1
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Zhang Y, Watson S, Ramaswamy Y, Singh G. Intravitreal therapeutic nanoparticles for age-related macular degeneration: Design principles, progress and opportunities. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 329:103200. [PMID: 38788306 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss in the elderly. The current standard treatment for AMD involves frequent intravitreal administrations of therapeutic agents. While effective, this approach presents challenges, including patient discomfort, inconvenience, and the risk of adverse complications. Nanoparticle-based intravitreal drug delivery platforms offer a promising solution to overcome these limitations. These platforms are engineered to target the retina specifically and control drug release, which enhances drug retention, improves drug concentration and bioavailability at the retinal site, and reduces the frequency of injections. This review aims to uncover the design principles guiding the development of highly effective nanoparticle-based intravitreal drug delivery platforms for AMD treatment. By gaining a deeper understanding of the physiology of ocular barriers and the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles, we establish a basis for designing intravitreal nanoparticles to optimize drug delivery and drug retention in the retina. Furthermore, we review recent nanoparticle-based intravitreal therapeutic strategies to highlight their potential in improving AMD treatment efficiency. Lastly, we address the challenges and opportunities in this field, providing insights into the future of nanoparticle-based drug delivery to improve therapeutic outcomes for AMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Zhang
- The School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of IT and Engineering, Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Stephanie Watson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Yogambha Ramaswamy
- The School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of IT and Engineering, Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Gurvinder Singh
- The School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of IT and Engineering, Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2008, Australia.
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2
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Wang Z, Zhang N, Lin P, Xing Y, Yang N. Recent advances in the treatment and delivery system of diabetic retinopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1347864. [PMID: 38425757 PMCID: PMC10902204 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1347864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a highly tissue-specific neurovascular complication of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and is among the leading causes of blindness worldwide. Pathophysiological changes in DR encompass neurodegeneration, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Current treatments for DR, including anti-vascular endothelial growth factor, steroids, laser photocoagulation, and vitrectomy have limitations and adverse reactions, necessitating the exploration of novel treatment strategies. This review aims to summarize the current pathophysiology, therapeutic approaches, and available drug-delivery methods for treating DR, and discuss their respective development potentials. Recent research indicates the efficacy of novel receptor inhibitors and agonists, such as aldose reductase inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonists, and novel drugs in delaying DR. Furthermore, with continuous advancements in nanotechnology, a new form of drug delivery has been developed that can address certain limitations of clinical drug therapy, such as low solubility and poor penetration. This review serves as a theoretical foundation for future research on DR treatment. While highlighting promising therapeutic targets, it underscores the need for continuous exploration to enhance our understanding of DR pathogenesis. The limitations of current treatments and the potential for future advancements emphasize the importance of ongoing research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yiqiao Xing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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3
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Biswas A, Choudhury AD, Bisen AC, Agrawal S, Sanap SN, Verma SK, Mishra A, Kumar S, Bhatta RS. Trends in Formulation Approaches for Sustained Drug Delivery to the Posterior Segment of the Eye. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:217. [PMID: 37891392 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02673-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The eye, an intricate organ comprising physical and physiological barriers, poses a significant challenge for ophthalmic physicians seeking to treat serious ocular diseases affecting the posterior segment, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Despite extensive efforts, the delivery of therapeutic drugs to the rear part of the eye remains an unresolved issue. This comprehensive review delves into conventional and innovative formulation strategies for drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye. By utilizing alternative nanoformulation approaches such as liposomes, nanoparticles, and microneedle patches, researchers and clinicians can overcome the limitations of conventional eye drops and achieve more effective drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye. These innovative strategies offer improved drug penetration, prolonged residence time, and controlled release, enhancing therapeutic outcomes for ocular diseases. Moreover, this article explores recently approved delivery systems that leverage diverse polymer technologies, such as chitosan and hyaluronic acid, to regulate drug-controlled release over an extended period. By offering a comprehensive understanding of the available formulation strategies, this review aims to empower researchers and clinicians in their pursuit of developing highly effective treatments for posterior-segment ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpon Biswas
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Abhijit Deb Choudhury
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Sristi Agrawal
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Sachin Nashik Sanap
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Sarvesh Kumar Verma
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Anjali Mishra
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Shivansh Kumar
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India.
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4
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Kannan RM, Pitha I, Parikh KS. A new era in posterior segment ocular drug delivery: Translation of systemic, cell-targeted, dendrimer-based therapies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 200:115005. [PMID: 37419213 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Vision impairment and loss due to posterior segment ocular disorders, including age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, are a rapidly growing cause of disability globally. Current treatments consist primarily of intravitreal injections aimed at preventing disease progression and characterized by high cost and repeated clinic visits. Nanotechnology provides a promising platform for drug delivery to the eye, with potential to overcome anatomical and physiological barriers to provide safe, effective, and sustained treatment modalities. However, there are few nanomedicines approved for posterior segment disorders, and fewer that target specific cells or that are compatible with systemic administration. Targeting cell types that mediate these disorders via systemic administration may unlock transformative opportunities for nanomedicine and significantly improve patient access, acceptability, and outcomes. We highlight the development of hydroxyl polyamidoamine dendrimer-based therapeutics that demonstrate ligand-free cell targeting via systemic administration and are under clinical investigation for treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangaramanujam M Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Ian Pitha
- Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kunal S Parikh
- Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Bioengineering Innovation & Design, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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Emmerich K, White DT, Kambhampati SP, Casado GL, Fu TM, Chunawala Z, Sahoo A, Nimmagadda S, Krishnan N, Saxena MT, Walker SL, Betzig E, Kannan RM, Mumm JS. Nanoparticle-based targeting of microglia improves the neural regeneration enhancing effects of immunosuppression in the zebrafish retina. Commun Biol 2023; 6:534. [PMID: 37202450 PMCID: PMC10193316 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04898-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal Müller glia function as injury-induced stem-like cells in zebrafish but not mammals. However, insights gleaned from zebrafish have been applied to stimulate nascent regenerative responses in the mammalian retina. For instance, microglia/macrophages regulate Müller glia stem cell activity in the chick, zebrafish, and mouse. We previously showed that post-injury immunosuppression by the glucocorticoid dexamethasone accelerated retinal regeneration kinetics in zebrafish. Similarly, microglia ablation enhances regenerative outcomes in the mouse retina. Targeted immunomodulation of microglia reactivity may therefore enhance the regenerative potential of Müller glia for therapeutic purposes. Here, we investigated potential mechanisms by which post-injury dexamethasone accelerates retinal regeneration kinetics, and the effects of dendrimer-based targeting of dexamethasone to reactive microglia. Intravital time-lapse imaging revealed that post-injury dexamethasone inhibited microglia reactivity. The dendrimer-conjugated formulation: (1) decreased dexamethasone-associated systemic toxicity, (2) targeted dexamethasone to reactive microglia, and (3) improved the regeneration enhancing effects of immunosuppression by increasing stem/progenitor proliferation rates. Lastly, we show that the gene rnf2 is required for the enhanced regeneration effect of D-Dex. These data support the use of dendrimer-based targeting of reactive immune cells to reduce toxicity and enhance the regeneration promoting effects of immunosuppressants in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Emmerich
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of the Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David T White
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Siva P Kambhampati
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Grace L Casado
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tian-Ming Fu
- Janelia Farms Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Princeton Bioengineering Initiative, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Zeeshaan Chunawala
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arpan Sahoo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Saumya Nimmagadda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nimisha Krishnan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Meera T Saxena
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven L Walker
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eric Betzig
- Janelia Farms Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA.
| | - Rangaramanujam M Kannan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- The Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Jeff S Mumm
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of the Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- The Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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6
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Caminade AM, Turrin CO, Poupot R. Curing inflammatory diseases using phosphorous dendrimers. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1783. [PMID: 35194953 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Different types of water-soluble phosphorous dendrimers have been synthesized and display many different biological properties. It has been shown in particular that phosphorous dendrimers of first generation functionalized with azabisphosphonate terminal functions are able to stimulate the human immune system ex vivo. These dendrimers are internalized by monocytes within a few seconds, and induce their anti-inflammatory activation. The presence of the dendrimers induces also the inhibition of the differentiation of monocytes into osteoclasts, the maturation of dendritic cells, and inhibits the proliferation of the proinflammatory CD4+ T lymphocytes. Finally, after 2-3 weeks of culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, amplifications by several tens of natural killer cells is observed. In view of all these properties, the influence of these azabisphosphonate-dendrimers has been tested in vivo with several animal models, against different chronic or acute inflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, uveitis, and psoriasis, but also against myeloid leukemia, a hematological cancer. The hematological safety has been demonstrated in mice, as there is no platelet aggregation, no hemolysis, and no disturbance in the hematological formula. The safety of the azabisphosphonate-dendrimer has been assessed also with non-human primates (cynomolgus monkeys) which received repeated injections, as a de-risking pre-clinical test. Biochemical, hematological, and all immunological parameters in peripheral blood remained within a normal physiological range throughout the study, and all survived well. Other phosphorous dendrimers also display anti-inflammatory properties in vivo, in particular dendrimers functionalized with mannose derivatives, which prevent acute lung diseases when given orally (per os) to mice. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Caminade
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), CNRS UPR8241, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Cédric-Olivier Turrin
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), CNRS UPR8241, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
- IMD-Pharma, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Rémy Poupot
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires, CHU Purpan, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
- Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
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7
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Alshaikh RA, Waeber C, Ryan KB. Polymer based sustained drug delivery to the ocular posterior segment: barriers and future opportunities for the treatment of neovascular pathologies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 187:114342. [PMID: 35569559 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing momentum in research and pharmaceutical industry communities to design sustained, non-invasive delivery systems to treat chronic neovascular ocular diseases that affect the posterior segment of the eye including age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Current treatments include VEGF blockers, which have revolutionized the standard of care for patients, but their maximum therapeutic benefit is hampered by the need for recurrent and invasive administration procedures. Currently approved delivery systems intended to address these limitations exploit polymer technology to regulate drug release in a sustained manner. Here, we critically review sustained drug delivery approaches for the treatment of chronic neovascular diseases affecting the ocular posterior segment, with a special emphasis on novel and polymeric technologies spanning the spectrum of preclinical and clinical investigation, and those approved for treatment. The mechanism by which each formulation imparts sustained release, the impact of formulation characteristics on release and foreign body reaction, and special considerations related to the translation of these systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Waeber
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Katie B Ryan
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; SSPC The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland.
