Development and characterization of an orodispersible film containing drug nanoparticles

Effects of Postprandial Factors and Second Meal Intake Time on Bioequivalence Investigation of Tadalafil-Loaded Orodispersible Films in Human Volunteers

Tadalafil (TD) has poor water solubility but is well absorbed without affecting food intake when administered orally. Owing to patient adherence and therapeutic characteristics, a TD-loaded orodispersible film (TDF) is preferable. However, the mechanistic role of dietary status on the clinical pharmacokinetic analysis of TDF in human volunteers should be investigated because the gastrointestinal environment varies periodically according to meal intervals, although commercial 20 mg TD-loaded tablets (TD-TAB, Cialis® tablet) may be taken with or without food. TDF was prepared by dispersing TD in an aqueous solution and polyethylene glycol 400 to ensure good dispersibility of the TD particles. In the fasting state, each T/R of Cmax and AUC between TD-TAB and TDF showed bioequivalence with 0.936-1.105 and 1.012-1.153, respectively, and dissolution rates in 1000 mL water containing 0.5% SLS were equivalent. In contrast, TDF was not bioequivalent to TD-TAB under the fed conditions by the Cmax T/R of 0.610-0.798. The increased dissolution rate of TDF via the micronization of drug particles and the reduced viscosity of the second meal content did not significantly affect the bioequivalence. Interestingly, an increase in second meal intake time from 4 h to 6 h resulted in the bioequivalence by the Cmax T/R of 0.851-0.998 of TD-TAB and TDF. The predictive diffusion direction model for physical digestion of TD-TAB and TDF in the stomach after the first and second meal intake was successfully simulated using computational fluid dynamics modeling, accounting for the delayed drug diffusion of TDF caused by prolonged digestion of stomach contents under postprandial conditions.

Fabrication and in vitro/vivo evaluation of quercetin nanocrystals stabilized by glycyrrhizic acid for liver targeted drug delivery

The purpose of this study was to design novel drug nanocrystals (NCs) stabilized by glycyrrhizic acid (GL) for achieving liver targeted drug delivery due to the presence of GL receptor in the hepatocytes. Quercetin (QT) exhibits good pharmacological activities for the treatment of liver diseases, including liver steatosis, fatty hepatitis, liver fibrosis, and liver cancer. It was selected as a model drug owing to its poor water solubility. QT NCs stabilized by GL (QT-NCs/GL) were fabricated by wet media milling technique and systemically evaluated. QT-NCs stabilized by poloxamer 188 (QT-NCs/P188) were prepared as a reference for comparison of in vitro and in vivo performance with QT-NCs/GL. QT-NCs/GL and QT-NCs/P188 with similar particle size around 130 nm were successfully fabricated by wet media milling technique. Both of QT-NCs/GL and QT-NCs/P188 showed irregular particles and short rods under SEM. XRPD revealed that QT-NCs/GL and QT-NCs/P188 remained in crystalline state with reduced crystallinity. QT-NCs/GL and QT-NCs/P188 exhibited significant solubility increase and drug release improvement of QT as compared to raw QT. No significant difference for the plasma concentration-time curves and pharmacokinetic parameters of QT were found following intravenous administration of QT-NCs/GL and QT-NCs/P188. However, a significantly higher liver distribution of QT following intravenous administration of QT-NCs/GL was observed in comparison to QT-NCs/P188, indicating QT-NCs stabilized by GL could achieve liver targeted delivery of QT. It could be concluded that GL used as stabilizer of QT NCs have a great potential for liver targeted drug delivery.

Inkjet Printing of Pharmaceuticals

Inkjet printing (IJP) is an additive manufacturing process that selectively deposits ink materials, layer-by-layer, to create 3D objects or 2D patterns with precise control over their structure and composition. This technology has emerged as an attractive and versatile approach to address the ever-evolving demands of personalized medicine in the healthcare industry. Although originally developed for nonhealthcare applications, IJP harnesses the potential of pharma-inks, which are meticulously formulated inks containing drugs and pharmaceutical excipients. Delving into the formulation and components of pharma-inks, the key to precise and adaptable material deposition enabled by IJP is unraveled. The review extends its focus to substrate materials, including paper, films, foams, lenses, and 3D-printed materials, showcasing their diverse advantages, while exploring a wide spectrum of therapeutic applications. Additionally, the potential benefits of hardware and software improvements, along with artificial intelligence integration, are discussed to enhance IJP's precision and efficiency. Embracing these advancements, IJP holds immense potential to reshape traditional medicine manufacturing processes, ushering in an era of medical precision. However, further exploration and optimization are needed to fully utilize IJP's healthcare capabilities. As researchers push the boundaries of IJP, the vision of patient-specific treatment is on the horizon of becoming a tangible reality.

Development, Physicochemical Properties, and Antibacterial Activity of Propolis Microcapsules

Propolis is a well-known natural antibacterial substance with various biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. However, applications of propolis are limited due to its low water solubility. In this study, propolis microcapsules were developed with a core material of ethanol extract of propolis and shell materials of gum arabic and β-cyclodextrin using a spray-drying technique. The optional processing formula, particle size distribution, morphology, dissolution property, and antibacterial activity of propolis microcapsules were determined. The results showed that the optional processing obtained an embedding rate of 90.99% propolis microcapsules with an average particle size of 445.66 ± 16.96 nm. The infrared spectrogram and thermogravimetric analyses showed that propolis was embedded in the shell materials. The propolis microcapsules were continuously released in water and fully released on the eighth day, and compared to propolis, the microcapsules exhibited weaker antibacterial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of propolis microcapsules against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 0.15 and 1.25 mg/mL, and their minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were 0.3 and 1.25 mg/mL, respectively. This water-soluble propolis microcapsule shows the potential for use as a sustained-release food additive, preservative, or drug.

