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Hume DA, Batoon L, Sehgal A, Keshvari S, Irvine KM. CSF1R as a Therapeutic Target in Bone Diseases: Obvious but Not so Simple. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 20:516-531. [PMID: 36197652 PMCID: PMC9718875 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00757-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of the review is to summarize the expression and function of CSF1R and its ligands in bone homeostasis and constraints on therapeutic targeting of this axis. RECENT FINDINGS Bone development and homeostasis depends upon interactions between mesenchymal cells and cells of the mononuclear phagocyte lineage (MPS), macrophages, and osteoclasts (OCL). The homeostatic interaction is mediated in part by the systemic and local production of growth factors, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1), and interleukin 34 (IL34) that interact with a receptor (CSF1R) expressed exclusively by MPS cells and their progenitors. Loss-of-function mutations in CSF1 or CSF1R lead to loss of OCL and macrophages and dysregulation of postnatal bone development. MPS cells continuously degrade CSF1R ligands via receptor-mediated endocytosis. As a consequence, any local or systemic increase or decrease in macrophage or OCL abundance is rapidly reversible. In principle, both CSF1R agonists and antagonists have potential in bone regenerative medicine but their evaluation in disease models and therapeutic application needs to carefully consider the intrinsic feedback control of MPS biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| | - Lena Batoon
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Anuj Sehgal
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Sahar Keshvari
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Katharine M Irvine
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
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2
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Li Y, Zhang CL, Huang WH, Sun N, Hao M, Neumann H, Beller M. A general strategy for the synthesis of α-trifluoromethyl- and α-perfluoroalkyl-β-lactams via palladium-catalyzed carbonylation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10467-10473. [PMID: 34447539 PMCID: PMC8361786 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02212a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Lactam compounds play a key role in medicinal chemistry, specifically as the most important class of antibiotics. Here, we report a novel one-step approach for the synthesis of α-(trifluoromethyl)-β-lactams and related products from fluorinated olefins, anilines and CO. Utilization of an advanced palladium catalyst system with the Ruphos ligand allows for selective cycloaminocarbonylations to give diverse fluorinated β-lactams in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Textile Chemical Engineering Auxiliaries, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University No. 19 Jinhua South Road 710048 Xi'an China
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. RostockAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Cai-Lin Zhang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Textile Chemical Engineering Auxiliaries, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University No. 19 Jinhua South Road 710048 Xi'an China
| | - Wei-Heng Huang
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. RostockAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Ning Sun
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Textile Chemical Engineering Auxiliaries, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University No. 19 Jinhua South Road 710048 Xi'an China
| | - Meng Hao
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Textile Chemical Engineering Auxiliaries, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University No. 19 Jinhua South Road 710048 Xi'an China
| | - Helfried Neumann
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. RostockAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. RostockAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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Hannah SS, McFadden S, McNeilly A, McClean C. "Take My Bone Away?" Hypoxia and bone: A narrative review. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:721-740. [PMID: 32643217 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To maintain normal cellular and physiological function, sufficient oxygen is required. Recently, evidence has suggested that hypoxia, either pathological or environmental, may influence bone health. It appears that bone cells are distinctly responsive to hypoxic stimuli; for better or worse, this is still yet to be elucidated. Hypoxia has been shown to offer potentially therapeutic effects for bone by inducing an osteogenic-angiogenic response, although, others have noted excessive osteoclastic bone resorption instead. Much evidence suggests that the hypoxic-inducible pathway is integral in mediating the changes in bone metabolism. Furthermore, many factors associated with hypoxia including changes in energy metabolism, acid-base balance and the increased generation of reactive oxygen species, are known to influence bone metabolism. This review aims to examine some of the putative mechanisms responsible for hypoxic-induced alterations of bone metabolism, with regard to osteoclasts and osteoblasts, both positive and negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott S Hannah
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, Antrim, UK
| | - Sonyia McFadden
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, Antrim, UK
| | - Andrea McNeilly
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, Antrim, UK
| | - Conor McClean
