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Lerin LA, Botti G, Dalpiaz A, Bianchi A, Ferraro L, Chaibi C, Zappaterra F, Meola D, Giovannini PP, Pavan B. Characterization and Hydrolysis Studies of a Prodrug Obtained as Ester Conjugate of Geraniol and Ferulic Acid by Enzymatic Way. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6263. [PMID: 38892454 PMCID: PMC11172460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferulic acid (Fer) and geraniol (Ger) are natural compounds whose antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity confer beneficial properties, such as antibacterial, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. However, the short half-lives of these compounds impair their therapeutic activities after conventional administration. We propose, therefore, a new prodrug (Fer-Ger) obtained by a bio-catalyzed ester conjugation of Fer and Ger to enhance the loading of solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) designed as Fer-Ger delivery and targeting systems. SLMs were obtained by hot emulsion techniques without organic solvents. HPLC-UV analysis evidenced that Fer-Ger is hydrolyzed in human or rat whole blood and rat liver homogenates, with half-lives of 193.64 ± 20.93, 20.15 ± 0.75, and 3.94 ± 0.33 min, respectively, but not in rat brain homogenates. Studies on neuronal-differentiated mouse neuroblastoma N2a cells incubated with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) inductor H2O2 evidenced the Fer-Ger ability to prevent oxidative injury, despite the fact that it appears ROS-promoting. The amounts of Fer-Ger encapsulated in tristearin SLMs, obtained in the absence or presence of glucose, were 1.5 ± 0.1%, allowing the control of the prodrug release (glucose absence) or to sensibly enhance its water dissolution rate (glucose presence). These new "green" carriers can potentially prolong the beneficial effects of Fer and Ger or induce neuroprotection as nasal formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindomar Alberto Lerin
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.A.L.); (G.B.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (F.Z.); (D.M.); (P.P.G.)
| | - Giada Botti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.A.L.); (G.B.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (F.Z.); (D.M.); (P.P.G.)
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication (CTNSC@UniFe), Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.A.L.); (G.B.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (F.Z.); (D.M.); (P.P.G.)
| | - Anna Bianchi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.A.L.); (G.B.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (F.Z.); (D.M.); (P.P.G.)
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara and LTTA Center, Via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Chaimae Chaibi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.A.L.); (G.B.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (F.Z.); (D.M.); (P.P.G.)
| | - Federico Zappaterra
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.A.L.); (G.B.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (F.Z.); (D.M.); (P.P.G.)
| | - Domenico Meola
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.A.L.); (G.B.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (F.Z.); (D.M.); (P.P.G.)
| | - Pier Paolo Giovannini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.A.L.); (G.B.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (F.Z.); (D.M.); (P.P.G.)
| | - Barbara Pavan
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication (CTNSC@UniFe), Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation—Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Sunena, Tomar D, Jawla S. Clinical Applications of Sunscreens and Formulation Advancements. Curr Drug Res Rev 2024; 16:198-208. [PMID: 37464824 DOI: 10.2174/2589977515666230718124841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Sunscreens cover the big market ratio in terms of cosmetic applications, but the therapeutic necessity of sunscreen still needs to be uncovered in the clinical context. Clinically, sunscreens are being employed more often nowadays as a result of the rising consequences of skin malignancies and the photodamaging effects of UV radiation. Sunscreens are essential to prevent aging by shielding the skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Over the recent decades, there has been a significant evolution in the usage of sunscreens as photo protectants. The demand for sunscreen formulations will inevitably rise as more people become aware of the protection that sunscreens provide against tanning, photoaging, non-melanoma skin cancers, premalignant skin lesions, and skin melanomas. The novel contemporary formulation techniques are also beneficial in enhancing the product's aesthetic look and quality. Recently, regulatory agencies have also started paying attention to the regulation of the clinical application, efficacy, and safety parameters related to sunscreen. This review underlines the pathophysiological response of UV exposure with the therapeutic applications of sunscreen in various dermatological conditions and the recent formulation advancements in the development of sunscreen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunena
- Geeta Institute of Pharmacy, Geeta University, Panipat, 132145, India
| | - Deepali Tomar
- Geeta Institute of Pharmacy, Geeta University, Panipat, 132145, India
| | - Sunil Jawla
- Geeta Institute of Pharmacy, Geeta University, Panipat, 132145, India
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3