Preparation and Evaluation of Caffeine Orodispersible Films: The Influence of Hydrotropic Substances and Film-Forming Agent Concentration on Film Properties

This study aimed to develop caffeine (CAF) orodispersible films (ODFs) and verify the effects of different percentages of film-forming agent and hydrotropic substances (citric acid-CA or sodium benzoate-SB) on various film properties. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E 5 (HPMC E 5) orodispersible films were prepared using the solvent casting method. Four CAF-ODF formulations were prepared and coded as CAF1 (8% HPMC E 5, CAF), CAF2 (8% HPMC E 5 and CAF:CA-1:1), CAF3 (9% HPMC E 5 and CAF:CA-1:1), and CAF4 (9% HPMC E 5 and CAF:SB-1:1). The CAF-ODFs were evaluated in terms of disintegration time, folding endurance, thickness, uniformity of mass, CAF content, thickness-normalized tensile strength, adhesiveness, dissolution, and pH. Thin, opaque, and slightly white CAF-ODFs were obtained. All the formulations developed exhibited disintegration times less than 3 min. The dissolution test revealed that CAF1, CAF2, and CAF3 exhibited concentrations of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) released at 30 min that were close to 100%, whilst CAF4 showed a faster dissolution behaviour (100% of the CAF was released at 5 min). Thin polymeric films containing 10 mg of CAF/surface area (3.14 cm²) were prepared.

Exploring the translocation behaviours in vivo of herpetrione amorphous nanoparticles via oral delivery

Nanotechnology has been a primary strategy to enhance oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs. However, the limited information in vivo fate of impedes the development of nanoparticles via the oral delivery, especially the amorphous nanoparticles with high energy states are rarely reported. This study is to track the translocation of oral herpetrione amorphous nanoparticles (HPE-ANPs). We prepare amorphous particles (ANPs) of various sizes (200 nm and 450 nm), which are embedded with an aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) dyes for tracking the intact nanoparticles. Nanoparticles remain in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for 8 h following oral administration, suggesting that most ANPs was mainly degraded or absorbed in the small intestine. Ex vivo imaging shows that the fluorescent signals are observed in the GIT and liver but not in other organs, which attributed to low absorption of integral nanoparticles. Besides, HPE-ANPs may be directly interact with GIT epithelia, and ileum provides better absorption than the jejunum. Cellular studies prove that integral HPE-ANPs can be taken up by enterocyte, while it penetrates cell monolayers only small amounts. In conclusion, we speculate that the drug in the form of integral nanoparticles and small molecules may be co-absorbed to improve bioavailability in vivo.

Application of Box-Behnken Design in the Preparation, Optimization, and In-Vivo Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Oral Tadalafil-Loaded Niosomal Film

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) affects about 90% of men whose ages are over 65. Tadalafil, a selective PDE-5 inhibitor, was approved by FDA for BPH, however, its poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability are considered major drawbacks. This work intended to develop and evaluate oral fast dissolving film containing tadalafil-loaded niosomes for those who cannot receive the oral dosage form. Niosomes were statistically optimized by Box-Behnken experimental design and loaded into a polymeric oral film. Niosomes were assessed for their vesicular size, uniformity, and zeta potential. The thickness, content uniformity, folding endurance, tensile strength, disintegration time, and surface morphology were evaluated for the prepared polymeric film. The optimized niosomes revealed high entrapment efficiency (99.78 ± 2.132%) and the film was smooth with good flexibility and convenient thickness (110 ± 10 µm). A fast release of tadalafil was achieved within 5 min significantly faster than the niosomes-free drug film. The in-vivo bioavailability in rats established that the optimized niosomal film enhanced tadalafil systemic absorption, with higher peak concentration (C_max = 0.63 ± 0.03 µg/mL), shorter T_max value (0.66-fold), and relative bioavailability of 118.4% compared to the marketed tablet. These results propose that the oral film of tadalafil-loaded niosomes is a suitable therapeutic application that can be passed with ease to geriatric patients who suffer from BPH.

Embedding of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs in Orodispersible Films-Comparison of Five Formulation Strategies

The poor bioavailability of many newly developed active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) poses a major challenge in formulation development. To overcome this issue, strategies such as the preparation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), and the application of the APIs in lipid nanocarriers or the wet-milling of the substances into nanoparticles have been introduced. In addition to an efficient formulation strategy, a dosage form that is accepted by all patients is also of great importance. To enable a simple application of the oral dosage form for all patients, orodispersible films (ODFs) are a very promising delivery platform for the APIs because the films directly disintegrate in the mouth. In this study, two poorly water-soluble APIs, fenofibrate and naproxen, were formulated using five different formulation strategies and then embedded in ODFs. It was found that the deliverable amount of API with one ODF highly depends on the formulation strategy as well as the physicochemical properties of the formulated API. The most promising film formulations were ASD-ODFs as well as films with API-loaded lipid nanoemulsions. Both showed a reduction of the dissolution time of the APIs from the ODF compared to an ODF with unformulated API micro particles. In addition, short disintegration times were achieved, although the mechanical film properties were slightly worse compared to the API-free film formulation.

Orally Dispersible Dosage Forms for Paediatric Use: Current Knowledge and Development of Nanostructure-Based Formulations

The paediatric population has always suffered from a lack of medicines tailored to their needs, especially in terms of accurate dosage, stability and acceptability. Orodispersible dosage forms have gone through a resurrection as an alternative to liquid formulations or fractioned solid formulations, although they are still subject to several inconveniences, among which the unpleasant taste and the low oral bioavailability of the API are the most significant hurdles in the way of achieving an optimal drug product. Nanostructures can address these inconveniences through their size and variety, owing to the plethora of materials that can be used in their manufacturing. Through the formation and functionalisation of nanostructures, followed by their inclusion in orodispersible dosage forms, safe, stable and acceptable medicines intended for paediatric use can be developed.

Empagliflozin containing chitosan-alginate nanoparticles in orodispersible film: preparation, characterization, pharmacokinetic evaluation and its in-vitro anticancer activity

OBJECTIVE

The main objective of the this study was to develop orodispersity film using chitosan-alginate to improve dissolution profile, therapeutic effect with improvedbioavailability of empagliflozin through oral route non-invasively for further cytotoxicity study.

METHODS

The nanoparticles were developed through two-step mechanisms ionotropic pre-gelation and polyelectrolyte complexation methods. The prepared nanoparticles were added to a polymer matrix containinghypromellose, polyvinyl alcohol, and maltodextrin and casted to rapidly dissolving thin film by solvent casting method.