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, Antrim, UK
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Kang J, Lee JY, Park JH, Chang DJ. Synthesis of imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, labeled with carbon-14. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 63:174-182. [PMID: 31975483 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Imatinib (Gleevec) is a multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitor that decreases the activity of the fusion oncogene called BCR-ABL (breakpoint cluster region protein-Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog) and is clinically used for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and acute lymphocytic leukemia. Small molecule drugs, such as imatinib, can bind to several cellular proteins including the target proteins in the cells, inducing undesirable effects along with the effects against the disease. In this study, we report the synthetic optimization for 14 C-labeling and radiosynthesis of [14 C]imatinib to analyze binding with cellular proteins using accelerator mass spectroscopy. 14 C-labeling of imatinib was performed by the synthesis of 14 C-labeld 2-aminopyrimidine intermediate using [14 C]guanidine·HCl, which includes an in situ reduction of an inseparable byproduct for easy purification by HPLC, followed by a cross-coupling reaction with aryl bromide precursor. The radiosynthesis of [14 C]imatinib (specific activity, 631 MBq/mmol; radiochemical purity, 99.6%) was achieved in six steps with a total chemical yield of 29.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Lee
- Radiation Instrumentation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Park
- Radiation Instrumentation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jo Chang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
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Wang C, Bai X, Wang R, Zheng X, Ma X, Chen H, Ai Y, Bai Y, Liu Y. Synthesis of Imatinib by C–N Coupling Reaction of Primary Amide and Bromo-Substituted Pyrimidine Amine. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiling Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Xiao Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Xudong Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Xiumei Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Huan Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Yun Ai
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
- Xi’an Institute for Food and Drug Control, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Yajun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Yifeng Liu
- Applied Chemical Institute, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
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6
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Zhao Y, Zhang G. A computational study of the dual effect of intermittent and continuous administration of parathyroid hormone on bone remodeling. Acta Biomater 2019; 93:200-209. [PMID: 30954625 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bone remodeling is a process known to be governed by constant interactions between osteoblast and osteoclast through complex pathway networks mediated by signaling factors. Experimental studies show that intermittent and continuous administration of PTH/PTHrP led to opposite outcomes in terms of bone mass. To investigate this dual effect of PTH/PTHrP, we develop a computational model based on a simplified signaling pathway network which includes relevant molecular effectors and cells. Multiple ordinary differential equations linking all considered components in the signaling pathway network through reaction kinetics are solved with dose values and patterns of injection from experiments as input. Modeling results show good agreement with experimental observations in that continuous injection of PTH/PTHrP generates catabolic effect on bone mass while intermittent injection yields anabolic effect. The signaling factors governing the interaction between osteoblast and osteoclast indeed play a key role in the dual effect of PTH/PTHrP. Furthermore, there appears to be an optimal interval for intermittent injection of PTH/PTHrP for yielding the most bone regeneration, and a synergistic outcome could be achieved by combining intermittent injection of PTH/PTHrP with application of a treatment (to mimic the filling of bone defects with polymeric scaffolds). This modeling work sheds valuable insights into the influence of temporal control of PTH/PTHrP on bone mass and presents a possible path toward bridging bioengineering approaches with clinical treatment strategies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: A computational model considering simplified signaling pathways containing crucial components of PTH, PTHrP, osteoblast precursor, osteoblast, osteoclast precursor, osteoclast, RANKL and IL-6 family cytokoines has been developed to study the dual effect of PTH/PTHrP on bone metabolism. The model takes the dose values and patterns of injection from experiments as input and yields predictions that convincingly match experimental measurements. This work highlights the importance of providing an optimal hormone treatment strategy for maintaining healthy bone metabolism. Moreover, the integrative approach of relying on experimental observations to find reasonable values for relevant modeling parameters has been proven to be powerful in advancing our understanding of biological interactions among cells and signaling factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- F. Joseph Halcomb III, M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0108, USA
| | - Guigen Zhang
- F. Joseph Halcomb III, M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0108, USA.