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Botti G, Bianchi A, Dalpiaz A, Tedeschi P, Albanese V, Sorrenti M, Catenacci L, Bonferoni MC, Beggiato S, Pavan B. Dimeric ferulic acid conjugate as a prodrug for brain targeting after nasal administration of loaded solid lipid microparticles. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1657-1679. [PMID: 38014509 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2286369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ferulic acid (Fer) displays antioxidant/anti-inflammatory properties useful against neurodegenerative diseases. To increase Fer uptake and its central nervous system residence time, a dimeric prodrug, optimizing the Fer loading on nasally administrable solid lipid microparticles (SLMs), was developed. METHODS The prodrug was synthesized as Fer dimeric conjugate methylated on the carboxylic moiety. Prodrug antioxidant/anti-inflammatory properties and ability to release Fer in physiologic environments were evaluated. Tristearin or stearic acid SLMs were obtained by hot emulsion technique. In vivo pharmacokinetics were quantified by HPLC. RESULTS The prodrug was able to release Fer in physiologic environments (whole blood and brain homogenates) and induce in vitro antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effects. Its half-life in rats was 18.0 ± 1.9 min. Stearic acid SLMs, exhibiting the highest prodrug loading and dissolution rate, were selected for nasal administration to rats (1 mg/kg dose), allowing to obtain high prodrug bioavailability and prolonged residence in the cerebrospinal fluid, showing AUC (Area Under Concentration) values (108.5 ± 3.9 μg∙mL-1∙min) up to 30 times over those of Fer free drug, after its intravenous/nasal administration (3.3 ± 0.3/5.16 ± 0.20 μg∙mL-1∙min, respectively) at the same dose. Chitosan presence further improved the prodrug brain uptake. CONCLUSIONS Nasal administration of prodrug-loaded SLMs can be proposed as a noninvasive approach for neurodegenerative disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Botti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Bianchi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Tedeschi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Albanese
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Milena Sorrenti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Catenacci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Sarah Beggiato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara and LTTA Center, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Barbara Pavan
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation-Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication (CTNSC), Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ferrara, Italy
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4
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Aanisah N, Sulistiawati S, Djabir YY, Asri RM, Sumarheni S, Chabib L, Hamzah H, Permana AD. Development of Solid Lipid Nanoparticle-Loaded Polymeric Hydrogels Containing Antioxidant and Photoprotective Bioactive Compounds of Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) for Improved Skin Delivery. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:1838-1851. [PMID: 36701815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a potent natural antioxidant because of active compounds such as quercetin (QU) and luteolin (LU). These components prevent damage to the skin caused by free radicals from UV rays. However, due to the poor solubility and transdermal permeation, the effectiveness of the compounds in showing their activity was limited. In this study, we develop solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN)-based hydrogel formulations to enhance the solubility and penetration of two bioactive compounds found in safflower petals extract (SPE). The hot emulsification-ultrasonication method was used to produce SLNs, and to obtain high antioxidant activity, 100% v/v ethanol was used in the extraction procedure. The results showed that this approach could encapsulate >80% of both QU and LU. Moreover, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) spectra indicated that most of the QU and LU were trapped in a lipid matrix and dispersed homogeneously at the molecular level, increasing the solubility. Additionally, SLN-hydrogel composites are able to release two lipophilic bioactive compounds for 24 h, which also demonstrated increased skin retention and penetrability of the QU and LU up to 19-fold. In vitro blood biocompatibility showed that no hemolytic toxicity was observed below 500 μg/mL. Accordingly, the formulation was considered safe for use. Sun protective factor (SPF) test shows a value above 15, showing an excellent promising application as the photoprotective agent to prevent symptoms associated with photoinduced skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuur Aanisah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Tadulako University, Palu94118, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | | | - Lutfi Chabib
- Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta55584, Indonesia
| | - Hasyrul Hamzah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur, Samarinda75124, Indonesia
| | - Andi Dian Permana
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar90245, Indonesia
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5