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8
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Wang J, Tao Z, Deng H, Cui Y, Xu Z, Lyu Q, Zhao J. Therapeutic implications of nanodrug and tissue engineering for retinal pigment epithelium-related diseases. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:5657-5677. [PMID: 35352082 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr08337f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), as a single layer of cells that performs multiple functions posteriorly in the eye, is a promising target site for the prevention and treatment of several clinical diseases, including proliferative diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, chorionic neovascularization, and retinitis pigmentosa. In recent decades, several nanodrug delivery platforms and tissue-engineered RPE have been widely developed to treat RPE-related diseases. This work summarizes the recent advances in nanoplatforms and tissue engineering scaffolds developed in these fields. The diseases associated with pathological RPE and their common therapy strategies are first introduced. Then, the recent progress made with a variety of drug delivery systems is presented, with an emphasis on the modification strategies of nanomaterials for targeted delivery. Tissue engineering-mediated RPE transplantation for treating these diseases is subsequently described. Finally, the clinical translation challenges in these fields are discussed in depth. This article will offer readers a better understanding of emerging nanotechnology and tissue engineering related to the treatment of RPE-related diseases and could facilitate their widespread use in experiments in vivo and in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital affiliated to Jinan University, School of Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Zhengyang Tao
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital affiliated to Jinan University, School of Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Hongwei Deng
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital affiliated to Jinan University, School of Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Yubo Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China.
| | - Zhirong Xu
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Lyu
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital affiliated to Jinan University, School of Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China.
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China.
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9
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Tallon C, Sharma A, Zhang Z, Thomas AG, Ng J, Zhu X, Donoghue A, Schulte M, Joe TR, Kambhampati SP, Sharma R, Liaw K, Kannan S, Kannan RM, Slusher BS. Dendrimer-2PMPA Delays Muscle Function Loss and Denervation in a Murine Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:274-288. [PMID: 34984651 PMCID: PMC9130402 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease where muscle weakness and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) denervation precede motor neuron cell death. Although acetylcholine is the canonical neurotransmitter at the mammalian NMJ synapse, glutamate has recently been identified as a critical neurotransmitter for NMJ development and maintenance. One source of glutamate is through the catabolism of N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG), which is found in mM concentrations in mammalian motoneurons, where it is released upon stimulation and hydrolyzed to glutamate by the glial enzyme glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII). Using the SOD1G93A model of ALS, we found an almost fourfold elevation of GCPII enzymatic activity in SOD1G93A versus WT muscle and a robust increase in GCPII expression which was specifically associated with activated macrophages infiltrating the muscle. 2-(Phosphonomethyl)pentanedioic acid (2PMPA) is a potent GCPII inhibitor which robustly blocks glutamate release from NAAG but is highly polar with limited tissue penetration. To improve this, we covalently attached 2PMPA to a hydroxyl polyamidoamine (PAMAM-G4-OH) dendrimer delivery system (D-2PMPA) which is known to target activated macrophages in affected tissues. Systemic D-2PMPA therapy (20 mg/kg 2PMPA equivalent; IP 2 × /week) was found to localize in muscle macrophages in SOD1G93A mice and completely normalize the enhanced GCPII activity. Although no changes in body weight or survival were observed, D-2PMPA significantly improved grip strength and inhibited the loss of NMJ innervation in the gastrocnemius muscles. Our finding that inhibiting elevated GCPII activity in SOD1G93A muscle can prolong muscle function and delay NMJ denervation may have early therapeutic implications for ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Tallon
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Center for Nanomedicine-Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Center for Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, 48128, USA
| | - Ajit G Thomas
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Justin Ng
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Amanda Donoghue
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Michael Schulte
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Tawnjerae R Joe
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Siva P Kambhampati
- Center for Nanomedicine-Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Rishi Sharma
- Center for Nanomedicine-Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Kevin Liaw
- Center for Nanomedicine-Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Center for Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy-Krieger, Inc, Baltimore, USA
| | - Rangaramanujam M Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine-Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy-Krieger, Inc, Baltimore, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Rangos 278, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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10
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Saul P, Yang S, Mamone S, Opazo F, Meyer A, Rizzoli SO, Glöggler S. Exotic nuclear spin behavior in dendritic macromolecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:26349-26355. [PMID: 34792046 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04483d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dendrimers are a class of branched, highly symmetric macromolecules that have been shown to be useful for a vast number of different applications. Potential uses as fluorescence sensors, in catalysis and perhaps most importantly in medical applications as drug delivery systems or cytotoxica have been proposed. Herein we report on an exotic behaviour of the nuclear spins in a dendritic macromolecule in the presence of different paramagnetic ions. We show that the stability of the long lived nuclear singlet state, is affected by the presence of Cu(II), whereas other ions did not have any influence at all. This effect could not be observed in the case of a simple tripeptide, in which the nuclear singlet stability was influenced by all investigated paramagnetic ions, a potentially useful effect in the development of Cu(II) selective probes. By adding a fluorescent marker to our molecule we could show that the nuclear singlet multimer (NUSIMER) is taken up by living cells. Furthermore we were able to show that nuclear singlet state NMR can be used to investigate the NUSIMER in the presence of living cells, showing that an application in in vivo NMR can be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Saul
- Research Group for NMR Signal Enhancement, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. .,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Von-Siebold-Straße 3A, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Shengjun Yang
- Research Group for NMR Signal Enhancement, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. .,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Von-Siebold-Straße 3A, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Salvatore Mamone
- Research Group for NMR Signal Enhancement, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. .,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Von-Siebold-Straße 3A, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Felipe Opazo
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Von-Siebold-Straße 3A, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer
- Research Group Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silvio O Rizzoli
- Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Glöggler
- Research Group for NMR Signal Enhancement, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. .,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Von-Siebold-Straße 3A, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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11
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Enhanced topical corticosteroids delivery to the eye: A trade-off in strategy choice. J Control Release 2021; 339:91-113. [PMID: 34560157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Topical corticosteroids are the primary treatment of ocular inflammation caused by surgery, injury, or other conditions. Drug pre-corneal residence time, drug water solubility, and drug corneal permeability coefficient are the major factors that determine the ocular drug bioavailability after topical administration. Although growing research successfully enhanced local delivery of corticosteroids utilizing various strategies, rational and dynamic approaches to strategy selection are still lacking. Within this review, an overview of the various strategies as well as their performance in retention, solubility, and permeability coefficient of corticosteroids are provided. On this basis, the tradeoff of strategy selection is discussed, which may shed light on the rational choice and application of ophthalmic delivery enhancement strategies.