RESULTS

The physicochemical characteristics of empagliflozin in orodispersible film was most favourable for further studies. This formulation have acheived a higher permeability (7.2-fold) as compared to the reference drug product (Jardiance®) after 45 min.In-vivo pharmacokinetic studies in Wistar ratshaverevealed that chitosan-alginate empagliflozin nanoparticles in the orodispersible film were 1.18-fold more bioavailable in comparison to empagliflozin in orodispersible film. The C_max observed for the empagliflozin-loaded orodispersible film was 15.42 ± 5.13 μg/ml in comparison to 18.21 ± 5.53 μg/ml for empagliflozin nanoparticle-containing orodispersible film and 12.19 ± 6.71 μg/ml for freedrug suspension. The t_1/2and AUC_0-t values for chitosan-alginate nanoparticles of empagliflozin in the orodispersible film was found1.4-fold more than empagliflozin loaded orodispersible film(without nanoparticles). The cytotoxicity study have shownthat chitosan-alginate nanoparticles of empagliflozin in orodispersible film achieved a 2.5-fold higher cytotoxic effect than free empagliflozin in orodispersible film in A549lung cancer cells.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides evidence that chitosan-alginate nanoparticles of empagliflozin in orodispersible film can be an effective drug carrier system to improve sustained effect with better bioavailability of poorly water soluble drug.

Development of biocompatible nanoparticles of tizanidine hydrochloride in orodispersible films: In vitro characterization, ex vivo permeation and cytotoxic study on carcinoma cells

BACKGROUND

The main limitations of the therapeutic effectiveness of tizanidine hydrochloride (TNZ) are its low bioavailability due to its tendency to undergo first-pass metabolism and short biological half-life. These factors make it an ideal candidate for formulating orally disintegrating films.

METHODS

The fast-dissolving film of TNZ HCl was prepared by the solvent-casting method and characterized using scanning electron microscopy, FTIR and XRD, and evaluated for critical quality attributes for this type of dosage forms such as disintegration time, tensile strength, drug content, dissolution, and ex-vivo permeability. In vitro cytotoxicity studies were also conducted on cancer cell lines to confirm cytotoxic effect.

OBJECTIVE

The present study was aimed to prepare nanoparticles of tizanidine hydrochloride using biodegradable polymers and loading them on orodispersible films to obtain a sustained release dissolution profile with improved permeability and further study the cytotoxicity on A549 lung carcinoma cells, MCF7 breast cancer cells and HOP 92 non-small lung adenocarcinoma cells.

RESULTS

The polymeric matrix containing the drug provided a rapid disintegration time varying between 7±2 and 30±2 seconds, adequate tensile strength between 1.4 and 11.25 N/mm2, and improved permeability through porcine buccal mucosa when compared to the reference product.

CONCLUSION

A study of cytotoxic effect on the MCF-7 breast cancer cells and A549 lung carcinoma cells revealed that tizanidine hydrochloride nanoparticles at 2.3 mg/film exhibited an IC50 value of 65.1 % cytotoxicity on MCF-7, approximately 100% on HOP92, and 83.5 % on A549 lung carcinoma cells, thus paving the way for a new paradigm of research for cytotoxic study on MCF-7, HOP92 and A549 cell lines using the subject drug model prepared as oral films or biodegradable nanoparticles in oral films for site-specific targeting.

Guar gum based oral films for hypertensive urgencies

Guar gum (GG) is a natural film forming biopolymer used as a drug delivery media for Telmisartan (TS). TS is a poorly water-soluble anti-hypertensive agent with low bioavailability.The present work has been hypothesized by converting TS into nanocrystals by high shear homogenisation to enhance the solubility thereby the bioavailability is expected to get enhanced. TS-NC-GG-OF was formulated by solvent casting method using GG by varying the disintegrant ratio.Telmisartan nanocrystals showed particle size of 441.70 ± 35.28 nm, surface charge of -20.86 ± 0.55 mV and reduced crystalline pattern. The amount of TS present per mg ofnanocrystals is 0.33 mg. The developed TS-NC-GG-OF was circular, creamy white colour with desired physicochemical properties. The in vitro release studies performed by beaker model showed an immediate release pattern.This proof of concept specifies that the TS-NC-GG-OF may be a better choice for hypertensive emergencies using the natural excipient Guar gum.

Oromucosal Alginate Films with Zein Nanoparticles as a Novel Delivery System for Digoxin

Digoxin is a hydrophobic drug used for the treatment of heart failure that possesses a narrow therapeutic index, which raises safety concerns for toxicity. This is of utmost relevance in specific populations, such as the elderly. This study aimed to demonstrate the potential of the sodium alginate films as buccal drug delivery system containing zein nanoparticles incorporated with digoxin to reduce the number of doses, facilitating the administration with a quick onset of action. The film was prepared using the solvent casting method, whereas nanoparticles by the nanoprecipitation method. The nanoparticles incorporated with digoxin (0.25 mg/mL) exhibited a mean size of 87.20 ± 0.88 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.23 ± 0.00, and a zeta potential of 21.23 ± 0.07 mV. Digoxin was successfully encapsulated into zein nanoparticles with an encapsulation efficiency of 91% (±0.00). Films with/without glycerol and with different concentrations of ethanol were produced. The sodium alginate (SA) films with 10% ethanol demonstrated good performance for swelling (maximum of 1474%) and mechanical properties, with a mean tensile strength of 0.40 ± 0.04 MPa and an elongation at break of 27.85% (±0.58), compatible with drug delivery application into the buccal mucosa. The current study suggests that SA films with digoxin-loaded zein nanoparticles can be an effective alternative to the dosage forms available on the market for digoxin administration.

Micellar buccal film for safe and effective control of seizures: Preparation, in vitro characterization, ex vivo permeation studies and in vivo assessment

The current research article focused on formulating an easily applied, water-based buccal film loaded with the antiepileptic drug, lamotrigine (LTG). The designed film can be comfortably administered by epileptic patients to ensure a controllable therapeutic efficacy against seizures. The solubility of LTG in water was significantly improved by micellar solubilization. Upon testing several surfactants, three of them (Synperonic PE/P84, Brij L23, and Brij 78) achieved maximum possible solubility for LTG and were characterized for their micellar size, cloud point, and % transmittance. Selected micellar systems were incorporated within a buccal film prepared using solvent casting method based on either gelatin or polyvinylpyrrolidone (3%w/v) with 1.5%w/v propylene glycol as a plasticizer. Different micellar films were characterized for their physicochemical characteristics, swelling index, folding endurance, drug content uniformity, and in vitro LTG release. From the tested formulations, one formulation; LTG-BF1 (in which Brij 78 was used for the micellar solubilization and gelatin as the matrix former), was selected as the optimum and extensively studied for mucoadhesion, ex vivo permeation studies by Franz diffusion cells and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results showed superior enhanced permeation of micellar film. LTG-BF1 was evaluated for the in vivo performance using rats. Status epilepticus was induced in rats by injecting Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) i.p. at an initial dose of 30 mg/kg, followed by 10 mg/kg every10 min till 60 min. A group of rats receiving the designed buccal formulation (20 mg/kg) was compared with a group receiving the same dose of the oral market product and the normal control and PTZ groups. Rats receiving LTG-BF1 recorded reduced seizure scores at all stages, longer latency time, and higher threshold PTZ dose compared to PTZ and market product groups. In addition, LTG-BF1 reduced brain concentrations of TNF-α and TGF-β with an elevation of EAAT2 and GABA brain contents compared to PTZ and market product groups and ameliorated neuronal damage. In conclusion, LTG-loaded buccal micellar film proved a superior antiepileptic effect in PTZ induced acute epileptic model.