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Santos PA, Silva MRMDA, Tavares M, Ricci-Junior E. Microencapsulation of DEET in Solid Lipid Microparticles: production, characterization and safety evaluation. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20211166. [PMID: 36074427 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220211166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DEET is considered the gold standard for insect repellent products. However, it behaves as a strong skin permeant. DEET was encapsulated in Solid Lipid Microparticles (SLM) and characterized in terms of morphology, particle size, cytotoxicity and ex vivo permeation. The particles exhibited micrometric size with a spherical shape. In addition, we developed and validated an analytical method for DEET quantification by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which was selective, linear, precise, accurate and robust. The toxicity test in cell culture of keratinocytes, fibroblasts and macrophages showed that the formulation did not present cytotoxicity. The SLM were able to decrease the skin permeation of DEET in relation to the free active in ethanol with gain in the safe. Microparticles were able to increase the skin retention of DEET, which can contribute to extend the time of repellent action. The results showed that Solid Lipid Microparticles are safe and promising topical formulation to insect bite prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Santos
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Galênico, Faculdade de Farmácia, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Márcio R M DA Silva
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Galênico, Faculdade de Farmácia, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Melanie Tavares
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Galênico, Faculdade de Farmácia, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Ricci-Junior
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Galênico, Faculdade de Farmácia, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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6
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Botti G, Bianchi A, Pavan B, Tedeschi P, Albanese V, Ferraro L, Spizzo F, Del Bianco L, Dalpiaz A. Effects of Microencapsulated Ferulic Acid or Its Prodrug Methyl Ferulate on Neuroinflammation Induced by Muramyl Dipeptide. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10609. [PMID: 36078325 PMCID: PMC9518205 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ferulic acid (Fer) is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which are possibly useful against neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the ability of Fer to permeate the brain, its fast elimination from the body does not allow its therapeutic use to be optimized. The present study proposes the preparation and characterization of tristearin- or stearic acid-based solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) as sustained delivery and targeting systems for Fer. The microparticles were produced by conventional hot emulsion techniques. The synthesis of the methyl ester of Fer (Fer-Me) allowed its encapsulation in the SLMs to increase. Fer-Me was hydrolyzed to Fer in rat whole blood and liver homogenate, evidencing its prodrug behavior. Furthermore, Fer-Me displayed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The amount of encapsulated Fer-Me was 0.719 ± 0.005% or 1.507 ± 0.014% in tristearin or stearic acid SLMs, respectively. The tristearin SLMs were able to control the prodrug release, while the stearic acid SLMs induced a significant increase of its dissolution rate in water. Jointly, the present results suggest that the tristearin SLMs loaded with Fer-Me could be a potential formulation against peripheral neuropathic pain; conversely, the stearic acid SLMs could be useful for Fer-Me uptake in the brain after nasal administration of the formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Botti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Bianchi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Barbara Pavan
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation—Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Tedeschi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Albanese
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d’Este 32, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara and LTTA Center, via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federico Spizzo
- Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, via G. Saragat 1, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lucia Del Bianco
- Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, via G. Saragat 1, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
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8
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Damiani E, Puglia C. Nanocarriers and Microcarriers for Enhancing the UV Protection of Sunscreens: An Overview. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3769-3780. [PMID: 31521640 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses a major question of importance to pharmaceutical scientists: how can novel drug delivery systems play a role in maximizing the UV protection of sunscreens? Because more and more people are being diagnosed with skin cancer each year than all other cancers combined, adequate sun protective measures are pivotal. In this context, the present review is to give an up-to-date overview on the different nanocarrier systems that have been explored so far for encapsulating different types of UV filters present on the market. The aim of these carrier systems is to prevent skin penetration and to enhance the photoprotective potential of sunscreen actives. For each supramolecular system, a brief description along with the studies, achievements, and pitfalls, on the type of UV actives inside them, ranging from classical UV filters to new generation of UV actives is given. A brief overview of UV filters encapsulated in microcarriers is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Damiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of the Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Carmelo Puglia
