes respond to the increased input from the periphery and change morphology, increase in number and release pro-nociceptive mediators such as ATP, cytokines and chemokines. These gliotransmitters can sensitise neurons by activation of their cognate receptors thereby contributing to central sensitization which is fundamental for the generation of allodynia, hyperalgesia and spontaneous pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Amy Old
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
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30
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AMIN BAHAREH, ABNOUS KHALIL, MOTAMEDSHARIATY VAHIDEH, HOSSEINZADEH HOSSEIN. Attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis by ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Crocus sativus L. stigma after chronic constriction injury of rats. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2014; 86:1821-32. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201420140067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Crocus sativus elicited antinociceptive effects in the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain. In this study, we explored anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of such extracts in CCI animals. A total of 72 animals were divided as vehicle-treated CCI rats, sham group, CCI animals treated with the effective dose of aqueous and ethanolic extracts (200 mg/kg, i.p.). The lumbar spinal cord levels of proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), were evaluated at days 3 and 7 after CCI (n=3, for each group). The apoptotic protein changes were evaluated at days 3 and 7 by western blotting. Oxidative stress markers including malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione reduced (GSH), were measured on day 7 after CCI. Inflammatory cytokines levels increased in CCI animals on days 3 and 7, which were suppressed by both extracts. The ratio of Bax/ Bcl2 was elevated on day 3 but not on day 7, in CCI animals as compared to sham operated animals and decreased following treatment with both extracts at this time. Both extracts attenuated MDA and increased GSH levels in CCI animals. It may be concluded that saffron alleviates neuropathic pain, at least in part, through attenuation of proinflammatory cytokines, antioxidant activity and apoptotic pathways.
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31
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Shrestha RP, Qiao JM, Shen FG, Bista KB, Zhao ZN, Yang J. Intra-Spinal Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells Transplantation Inhibits the Expression of Nuclear Factor-κB in Acute Transection Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2014; 56:375-82. [PMID: 25535513 PMCID: PMC4272994 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2014.56.5.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the effect of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) transplantation in the expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. Methods BMMNCs were isolated from tibia and femur by a density gradient centrifugation. After establishment of acute transection SCI, rats were divided into experiment (BMMNCs), experiment control (0.1 M PBS infused) and sham surgery groups (laminectomy without any SCI). Locomotor function was assessed weekly for 5 weeks post-injury using BBB locomotor score and urinary bladder function daily for 4 weeks post-injury. Activity of NF-κB in spinal cord was assessed by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Results At each time point post-injury, sham surgery group had significantly higher Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan locomotor and urinary bladder function scores than experiment and experiment control group (p<0.05). At subsequent time interval there were gradual improvement in both experiment and experiment control group, but experiment group had higher score in comparison to experiment control group (p<0.05). Comparisons were also made for expression of activated NF-κB positive cells and level of NF-κB messenger RNA in spinal cord at various time points between the groups. Activated NF-κB immunoreactivity and level of NF-κB mRNA expression were significantly higher in control group in comparison to experiment and sham surgery group (p<0.05). Conclusion BMMNCs transplantation attenuates the expression of NF-κB in injured spinal cord tissue and thus helps in recovery of neurological function in rat models with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Prasad Shrestha
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jian Min Qiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fu Guo Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Krishna Bahadur Bista
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhong Nan Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jianhua Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Heilongjiang, China