Development, Evaluation, and Molecular Docking of Oral Dissolving Film of Atenolol

The development of oral dissolving film (ODF) of atenolol is an attempt to enhance convenience and compliance for geriatric patients suffering from hypertension. Film former is the most essential component in ODF that determines the physical characteristic and drug release. In this study, three different types of film former including HPMC E5 4% (w/v), 5% (w/v), CMC-Na 3% (w/v), 4% (w/v), and Na-alginate 2.5% (w/v), 3% (w/v) were optimized in Formula 1 (F1) to Formula 6 (F6), respectively. A solvent casting method was employed to develop ODF of atenolol. The films formed by HPMC E5 produced a smooth and flexible surface, whereas CMC-Na and Na-alginate produced gritty textured films. Satisfactory results were obtained from several physical parameters such as film thickness, folding endurance, swelling index, and disintegration time. The homogeneity, drug content, and dissolution properties of ODF with HPMC exhibited better characteristics than the other formulas. Formula 1 exhibited the highest drug release compared to the other ODFs. The molecular docking results showed that there was a hydrogen bonding between atenolol and film formers which was also supported by the FTIR spectrum. The findings of this study suggest that HPMC E5 is the most favorable film former for ODF of atenolol.

Formulation, Optimization and Evaluation of Nanoparticulate Oral Fast Dissolving Film Dosage Form of Nitrendipine

The primary objective of the present research work was to develop nanoparticles incorporating (nanoparticulate) fast dissolving (orodispersible) film evincing enhanced solubility and bioavailability of nitrendipine (NIT). An antisolvent sonoprecipitation method was employed to produce the NIT nanosuspension (NS), which was optimized using the 3² optimal response surface design and then the optimized one was evaluated for various parameters (Gandhi et al., AAPS PharmSciTech 22 (1):1-15, 2021). The NIT nanoparticulate orodispersible film (N-ODF) was prepared utilizing the nanosuspension by the solvent casting method using the Vijay film-forming instrument. The N-ODF was optimized by the 2³ full factorial design and was evaluated for several parameters. The optimized NS depicted a particle size of 505.74 ± 15.48 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.083 ± 0.006 (Fig. 1b). The NIT nanoparticles showed a striking increment in saturation solubility (26.14 times), when compared with plain NIT (2). The developed NIT N-ODF exhibited thickness (0.148 ± 0.008 mm), folding endurance (280.33 ± 5.51 times), surface pH (6.86 ± 0.05), tensile strength (8.25 ± 0.13 kg/cm²), % elongation (63.5 ± 1.97%), and disintegration time (24.60 ± 1.31 s) to be within the standard intended limit. The in vitro dissolution study unveiled 100.28 ± 2.64% and 100.68 ± 2.50% of NIT release from lyophilized nanocrystals (in 8 min) and N-ODF (in 3.5 min), respectively, whereas the conventional NIT tablet took 30 min to release 99.94 ± 1.57% of NIT (Gandhi et al., AAPS PharmSciTech 22 (1):1-15, 2021). The in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rabbits inferred the achievement of significantly (p < 0.05) higher bioavailability of NIT on release from N-ODF in comparison to the conventional NIT tablet. Thus, the generation of N-ODF can be considered as a propitious move toward improving the efficacy of NIT to treat hypertension and angina pectoris.

Formulation, characterization, optimization, and in-vivo performance of febuxostat self-nano-emulsifying system loaded sublingual films

Febuxostat (FXS) is a potent antigout drug with poor water solubility and relative high first-pass effect leading to moderate oral bioavailability (<49%). This study aimed to increase FXS solubility and bioavailability by optimizing sublingual fast-dissolving films (SFs) containing a selected FXS self-nano-emulsifying system (s-SNES) previously prepared by our team. The s-SNES was loaded into SFs by solvent casting technique. A full factorial design (3²) was applied to study the effects of polymer and plasticizer types on mechanical characteristics and the dissolution profile of FXS from the SFs. Numerical optimization was performed to select the SF having highest desirability according to predetermined characteristics. The optimized SF (O-SF) contained 1 g of s-SNES, polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (6%w/v), polyethylene glycol 300 (20%w/w of polymer wt.), and Avicel PH101 (0.5%w/v). O-SF showed good permeation of FXS through sheep sublingual tissue. Storage of O-SF for three months showed no significant change in the FXS dissolution profile. In-vivo performance of O-SF in rabbits was compared to that of oral marketed tablets (Staturic^® 80 mg). A cross-over design was applied and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated after ensuring absence of sequence effect. Statistical analysis revealed better performance for O-SF with significantly higher C_max, AUC_0–24, AUC_0–∞, apparent t_1/2 together with lower t_max, and apparent k_el than marketed tablets. Relative bioavailability of O-SF compared to the marketed tablet was found to be 240.6%. This confirms the achievement of the study aims of improving dissolution rate and bioavailability of FXS using a patient-wise convenient formula.

The potential of ODFs as carriers for drugs/vaccines against COVID-19

COVID-19 has spread out its wings across the globe and is taking away many lives. Millions of people are (self) quarantined to prevent the spread of this viral disease. World Health Organization (WHO) has affirmed that there is not any medicine for COVID-19. Besides, there is also no single drug that is approved by any regulatory agency for usage against this dangerous disease. Researchers across the globe are working tirelessly to fix an end to this virus and to save precious lives. While the research is in full swing, one is not sure whether they would come up with a chemical/herbal drug or a vaccine. Irrespective of the type of active ingredient for COVID-19, one needs to have a proper system to deliver the identified active ingredient to subjects/patients across the globe. Orodispersible films (ODFs) are excellent and attractive drug delivery carriers that have the potential to deliver drugs, herbal extracts, and vaccines. They are apt for patients who have a problem consuming traditional drug products such as tablets or capsules. The beauty of this dosage form is that it does not need water to consume by the subjects and can be readily administered to the tongue. The present review highlights the true potential of ODFs to act as a carrier for the delivery of various antiviral drugs/herbs/vaccines.