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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9
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Ghasemiyeh P, Azadi A, Daneshamouz S, Heidari R, Azarpira N, Mohammadi-Samani S. Cyproterone acetate-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers: effect of particle size on skin penetration and follicular targeting. Pharm Dev Technol 2019; 24:812-823. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2019.1596133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Ghasemiyeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Azadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeid Daneshamouz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soliman Mohammadi-Samani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug delivery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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10
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Zhang S, Wang W, Chen T. Preparation and Characterization of PMMA Particles Incorporating a Chemical Sunscreen Agent for Improvement of UV Protection Ability. Aust J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/ch17572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
UV protection ability is an important concern in the application of sunscreen. Modifying well-known UV filters is one of the most important ways to develop sunscreens. In this study, poly(methyl methacrylate)–ethylhexyl salicylate (PMMA-EHS) particles were prepared via miniemulsion polymerization using a redox initiator at low temperature. Compared with free EHS, the sun protection factor (SPF) value of PMMA-EHS particles was increased by ~40 %, which indicated a significant improvement in UV protection ability from encapsulating EHS in PMMA. Prepared PMMA-EHS particles proved non-leaky in application and can greatly reduce skin irritation by preventing direct contact of EHS with skin.
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11
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Baker LA, Greenough SE, Stavros VG. A Perspective on the Ultrafast Photochemistry of Solution-Phase Sunscreen Molecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4655-4665. [PMID: 27791379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sunscreens are one of the most common ways of providing on-demand additional photoprotection to the skin. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy has recently proven to be an invaluable tool in understanding how the components of commercial sunscreen products display efficient photoprotection. Important examples of how this technique has unravelled the photodynamics of common components are given in this Perspective, and some of the remaining unanswered questions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Simon E Greenough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield , Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Vasilios G Stavros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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12
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Solid lipid microparticles for enhanced dermal delivery of tetracycline HCl. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 145:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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13
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Brugè F, Damiani E, Marcheggiani F, Offerta A, Puglia C, Tiano L. A comparative study on the possible cytotoxic effects of different nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) compositions in human dermal fibroblasts. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:879-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Improvement in UV protection retention capability and reduction in skin penetration of benzophenone-3 with mesoporous silica as drug carrier by encapsulation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 148:277-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Liu XH, Liang XZ, Fang X, Zhang WP. Preparation and evaluation of novel octylmethoxycinnamate-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. Int J Cosmet Sci 2015; 37:446-53. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X.-h. Liu
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology; Shanghai Institute of Technology; No. 100 Haiquan Road Fengxian District Shanghai 201418 China
| | - X.-z. Liang
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology; Shanghai Institute of Technology; No. 100 Haiquan Road Fengxian District Shanghai 201418 China
| | - X. Fang
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology; Shanghai Institute of Technology; No. 100 Haiquan Road Fengxian District Shanghai 201418 China
| | - W.-P. Zhang
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology; Shanghai Institute of Technology; No. 100 Haiquan Road Fengxian District Shanghai 201418 China