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Andrade P, Hoogland G, Del Rosario JS, Steinbusch HW, Visser-Vandewalle V, Daemen MA. Tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors alleviation of experimentally induced neuropathic pain is associated with modulation of TNF receptor expression. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1490-8. [PMID: 24964368 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a key role in the development of sensitization after peripheral nerve damage. We recently demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-α receptor (TNFR) levels in the spinal cord correlate with pain sensation in herniated disc patients in a rat chronic constriction injury (CCI) model. By using the sciatic nerve CCI model, we studied the effect of anti-TNF-α treatment on recovery from hypersensitivity and TNFR expression in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and dorsal horn (DH). Experimental groups consisted of sham-operated and CCI-operated rats that received two s.c. injections (one immediately after surgery, the other 5 days later), both containing saline, etanercept (3 mg/kg body weight), or infliximab (10 mg/kg body weight). Mechanical allodynia (with von Frey filaments) and thermal hyperalgesia (Hargreaves test) were assessed preoperatively and weekly during the first 4 postoperative weeks. DRG and DH samples were collected 2 and 4 weeks after surgery and analyzed for TNFR1 and TNFR2 protein levels by Western blotting and analyzed for mRNA levels by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Anti-TNF-α treatment resulted in a significant alleviation of pain. TNFR levels were increased five- to sixfold in CCI rats compared with sham controls. Both treatments significantly diminished these increased levels. Treated animals that showed a ≥50% alleviation of pain exhibited a significantly reduced TNF R1/R2 mRNA ratio compared with treated animals that recovered less well. These results demonstrate that attenuation of TNFR expression is associated with recovery from nerve injury and suggest that this may be one of the working mechanisms of anti-TNF therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Andrade
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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VEGF-A Promotes Both Pro-angiogenic and Neurotrophic Capacities for Nerve Recovery After Compressive Neuropathy in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:240-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8754-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Savastano LE, Laurito SR, Fitt MR, Rasmussen JA, Gonzalez Polo V, Patterson SI. Sciatic nerve injury: A simple and subtle model for investigating many aspects of nervous system damage and recovery. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 227:166-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Gene therapy for neuropathic pain by silencing of TNF-α expression with lentiviral vectors targeting the dorsal root ganglion in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92073. [PMID: 24642694 PMCID: PMC3958473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain can be a debilitating condition. Many types of drugs that have been used to treat neuropathic pain have only limited efficacy. Recent studies indicate that pro-inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) are involved in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. In the present study, we engineered a gene therapy strategy to relieve neuropathic pain by silencing TNF-α expression in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) using lentiviral vectors expressing TNF short hairpin RNA1-4 (LV-TNF-shRNA1-4) in mice. First, based on its efficacy in silencing TNF-α in vitro, we selected shRNA3 to construct LV-TNF-shRNA3 for in vivo study. We used L5 spinal nerve transection (SNT) mice as a neuropathic pain model. These animals were found to display up-regulated mRNA expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), injury markers, and interleukin (IL)-6, an inflammatory cytokine in the ipsilateral L5 DRG. Injection of LV-TNF-shRNA3 onto the proximal transected site suppressed significantly the mRNA levels of ATF3, NPY and IL-6, reduced mechanical allodynia and neuronal cell death of DRG neurons. These results suggest that lentiviral-mediated silencing of TNF-α in DRG relieves neuropathic pain and reduces neuronal cell death, and may constitute a novel therapeutic option for neuropathic pain.
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Alé A, Bruna J, Morell M, van de Velde H, Monbaliu J, Navarro X, Udina E. Treatment with anti-TNF alpha protects against the neuropathy induced by the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in a mouse model. Exp Neurol 2014; 253:165-73. [PMID: 24406455 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bortezomib (BTZ), a proteasome inhibitor, is an effective anti-neoplastic drug used in the treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. However, it can induce a reversible peripheral neuropathy that may lead to treatment discontinuation. The mechanism through which BTZ exerts toxic effects in peripheral neurons is not clear. Release of proinflammatory cytokines after nerve damage can induce neurodegeneration, but the effects of BTZ on cytokine expression in neurons are unknown, although BTZ modulates the expression of cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, in tumor cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression and the role of these cytokines on the course of BTZ induced neuropathy in mice. IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β1 and IL-1β were up-regulated in dorsal root ganglia but TNF-α and IL-6 increased faster and higher. Then, we studied the potential neuroprotective effect of selective antibodies anti-TNF-α and anti-IL-6 on the evolution of the neuropathy. Treatment with anti-TNF-α but not with anti-IL-6 significantly prevented the decrease of sensory nerve action potentials amplitude and the loss of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. We conclude that monoclonal antibodies directed against TNF-α may be a suitable neuroprotective therapy against the neurotoxicity induced by BTZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Alé
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Jordi Bruna
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Marta Morell
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | | | | | - Xavier Navarro
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Esther Udina
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.