Poloxamer-188 and d-α-Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol Succinate (TPGS-1000) Mixed Micelles Integrated Orodispersible Sublingual Films to Improve Oral Bioavailability of Ebastine; In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization

Orodispersible sublingual films (OSFs) composed of hydrophilic polymers were loaded with poloxamer-188 and d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS-1000) mixed micelles to improve the oral bioavailability of a poorly soluble drug, ebastine (EBT). Mixed micelles formed by thin-film hydration method were incorporated into orodispersible sublingual film, consisting of HPMC and glycerol, using solvent casting technique. The mixed micelles and films were thoroughly evaluated for physicochemical characterization (size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, thickness, weight, surface pH studies, disintegration time, swelling indices, mechanical properties, FTIR, PXRD, DSC, SEM, AFM, in vitro drug release, in vivo bioavailability, and toxicological studies). The results showed that the average particle size of mixed micelles was 73 nm. The mean zeta potential and PDI of the optimal mixed micelles formulation were -26 mV and 0.16, respectively. Furthermore, the maximum entrapment efficiency 82% was attained. The film's disintegration time was in the range of 28 to 102 s in aqueous media. The integrity of micelles was not affected upon incorporation in films. Importantly, the micelles-loaded films revealed rapid absorption, high permeability, and increased bioavailability of EBT as compared to the pure drug. The existence of ebastine loaded mixed micelles in the films enhanced the bioavailability about 2.18 folds as compared to pure drug. Further, the results evidently established in-vitro and in-vivo performance of bioavailability enhancement, biocompatibility, and good safety profile of micelles-loaded orodispersible EBT films. Finally, it was concluded that film loaded with poloxamer-188/TPGS-1000 mixed micelles could be an effective carrier system for enhancing the bioavailability of ebastine.

Production of Itraconazole Nanocrystal-Based Polymeric Film Formulations for Immediate Drug Release

In order to improve the solubility properties of BCS class II drug itraconazole, fast dissolving oral polymeric film formulations based on itraconazole nanocrystals were produced. Drug nanocrystals were manufactured by the wet pearl milling technique. In polymeric film formulations, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) was used as a film forming polymer, and glycerin was used as a plasticizer. For nanocrystal suspensions and film formulations, thorough physicochemical characterization was performed, including particle sizing and size deviation, film appearance, weight variation, thickness, folding endurance, drug content uniformity, disintegration time, and dissolution profile. After milling, the nanoparticles were 369 nm in size with a PI value of 0.20. Nanoparticles were stable and after redispersion from film formulations, the particle size remained almost the same (330 nm and PI 0.16). The produced films were flexible, homogeneous, fast disintegrating, and drug release rate from both the nanosuspension and film formulations showed immediate release behavior. Based on the study, the film casting method for production of itraconazole nanocrystal based immediate release formulations is a good option for improved solubility.

Designing orodispersible films containing everolimus for enhanced compliance and bioavailability

INTRODUCTION

Everolimus (EVR) has been approved for the treatment of various advanced cancers and its indications are increasingly expanding. Therefore, it is crucial for patients who have difficulty in swallowing, such as pediatric and elderly patients, to obtain a convenient formulation. The oral absorption of EVR is limited due to its low solubility in water, intestinal metabolism by CYP3A4 enzyme, P-gp-mediated efflux, and metabolism in the liver. The aim of this study was to develop a novel sublingual orodispersible film loading everolimus for improving patient compliance and enhancing oral bioavailability of EVR.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Sublingual orodispersible films loading EVR were prepared by the solvent casting method and evaluated by in vitro and in vivo studies.

RESULTS

The properties of films were determined by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry. The addition of acacia gum appeared to be crucial for protecting the drug from oxidation. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that loading into the sublingual orodispersible films significantly increased the oral bioavailability of EVR.

CONCLUSION

The EVR-loaded sublingual orodispersible films are a promising, economical, and convenient approach for delivering EVR efficiently in a solid dosage form.

Nanotechnology based blended chitosan-pectin hybrid for safe and efficient consolidative antiemetic and neuro-protective effect of meclizine hydrochloride in chemotherapy induced emesis

The aim of this study was to formulate an easily-administered, safe and effective dosage form loaded with meclizine for treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) through the buccal route. CINV comprises bothersome side effects accompanying cytotoxic drugs administration in cancer patients. Meclizine was loaded in chitosan-pectin nanoparticles which were further incorporated within a buccal film. Different formulations were prepared based on a 2¹.3¹ full factorial study using Design Expert®8. The optimum formulation possessed favorable characters regarding its particle size (129 nm), entrapment efficiency (90%) and release profile. Moreover, its permeation efficiency through sheep buccal mucosa was assessed via Franz cell diffusion and confocal laser microscopy methods. Enhanced permeation was achieved compared with the free drug form. In-vivo performance was assessed using cyclophosphamide induced emesis. The proposed formulation exerted significant relief of the measured responses (reduced body weight and motor coordination, elevated emesis, anorexia, proinflammatory mediators and neurotransmitters that were also associated with scattered degenerated neurons and glial cells). The developed formulation ameliorated all behavioral, biochemical and histopathological changes induced by cyclophosphamide. The obtained data were promising suggesting that our bioadhesive formulation can offer an auspicious medication for treating distressing symptoms associated with chemotherapy for cancer patients.

Next Steps in 3D Printing of Fast Dissolving Oral Films for Commercial Production

3D printing technique has been utilised to develop novel and complex drug delivery systems that are almost impossible to produce by employing conventional formulation techniques. For example, this technique may be employed to produce tablets or Fast Dissolving oral Films (FDFs) with multilayers of active ingredients, which are personalised to patient's needs. In this article, we compared the production of FDFs by 3D printing to conventional methods such as solvent casting. Then, we evaluated the need for novel methods of producing fast dissolving oral films, and why 3D printing may be able to meet the shortfalls of FDF production. The challenges of producing 3D printed FDFs are identified at commercial scale by referring to the identification of suitable materials, hardware, qualitycontrol tests and Process Analytical Technology. In this paper, we discuss that the FDF market will grow to more than $1.3 billion per annum in the next few years and 3D printing of FDFs may share part of this market. Although companies are continuing to invest in technologies, which provide alternatives to standard drug delivery systems, the market for thin-film products is already well established. Market entry for a new technology such as 3D printing of FDFs will, therefore, be hard, unless, this technology proves to be a game changer. A few approaches are suggested in this paper.