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Scalia S, Young PM, Traini D. Solid lipid microparticles as an approach to drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 12:583-99. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.980812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Niculae G, Lacatusu I, Bors A, Stan R. Photostability enhancement by encapsulation of α-tocopherol into lipid-based nanoparticles loaded with a UV filter. CR CHIM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Aburahma MH, Badr-Eldin SM. Compritol 888 ATO: a multifunctional lipid excipient in drug delivery systems and nanopharmaceuticals. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:1865-83. [PMID: 25152197 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.935335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Compritol® 888 ATO is a lipid excipient that is generally used in cosmetic industry as a surfactant, emulsifying agent and viscosity-inducing agent in emulsions or creams. Based on its chemical composition, Compritol 888 ATO is a blend of different esters of behenic acid with glycerol. AREAS COVERED Recently, there has been great interest in the multiple roles that Compritol 888 ATO plays in various pharmaceutical delivery systems. Accordingly, this review aimed at summarizing the current and potential applications of Compritol 888 ATO in various drug delivery areas. EXPERT OPINION Different researches have highlighted the feasibility of using Compritol 888 ATO as a lubricant or coating agent for oral solid dosage formulations. It has also been explored as a matrix-forming agent for controlling drug release. At present, the most common pharmaceutical application of Compritol 888 ATO is in lipid-based colloidal drug delivery system such as solid lipid microparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers. Although, Compritol 888 ATO has acceptable regulatory and safety profiles and although the number of articles that emphasize on its applicability as an innovative excipient in pharmaceutical technology is continuously increasing, it is not widely used in the pharmaceutical market products and its use is limited to its sustain release ability in extended release tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona H Aburahma
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
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Influence of vegetable oil on the synthesis of bioactive nanocarriers with broad spectrum photoprotection. OPEN CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-014-0503-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDue to their unique features, most nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) in association with vegetable oils that exhibit UV filtering properties and bioactivity could be used in many cosmetic formulations. Therefore, in this work, a new application of pomegranate seed oil (PSO) in the cosmetic sector was developed, based on the synthesis of bioactive lipid nanocarriers loaded with various UV filters by the hot high pressure homogenization technique. To get broad spectrum photoprotection, different UVA and UVB filters have been used (Avobenzone — AVO, Octocrylen-OCT, Bemotrizinol — BEMT). The influence of the solid lipids combined with PSO on the particle size, physical stability and entrapment efficiency was investigated using 8 nanocarrier systems. An improved physical stability and an appropriate size were obtained for NLCs prepared with Emulgade, carnauba wax and PSO (e.g. −30.9÷-36.9 mV and 160÷185 nm). NLCs showed an entrapment efficiency above 90% and assured slow release rates of UV filters, especially for BEMT (5%). The developed nanocarriers have been formulated into safe and effective sunscreens containing low amounts of synthetic UV filters coupled with a high percent of natural ingredients. The highest SPF of 34.3 was obtained for a cream comprising of 11% PSO and 3.7% BEMT
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Martins RM, Siqueira S, Fonseca MJV, Freitas LAP. Skin penetration and photoprotection of topical formulations containing benzophenone-3 solid lipid microparticles prepared by the solvent-free spray-congealing technique. J Microencapsul 2014; 31:644-53. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2014.911378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Mesoporous silica aerogel as a drug carrier for the enhancement of the sunscreen ability of benzophenone-3. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 115:191-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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22
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Blasi P, Schoubben A, Giovagnoli S, Rossi C, Ricci M. The real value of novel particulate carriers for sunscreen formulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/edm.11.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Niculae G, Badea N, Meghea A, Oprea O, Lacatusu I. Coencapsulation of Butyl-Methoxydibenzoylmethane and Octocrylene into Lipid Nanocarriers: UV Performance, Photostability andin vitroRelease. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:1085-94. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Niculae
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science; University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest; Street No 1; 011061; Bucharest; Romania
| | - Nicoleta Badea
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science; University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest; Street No 1; 011061; Bucharest; Romania
| | - Aurelia Meghea
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science; University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest; Street No 1; 011061; Bucharest; Romania
| | - Ovidiu Oprea
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science; University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest; Street No 1; 011061; Bucharest; Romania
| | - Ioana Lacatusu
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science; University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest; Street No 1; 011061; Bucharest; Romania