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Mei XP, Sakuma Y, Xie C, Wu D, Ho I, Kotani J, Xu LX. Depressing Interleukin-1� Contributed to the Synergistic Effects of Tramadol and Minocycline on Spinal Nerve Ligation-Induced Neuropathic Pain. Neurosignals 2014; 22:30-42. [DOI: 10.1159/000355071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Lees JG, Duffy SS, Moalem-Taylor G. Immunotherapy targeting cytokines in neuropathic pain. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:142. [PMID: 24319429 PMCID: PMC3837221 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Justin G Lees
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Moon JY, Roh DH, Yoon SY, Kang SY, Choi SR, Kwon SG, Choi HS, Han HJ, Beitz AJ, Lee JH. Sigma-1 receptor-mediated increase in spinal p38 MAPK phosphorylation leads to the induction of mechanical allodynia in mice and neuropathic rats. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:383-91. [PMID: 23333567 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The direct activation of the spinal sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) produces mechanical allodynia (MA) and thermal hyperalgesia (TH) in mice. In addition, the blockade of the spinal Sig-1R prevents the induction of MA, but not TH in chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic rats. The present study was designed to investigate whether the increase in spinal p38 MAPK phosphorylation (p-p38 MAPK) mediates Sig-1R-induced MA or TH in mice and the induction of MA in neuropathic rats. MA and TH were evaluated using von Frey filaments and a hot-plate apparatus, respectively. Neuropathic pain was produced by CCI of the right sciatic nerve in rats. Western blot assay and immunohistochemistry were performed to determine the changes of p-p38 MAPK expression in the spinal cord. Intrathecal (i.t.) injection of PRE084, a selective Sig-1R agonist, into naïve mice time-dependently increased the expression of p-p38 MAPK, which was blocked by pretreatment with BD1047, a Sig-1R antagonist. I.t. pretreatment with SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor also dose-dependently inhibited PRE084-induced MA, whereas TH induction was not affected. In CCI rats, i.t. injection of BD1047 during the induction phase (postoperative days 0 to 5) reduced the CCI-induced increase in p-p38 MAPK. In addition, i.t. SB203580 treatment during the induction phase also suppressed the development of CCI-induced MA, but not TH. Conversely, i.t. SB203580 treatment during the maintenance phase (postoperative days 15 to 20) had no effect on CCI-induced MA or TH. These results demonstrate that the increase in spinal p-p38 MAPK is closely associated with the induction of Sig-1R mediated MA, but not TH. Sigma-1 receptor modulation of p-p38 MAPK also plays an important role in the induction, but not the maintenance, of MA in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Moon
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kwon A, Jeon SM, Hwang SH, Kim JH, Cho HJ. Expression and functional role of metallothioneins I and II in the spinal cord in inflammatory and neuropathic pain models. Brain Res 2013; 1523:37-48. [PMID: 23726995 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the expression and functional role of metallothioneins I and II (MT-I/II) were evaluated in the spinal cord in rat models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) injection into the hindpaw induced an increase in MT-I/II protein expression in bilateral dorsal and ventral horns throughout the spinal cord, while chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve induced an increase in MT-I/II expression in the ipsilateral dorsal and ventral horns of the lower lumbar spinal cord. Increased MT-I/II immunoreactivity was predominantly localized to vascular endothelial cells. CFA injection- and CCI-induced MT-I/II expression was inhibited by intrathecal administration of MT-I siRNA. Treatment with MT-I siRNA before CFA injection or at early time points after CCI resulted in a significant attenuation of mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, while treatment at later time points had no effect on established pain behaviors. Our results suggest that endogenous MT-I/II might play an important role in the pathogenesis of pain behaviors, participating in the initiation of inflammatory and neuropathic pain rather than in their maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Kwon
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 2-101, Dongin Dong, Daegu 702-422, South Korea
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41
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Wei XH, Na XD, Liao GJ, Chen QY, Cui Y, Chen FY, Li YY, Zang Y, Liu XG. The up-regulation of IL-6 in DRG and spinal dorsal horn contributes to neuropathic pain following L5 ventral root transection. Exp Neurol 2012; 241:159-68. [PMID: 23261764 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Our previous works have shown that pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) plays an important role in neuropathic pain produced by lumber 5 ventral root transection (L5-VRT). In the present work we evaluate the role of interleukin-6 (IL-6), another key inflammatory cytokine, in the L5-VRT model. We found that IL-6 was up-regulated in the ipsilateral L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglian (DRG) neurons and in bilateral lumbar spinal cord following L5-VRT. Double immunofluorescence stainings revealed that in DRGs the increased immunoreactivity (IR) of IL-6 was almost restricted in neuronal cells, while in the spinal dorsal horn IL-6-IR up-regulated in both glial cells (astrocyte and microglia) and neurons. Intrathecal administration of IL-6 neutralizing antibody significantly delayed the induction of mechanical allodynia in bilateral hindpaws after L5-VRT. Furthermore, inhibition of TNF-α synthesis by intraperitoneal thalidomide prevented both mechanical allodynia and the up-regulation of IL-6 in DRGs following L5-VRT. These data suggested that the increased IL-6 in afferent neurons and spinal cord contribute to the development of neuropathic pain following motor fiber injury, and that TNF-α is responsible for the up-regulation of IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Hong Wei