Anti-solvent Precipitation Method Coupled Electrospinning Process to Produce Poorly Water-Soluble Drug-Loaded Orodispersible Films

Orodispersible films (ODFs) are more convenient for paediatric and geriatric patients to take as compared to conventional tablets and capsules. Electrospinning has recently been attempted to produce ODFs. This study investigated the feasibility of formulating poorly water-soluble drug into ODFs using electrospinning technology coupled with the anti-solvent precipitation method. Piroxicam (PX), a poorly water-soluble drug, was chosen as a model drug. Polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinylpyrrolidone were used as film forming polymers. PX microcrystals were prepared using poloxamer as the stabilizer with the anti-solvent precipitation method, and then loaded in ODFs through the electrospinning process. The obtained ODFs were characterized using a scanning electron microscope, X-ray powder diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with respect to the morphology, solid state and potential molecular interaction between the model drug and polymers. The mechanical property, disintegration and dissolution rate of the obtained ODF were evaluated using dynamic mechanical analysis, a customized method and USP2 apparatus. The results showed that PX microcrystals suspended in polymeric solutions could be readily electrospun into fibrous films, where the microcrystals scattered between the fibers. The electrospun fibrous film-based ODFs exhibited satisfactory mechanical behaviour, and fast disintegration upon the polymer selection. In the dissolution tests, almost 90% of PX was dissolved within 6 min from the ODFs, whereas 40% of PX dissolved from physical mixtures in 60 min. This study demonstrated that poorly water-soluble drugs could be formulated into ODFs with satisfactory quality attributes by combining micronization and the electrospinning process.

Fenofibrate Nanocrystal Composite Microparticles for Intestine-Specific Oral Drug Delivery System

Hydrophobic drug nanocrystals (NCs) manufactured by particle engineering have been extensively investigated for enhanced oral bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness. However, there are significant drawbacks, including fast dissolution of the nanocrystals in the gastric environment, leading to physicochemical instability. To solves this issue, we developed an innovative technique that involves the encapsulation of nanocrystals in composite spherical microparticles (NCSMs). Fenofibrate (FNB) NCs (FNB-NCs) manufactured by a wet stirred media milling (WSMM) technique and an ionotropic crosslinking method were used for FNB-NC encapsulation within gastroresistant NCSMs. Various solid-state methods were used for characterizing NCSMs. The pH-sensitive NCSMs showed a site-specific release pattern at alkaline pH and nearly 0% release at low pH (gastric environment). This phenomenon was confirmed by a real-time in situ UV-imaging system known as the surface dissolution imager (SDI), which was used to monitor drug release events by measuring the color intensity and concentration gradient formation. All these results proved that our NCSM approach is an innovative idea in oral drug delivery systems, as it resolves significant challenges in the intestine-specific release of hydrophobic drugs while avoiding fast dissolution or burst release.

How to assess orodispersible film quality? A review of applied methods and their modifications

In recent years, there has been a tendency toward creating innovative, easy to use and patient-friendly drug delivery systems suitable for every consumer profile, which would ensure safety, stability and acceptability of a drug. One of the relatively novel and promising approaches is the manufacture of orodispersible films (ODFs), which is an upcoming area of interest in drug delivery. They are defined as polymer thin films that disintegrate in the oral cavity within seconds, without drinking water or chewing, and eliminate the risk of choking. Gaining special usefulness in therapies of children and the elderly, ODFs seem to fill the gap in the range of preparations available for these groups of patients. As no detailed monography of ODFs including testing methods and uniform requirements has been presented in any of the pharmacopoeias to date, the aim of this article is to give an overview of the applied testing methods, their modifications and innovative approaches related to ODF quality assessment.

Novel Dissolution Method for Oral Film Preparations with Modified Release Properties

Oromucosal film preparations have gained popularity in pharmaceutical research and development. Therefore, oral films have been integrated into the monograph "oromucosal preparations" of the European Pharmacopeia in 2012. Regulatory authorities explicitly demand dissolution studies for films, but neither refer to suitable methods nor established specifications. Test methods described in the literature are often limited to immediate release formulations or not applicable to investigate the drug release of films with prolonged release profiles considering the different stages of gastrointestinal transit. The aims of this study were to develop a dissolution test method, which is suitable to investigate the drug release of film preparations with immediate as well as modified release profiles and to explore the potential of the test setup considering some physiological characteristics. Therefore, a conventional flow-through cell was equipped with in-house built sample holders. Three-dimensional printing technology was used for prototyping one of the sample holders. Four different types of films were investigated, such as ODFs with immediate (ODF_IR) and prolonged release (ODF_PR) characteristics as well as a double-layer film (ODF_DL), produced with a water-insoluble shielding layer. Anhydrous theophylline was used as a model drug for all film types. Introducing special fixtures for oral films to a conventional flow-through cell enables successful determination of the drug release behavior of oral film preparations with immediate as well as modified release properties. Investigating ODF_DL, the application of film sample holders with backing plates such as film sample holder with backing plate (FHB) and 3D printed film sample holder (FH3D) showed prolonged release profiles with 14.6 ± 1.30% theophylline dissolved within 2 h for FHB compared to 92.9 ± 3.33% for the film sample holder without backing plate (FH). This indicates their suitability to examine the integrity of the shielding layer. The application of the backing plate further decreased the drug release of ODF_PR < 315 to 61.0 ± 1.69% dissolved theophylline within 2 h using FHB compared to 82.3 ± 0.74% using FH, due to a reduced ODF surface exposed to the dissolution medium. The potential of the dissolution test setup to consider physiological conditions of the human gastrointestinal transit was investigated by applying different flow rates and media compositions to simulate conditions within the oral cavity, stomach, and intestine. For the application of a low flow rate of 1 ml/min, comparable to the salivary flow within the oral cavity, decreased theophylline release was observed, while similar release profiles were obtained for flow rates between 2 and 8 ml/min. Substantial impact on the theophylline release was exerted by varying the composition of the dissolution medium. Since the drug release from ODF_PR is controlled by diffusion through a water-insoluble matrix, ion species and concentration strongly affect the release behavior. In the future, IVIVC studies have to be performed to explore, whether obtained data can be used to predict drug release behavior of ODFs during the human gastrointestinal transit.