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Jaques JADS, Rezer JFP, Ruchel JB, Souza VDCG, Pinheiro KDV, Schlemmer KB, Schlemmer JB, Bertoldo TMD, Martins NMB, Bertoncheli CDM, Fontana MC, Beck RCR, Leal DBR. An experimental model of contact dermatitis: evaluation of the oxidative profile of Wistar rats treated with free and nanoencapsulated clobetasol. Redox Rep 2013; 17:206-13. [PMID: 23068967 DOI: 10.1179/1351000212y.0000000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An experimental animal model of contact dermatitis (CD) was used to investigate the effects of free and nanoencapsulated clobetasol propionate on the skin and on the oxidative profile of liver tissue. METHODS Female Wistar rats were divided into six groups, each containing eight rats. The first group, control (C), was sensitized with solid vaseline. Group 2, (CD), was sensitized with 5% NiSO(4). Groups 3 and 4 were sensitized with 5% NiSO(4) and treated with free (FC) and nanoencapsulated (NC) clobetasol (0.42 mg/g), respectively, daily for 5 days. Group 5 was treated with nanoencapsulated clobetasol (0.42 mg/g) on days 1, 3, and 5 (C135) and group 6 received a hydrogel containing empty nanoparticles (NP) daily for 5 days. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), carbonyl levels, non-protein sulfhydryl groups (NPSH) and catalase activity were measured in liver homogenates. RESULTS A significant increase was observed in the levels of TBARS, NPSH, and catalase activity for the groups CD and NP. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that both NiSO(4) sensitization and NP administration induced oxidation of cellular lipids and activated the antioxidant enzyme catalase to protect from this damage. These results also indicated that daily treatment with the free and nanoencapsulated clobetasol, as well as treatment with the nanoencapsulated clobetasol every other day, were able to prevent these redox alterations and protect against histological damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeandre Augusto dos Santos Jaques
- Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Enzimologia Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
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Latif R, Refai H, Tawakkol S. Photostabilization of sunscreen oil through preparation of a free-flowing powder. J Microencapsul 2011; 28:159-65. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2010.520092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Mestres J, Duracher L, Baux C, Vian L, Marti-Mestres G. Benzophenone-3 entrapped in solid lipid microspheres: Formulation and in vitro skin evaluation. Int J Pharm 2010; 400:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gomaa YA, Darwish IA, Boraei NA, El-Khordagui LK. Formulation of wax oxybenzone microparticles using a factorial approach. J Microencapsul 2010; 27:628-39. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2010.506580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
Many molecular sunscreens penetrate into the skin causing photo-allergic and photo-toxic reactions as well as skin irritations establishing an urgent need for the development of a safer sunscreen formulation. The search for active substances, efficient combinations, and the design of novel vehicles or carriers has led to the implementation of new cosmetic systems in contrast to the classic forms such as creams or gels. Amongst various approaches utilized to improve performance of sunscreening agents, the use of multiparticulate delivery systems is gaining increasing attention amongst researchers. Multiparticulate delivery systems can be incorporated into gels, creams, liquids, powders or other formulations, and can release active agents depending on their temperature, moisture, friction, volatility of the entrapped ingredients or time. These systems also have the ability of scattering or reflecting incoming UV radiations and therefore can act as physical sunscreens on their own.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Jain
- SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas University, Chhattisgarh, India.
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Gomaa YA, El-Khordagui LK, Boraei NA, Darwish IA. Chitosan microparticles incorporating a hydrophilic sunscreen agent. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Vettor M, Bourgeois S, Fessi H, Pelletier J, Perugini P, Pavanetto F, Bolzinger MA. Skin absorption studies of octyl-methoxycinnamate loaded poly(D,L-lactide) nanoparticles: Estimation of the UV filter distribution and release behaviour in skin layers. J Microencapsul 2010; 27:253-62. [DOI: 10.3109/10717540903097770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Passerini N, Gavini E, Albertini B, Rassu G, Di Sabatino M, Sanna V, Giunchedi P, Rodriguez L. Evaluation of solid lipid microparticles produced by spray congealing for topical application of econazole nitrate. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.05.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The aims of this study were to evaluate the suitability of the spray congealing technique to produce solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) for topical administration and to study the skin permeation of a drug from SLMs compared with solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs).
Methods
Econazole nitrate was used as model drug and Precirol ATO 5 as the lipidic carrier. SLMs and SLNs were both prepared at 5: 1, 10: 1 and 12.5: 1 lipid: drug weight ratios and characterised in terms of particle size, morphology, encapsulation efficiency and chemical analysis of the particle surface. SLMs and SLNs were also incorporated into HPMC K 100M hydrogels for ex-vivo drug permeation tests using porcine epidermis.
Key findings
SLMs had particle sizes of 18–45 μm, while SLNs showed a mean diameter of 130–270 nm. The encapsulation efficiency was 80–100%. Permeation profiles of econazole nitrate were influenced by both particle size (significant difference until 9 h) and the amount of lipid.