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, PR China
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Yoon SY, Patel D, Dougherty PM. Minocycline blocks lipopolysaccharide induced hyperalgesia by suppression of microglia but not astrocytes. Neuroscience 2012; 221:214-24. [PMID: 22742905 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Systemic injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces a robust immune response as well as thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia. Spinal and peripheral glial cells have been implicated as important mediators in this hyperalgesia but the specific contributions of microglia versus astrocytes are not entirely clear. To better define these mechanisms, this study examined the febrile response, nociceptive sensitivity, glial cell reactivity and cytokine production in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord in rats following systemic treatment with LPS and the effects of minocycline in countering these responses. Intraperitoneal LPS injection resulted in an increase in core body temperature and produced hyperalgesia to heat and mechanical stimuli. Western blot studies revealed increased expression of microgial cell, macrophage and satellite cell markers in DRG and microglial and astrocyte markers in spinal cord following LPS treatment. Real-time RT-PCR indicated that LPS treatment increased cytokine mRNA expression levels in both the DRG and the spinal cord. Minocycline suppressed all LPS-induced behavioral effects but not the febrile response. Moreover, minocycline prevented LPS-induced microglia/macrophage activation and cytokine responses in spinal cord and DRG, but did not affect the activation of astrocytes/satellite cells. These data demonstrate that LPS-induced changes in nociceptive sensitivity are likely mediated by activation of microglial cells and/or macrophages in the spinal cord and DRG.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Y Yoon
- Laboratory of Molecular Signal Transduction, Center for Neural Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
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St-Jacques B, Ma W. Role of prostaglandin E2 in the synthesis of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 in primary sensory neurons: an in vivo and in vitro study. J Neurochem 2011; 118:841-54. [PMID: 21371033 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Following various types of nerve injury, cyclooxygenase 2 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) are universally and chronically up-regulated in injured nerves and contribute to the genesis of neuropathic pain. Persistent high levels of PGE2 likely exert chronic effects on nociceptive dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that injured nerve-derived PGE2 contributes to the up-regulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) in DRG neurons following partial sciatic nerve ligation. In naive adult rats, IL-6 was expressed in only a few small size DRG neurons which all co-expressed EP4 receptors. Partial sciatic nerve ligation increased and shifted IL-6 expression from small to medium and large size damaged DRG neurons. Perineural injection of a selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor or a selective EP4 receptor antagonist significantly suppressed the up-regulation of IL-6 in DRG, suggesting that injured nerve derived PGE2 contributes to the de novo synthesis of IL-6 in DRG neurons through EP4 receptors. In cultured sensory ganglion explants, a stabilized PGE2 analog increased IL-6 mRNA and protein levels through the activation of EP4, protein kinase A, protein kinase C, extracellular regulated protein kinase/MAPK, cAMP response element binding protein and NFκB signalling pathways. Taken together, these data indicate that facilitating the de novo synthesis of pain-related cytokines in injured medium and large size DRG neurons is a novel mechanism underlying the role of injured nerve derived PGE2 in the genesis of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno St-Jacques
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Orita S, Koshi T, Mitsuka T, Miyagi M, Inoue G, Arai G, Ishikawa T, Hanaoka E, Yamashita K, Yamashita M, Eguchi Y, Toyone T, Takahashi K, Ohtori S. Associations between proinflammatory cytokines in the synovial fluid and radiographic grading and pain-related scores in 47 consecutive patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2011; 12:144. [PMID: 21714933 PMCID: PMC3144455 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-12-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the sources of knee pain in osteoarthritis (OA) is believed to be related to local chronic inflammation of the knee joints, which involves the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-6, and nerve growth factor (NGF) in the synovial membrane, and these cytokines are believed to promote pathological OA. In the present study, correlations between proinflammatory cytokines in knee synovial fluid and radiographic changes and functional scores and pain scores among OA patients were examined. METHODS Synovial fluid was harvested from the knees of 47 consecutive OA patients, and the levels of TNFα, IL-6, and NGF were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Osteoarthritic knees were classified using Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grading (1-4). The Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) was used to assess self-reported physical function, pain, and stiffness. RESULTS TNFα and IL-6 were detectable in knee synovial, whereas NGF was not. TNFα was not correlated with the KL grade, whereas IL-6 had a significantly negative correlation. We observed differences in the correlations between TNFα and IL-6 with WOMAC scores and their subscales (pain, stiffness, and physical function). TNFα exhibited a significant correlation with the total score and its 3 subscales, whereas IL-6 exhibited a moderately significant negative correlation only with the subscale of stiffness. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that the concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines are correlated with KL grades and WOMAC scores in patients with knee OA. Although TNFα did not have a significant correlation with the radiographic grading, it was significantly associated with the WOMAC score. IL-6 had a significant negative correlation with the KL grading, whereas it had only a weakly significant correlation with the subscore of stiffness. The results suggest that these cytokines play a role in the pathogenesis of synovitis in osteoarthritic knees in different ways: TNFα is correlated with pain, whereas IL-6 is correlated with joint function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumihisa Orita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chiba Rosai Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
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Jeon SM, Sung JK, Cho HJ. Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and its induction by tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 in sensory neurons in the ventral rhizotomy model of neuropathic pain. Neuroscience 2011; 190:354-66. [PMID: 21712071 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The expression and role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord was evaluated in the lumbar 5 ventral rhizotomy (L5 VR) model of neuropathic pain. MCP-1 protein expression in the L4/L5 DRG neurons following L5 VR peaked after 3 days, and then declined. Immunohistochemistry showed that no MCP-1 immunoreactivity was observed in the spinal cord after L5 VR, while enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed a small but significant increase in MCP-1 protein content. L5 VR resulted in robust and prolonged mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Administration of anti-MCP-1 neutralizing antibody before and at early time points after L5 VR resulted in a significant attenuation of mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, while post-treatment had a weaker effect on established neuropathic pain. Extensive colocalization of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) and MCP-1 was observed in the L5 DRG following L5 VR, and treatment with TNFR1 antisense oligonucleotide reduced L5 VR-induced MCP-1 expression in L5 DRG neurons and neuropathic pain behaviors. MCP-1/chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 signaling has been proposed as a major regulator of macrophage trafficking. In contrast to the effect on pain behaviors, however, intrathecal administration of anti-MCP-1 neutralizing antibody had no effect on the L5 VR-induced increase in ED-1-immunoreactive macrophages in the L5 DRG and the distal stump of the transected L5 ventral root. These data indicate that increased MCP-1 in DRG neurons might participate in the initiation, rather than the maintenance, of neuropathic pain induced by L5 VR. Furthermore, increased MCP-1 in the DRG is induced by TNF-α/TNFR1 and has no effect on the infiltration of macrophages into the DRG following L5 VR.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-M Jeon
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 2-101, Dongin Dong, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
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Orita S, Ishikawa T, Miyagi M, Ochiai N, Inoue G, Eguchi Y, Kamoda H, Arai G, Toyone T, Aoki Y, Kubo T, Takahashi K, Ohtori S. Pain-related sensory innervation in monoiodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis in rat knees that gradually develops neuronal injury in addition to inflammatory pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2011; 12:134. [PMID: 21679434 PMCID: PMC3142251 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-12-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The exact mechanism of knee osteoarthritis (OA)-associated pain is unclear, whereas mixed evidence of inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain has been noted. We aimed to investigate pain-related sensory innervation in a monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced model of OA. Methods Sixty of seventy female Sprague Dawley rats of six week-old underwent intra-articular MIA and fluorogold (FG) retrograde neurotracer injection into their right (ipsilateral) knee, while their left knees were treated with FG in saline as a control (contralateral knee). Other rats were treated with FG only bilaterally, and used as controls. Rats were evaluated for tactile allodynia using von Frey hairs. Proinflammatory mediators in the knee soft tissues, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and nerve growth factor (NGF), were quantified using ELISAs to evaluate inflammation in the knee after 1, 4, 7,14,21, and 28 days post injection:. Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were immunostained for three molecules after 7,14,21, and 28 days post injection: calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a marker of inflammatory pain; and activating transcription factor-3 (ATF3) and growth associated protein-43 (GAP43), as markers for nerve injury and regenerating axons. The distribution of microglia in the spinal cord were also evaluated, because they have been reported to increase in neuropathic pain states. These evaluations were performed up to 28 days postinjection. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results Progressive tactile allodynia and elevated cytokine concentrations were observed in ipsilateral knees. CGRP-immunoreactive (-ir) ipsilateral DRG neurons significantly increased, peaking at 14 days postinjection, while expression of FG-labeled ATF3-ir or ATF3-ir GAP43-ir DRG neurons significantly increased in a time-dependent manner. Significant proliferation of microglia were found with time in the ipsilateral dorsal horn. Conclusions Pain-related characteristics in a MIA-induced rat OA model can originate from an inflammatory pain state induced by the local inflammation initiated by inflammatory cytokines, and that state will be followed by gradual initiation of neuronal injury, which may induce the neuropathic pain state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumihisa Orita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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Andrade P, Visser-Vandewalle V, Hoffmann C, Steinbusch HWM, Daemen MA, Hoogland G. Role of TNF-alpha during central sensitization in preclinical studies. Neurol Sci 2011; 32:757-71. [PMID: 21559854 PMCID: PMC3171667 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-011-0599-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a principal mediator in pro-inflammatory processes that involve necrosis, apoptosis and proliferation. Experimental and clinical evidence demonstrate that peripheral nerve injury results in activation and morphological changes of microglial cells in the spinal cord. These adjustments occur in order to initiate an inflammatory cascade in response to the damage. Between the agents involved in this reaction, TNF-α is recognized as a key player in this process as it not only modulates lesion formation, but also because it is suggested to induce nociceptive signals. Nowadays, even though the function of TNF-α in inflammation and pain production seems to be generally accepted, diverse sources of literature point to different pathways and outcomes. In this review, we systematically searched and reviewed original articles from the past 10 years on animal models of peripheral nervous injury describing TNF-α expression in neural tissue and pain behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Andrade
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, Box 38, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Decoy strategy targeting the brain-derived neurotrophic factor exon I to attenuate tactile allodynia in the neuropathic pain model of rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 408:139-44. [PMID: 21466785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.03.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying neuropathic pain is still largely unclear. Recently, much attention has been focused on the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as a neuromodulator in the spinal cord. We previously reported that the expression of Bdnf exon I mRNA was remarkably up-regulated in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons with the rat L5 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model. In the present study, we investigated whether neuropathic pain response would be reduced by the inhibition of the Bdnf exon I in the rat SNL model. We identified the promoter region of exon I and synthesized the decoy ODNs targeting the region. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed that the decoy ODN treatment reduced SNL-induced Bdnf exon I mRNA up-regulation in ipsilateral L4 and L5 DRGs. Furthermore, post-treatment with the decoy ODNs significantly attenuated SNL-induced tactile allodynia. This study suggested that decoy ODNs targeting the Bdnf exon I might provide a novel analgesic strategy for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Involvement of p38/NF-κB signaling pathway in the nucleus accumbens in the rewarding effects of morphine in rats. Behav Brain Res 2011; 218:184-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wang C, Ning LP, Wang YH, Zhang Y, Ding XL, Ge HY, Arendt-Nielsen L, Yue SW. Nuclear factor-kappa B mediates TRPV4-NO pathway involved in thermal hyperalgesia following chronic compression of the dorsal root ganglion in rats. Behav Brain Res 2011; 221:19-24. [PMID: 21356247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is involved in TRPV4-NO pathway in thermal hyperalgesia following chronic compression of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) (the procedure hereafter termed CCD) in rat. Intrathecal administration of two NF-κB inhibitors, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC; 10(-1) to 10(-2)M) and BAY (100-50 μM), both induced significantly dose-dependent increase in the paw withdrawal latency (PWL) and decrease in nitric oxide (NO) content in DRG when compared with control rats. Pretreatment with 4α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (4α-PDD, transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) synthetic activator, 1 nm) attenuated the suppressive effects of PDTC (10(-1)M) and BAY (100 μM) on CCD-induced thermal hyperalgesia and NO production. In addition, Western blot analysis indicated that CCD rats exhibited nuclear NF-κB protein expression and low levels of cytoplasmic inhibitory-kappa B (I-κB) expression; the increase in NF-κB expression and decrease in I-κB expression were reversed after intrathecal injection of PDTC. In conclusion, our data suggested that NF-κB could be involved in TRPV4-NO pathway in CCD-induced thermal hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Qilu Hospital, Medical School of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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