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7
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Ng AY, Tu C, Shen S, Xu D, Oursler MJ, Qu J, Yang S. Comparative Characterization of Osteoclasts Derived From Murine Bone Marrow Macrophages and RAW 264.7 Cells Using Quantitative Proteomics. JBMR Plus 2018; 2:328-340. [PMID: 30460336 PMCID: PMC6237207 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells differentiated from macrophage/monocyte precursors in response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). In vitro models are principally based on primary bone marrow macrophages (BMMs), but RAW 264.7 cells are frequently used because they are widely available, easy to culture, and more amenable to genetic manipulation than primary cells. Increasing evidence, however, has shown that the vastly different origins of these two cell types may have important effects on cell behavior. In particular, M-CSF is a prerequisite for the differentiation of BMMs, by promoting survival and proliferation and priming the cells for RANKL induction. RAW 264.7 cells readily form osteoclasts in the presence of RANKL, but M-CSF is not required. Based on these key differences, we sought to understand their functional implications and how it might affect osteoclast differentiation and related signaling pathways. Using a robust and high-throughput proteomics strategy, we quantified the global protein changes in osteoclasts derived from BMMs and RAW 264.7 cells at 1, 3, and 5 days of differentiation. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD009610. Correlation analysis of the proteomes demonstrated low concordance between the two cell types (R2 ≈ 0.13). Bioinformatics analysis indicate that RANKL-dependent signaling was intact in RAW 264.7 cells, but biological processes known to be dependent on M-CSF were significantly different, including cell cycle control, cytoskeletal organization, and apoptosis. RAW 264.7 cells exhibited constitutive activation of Erk and Akt that was dependent on the activity of Abelson tyrosine kinase, and the timing of Erk and Akt activation was significantly different between BMMs and RAW 264.7 cells. Our findings provide the first evidence for major discrepancies between BMMs and RAW 264.7 cells, indicating that careful consideration is needed when using the RAW 264.7 cell line for studying M-CSF-dependent signaling and functions. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. © 2018 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Yh Ng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology School of Dental Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA.,Department of Oral Biology School of Dental Medicine University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA.,New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences Buffalo NY USA
| | - Chengjian Tu
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences Buffalo NY USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University at Buffalo NY USA
| | - Shichen Shen
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences Buffalo NY USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University at Buffalo NY USA
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Oral Biology School of Dental Medicine University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA
| | - Merry J Oursler
- Division of Endocrinology Metabolism, Nutrition, and Diabetes Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Jun Qu
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences Buffalo NY USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University at Buffalo NY USA
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology School of Dental Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
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8
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Lrp1 in osteoblasts controls osteoclast activity and protects against osteoporosis by limiting PDGF-RANKL signaling. Bone Res 2018; 6:4. [PMID: 29507818 PMCID: PMC5826921 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-017-0006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal health relies on architectural integrity and sufficient bone mass, which are maintained through a tightly regulated equilibrium of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. Genetic studies have linked the gene coding for low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein1 (Lrp1) to bone traits but whether these associations are based on a causal molecular relationship is unknown. Here, we show that Lrp1 in osteoblasts is a novel regulator of osteoclast activity and bone mass. Mice lacking Lrp1 specifically in the osteoblast lineage displayed normal osteoblast function but severe osteoporosis due to highly increased osteoclast numbers and bone resorption. Osteoblast Lrp1 limited receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression in vivo and in vitro through attenuation of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) signaling. In co-culture, Lrp1-deficient osteoblasts stimulated osteoclastogenesis in a PDGFRβ-dependent manner and in vivo treatment with the PDGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate limited RANKL production and led to complete remission of the osteoporotic phenotype. These results identify osteoblast Lrp1 as a key regulator of osteoblast-to-osteoclast communication and bone mass through a PDGF–RANKL signaling axis in osteoblasts and open perspectives to further explore the potential of PDGF signaling inhibitors in counteracting bone loss as well as to evaluate the importance of functional LRP1 gene variants in the control of bone mass in humans. Maintaining strong bones critically depends on a receptor (Lrp1) for low-density lipoprotein. Bones are continually remodeled, with osteoblast cells adding new bone and osteoclast cells resorbing old bone. Imbalanced growth and resorption can lead to osteoporosis. Genetic studies had previously linked Lrp1 to bone health, but the nature of the link remained unknown. Andreas Niemeier at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf in Germany and co-workers used model mice whose osteoblasts lacked Lrp1 to investigate how the receptor is involved in bone turnover. Lrp-1-deficient mice showed severe osteoporosis. They also showed high numbers of osteoclasts but normal numbers of osteoblasts, indicating that lack of the receptor caused increased bone resorption. Treatment of the mice with a drug related to Lrp1 restored bone strength. These results may help to identify new treatments for bone loss.