Conclusions
The results confirm the usefulness of SLNs as carriers for topical administration and suggest the potential of SLMs for the delivery of drugs to the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Passerini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Gavini
- Dipartimento di Scienza del Farmaco, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Beatrice Albertini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Rassu
- Dipartimento di Scienza del Farmaco, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Vanna Sanna
- Dipartimento di Scienza del Farmaco, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paolo Giunchedi
- Dipartimento di Scienza del Farmaco, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Rodriguez
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Weiss-Angeli V, Bourgeois S, Pelletier J, Guterres SS, Fessi H, Bolzinger MA. Development of an original method to study drug release from polymeric nanocapsules in the skin. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:35-45. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.01.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the distribution and release profile in the skin of a lipophilic model molecule, octylmethoxycinnamate (OMC), loaded in poly(ε-caprolactone) nanocapsules (NC) by the Franz cell method.
Methods
Nanocapsules were formulated in a hydroxyethylcellulose gel and compared to the same gel containing 5% of free OMC as control. A new extraction method was used to discriminate the OMC still entrapped in the NC from free OMC released in the skin strata. The OMC extraction from the skin was performed using acetonitrile, which broke the NC, or isopropyl myristate, which kept the NC intact.
Key findings
When isopropylmyristate was used to determine the OMC released from NC, the results showed that more than 80% of the OMC was released from the NC at the skin surface after 6 h, whereas only 30% was released in the stratum corneum and epidermis.
Conclusions
It is suggested that the mechanism of release is different at the surface and in viable skin, probably due to the different local environments surrounding the NC. The small amount of OMC that reached the dermis was no longer encapsulated, suggesting that the NC did not reach the dermis. The viable epidermis seemed to be the limiting barrier against NC diffusion into the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Weiss-Angeli
- Department for the Postgraduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil, France
| | - Sandrine Bourgeois
- Université de Lyon F-69000, Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ISPB – Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, F-69008, Lyon, UMR CNRS 5007, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP), F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jocelyne Pelletier
- Université de Lyon F-69000, Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ISPB – Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, F-69008, Lyon, UMR CNRS 5007, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP), F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Silvia Stanisçuaski Guterres
- Department for the Postgraduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil, France
| | - Hatem Fessi
- Université de Lyon F-69000, Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ISPB – Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, F-69008, Lyon, UMR CNRS 5007, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP), F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marie-Alexandrine Bolzinger
- Université de Lyon F-69000, Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ISPB – Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, F-69008, Lyon, UMR CNRS 5007, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP), F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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Mezzena M, Scalia S, Young PM, Traini D. Solid lipid budesonide microparticles for controlled release inhalation therapy. AAPS JOURNAL 2009; 11:771-8. [PMID: 19908147 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-009-9148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A solid lipid microparticle system containing budesonide was prepared by oil in water emulsification followed by spray drying. The solid lipid system was studied in terms of morphology, particle size distribution, crystallinity, thermal properties, aerosol performance, and dissolution/diffusion release. The microparticle system was also compared to conventional spray-dried crystalline and amorphous budesonide samples. The particle size distributions of the crystalline, amorphous, and solid lipid microparticles, measured by laser diffraction, were similar; however, the microparticle morphology was more irregular than the spray-dried drug samples. The thermal response of the solid lipid microparticles suggested polymorphic transition and melting of the lipid, glycerol behenate (at approximately 48 degrees C and approximately 72 degrees C). No budesonide melting or crystallisation peaks were observed, suggesting that the budesonide was integrated into the matrix. X-ray powder diffraction patterns of the crystalline and amorphous budesonide were consistent with previous studies while the solid lipid microparticles showed two peaks, at approximately 21.3 and 23.5 2theta suggesting the metastable sub-alpha and primarily beta' form. Analysis of the in vitro diffusion/dissolution of the formulations was studied using a flow through model and curves analysed using difference/similarity factors and fitted using the Higuchi model. Regression analysis of this data set indicated differences in the t (0.5), where values of 49.7, 35.3, and 136.9 min were observed for crystalline, amorphous, and the solid lipid microparticles, respectively. The aerosol performance (<5 microm), measured by multistage liquid impinger, was 29.5%, 27.3%, and 21.1 +/- 0.6% for the crystalline, amorphous, and the solid lipid microparticles, respectively. This study has shown that solid lipid microparticles may provide a useful approach to controlled release respiratory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Mezzena