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12
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Kambhampati SP, Bhutto IA, Wu T, Ho K, McLeod DS, Lutty GA, Kannan RM. Systemic dendrimer nanotherapies for targeted suppression of choroidal inflammation and neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration. J Control Release 2021; 335:527-540. [PMID: 34058271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and neovascularization are key pathological events in human age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Activated microglia/macrophages (mi/ma) and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) play an active role in every stage of disease progression. Systemic therapies that can target these cells and address both inflammation and neovascularization will broaden the impact of existing therapies and potentially open new avenues for early AMD where there are no viable therapies. Utilizing a clinically relevant rat model of AMD that mirrors many aspects that of human AMD pathological events, we show that systemic hydroxyl-terminated polyamidoamine dendrimer-triamcinolone acetonide conjugate (D-TA) is selectively taken up by the injured mi/ma and RPE (without the need for targeting ligands). D-TA suppresses choroidal neovascularization significantly (by >80%, >50-fold better than free drug), attenuates inflammation in the choroid and retina, by limiting macrophage infiltration in the pathological area, significantly suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-angiogenic factors, with minimal side effects to healthy ocular tissue and other organs. In ex vivo studies on human postmortem diabetic eyes, the dendrimer is also taken up into choroidal macrophages. These results suggest that the systemic hydroxyl dendrimer-drugs can offer new avenues for therapies in treating early/dry AMD and late/neovascular AMD alone, or in combination with current anti-VEGF therapies. This hydroxyl dendrimer platform but conjugated to a different drug is undergoing clinical trials for severe COVID-19, potentially paving the way for faster clinical translation of similar compounds for ocular and retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva P Kambhampati
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Imran A Bhutto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Tony Wu
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Katie Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - D Scott McLeod
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Gerard A Lutty
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
| | - Rangaramanujam M Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
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13
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Scheive M, Yazdani S, Hajrasouliha AR. The utility and risks of therapeutic nanotechnology in the retina. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2021; 13:25158414211003381. [PMID: 33817552 PMCID: PMC7989128 DOI: 10.1177/25158414211003381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical application of nanotechnology in medicine is promising for therapeutic, diagnostic, and surgical improvements in the near future. Nanotechnologies in nano-ophthalmology are in the early stages of application in clinical contexts, including ocular drug and gene delivery systems addressing eye disorders, particularly retinopathies. Retinal diseases are challenging to treat as current interventions, such as intravitreal injections, are limited by their invasive nature. This review examines nanotechnological approaches to retinal diseases in a clinical context. Nanotechnology has the potential to transform pharmacological and surgical interventions by overcoming limitations posed by the protective anatomical and physiological barriers that limit access to the retina. Preclinical research in the application of nanoparticles in diagnostics indicates that nanoparticles can enhance existing diagnostic and screening tools to detect diseases earlier and more easily and improve disease progression monitoring precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Scheive
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Saeed Yazdani
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Amir R Hajrasouliha
- Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1160 W Michigan St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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14
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Kumar Dubey S, Pradhan R, Hejmady S, Singhvi G, Choudhury H, Gorain B, Kesharwani P. Emerging innovations in nano-enabled therapy against age-related macular degeneration: A paradigm shift. Int J Pharm 2021; 600:120499. [PMID: 33753164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a degenerative eye disease, is the major cause of irreversible loss of vision among individuals aged 50 and older. Both genetic and environmental factors are responsible for the progressive damage to central vision. It is a multifactorial retinal disease with features such as drusen, hypopigmentation and/or hyperpigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium, and even choroidal neovascularization in certain patients. AMD is of two major forms: exudative (wet) and atrophic (dry) with changes affecting the macula leading to impaired vision. Although the retina remains an accessible portion for delivering drugs, there are no current options to cure or treat AMD. The existing expensive therapeutics are unable to treat the underlying pathology but display several side effects. However, recent innovations in nanotherapeutics provide an optimal alternative of drug delivery to treat the neovascular condition. These new-age technologies in the nanometer scale would enhance bioactivity and improve the bioavailability of drugs at the site of action to treat AMD. The nanomedicine also provides sustained release of the drug with prolonged retention after penetrating across the ocular tissues. In this review, the insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with the pathophysiology of AMD are provided. It also serves to review the current progress in nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems that offer feasible treatments in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Dubey
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India; Medical Research, R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata 700056, India.
| | - Rajesh Pradhan
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Siddhanth Hejmady
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Hira Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bapi Gorain
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia; Center for Drug Delivery and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia, Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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15
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Cho H, Kambhampati SP, Lai MJ, Zhou L, Lee G, Xie Y, Hui Q, Kannan RM, Duh EJ. Dendrimer-Triamcinolone Acetonide Reduces Neuroinflammation, Pathological Angiogenesis, and Neuroretinal Dysfunction in Ischemic Retinopathy. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021; 4:2000181. [PMID: 34527806 PMCID: PMC8436818 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults. Severe visual loss in DR is primarily due to proliferative diabetic retinopathy, characterized by pathologic preretinal angiogenesis driven by retinal ischemia. Microglia, the resident immune cells of the retina, have emerged as a potentially important regulator of pathologic retinal angiogenesis. Corticosteroids including triamcinolone acetonide (TA), known for their antiangiogenic effects, are used in treating retinal diseases, but their use is significantly limited by side effects including cataracts and glaucoma. Generation-4 hydroxyl polyamidoamine dendrimer nanoparticles are utilized to deliver TA to activated microglia in the ischemic retina in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). Following intravitreal injection, dendrimer-conjugated TA (D-TA) exhibits selective localization and sustained retention in activated microglia in disease-associated areas of the retina. D-TA, but not free TA, suppresses inflammatory cytokine production, microglial activation, and preretinal neovascularization in OIR. In addition, D-TA, but not free TA, ameliorates OIR-induced neuroretinal and visual dysfunction. These results indicate that activated microglia are a promising therapeutic target for retinal angiogenesis and neuroprotection in ischemic retinal diseases. Furthermore, dendrimer-based targeted therapy and specifically D-TA constitute a promising treatment approach for DR, offering increased and sustained drug efficacy with reduced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkwan Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Siva P Kambhampati
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Michael J Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Lingli Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Grace Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Yangyiran Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Qiaoyan Hui
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Rangaramanujam M Kannan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Elia J Duh
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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16
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Ocular Drug Delivery to the Retina: Current Innovations and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13010108. [PMID: 33467779 PMCID: PMC7830424 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment options for retinal diseases, such as neovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vascular disorders, have markedly expanded following the development of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor intravitreal injection methods. However, because intravitreal treatment requires monthly or bimonthly repeat injections to achieve optimal efficacy, recent investigations have focused on extended drug delivery systems to lengthen the treatment intervals in the long term. Dose escalation and increasing molecular weight of drugs, intravitreal implants and nanoparticles, hydrogels, combined systems, and port delivery systems are presently under preclinical and clinical investigations. In addition, less invasive techniques rather than intravitreal administration routes, such as topical, subconjunctival, suprachoroidal, subretinal, and trans-scleral, have been evaluated to reduce the treatment burden. Despite the latest advancements in the field of ophthalmic pharmacology, enhancing drug efficacy with high ocular bioavailability while avoiding systemic and local adverse effects is quite challenging. Consequently, despite the performance of numerous in vitro studies, only a few techniques have translated to clinical trials. This review discusses the recent developments in ocular drug delivery to the retina, the pharmacokinetics of intravitreal drugs, efforts to extend drug efficacy in the intraocular space, minimally invasive techniques for drug delivery to the retina, and future perspectives in this field.
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17
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Zhang Z, Lin YA, Kim SY, Su L, Liu J, Kannan RM, Kannan S. Systemic dendrimer-drug nanomedicines for long-term treatment of mild-moderate cerebral palsy in a rabbit model. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:319. [PMID: 33100217 PMCID: PMC7586697 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01984-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia plays a central role in the pathogenesis of perinatal/neonatal brain injury, including cerebral palsy (CP). Therapeutics mitigating neuroinflammation potentially provide an effective strategy to slow the disease progression and rescue normal brain development. Building on our prior results which showed that a generation-4 hydroxyl poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer could deliver drugs specifically to activated glia from systemic circulation, we evaluated the sustained efficacy of a generation-6 (G6) hydroxyl-terminated PAMAM dendrimer that showed a longer blood circulation time and increased brain accumulation. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent that has high plasma protein binding properties and poor brain penetration, was conjugated to G6-PAMAM dendrimer-NAC (G6D-NAC). The efficacy of microglia-targeted G6D-NAC conjugate was evaluated in a clinically relevant rabbit model of CP, with a mild/moderate CP phenotype to provide a longer survival of untreated CP kits, enabling the assessment of sustained efficacy over 15 days of life. METHODS G6D-NAC was conjugated and characterized. Cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory assays were performed in BV-2 microglial cells. The efficacy of G6D-NAC was evaluated in a rabbit model of CP. CP kits were randomly divided into 5 groups on postnatal day 1 (PND1) and received an intravenous injection of a single dose of PBS, or G6D-NAC (2 or 5 mg/kg), or NAC (2 or 5 mg/kg). Neurobehavioral tests, microglia morphology, and neuroinflammation were evaluated at postnatal day 5 (PND5) and day 15 (PND15). RESULTS A single dose of systemic 'long circulating' G6D-NAC showed a significant penetration across the impaired blood-brain-barrier (BBB), delivered NAC specifically to activated microglia, and significantly reduced microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in both the cortex and cerebellum white matter areas. Moreover, G6D-NAC treatment significantly improved neonatal rabbit survival rate and rescued motor function to nearly healthy control levels at least up to 15 days after birth (PND15), while CP kits treated with free NAC died before PND9. CONCLUSIONS Targeted delivery of therapeutics to activated microglia in neonatal brain injury can ameliorate pro-inflammatory microglial responses to injury, promote survival rate, and improve neurological outcomes that can be sustained for a long period. Appropriate manipulation of activated microglia enabled by G6D-NAC can impact the injury significantly beyond inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Present address: Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA
| | - Yi-An Lin
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 400 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Soo-Young Kim
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 400 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Lilly Su
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jinhuan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rangaramanujam M Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 400 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Center 6318D, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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18
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Dendrimer mediated targeted delivery of sinomenine for the treatment of acute neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury. J Control Release 2020; 323:361-375. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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19
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Mayilsamy K, Markoutsa E, Das M, Chopade P, Puro D, Kumar A, Gulick D, Willing AE, Mohapatra SS, Mohapatra S. Treatment with shCCL20-CCR6 nanodendriplexes and human mesenchymal stem cell therapy improves pathology in mice with repeated traumatic brain injury. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 29:102247. [PMID: 32599163 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a devastating neurological disorder, although the underlying pathophysiology is poorly understood. TBI causes blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, immune cell trafficking, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. CCL20 is an important chemokine mediating neuroinflammation. Human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) therapy is a promising regenerative approach but the inflammatory microenvironment in the brain tends to decrease the efficacy of the hMSC transplantation. Reducing the inflammation prior to hMSC therapy improves the outcome. We developed a combined nano-cell therapy by using dendrimers complexed with plasmids (dendriplexes) targeting CCL20 and its sole receptor CCR6 to reduce inflammation followed by hMSC transplantation. Treatment of TBI mice with shRNA conjugated dendriplexes followed by hMSC administration downregulated the inflammatory markers and significantly increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the cerebral cortex indicating future possible neurogenesis and improved behavioral deficits. Taken together, this nano-cell therapy ameliorates neuroinflammation and promotes brain tissue repair after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthick Mayilsamy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Eleni Markoutsa
- Center for Research and Education in Nanobio-engineering, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; College of Pharmacy Graduate Programs, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mahasweta Das
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Pratik Chopade
- College of Pharmacy Graduate Programs, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Durga Puro
- College of Pharmacy Graduate Programs, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Akanksha Kumar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Danielle Gulick
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Alison E Willing
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Shyam S Mohapatra
- Center for Research and Education in Nanobio-engineering, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; College of Pharmacy Graduate Programs, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Subhra Mohapatra
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Center for Research and Education in Nanobio-engineering, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA.