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Lotinun S, Suwanwela J, Poolthong S, Baron R. Kit W-sh Mutation Prevents Cancellous Bone Loss during Calcium Deprivation. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 102:93-104. [PMID: 29032463 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Calcium is essential for normal bone growth and development. Inadequate calcium intake increases the risk of osteoporosis and fractures. Kit ligand/c-Kit signaling plays an important role in regulating bone homeostasis. Mice with c-Kit mutations are osteopenic. The present study aimed to investigate whether impairment of or reduction in c-Kit signaling affects bone turnover during calcium deprivation. Three-week-old male WBB6F1/J-Kit W /Kit W-v /J (W/W v ) mice with c-Kit point mutation, Kit W-sh /HNihrJaeBsmJ (W sh /W sh ) mice with an inversion mutation in the regulatory elements upstream of the c-Kit promoter region, and their wild-type controls (WT) were fed either a normal (0.6% calcium) or a low calcium diet (0.02% calcium) for 3 weeks. μCT analysis indicated that both mutants fed normal calcium diet had significantly decreased cortical thickness and cancellous bone volume compared to WT. The low calcium diet resulted in a comparable reduction in cortical bone volume and cortical thickness in the W/W v and W sh /W sh mice, and their corresponding controls. As expected, the low calcium diet induced cancellous bone loss in the W/W v mice. In contrast, W sh /W sh cancellous bone did not respond to this diet. This c-Kit mutation prevented cancellous bone loss by antagonizing the low calcium diet-induced increase in osteoblast and osteoclast numbers in the W sh /W sh mice. Gene expression profiling showed that calcium deficiency increased Osx, Ocn, Alp, type I collagen, c-Fms, M-CSF, and RANKL/OPG mRNA expression in controls; however, the W sh mutation suppressed these effects. Our findings indicate that although calcium restriction increased bone turnover, leading to osteopenia, the decreased c-Kit expression levels in the W sh /W sh mice prevented the low calcium diet-induced increase in cancellous bone turnover and bone loss but not the cortical bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutada Lotinun
- Department of Physiology and Craniofacial and Skeletal Disorders Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jaijam Suwanwela
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchit Poolthong
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Roland Baron
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Suttorp M, Bornhäuser M, Metzler M, Millot F, Schleyer E. Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of imatinib in pediatric patients. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2017; 11:219-231. [PMID: 29076384 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2018.1398644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) imatinib was rationally designed to target BCR-ABL1 which is constitutively activated in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Following the tremendous success in adults, imatinib also became licensed for treatment of CML in minors. The rarity of pediatric CML hampers the conduction of formal trials. Thus, imatinib is still the single TKI approved for CML treatment in childhood. Areas covered: This review attempts to provide an overview of the literature on pharmacology, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacogenetic of imatinib concerning pediatric CML treatment. Articles were identified through a PubMed search and by reviewing abstracts from relevant hematology congresses. Additional information was provided from the authors' libraries and expertise and from our own measurements of imatinib trough plasma levels in children. Pharmacokinetic variables (e.g. alpha 1-acid glycoprotein binding, drug-drug/food-drug interactions via cytochrome P450 3A4/5, cellular uptake mediated via OCT-1-influx variations and P-glycoprotein-mediated drug efflux) still await to be addressed in pediatric patients systematically. Expert commentary: TKI response rates vary among different individuals and pharmacokinetic variables all can influence CML treatment success. Adherence to imatinib intake may be the most prominent factor influencing treatment outcome in teenagers thus pointing towards the potential benefits of regular drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meinolf Suttorp
- a Pediatric Hematology and Oncology , University Hospital 'Carl Gustav Carus' , Dresden , Germany
| | - Martin Bornhäuser
- b I. Medical Clinic , University Hospital 'Carl Gustav Carus' , Dresden , Germany
| | - Markus Metzler
- c Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , University Hospital Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Frédéric Millot
- d Pediatric Oncology Unit , CIC 802 INSERM, University Hospital , Poitiers , France
| | - Eberhard Schleyer
- b I. Medical Clinic , University Hospital 'Carl Gustav Carus' , Dresden , Germany
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11