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ferrara University, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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Albertini B, Mezzena M, Passerini N, Rodriguez L, Scalia S. Evaluation of spray congealing as technique for the preparation of highly loaded solid lipid microparticles containing the sunscreen agent, avobenzone. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:2759-69. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Scalia S, Mezzena M. Incorporation in lipid microparticles of the UVA filter, butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane combined with the UVB filter, octocrylene: effect on photostability. AAPS PharmSciTech 2009; 10:384-90. [PMID: 19381836 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-009-9217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to reduce the photoinstability of butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDBM), the most widely used UVA filter, by incorporating it in lipid microparticles (LMs) alone or together with the UVB filter octocrylene (OCR), acting also as photostabilizer. Microparticles loaded with BMDBM or with combined BMDBM and OCR were produced by the hot emulsion technique, using glyceryl behenate as lipid material and poloxamer 188 as surfactant. The LMs were characterized by release studies, scanning electron microscopy, and powder X-ray diffractometry. The BMDBM and OCR loading was 15.2% and 10.6%, respectively. In order to reproduce the conditions prevalent in commercial sunscreen products, the photoprotective efficacy of the LMs was evaluated after their introduction in a model cream (oil-in-water emulsion) containing a mixture of UVA and UVB filters. A small but statistically significant decrease in BMDBM photodegradation was obtained when the UVA filter was encapsulated alone into the LMs (the extent of degradation was 28.6% +/-2.4 for non-encapsulated BMDBM and 26.0% +/-2.5 for BMDBM-loaded microparticles). On the other hand, the co-loading of OCR in the LMs produced a more marked reduction in the light-induced decomposition of microencapsulated BMDBM (the UVA filter loss was 21.5% +/-2.2). Therefore, incorporation in lipid microparticles of BMDBM together with the sunscreen OCR is more effective in enhancing the UVA filter photostability than LMs loaded with BMDBM alone.
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Scalia S, Mezzena M. Co-loading of a Photostabilizer with the Sunscreen Agent, Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane in Solid Lipid Microparticles. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2009; 35:192-8. [DOI: 10.1080/03639040802244300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Scalia S, Mezzena M, Iannuccelli V. Influence of solid lipid microparticle carriers on skin penetration of the sunscreen agent, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor. J Pharm Pharmacol 2008; 59:1621-7. [PMID: 18053323 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.12.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to prepare lipid microparticles (LMs) loaded with the sunscreen agent, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), to achieve decreased skin penetration of this UV filter. The microparticles were produced by the melt dispersion technique using tristearin as lipidic material and hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine as the surfactant. The obtained microparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Release of 4-MBC from the LMs was found to be slower than its dissolution rate. The influence of the LMs' carrier system on percutaneous penetration was evaluated after their introduction in a model topical formulation (emulsion). In-vitro measurements were performed with cellulose acetate membranes in Franz diffusion cells. The 4-MBC release and diffusion was decreased by 66.7-77.3% with the LM formulation, indicating that the retention capacity of the microparticles was maintained after incorporation into the emulsion. In-vivo human skin penetration of 4-MBC was investigated by tape stripping, a technique for selectively removing the upper cutaneous layers. The amount of sunscreen penetrating into the stratum corneum was greater for the emulsion containing non-encapsulated 4-MBC (36.55% of the applied dose) compared with the formulation with the sunscreen-loaded microparticles (24.57% of the applied dose). The differences between the two formulations were statistically significant in the first (2-4) horny layer strips. Moreover, the LMs' effect measured in-vivo was less pronounced than in-vitro. The increased 4-MBC retention on the skin surface achieved by its incorporation in the LMs should enhance its efficacy and reduce the potential toxicological risk associated with skin penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santo Scalia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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