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20
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Formica M, Ullio Gamboa G, Tártara L, Luna J, Benoit J, Palma S. Triamcinolone acetonide-loaded lipid nanocapsules for ophthalmic applications. Int J Pharm 2020; 573:118795. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Design and In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Triamcinolone Acetonide Microcrystals-Loaded PLGA Microsphere for Increased Drug Retention in Knees after Intra-Articular Injection. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11080419. [PMID: 31430878 PMCID: PMC6722509 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel polymeric microsphere (MS) containing micronized triamcinolone acetonide (TA) in a crystalline state was structured to provide extended drug retention in joints after intra-articular (IA) injection. Microcrystals with a median diameter of 1.7 μm were prepared by ultra-sonication method, and incorporated into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/poly(lactic acid) (PLGA/PLA) MSs using spray-drying technique. Cross-sectional observation and X-ray diffraction analysis showed that drug microcrystals were evenly embedded in the MSs, with a distinctive crystalline nature of TA. In vitro drug release from the novel MSs was markedly decelerated compared to those from the marketed crystalline suspension (Triam inj.®), or even 7.2 μm-sized TA crystals-loaded MSs. The novel system offered prolonged drug retention in rat joints, providing quantifiable TA remains over 28 days. Whereas, over 95% of IA TA was removed from joints within seven days, after injection of the marketed product. Systemic exposure of the steroidal compound was drastically decreased with the MSs, with <50% systemic exposure compared to that with the marketed product. The novel MS was physicochemically stable, with no changes in drug crystallinity and release profile over 12 months. Therefore, the TA microcrystals-loaded MS is expected to be beneficial in patients especially with osteoarthritis, with reduced IA dosing frequency.
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Abstract
Although the eye is an accessible organ for direct drug application, ocular drug delivery remains a major challenge due to multiple barriers within the eye. Key barriers include static barriers imposed by the cornea, conjunctiva, and retinal pigment epithelium and dynamic barriers including tear turnover and blood and lymphatic clearance mechanisms. Systemic administration by oral and parenteral routes is limited by static blood-tissue barriers that include epithelial and endothelial layers, in addition to rapid vascular clearance mechanisms. Together, the static and dynamic barriers limit the rate and extent of drug delivery to the eye. Thus, there is an ongoing need to identify novel delivery systems and approaches to enhance and sustain ocular drug delivery. This chapter summarizes current and recent experimental approaches for drug delivery to the anterior and posterior segments of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcin Yavuz
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, 12850 East Montview Blvd., C238-V20, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Uday B Kompella
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, 12850 East Montview Blvd., C238-V20, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Munder A, Moskovitz Y, Meir A, Kahremany S, Levy L, Kolitz-Domb M, Cohen G, Shtriker E, Viskind O, Lellouche JP, Senderowitz H, Chessler SD, Korshin EE, Ruthstein S, Gruzman A. Neuroligin-2-derived peptide-covered polyamidoamine-based (PAMAM) dendrimers enhance pancreatic β-cells' proliferation and functions. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:280-293. [PMID: 30881615 PMCID: PMC6390468 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00419f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cell membranes and presynaptic areas of neurons contain analogous protein complexes that control the secretion of bioactive molecules. These complexes include the neuroligins (NLs) and their binding partners, the neurexins (NXs). It has been recently reported that both insulin secretion and the proliferation rates of β-cells increase when cells are co-cultured with full-length NL-2 clusters. The pharmacological use of full-length protein is always problematic due to its unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties. Thus, NL-2-derived short peptide was conjugated to the surface of polyamidoamine-based (PAMAM) dendrimers. This nanoscale composite improved β-cell functions in terms of the rate of proliferation, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), and functional maturation. This functionalized dendrimer also protected β-cells under cellular stress conditions. In addition, various novel peptidomimetic scaffolds of NL-2-derived peptide were designed, synthesized, and conjugated to the surface of PAMAM in order to increase the biostability of the conjugates. However, after being covered by peptidomimetics, PAMAM dendrimers were inactive. Thus, the original peptide-based PAMAM dendrimer is a leading compound for continued research that might provide a unique starting point for designing an innovative class of antidiabetic therapeutics that possess a unique mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Munder
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Exact Sciences , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan , Israel . ;
| | - Yoni Moskovitz
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Exact Sciences , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan , Israel . ;
| | - Aviv Meir
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Exact Sciences , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan , Israel . ;
| | - Shirin Kahremany
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Exact Sciences , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan , Israel . ;
- Department of Pharmacology , Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology , School of Medicine , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Laura Levy
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Exact Sciences , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan , Israel . ;
| | - Michal Kolitz-Domb
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Exact Sciences , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan , Israel . ;
| | - Guy Cohen
- Skin Research Institute , Dead Sea and Arava Research Center , Masada , Israel
| | - Efrat Shtriker
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Exact Sciences , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan , Israel . ;
| | - Olga Viskind
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Exact Sciences , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan , Israel . ;
| | - Jean-Paul Lellouche
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Exact Sciences , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan , Israel . ;
- Nanomaterials Research Center , Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials (BINA) , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan , Israel
| | - Hanoch Senderowitz
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Exact Sciences , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan , Israel . ;
| | - Steven D Chessler
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism , Department of Medicine , University of California , Irvine , CA , USA
| | - Edward E Korshin
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Exact Sciences , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan , Israel . ;
| | - Sharon Ruthstein
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Exact Sciences , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan , Israel . ;
| | - Arie Gruzman
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Exact Sciences , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan , Israel . ;
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Saul P, Mamone S, Glöggler S. Nuclear singlet multimers (NUSIMERs) with long-lived singlet states. Chem Sci 2019; 10:413-417. [PMID: 30746089 PMCID: PMC6334717 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02831a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful tool in chemical analysis, structure determination and in medical diagnostics. Developing novel biological sensors for this field holds promise to better investigate protein structures or target diseases more efficiently. Herein, we explore nuclear spin singlet states in dendritic macromolecules as a platform molecule to develop stimuli responsive probes. We have developed a nuclear singlet multimer (NUSIMER) based on a generation 5 poly(amidoamine) dendrimer (PAMAM) which contains on average about 90 accessible nuclear spin singlet states with lifetimes up to 10-fold longer than the T 1 relaxation times (up to 10 seconds T s vs. T 1 < 0.5 seconds) in a single molecule. We demonstrate little influence on the singlet lifetime in phosphate buffer (H2O) and a high viscosity gel environment in the presence of paramagnetic oxygen. Additionally, we demonstrate an increase in singlet lifetime upon the release of a protective chemical moiety from the NUSIMER following a stimulus, whereby no change in longitudinal relaxation time is observed. The robustness and change in singlet lifetime of the NUSIMER holds promise for the development of a novel type of biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Saul
- NMR Signal Enhancement Group , Max-Planck-Institutefor Biophysical Chemistry , Am Faßberg 11 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany .
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration of UMG , Von-Siebold-Straße 3A , 37075 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Salvatore Mamone
- NMR Signal Enhancement Group , Max-Planck-Institutefor Biophysical Chemistry , Am Faßberg 11 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany .
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration of UMG , Von-Siebold-Straße 3A , 37075 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Stefan Glöggler
- NMR Signal Enhancement Group , Max-Planck-Institutefor Biophysical Chemistry , Am Faßberg 11 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany .