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Kroschwald L, Suttorp M, Tauer JT, Zimmermann N, Günther C, Bauer A. Off‑target effect of imatinib and nilotinib on human vitamin D3 metabolism. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:1382-1388. [PMID: 29115640 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) including imatinib (IMA) or nilotinib (NIL), induces severe disturbances of bone metabolism in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia. As vitamin D3 (VD3) is involved in the complex cycle of bone remodelling, the present study investigated in vitro, the influence of IMA and NIL on VD3 metabolism i) in HaCaT cells and ii) in cultured outer root sheath keratinocytes (ORS‑KC) from hair follicles of IMA treated children. Cells were incubated in the presence of IMA or NIL. Concomitantly, specific inhibitors were applied to analyze the inhibition of the VD3 processing cytochrome P450 isoenzyme family by TKIs. In vitro, IMA and NIL significantly impaired the production of calcitriol in HaCaT and cultured ORS‑KC cells from hair follicles of IMA treated children. For NIL, this inhibitory effect demonstrated a 4‑fold increase. In HaCaT and ORS‑KC, application of specific CYP450 inhibitors revealed that CYP27B1 was impaired by IMA and NIL leading to an intracellular accumulation of calcidiol. However, during TKI treatment, KC of IMA treated children revealed no differences in calcidiol and calcitriol levels. In conclusion, IMA and NIL interfere with the vitamin D3 cascade due to their metabolism by CYP27B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lysann Kroschwald
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, D‑01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Meinolf Suttorp
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, D‑01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Josephine Tabea Tauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montréal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Nick Zimmermann
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, D‑01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Günther
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, D‑01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, D‑01307 Dresden, Germany
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12
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Eaton MS, Weinstein N, Newby JB, Plattes MM, Foster HE, Arthur JW, Ward TD, Shively SR, Shor R, Nathan J, Davis HM, Plotkin LI, Wauson EM, Dewar BJ, Broege A, Lowery JW. Loss of the nutrient sensor TAS1R3 leads to reduced bone resorption. J Physiol Biochem 2017; 74:3-8. [PMID: 29019082 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-017-0596-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The taste receptor type 1 (TAS1R) family of heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors participates in monitoring energy and nutrient status. TAS1R member 3 (TAS1R3) is a bi-functional protein that recognizes amino acids such as L-glycine and L-glutamate or sweet molecules such as sucrose and fructose when dimerized with TAS1R member 1 (TAS1R1) or TAS1R member 2 (TAS1R2), respectively. It was recently reported that deletion of TAS1R3 expression in Tas1R3 mutant mice leads to increased cortical bone mass but the underlying cellular mechanism leading to this phenotype remains unclear. Here, we independently corroborate the increased thickness of cortical bone in femurs of 20-week-old male Tas1R3 mutant mice and confirm that Tas1R3 is expressed in the bone environment. Tas1R3 is expressed in undifferentiated bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in vitro and its expression is maintained during BMP2-induced osteogenic differentiation. However, levels of the bone formation marker procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP) are unchanged in the serum of 20-week-old Tas1R3 mutant mice as compared to controls. In contrast, levels of the bone resorption marker collagen type I C-telopeptide are reduced greater than 60% in Tas1R3 mutant mice. Consistent with this, Tas1R3 and its putative signaling partner Tas1R2 are expressed in primary osteoclasts and their expression levels positively correlate with differentiation status. Collectively, these findings suggest that high bone mass in Tas1R3 mutant mice is due to uncoupled bone remodeling with reduced osteoclast function and provide rationale for future experiments examining the cell-type-dependent role for TAS1R family members in nutrient sensing in postnatal bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Eaton
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA
| | - Nicholas Weinstein
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA
| | - Jordan B Newby
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA.,Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Freed-Hardeman University, Henderson, TN, USA
| | - Maggie M Plattes
- Department of Biology, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Taylor University, Upland, IN, USA
| | - Hanna E Foster
- Department of Biology, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Taylor University, Upland, IN, USA
| | - Jon W Arthur
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA
| | - Taylor D Ward
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA
| | - Stephen R Shively
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA
| | - Ryann Shor