Bioavailability Enhancement of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs via Nanocomposites: Formulation⁻Processing Aspects and Challenges

Drug nanoparticles embedded in a dispersant matrix as a secondary phase, i.e., drug-laden nanocomposites, offer a versatile delivery platform for enhancing the dissolution rate and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Drug nanoparticles are prepared by top-down, bottom-up, or combinative approaches in the form of nanosuspensions, which are subsequently dried to prepare drug-laden nanocomposites. In this comprehensive review paper, the term &ldquo;nanocomposites&rdquo; is used in a broad context to cover drug nanoparticle-laden intermediate products in the form of powders, cakes, and extrudates, which can be incorporated into final oral solid dosages via standard pharmaceutical unit operations, as well as drug nanoparticle-laden strip films. The objective of this paper is to review studies from 2012⁻2017 in the field of drug-laden nanocomposites. After a brief overview of the various approaches used for preparing drug nanoparticles, the review covers drying processes and dispersant formulations used for the production of drug-laden nanocomposites, as well as various characterization methods including quiescent and agitated redispersion tests. Traditional dispersants such as soluble polymers, surfactants, other water-soluble dispersants, and water-insoluble dispersants, as well as novel dispersants such as wet-milled superdisintegrants, are covered. They exhibit various functionalities such as drug nanoparticle stabilization, mitigation of aggregation, formation of nanocomposite matrix⁻film, wettability enhancement, and matrix erosion/disintegration. Major challenges such as nanoparticle aggregation and poor redispersibility that cause inferior dissolution performance of the drug-laden nanocomposites are highlighted. Literature data are analyzed in terms of usage frequency of various drying processes and dispersant classes. We provide some engineering considerations in comparing drying processes, which could account for some of the diverging trends in academia vs. industrial practice. Overall, this review provides rationale and guidance for drying process selection and robust nanocomposite formulation development, with insights into the roles of various classes of dispersants.

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles facilitating the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs in orodispersible films

Orodispersible films (ODF) are immediately dissolving/disintegrating intraoral dosage forms, presented as substitutes of conventional tablets or capsules to ease problems associated with swallowing. Efforts have been made to be able to exploit ODFs as dosage forms for poorly soluble drugs. In the last two decades, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have been extensively used in drug delivery applications to overcome solubility problems of drugs. The tunable features of MSNs make them suitable candidates as drug carriers and solubility enhancers. In this study, the feasibility of MSNs as a carrier of poorly soluble drugs, using prednisolone as a model drug, in ODFs was investigated. Our results revealed that the increased amount of MSNs in ODFs leads to shortening of the disintegration time of the films. Drug content investigations showed that low dose ODFs with prednisolone incorporation efficiencies higher than 80% could be produced. Furthermore, the prednisolone release profile from ODFs can be tuned with the incorporation of MSNs as drug carrier (MSN_pred). The MSN_pred incorporated ODFs yield with immediate release of drug from the ODF, whereby 90% of the prednisolone content could be released in the first minutes. By modifying the MSN_pred design with copolymer surface coating, prednisolone (cop-MSN_pred) release can be modulated into a two-step sustained release profile. To sum up, the MSNs platform does not only provide careful low dose incorporation into ODF with high efficiency, but it also aids in tuning the drug release profiles from ODFs.

Fabrication of Nanosuspension Directly Loaded Fast-Dissolving Films for Enhanced Oral Bioavailability of Olmesartan Medoxomil: In Vitro Characterization and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation in Healthy Human Volunteers

Olmesartan medoxomil (OM) is an antihypertensive drug with poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability (28.6%). Accordingly, this study aimed to formulate and evaluate OM nanosuspension incorporated into oral fast-dissolving films (FDFs) for bioavailability enhancement. OM nanosuspension was prepared by antisolvent-precipitation-ultrasonication method and characterized regarding particle size (122.67 ± 5.03 nm), span value (1.40 ± 0.51), and zeta potential (- 46.56 ± 1.20 mV). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the nanosuspension showed spherical non-aggregating nanoparticles. The nanosuspension was then directly loaded into FDFs by solvent casting technique. A full factorial design (2² × 3¹) was implemented for optimization of the FDFs using Design-Expert® software. Physical and mechanical characteristics in addition to dissolution profiles of the FDFs were investigated. The optimum formula (FDF1) showed 0.43 ± 0.02 kg/mm² tensile strength, 20.50 ± 2.12 s disintegration time, and 87.53 ± 2.50 and 95.99 ± 0.25% OM dissolved after 6 and 10 min, respectively. Accelerated and long-term shelf stability studies confirmed the stability of FDF1. More than 75% OM was dissolved within 10 min from FDF1 compared with 9.80 and 47.80% for films prepared using coarse drug powder and market tablet, respectively. Relative bioavailability of FDF1 compared to market tablet was assessed in healthy human volunteers. The C_max value increased significantly from 66.62 ± 14.95 to 179.28 ± 23.96 ng/mL for market tablet and FDF1, respectively. Similarly, the AUC_0-72 value significantly increased from 498.36 ± 217.46 to 1083.67 ± 246.32 ng h/mL for market tablet and FDF1, respectively. Relative bioavailability of FDF1 was 209.28%. The highlighted results verified the effectiveness of OM nanosuspension-loaded FDFs in improving OM bioavailability.

Fenofibrate Nanocrystals Embedded in Oral Strip-Films for Bioavailability Enhancement

The aim of the present study was to make a fenofibrate (FNB) nanocrystal (NC) by wet media milling, characterizations and formulates into oral strip-films (OSFs). Mechanical properties, redispersion study, and solid-state characterizations results suggested that reduction of drug crystal size at nanoscale and incorporation into OSFs does not affect the solid-state properties of the drug. In vitro dissolution kinetics showed enhanced dissolution rate was easily manipulated by changing the thickness of the OSF. In situ UV-imaging was used to monitor drug dissolution qualitatively and quantitatively in real time. Results confirm that the intrinsic dissolution rates and surface drug concentration measured with this device were in agreement with the USP-IV dissolution profiles. In vivo pharmacokinetics in rabbits showed a significant difference in the pharmacokinetics parameter (1.4 fold increase bioavailability) of FNB NC-loaded OSFs as compared to the marketed formulation “Tricor” and as-received (pristine) drug. This approach of drug nanocrystallization and incorporation into OSFs may have significant applications in cost-effective tools for bioavailability enhancement of FNB.