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration of UMG , Von-Siebold-Straße 3A , 37075 Göttingen , Germany
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25
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Fu B, Wang N, Tan HY, Li S, Cheung F, Feng Y. Multi-Component Herbal Products in the Prevention and Treatment of Chemotherapy-Associated Toxicity and Side Effects: A Review on Experimental and Clinical Evidences. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1394. [PMID: 30555327 PMCID: PMC6281965 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is nowadays the main treatment of human cancers. Chemotherapeutic agents target rapidly dividing cancer cells to suppress tumor progression, however, their non-specific cytotoxicity often leads to significant side effects that might be intolerable to cancer patients. Multi-component herbal products have been used for thousands of years for the treatment of multiple human diseases. This study aims to systematically summarize and evaluate the experimental and clinical evidences of the efficacy of multi-component herbal products in improving chemotherapy-induced side effect. Literature was retrieved from PubMed database and evaluated based on the side effects described. Multi-component herbal products were found to be effective in ameliorating the neurotoxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, hematological toxicity, cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Both experimental and clinical evidences were found, indicating the potential of applying multicomponent herbal products in the clinical treatment of chemotherapy-induced side effects. However, the lack of mechanistic and pharmacokinetic studies, inconsistency in product quality, as well as insufficient clinical evidence suggested that more investigations are urgently necessary. In all, our review shed light on the potential of using multi-component herbal products in the clinical management of chemotherapy-induced toxicity and side effects. We also discussed the potential threats of natural products for cancer treatment and compared the advantages of using herbs to conventional chemical drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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26
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Sharma A, Liaw K, Sharma R, Zhang Z, Kannan S, Kannan RM. Targeting Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Activated Microglia using Dendrimer-Based Therapeutics. Theranostics 2018; 8:5529-5547. [PMID: 30555562 PMCID: PMC6276292 DOI: 10.7150/thno.29039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative stress is associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI). Targeted delivery of antioxidants to mitochondria has failed to translate into clinical success due to their nonspecific cellular localization, poor transport properties across multiple biological barriers, and associated side effects. These challenges, coupled with the complex function of the mitochondria, create the need for innovative delivery strategies. Methods: Neutral hydroxyl-terminated polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers have shown significant potential as nanocarriers in multiple brain injury models. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is a clinically used antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent which has shown significant potency when delivered in a targeted manner. Here we present a mitochondrial targeting hydroxyl PAMAM dendrimer-drug construct (TPP-D-NAC) with triphenyl-phosphonium (TPP) for mitochondrial targeting and NAC for targeted delivery to mitochondria in injured glia. Co-localization and mitochondrial content of mitochondria-targeted and unmodified dendrimer were assessed in microglia and macrophages in vitro via immunohistochemistry and fluorescence quantification. Therapeutic improvements of TPP-D-NAC over dendrimer-NAC conjugate (D-NAC) and free NAC were evaluated in vitro in microglia under oxidative stress challenge. In vivo neuroinflammation targeting was confirmed in a rabbit model of TBI. Results: TPP-conjugated dendrimer co-localized significantly more with mitochondria than unmodified dendrimer without altering overall levels of cellular internalization. This targeting capability translated to significant improvements in the attenuation of oxidative stress by TPP-D-NAC compared to D-NAC and free NAC. Upon systemic administration in a rabbit TBI model, TPP-conjugated dendrimer co-localized specifically with mitochondria in activated microglia and macrophages in the white matter of the ipsilateral/injured hemisphere, confirming its BBB penetration and glial targeting capabilities. Conclusion: D-NAC has shown promising efficacy in many animal models of neurodegeneration, and this work provides evidence that modification for mitochondrial targeting can further enhance its therapeutic efficacy, particularly in diseases where oxidative stress-induced glial cell death plays a significant role in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Sharma
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Kevin Liaw
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21218, USA
| | - Rishi Sharma
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Inc., Baltimore MD, 21205, USA
- Kennedy Krieger Institute - Johns Hopkins University for Cerebral Palsy Research Excellence, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Rangaramanujam M. Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 21218, USA
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Inc., Baltimore MD, 21205, USA
- Kennedy Krieger Institute - Johns Hopkins University for Cerebral Palsy Research Excellence, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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27
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Araújo RVD, Santos SDS, Igne Ferreira E, Giarolla J. New Advances in General Biomedical Applications of PAMAM Dendrimers. Molecules 2018; 23:E2849. [PMID: 30400134 PMCID: PMC6278347 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrimers are nanoscopic compounds, which are monodispersed, and they are generally considered as homogeneous. PAMAM (polyamidoamine) was introduced in 1985, by Donald A. Tomalia, as a new class of polymers, named 'starburst polymers'. This important contribution of Professor Tomalia opened a new research field involving nanotechnological approaches. From then on, many groups have been using PAMAM for diverse applications in many areas, including biomedical applications. The possibility of either linking drugs and bioactive compounds, or entrapping them into the dendrimer frame can improve many relevant biological properties, such as bioavailability, solubility, and selectivity. Directing groups to reach selective delivery in a specific organ is one of the advanced applications of PAMAM. In this review, structural and safety aspects of PAMAM and its derivatives are discussed, and some relevant applications are briefly presented. Emphasis has been given to gene delivery and targeting drugs, as advanced delivery systems using PAMAM and an incentive for its use on neglected diseases are briefly mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Vinicius de Araújo
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, 580⁻Building 13, São Paulo SP 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Soraya da Silva Santos
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, 580⁻Building 13, São Paulo SP 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Elizabeth Igne Ferreira
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, 580⁻Building 13, São Paulo SP 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Jeanine Giarolla
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, 580⁻Building 13, São Paulo SP 05508-900, Brazil.
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Abstract
Microglia, the primary resident immune cell type, constitute a key population of glia in the retina. Recent evidence indicates that microglia play significant functional roles in the retina at different life stages. During development, retinal microglia regulate neuronal survival by exerting trophic influences and influencing programmed cell death. During adulthood, ramified microglia in the plexiform layers interact closely with synapses to maintain synaptic structure and function that underlie the retina's electrophysiological response to light. Under pathological conditions, retinal microglia participate in potentiating neurodegeneration in diseases such as glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, and age-related neurodegeneration by producing proinflammatory neurotoxic cytokines and removing living neurons via phagocytosis. Modulation of pathogenic microglial activation states and effector mechanisms has been linked to neuroprotection in animal models of retinal diseases. These findings have led to the design of early proof-of-concept clinical trials with microglial modulation as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Silverman
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;,
| | - Wai T. Wong
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;,
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29
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Lancina MG, Wang J, Williamson GS, Yang H. DenTimol as A Dendrimeric Timolol Analogue for Glaucoma Therapy: Synthesis and Preliminary Efficacy and Safety Assessment. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2883-2889. [PMID: 29767982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report the synthesis and characterization of DenTimol, a dendrimer-based polymeric timolol analog, as a glaucoma medication. A timolol precursor ( S)-4-[4-(oxiranylmethoxy)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl]morpholine (OTM) was reacted with the heterobifunctional amine polyethylene glycol acetic acid (amine-PEG-acetic acid, Mn = 2000 g/mol) via a ring opening reaction of an epoxide by an amine to form the OTM-PEG conjugate. OTM-PEG was then coupled to an ethylenediamine (EDA) core polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer G3 to generate DenTimol using the N-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)- N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)/ N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) coupling reaction. MALDI mass spectrometry, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and HPLC were applied to characterize the intermediate and final products. Ex vivo corneal permeation of DenTimol was assessed using the Franz diffusion cell system mounted with freshly extracted rabbit cornea. The cytotoxicity of DenTimol was assessed using the WST-1 assay. Our results show that DenTimol is nontoxic up to an OTM equivalent concentration of 100 μM. DenTimol is efficient at crossing the cornea. About 8% of the dendrimeric drug permeated through the cornea in 4 h. Its IOP-lowering effect was observed in normotensive adult Brown Norway male rats. Compared to the undosed eye, an IOP reduction by an average of 7.3 mmHg (∼30% reduction from baseline) was observed in the eye topically treated with DenTimol (2 × 5 μL, 0.5% w/v timolol equivalent) in less than 30 min. Daily dosing of DenTimol for a week did not cause any irritation or toxicity as confirmed by the histological examination of ocular tissues, including the cornea, ciliary body, and retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Lancina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia 23284 , United States
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Chemical & Life Science Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia 23219 , United States
| | - Geoffrey S Williamson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia 23284 , United States
| | - Hu Yang
- Department of Chemical & Life Science Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia 23219 , United States.,Department of Pharmaceutics , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia 23298 , United States.,Massey Cancer Center , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia 23298 , United States
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30
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Acharya S, Timilshina M, Jiang L, Neupane S, Choi DY, Park SW, Lee SY, Jeong BS, Kim JA, Nam TG, Chang JH. Amelioration of Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and DSS induced colitis by NTG-A-009 through the inhibition of Th1 and Th17 cells differentiation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7799. [PMID: 29773813 PMCID: PMC5958108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26088-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are the central for the mammalian adaptive immune system. Naïve CD4+ T cells mainly differentiate in to pro-inflammatory Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells upon antigenic stimulation. IFN-γ secreting Th1 cells and IL-17 secreting Th17 cells are found to play key roles in autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) and ulcerative colitis (UC). In this study we found NTG-A-009, 6-aminopyridin-3-ol, has great inhibitory effect on in vitro differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells without affecting regulatory T cells. Moreover, NTG-A-009 had no effect on CD4+ T cell proliferation and viability. In vivo treatment has shown that NTG-A-009 has ameliorated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced colitis through the inhibition of Th1 and Th17 cells differentiation. Mechanistically, NTG-A-009 suppressed Th1 and Th17 cells differentiation via the modulation of JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Thus, our data demonstrated that NTG-A-009 ameliorated inflammation through the inhibition of Th1 and Th17 cells generation making it a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Acharya
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Liyuan Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Sabita Neupane
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Young Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Park
- Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yeul Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Seon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ae Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Gyu Nam
- Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Hoon Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Bhattacharjee A, Das PJ, Adhikari P, Marbaniang D, Pal P, Ray S, Mazumder B. Novel drug delivery systems for ocular therapy: With special reference to liposomal ocular delivery. Eur J Ophthalmol 2018; 29:113-126. [PMID: 29756507 DOI: 10.1177/1120672118769776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of drugs to eyes is a great challenge to researchers because of a number of barriers in the eye preventing the actual dose from reaching the site. A number of ophthalmic delivery systems have been developed in the past couple of years that are not only new but also safe and reliable and help to overcome all those barriers in the eye which are responsible for the very less bioavailability of drugs. In this review, we tried to focus on current research in ocular delivery of drug substances giving special emphasis to liposomal delivery system. A brief analysis of other novel ocular delivery systems, ocular physiology, and microbial sources of disease are also highlighted herein. We analyzed the various research findings for churning a general idea for novel ocular delivery system and its future use. The novel formulations may overcome the addressed problems of ophthalmic medication and comply with the quality assurance issues. The liposomal delivery is advantageous as they have the ability to entrap both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs and are suitable for delivery to both the anterior and posterior segment of the eye. Therefore, the use of this alternative approach is quite a necessity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pranab J Das
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Piya Adhikari
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Daphisha Marbaniang
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Paulami Pal
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Subhabrata Ray
- 2 Dr. B.C. Roy College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Sciences, Durgapur, India
| | - Bhaskar Mazumder
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
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32
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Sharma R, Sharma A, Kambhampati SP, Reddy RR, Zhang Z, Cleland JL, Kannan S, Kannan RM. Scalable synthesis and validation of PAMAM dendrimer- N-acetyl cysteine conjugate for potential translation. Bioeng Transl Med 2018; 3:87-101. [PMID: 30065965 PMCID: PMC6063872 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrimer-N-acetyl cysteine (D-NAC) conjugate has shown significant promise in multiple preclinical models of brain injury and is undergoing clinical translation. D-NAC is a generation-4 hydroxyl-polyamidoamine dendrimer conjugate where N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is covalently bound through disulfide linkages on the surface of the dendrimer. It has shown remarkable potential to selectively target and deliver NAC to activated microglia and astrocytes at the site of brain injury in several animal models, producing remarkable improvements in neurological outcomes at a fraction of the free drug dose. Here we present a highly efficient, scalable, greener, well-defined route to the synthesis of D-NAC, and validate the structure, stability and activity to define the benchmarks for this compound. This newly developed synthetic route has significantly reduced the synthesis time from three weeks to one week, uses industry-friendly solvents/reagents, and involves simple purification procedures, potentially enabling efficient scale up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Sharma
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of OphthalmologyWilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21287
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of OphthalmologyWilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21287
| | - Siva P. Kambhampati
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of OphthalmologyWilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21287
| | - Rajsekar Rami Reddy
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of OphthalmologyWilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21287
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Dept. of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21287
| | | | - Sujatha Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of OphthalmologyWilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21287
- Dept. of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21287
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Inc.BaltimoreMD21205
- Kennedy Krieger Institute – Johns Hopkins University for Cerebral Palsy Research ExcellenceBaltimoreMD21287
| | - Rangaramanujam M. Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of OphthalmologyWilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21287
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Inc.BaltimoreMD21205
- Kennedy Krieger Institute – Johns Hopkins University for Cerebral Palsy Research ExcellenceBaltimoreMD21287
- Dept.of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218
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33
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Preferential and Increased Uptake of Hydroxyl-Terminated PAMAM Dendrimers by Activated Microglia in Rabbit Brain Mixed Glial Culture. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051025. [PMID: 29702566 PMCID: PMC6102539 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are multifunctional nanoparticles with tunable physicochemical features, making them promising candidates for targeted drug delivery in the central nervous system (CNS). Systemically administered dendrimers have been shown to localize in activated glial cells, which mediate neuroinflammation in the CNS. These dendrimers delivered drugs specifically to activated microglia, producing significant neurological improvements in multiple brain injury models, including in a neonatal rabbit model of cerebral palsy. To gain further insight into the mechanism of dendrimer cell uptake, we utilized an in vitro model of primary glial cells isolated from newborn rabbits to assess the differences in hydroxyl-terminated generation 4 PAMAM dendrimer (D4-OH) uptake by activated and non-activated glial cells. We used fluorescently-labelled D4-OH (D-Cy5) as a tool for investigating the mechanism of dendrimer uptake. D4-OH PAMAM dendrimer uptake was determined by fluorescence quantification using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Our results indicate that although microglial cells in the mixed cell population demonstrate early uptake of dendrimers in this in vitro system, activated microglia take up more dendrimer compared to resting microglia. Astrocytes showed delayed and limited uptake. We also illustrated the differences in mechanism of uptake between resting and activated microglia using different pathway inhibitors. Both resting and activated microglia primarily employed endocytotic pathways, which are enhanced in activated microglial cells. Additionally, we demonstrated that hydroxyl terminated dendrimers are taken up by primary microglia using other mechanisms including pinocytosis, caveolae, and aquaporin channels for dendrimer uptake.
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34
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Kim Y, Park EJ, Na DH. Recent progress in dendrimer-based nanomedicine development. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:571-582. [PMID: 29450862 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendrimers offer well-defined nanoarchitectures with spherical shape, high degree of molecular uniformity, and multiple surface functionalities. Such unique structural properties of dendrimers have created many applications for drug and gene delivery, nanomedicine, diagnostics, and biomedical engineering. Dendrimers are not only capable of delivering drugs or diagnostic agents to desired sites by encapsulating or conjugating them to the periphery, but also have therapeutic efficacy in their own. When compared to traditional polymers for drug delivery, dendrimers have distinct advantages, such as high drug-loading capacity at the surface terminal for conjugation or interior space for encapsulation, size control with well-defined numbers of peripheries, and multivalency for conjugation to drugs, targeting moieties, molecular sensors, and biopolymers. This review focuses on recent applications of dendrimers for the development of dendrimer-based nanomedicines for cancer, inflammation, and viral infection. Although dendrimer-based nanomedicines still face some challenges including scale-up production and well-characterization, several dendrimer-based drug candidates are expected to enter clinical development phase in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hee Na
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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35
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Nance E, Kambhampati SP, Smith ES, Zhang Z, Zhang F, Singh S, Johnston MV, Kannan RM, Blue ME, Kannan S. Dendrimer-mediated delivery of N-acetyl cysteine to microglia in a mouse model of Rett syndrome. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:252. [PMID: 29258545 PMCID: PMC5735803 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rett syndrome (RTT) is a pervasive developmental disorder that is progressive and has no effective cure. Immune dysregulation, oxidative stress, and excess glutamate in the brain mediated by glial dysfunction have been implicated in the pathogenesis and worsening of symptoms of RTT. In this study, we investigated a new nanotherapeutic approach to target glia for attenuation of brain inflammation/injury both in vitro and in vivo using a Mecp2-null mouse model of Rett syndrome. Methods To determine whether inflammation and immune dysregulation were potential targets for dendrimer-based therapeutics in RTT, we assessed the immune response of primary glial cells from Mecp2-null and wild-type (WT) mice to LPS. Using dendrimers that intrinsically target activated microglia and astrocytes, we studied N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and dendrimer-conjugated N-acetyl cysteine (D-NAC) effects on inflammatory cytokines by PCR and multiplex assay in WT vs Mecp2-null glia. Since the cysteine-glutamate antiporter (Xc−) is upregulated in Mecp2-null glia when compared to WT, the role of Xc− in the uptake of NAC and l-cysteine into the cell was compared to that of D-NAC using BV2 cells in vitro. We then assessed the ability of D-NAC given systemically twice weekly to Mecp2-null mice to improve behavioral phenotype and lifespan. Results We demonstrated that the mixed glia derived from Mecp2-null mice have an exaggerated inflammatory and oxidative stress response to LPS stimulation when compared to WT glia. Expression of Xc− was significantly upregulated in the Mecp2-null glia when compared to WT and was further increased in the presence of LPS stimulation. Unlike NAC, D-NAC bypasses the Xc− for cell uptake, increasing intracellular GSH levels while preventing extracellular glutamate release and excitotoxicity. Systemically administered dendrimers were localized in microglia in Mecp2-null mice, but not in age-matched WT littermates. Treatment with D-NAC significantly improved behavioral outcomes in Mecp2-null mice, but not survival. Conclusions These results suggest that delivery of drugs using dendrimer nanodevices offers a potential strategy for targeting glia and modulating oxidative stress and immune responses in RTT. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-1004-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Nance
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Present address: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Siva P Kambhampati
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Smith
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Sarabdeep Singh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Michael V Johnston
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger, Inc., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Rangaramanujam M Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.,Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger, Inc., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mary E Blue