Alternative Manufacturing Concepts for Solid Oral Dosage Forms From Drug Nanosuspensions Using Fluid Dispensing and Forced Drying Technology

Flexible manufacturing technologies for solid oral dosage forms with a continuous adjustability of the manufactured dose strength are of interest for applications in personalized medicine. This study explored the feasibility of using microvalve technology for the manufacturing of different solid oral dosage form concepts. Hard gelatin capsules filled with excipients, placebo tablets, and polymer films, placed in hard gelatin capsules after drying, were considered as substrates. For each concept, a basic understanding of relevant formulation parameters and their impact on dissolution behavior has been established. Suitable matrix formers, present either on the substrate or directly in the drug nanosuspension, proved to be essential to prevent nanoparticle agglomeration of the drug nanoparticles and to ensure a fast dissolution behavior. Furthermore, convection and radiation drying methods were investigated for the fast drying of drug nanosuspensions dispensed onto polymer films, which were then placed in hard gelatin capsules. Changes in morphology and in drug and matrix former distribution were observed for increasing drying intensity. However, even fast drying times below 1 min could be realized, while maintaining the nanoparticulate drug structure and a good dissolution behavior.

Oral fast-dissolving films containing lutein nanocrystals for improved bioavailability: formulation development, in vitro and in vivo evaluation

Lutein is widely used as diet supplement for prevention of age-related macular degeneration. However, the application and efficacy of lutein in food and nutritional products has been hampered due to its poor solubility and low oral bioavailability. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the formulation of oral fast-dissolving film (OFDF) containing lutein nanocrystals for enhanced bioavailability and compliance. Lutein nanocrystals were prepared by anti-solvent precipitation method and then encapsulated into the films by solvent casting method. The formulation of OFDF was optimized by Box-Behnken Design (BBD) as follows: HPMC 2.05% (w/v), PEG 400 1.03% (w/v), Cremophor EL 0.43% (w/v). The obtained films exhibited uniform thickness of 35.64 ± 1.64 μm and drug content of 0.230 ± 0.003 mg/cm² and disintegrated rapidly in 29 ± 8 s. The nanocrystal-loaded films with reconstituted particle size of 377.9 nm showed better folding endurance and faster release rate in vitro than the conventional OFDFs with raw lutein. The microscope images, thermograms, and diffractograms indicated that lutein nanocrystals were highly dispersed into the films. After administrated to SD rats, t _max was decreased from 3 h for oral solution formulation to less than 0.8 h for OFDF formulations, and C _max increased from 150 ng/mL for solution to 350 ng/mL for conventional OFDF or 830 ng/mL for nanocrystal OFDF. The AUC _0-24h of conventional or nanocrystal OFDF was 1.37 or 2.08-fold higher than that of the oral solution, respectively. These results suggested that drug nanocrystal-loaded OFDF can be applied as a promising approach for enhanced bioavailability of poor soluble drugs like lutein.

Critical material attributes (CMAs) of strip films loaded with poorly water-soluble drug nanoparticles: III. Impact of drug nanoparticle loading

Polymer strip films have emerged as a robust platform for poorly water-soluble drug delivery. However, the common conception is that films cannot exceed low drug loadings, mainly due to poor drug stability, slow release, and film brittleness. This study explores the ability to achieve high loadings of poorly water-soluble drug nanoparticles in strip films while retaining good mechanical properties and enhanced dissolution rate. Aqueous suspensions containing up to 30wt% griseofulvin nanoparticles were prepared via wet stirred media milling and incorporated into hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) films. Griseofulvin loading in films was adjusted to be between 9 and 49wt% in HPMC-E15 films and 30 and 73wt% in HPMC-E4M films by varying the mixing ratio of HPMC solution-to-griseofulvin suspension. All films exhibited good content uniformity and nanoparticle redispersibility up to 50wt% griseofulvin, while E4M films above 50wt% griseofulvin had slightly worse content uniformity and poor nanoparticle redispersibility. Increasing drug loading in films generally required more time to achieve 100% release during dissolution, although polymer-drug clusters dispersed from E4M films above 50wt% griseofulvin, resulting in similar dissolution profiles. While all films exhibited good tensile strength, a significant decrease in percent elongation was observed above 40-50wt% GF, resulting in brittle films.

Critical Material Attributes of Strip Films Loaded With Poorly Water-Soluble Drug Nanoparticles: II. Impact of Polymer Molecular Weight

Recent work established polymer strip films as a robust platform for delivery of poorly water-soluble drug particles. However, a simple means of manipulating rate of drug release from films with minimal impact on film mechanical properties has yet to be demonstrated. This study explores the impact of film-forming polymer molecular weight (MW) and concentration on properties of polymer films loaded with poorly water-soluble drug nanoparticles. Nanoparticles of griseofulvin, a model Biopharmaceutics Classification System class II drug, were prepared in aqueous suspension via wet stirred media milling. Aqueous solutions of 3 viscosity grades of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (14, 21, and 88 kDa) at 3 viscosity levels (∼9500, ∼12,000, and ∼22,000 cP) were mixed with drug suspension, cast, and dried to produce films containing griseofulvin nanoparticles. Few differences in film tensile strength or elongation at break were observed between films within each viscosity level regardless of polymer MW despite requiring up to double the time to achieve 100% drug release. This suggests film-forming polymer MW can be used to manipulate drug release with little impact on film mechanical properties by matching polymer solution viscosity. In addition, changing polymer MW and concentration had no negative impact on drug content uniformity or nanoparticle redispersibility.

Formulation of orodispersible films for paediatric therapy: investigation of feasibility and stability for tetrabenazine as drug model

Objectives

Orodispersible films (ODF) were formulated to facilitate tetrabenazine (TBZ) administration to paediatric population for the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders.

Methods

ODF were obtained by solvent casting/evaporation method using four different polymers (HPMC, PVP, pullulan and HEC). Physicochemical, mechanical and biopharmaceutical characterizations as well as API state in ODF by thermal analysis were investigated to define and compare formulations. ODF stability was also monitored during 6 months to follow evolution of properties.

Key findings

Analyses at T0 showed few differences between formulations: results of physicochemical and mechanical characterizations were almost similar for each formulation and TBZ appeared at the amorphous state in all cases. ODF delivery system allowed a major improvement of TBZ dissolution profile in buccal conditions compared with pure drug. However, after 3 and 6 months of stability, a TBZ recrystallization occurred for formulations based on PVP and HEC associated with a decrease of drug release in saliva conditions.

Conclusions

HPMC-ODF (F1) appeared as the best formulation. Indeed, physicochemical, mechanical and biopharmaceutical characteristic remained intact. In addition, TBZ remained in amorphous state during stability study.