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger, Inc., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA. .,Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger, Inc., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Sharma R, Kim SY, Sharma A, Zhang Z, Kambhampati SP, Kannan S, Kannan RM. Activated Microglia Targeting Dendrimer-Minocycline Conjugate as Therapeutics for Neuroinflammation. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2874-2886. [PMID: 29028353 PMCID: PMC6023550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain-related disorders have outmatched cancer and cardiovascular diseases worldwide as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The lack of effective therapies and the relatively dry central nervous system (CNS) drug pipeline pose formidable challenge. Superior, targeted delivery of current clinically approved drugs may offer significant potential. Minocycline has shown promise for the treatment of neurological diseases owing to its ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and potency. Despite its potential in the clinic and in preclinical models, the high doses needed to affect a positive therapeutic response have led to side effects. Targeted delivery of minocycline to the injured site and injured cells in the brain can be highly beneficial. Systemically administered hydroxyl poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) generation-6 (G6) dendrimers have a longer blood circulation time and have been shown to cross the impaired BBB. We have successfully prepared and characterized the in vitro efficacy and in vivo targeting ability of hydroxyl-G6 PAMAM dendrimer-9-amino-minocycline conjugate (D-mino). Minocycline is a challenging drug to carry out chemical transformations due to its inherent instability. We used a combination of a highly efficient and mild copper catalyzed azide-alkyne click reaction (CuAAC) along with microwave energy to conjugate 9-amino-minocycline (mino) to the dendrimer surface via enzyme responsive linkages. D-mino was further evaluated for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity in lipopolysaccharides-activated murine microglial cells. D-mino conjugates enhanced the intracellular availability of the drug due to their rapid uptake, suppressed inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) production, and reduced oxidative stress by suppressing nitric oxide production, all significantly better than the free drug. Fluorescently labeled dendrimer conjugate (Cy5-D-mino) was systematically administered (intravenous, 55 mg/kg) on postnatal day 1 to rabbit kits with a clinically relevant phenotype of cerebral palsy. The in vivo imaging study indicates that Cy5-D-mino crossed the impaired blood-brain barrier and co-localized with activated microglia at the periventricular white matter areas, including the corpus callosum and the angle of the lateral ventricle, with significant implications for positive therapeutic outcomes. The enhanced efficacy of D-mino, when combined with the inherent neuroinflammation-targeting capability of the PAMAM dendrimers, may provide new opportunities for targeted drug delivery to treat neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Sharma
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Soo-Young Kim
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Siva Pramodh Kambhampati
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University for Cerebral Palsy Research Excellence, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Rangaramanujam M. Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University for Cerebral Palsy Research Excellence, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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Pharmaceutical microscale and nanoscale approaches for efficient treatment of ocular diseases. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2017; 6:686-707. [PMID: 27766598 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-016-0336-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Efficient treatment of ocular diseases can be achieved thanks to the proper use of ophthalmic formulations based on emerging pharmaceutical approaches. Among them, microtechnology and nanotechnology strategies are of great interest in the development of novel drug delivery systems to be used for ocular therapy. The location of the target site in the eye as well as the ophthalmic disease will determine the route of administration (topical, intraocular, periocular, and suprachoroidal administration) and the most adequate device. In this review, we discuss the use of colloidal pharmaceutical systems (nanoparticles, liposomes, niosomes, dendrimers, and microemulsions), microparticles (microcapsules and microspheres), and hybrid systems (combination of different strategies) in the treatment of ophthalmic diseases. Emphasis has been placed in the therapeutic significance of each drug delivery system for clinical translation.
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Kim H, Choi B, Lim H, Min H, Oh JH, Choi S, Cho JG, Park JS, Lee SJ. Polyamidoamine dendrimer-conjugated triamcinolone acetonide attenuates nerve injury-induced spinal cord microglia activation and mechanical allodynia. Mol Pain 2017; 13:1744806917697006. [PMID: 28326946 PMCID: PMC5407664 DOI: 10.1177/1744806917697006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence on the causal role of spinal cord microglia activation in the development of neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury suggests that microglial activation inhibitors might be useful analgesics for neuropathic pain. Studies also have shown that polyamidoamine dendrimer may function as a drug delivery vehicle to microglia in the central nervous system. In this regard, we developed polyamidoamine dendrimer-conjugated triamcinolone acetonide, a previously identified microglial activation inhibitor, and tested its analgesic efficacy in a mouse peripheral nerve injury model. Result Polyamidoamine dendrimer was delivered selectively to spinal cord microglia upon intrathecal administration. Dendrimer-conjugated triamcinolone acetonide inhibited lipoteichoic acid-induced proinflammatory gene expression in primary glial cells. In addition, dendrimer-conjugated triamcinolone acetonide administration (intrathecal) inhibited peripheral nerve injury-induced spinal cord microglial activation and the expression of pain-related genes in the spinal cord, including Nox2, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. Dendrimer-conjugated triamcinolone acetonide administration right after nerve injury almost completely reversed peripheral nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia for up to three days. Meanwhile, dendrimer-conjugated triamcinolone acetonide administration 1.5 days post injury significantly attenuated mechanical allodynia. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that dendrimer-conjugated triamcinolone acetonide inhibits spinal cord microglia activation and attenuates neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury, which has therapeutic implications for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwisung Kim
- 1 Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Boomin Choi
- 1 Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoungsub Lim
- 1 Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Min
- 1 Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Oh
- 2 School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghyun Choi
- 2 School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung Goo Cho
- 3 Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Ilsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sang Park
- 2 School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Joong Lee
- 1 Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kannan G, Kambhampati SP, Kudchadkar SR. Effect of anesthetics on microglial activation and nanoparticle uptake: Implications for drug delivery in traumatic brain injury. J Control Release 2017; 263:192-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Abstract
Existing methods of administering ocular drugs are limited in either their safety or efficiency. Nanomedicine therapies have the potential to address this deficiency by creating vehicles that can control drug biodistribution. Dendrimers are synthetic polymeric nanoparticles with a unique highly organized branching structure. In recent years, promising results using dendrimer vehicles to deliver ocular drugs through different routes of administration have been reported. In this review, we briefly summarize these results with emphasis on the dendrimer modifications used to target different ocular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Lancina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States
| | - Hu Yang
- Department of Chemical & Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
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García-Millán E, Quintáns-Carballo M, Otero-Espinar FJ. Improved release of triamcinolone acetonide from medicated soft contact lenses loaded with drug nanosuspensions. Int J Pharm 2017; 525:226-236. [PMID: 28412447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Drug nanosuspensions (NSs) show a significant potential to improve loading and release properties of the poorly water soluble drug triamcinolone acetonide (TA) from poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) soft contact lenses. In this work, TA NSs were developed by a controlled precipitation method using a fractional factorial Plackett-Burmann design. Poloxamer 407 (PL) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as stabilizing agents were selected. NSs were characterized in terms of their drug content, particle size and morphology. Results indicate that all studied factors, except homogenization speed and sonication, have significant influence on the drug incorporation yield into NSs. Drug nanoparticles showed an interesting size that may be suitable for their incorporation into topical ocular drug delivery systems, as hydrogels. pHEMA hydrogels and daily-wear Hilafilcon B commercial contact lenses (SCLs) were employed to study TA loading capacity and drug release properties using NSs as loading system. Hydrogels have been synthesised by copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) with methacrylic acid (MA) in accordance with a previous work (García-Millán et al., 2015). Both synthesised hydrogels and SCLs were characterized in terms of their mechanical and physical properties and TA loading and release properties. Selected TA NS was further characterized by studying its physical-chemical stability during the loading process. Results show that the use of TA NSs as loading medium significantly increases drug loading capacity and release of soft contact lenses in comparison with drug saturated solution. Synthesised pHEMA hydrogels and SCLs lenses have good properties as ophthalmic drug delivery systems, but SCLs load higher quantities of drug and release TA in shorter time periods than synthesised pHEMA hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva García-Millán
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mónica Quintáns-Carballo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Otero-Espinar
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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42
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The impact of oxidative stress and inflammation on RPE degeneration in non-neovascular AMD. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 60:201-218. [PMID: 28336424 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly specialized, unique epithelial cell that interacts with photoreceptors on its apical side and with Bruch's membrane and the choriocapillaris on its basal side. Due to vital functions that keep photoreceptors healthy, the RPE is essential for maintaining vision. With aging and the accumulated effects of environmental stresses, the RPE can become dysfunctional and die. This degeneration plays a central role in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathobiology, the leading cause of blindness among the elderly in western societies. Oxidative stress and inflammation have both physiological and potentially pathological roles in RPE degeneration. Given the central role of the RPE, this review will focus on the impact of oxidative stress and inflammation on the RPE with AMD pathobiology. Physiological sources of oxidative stress as well as unique sources from photo-oxidative stress, the phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments, and modifiable factors such as cigarette smoking and high fat diet ingestion that can convert oxidative stress into a pathological role, and the negative impact of impairing the cytoprotective roles of mitochondrial dynamics and the Nrf2 signaling system on RPE health in AMD will be discussed. Likewise, the response by the innate immune system to an inciting trigger, and the potential role of local RPE production of inflammation, as well as a potential role for damage by inflammation with chronicity if the inciting trigger is not neutralized, will be debated.
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Soiberman U, Kambhampati SP, Wu T, Mishra MK, Oh Y, Sharma R, Wang J, Al Towerki AE, Yiu S, Stark WJ, Kannan RM. Subconjunctival injectable dendrimer-dexamethasone gel for the treatment of corneal inflammation. Biomaterials 2017; 125:38-53. [PMID: 28226245 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Corneal inflammation is often encountered as a key pathological event in many corneal diseases. Current treatments involve topical corticosteroids which require frequent instillations due to rapid tear turnover, causing side-effects such as corneal toxicity and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Hence, new interventions that can reduce side effects, dosing frequency, and increase patient compliance can be highly beneficial. In this study, we explore a subconjunctival injectable gel based on G4-PAMAM dendrimer and hyaluronic acid, cross-linked using thiol-ene click chemistry, incorporated with dendrimer dexamethasone (D-Dex) conjugates as a potential strategy for sustained delivery and enhanced bioavailability of corticosteroids. The efficacy of the injectable gel formulation was evaluated in a rat mild alkali burn model. Fluorescently-labelled dendrimers (D-Cy5) incorporated in the gel release D-Cy5 in vivo. The released D-Cy5 selectively targets and localizes within corneal macrophages in inflamed rat cornea but not in healthy controls. This pathology dependent biodistribution was exploited for drug delivery, by incorporating D-Dex in the injectable gel. The attenuation of corneal inflammation by D-Dex gels was assessed using various clinical and biochemical parameters over a 2-week period. Subconjunctival D-Dex gel treatment resulted in favorable clinically-relevant outcomes with reduced central corneal thickness and improved corneal clarity compared to free-Dex and placebo gel controls. The extent of corneal neovascularization was significantly reduced in the D-Dex group. These findings suggest that D-Dex attenuates corneal inflammation more effectively than free-Dex by attenuating macrophage infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokines expression. A significant elevation in IOP was not observed in the D-Dex group but was observed in the free-Dex group. This novel injectable D-Dex gel may be a potential drug delivery platform for the treatment of many inflammatory ocular surface disorders such as dry eye, auto-immune keratitis and post-surgical complications where frequent steroid administration is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Soiberman
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Cornea Division, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Siva P Kambhampati
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tony Wu
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Manoj K Mishra
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yumin Oh
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rishi Sharma
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jiangxia Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Samuel Yiu
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Cornea Division, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Walter J Stark
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Cornea Division, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Rangaramanujam M Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Lin S, Li T, Xie P, Li Q, Wang B, Wang L, Li L, Wang Y, Chen H, Nan K. Targeted delivery of doxorubicin to tumour tissues by a novel legumain sensitive polygonal nanogel. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:18400-18411. [PMID: 27774557 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr05870a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of cytotoxic drugs to tumour tissue has great importance for successful chemotherapy. Legumain is an asparaginyl endopeptidase that is highly up-regulated in a number of solid tumours. The aim of this work was to prepare a novel hyaluronic acid (HA) based legumain sensitive nanogel for the delivery of doxorubicin with a high targeting efficiency both in vitro and in vivo. The legumain sensitive property is achieved by the conjugation of doxorubicin with HA via a legumain substrate peptide bridge. This HA derivative is further crosslinked in a water/oil solvent system to form a polygonal nanogel. Doxorubicin released in the tumour tissue is sustained thanks to the combined action of legumain and hyaluronidase, which are both overexpressed in tumour tissues. Hyaluronic acid could act as a targeting agent to CD44 (HA receptor), which further improved the in vivo target effect and enhanced in vitro cellular uptake. The developed nanogel exhibited a high therapeutic index that improved tumour inhibition effects and reduced system toxicity in a lung cancer mice model. These results highlighted the advantages of using this multi-functional material for a successful delivery of doxorubicin against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Lin
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China. and Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering (in preparation), Chinese Academy of Science, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Tong Li
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Peiling Xie
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Qing Li
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering (in preparation), Chinese Academy of Science, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Bailiang Wang
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering (in preparation), Chinese Academy of Science, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Lingli Li
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Yuqin Wang
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Kaihui Nan
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
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Fronk AH, Vargis E. Methods for culturing retinal pigment epithelial cells: a review of current protocols and future recommendations. J Tissue Eng 2016; 7:2041731416650838. [PMID: 27493715 PMCID: PMC4959307 DOI: 10.1177/2041731416650838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium is an important part of the vertebrate eye, particularly in studying the causes and possible treatment of age-related macular degeneration. The retinal pigment epithelium is difficult to access in vivo due to its location at the back of the eye, making experimentation with age-related macular degeneration treatments problematic. An alternative to in vivo experimentation is cultivating the retinal pigment epithelium in vitro, a practice that has been going on since the 1970s, providing a wide range of retinal pigment epithelial culture protocols, each producing cells and tissue of varying degrees of similarity to natural retinal pigment epithelium. The purpose of this review is to provide researchers with a ready list of retinal pigment epithelial protocols, their effects on cultured tissue, and their specific possible applications. Protocols using human and animal retinal pigment epithelium cells, derived from tissue or cell lines, are discussed, and recommendations for future researchers included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron H Fronk
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Elizabeth Vargis
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
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Friend or Foe? Resident Microglia vs Bone Marrow-Derived Microglia and Their Roles in the Retinal Degeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4094-4112. [PMID: 27318678 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9960-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that originate from the yolk sac in an embryo. The renewal of the microglia pool in the adult eye consists of two components. In addition to the self-proliferation of resident cells, microglia in the CNS also derive from the bone marrow (BM). BM-derived cells pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or blood-retina barrier (BRB) and differentiate into microglia under specific conditions which involves a complex mechanism. Recent studies have widely investigated the role of resident microglia and BM-derived microglia in the retinal degenerative disease. Both two cell types play dual roles and share many similar functions. However, resident microglia tend to polarize to the M1 phenotype which is pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic, whereas BM-derived microglia mainly polarize to the neuroprotective M2 phenotype in retinal degeneration. The molecular mechanism that underlines the invasion of peripheral cells has led to extensive discussions. In addition to the BBB and BRB disruption, many signaling pathways are involved in this process. Based on these studies, we discuss the roles of these two types of microglia in retinal degeneration disease and the potential clinical application of BM-derived microglia, which may benefit future therapies.
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Abstract
A primary envisioned use for nanoparticles (NPs) in a cellular context is for controlled drug delivery where the full benefit of NP attributes (small size, large drug cargo loading capacity) can improve the pharmacokinetics of the drug cargo. This requires the ability to controllably manipulate the release of the drug cargo from the NP vehicle or ‘controlled actuation’. In this review, we highlight new developments in this field from 2013 to 2015. The number and breadth of reports are a testament to the significant advancements made in this field over this time period. We conclude with a perspective of how we envision this field to continue to develop in the years to come.
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Guo Y, Johnson MA, Mehrabian Z, Mishra MK, Kannan R, Miller NR, Bernstein SL. Dendrimers Target the Ischemic Lesion in Rodent and Primate Models of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154437. [PMID: 27128315 PMCID: PMC4851377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Polyamidoamine dendrimer nanoparticles (~ 4 nanometers) are inert polymers that can be linked to biologically active compounds. These dendrimers selectively target and accumulate in inflammatory cells upon systemic administration. Dendrimer-linked compounds enable sustained release of therapeutic compounds directly at the site of damage. The purpose of this study was to determine if dendrimers can be used to target the optic nerve (ON) ischemic lesion in our rodent and nonhuman primate models of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), a disease affecting >10,000 individuals in the US annually, and for which there currently is no effective treatment. Methods NAION was induced in male Long-Evans rats (rNAION) and in one adult male rhesus monkey (pNAION) using previously described procedures. Dendrimers were covalently linked to near-infrared cyanine-5 fluorescent dye (D-Cy5) and injected both intravitreally and systemically (in the rats) or just systemically (in the monkey) to evaluate D-Cy5 tissue accumulation in the eye and optic nerve following induction of NAION. Results Following NAION induction, Cy-5 dendrimers selectively accumulated in astrocytes and circulating macrophages. Systemic dendrimer administration provided the best penetration of the ON lesion site when injected shortly after induction. Systemic administration 1 day post-induction in the pNAION model gave localization similar to that seen in the rats. Conclusions Dendrimers selectively target the ischemic ON lesion after induction of both rNAION and pNAION. Systemic nanoparticle-linked therapeutics thus may provide a powerful, targeted and safe approach to NAION treatment by providing sustained and focused treatment of the cells directly affected by ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States of America
| | - Mary A. Johnson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States of America
| | - Zara Mehrabian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States of America
| | - Manoj K. Mishra
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States of America
| | - Rangaramanujam Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States of America
| | - Neil R. Miller
- Division of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States of America
| | - Steven L. Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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