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN, USA
| | - Justin Nathan
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN, USA
| | - Hannah M Davis
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Roudebush Veteran's Association Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eric M Wauson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Brian J Dewar
- Department of Biology, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Taylor University, Upland, IN, USA
| | - Aaron Broege
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN, USA
| | - Jonathan W Lowery
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA.
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13
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O’Sullivan S, Tay ML, Lin JM, Bava U, Callon K, Cornish J, Naot D, Grey A. Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Regulate OPG through Inhibition of PDGFRβ. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164727. [PMID: 27737004 PMCID: PMC5063333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nilotinib and imatinib are tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) used in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). In vitro, imatinib and nilotinib inhibit osteoclastogenesis, and in patients they reduce levels of bone resorption. One of the mechanisms that might underlie these effects is an increase in the production of osteoprotegerin (OPG). In the current work we report that platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ) signaling regulates OPG production in vitro. In addition, we have shown that TKIs have effects on RANKL signaling through inhibition of the PDGFRβ and other target receptors. These findings have implications for our understanding of the mechanisms by which TKIs affect osteoclastogenesis, and the role of PDGFRβ signaling in regulating osteoclastogenesis. Further studies are indicated to confirm the clinical effects of PDGFRβ-inhibitors and to elaborate the intracellular pathways that underpin these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah O’Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Mei Lin Tay
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jian-Ming Lin
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Usha Bava
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karen Callon
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jillian Cornish
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dorit Naot
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Grey
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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14
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Samis J, Lee P, Zimmerman D, Arceci RJ, Suttorp M, Hijiya N. Recognizing Endocrinopathies Associated With Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Therapy in Children With Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:1332-8. [PMID: 27100618 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Side effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment vary in children and adults with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). As children have a much longer life expectancy than adults, TKI therapy may continue for decades and with long-term consequences that differ from adults. Children may develop endocrinopathies related to "off-target" effects of TKIs, such as delayed growth, changes in bone metabolism, thyroid abnormalities, and effects on puberty and fertility. These endocrinopathies present additional challenges for pediatric patients with CML. This review critically evaluates the literature on long-term endocrine side effects of TKIs in the pediatric CML population and provides suggested recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Samis
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Paul Lee
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Donald Zimmerman
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Robert J Arceci
- Department of Child Health, The Ron Matricaria Institute of Molecular Medicine at Phoenix Children's Hospital, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Meinolf Suttorp
- Pediatric Hematology, Oncology & Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nobuko Hijiya
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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15
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Abstract
Bone integrity is maintained throughout life via the homeostatic actions of bone cells, namely, osteoclasts, which resorb bone, and osteoblasts, which produce bone. Disruption of this balance in favor of osteoclast activation results in pathological bone loss, which occurs in conditions including osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, primary bone cancer, and cancer metastasis to bone. Hypoxia also plays a major role in these conditions, where it is associated with disease progression and poor prognosis. In recent years, considerable interest has arisen in the mechanisms whereby hypoxia and the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors, HIF-1α and HIF-2α, affect bone remodeling and bone pathologies. This review summarizes the current evidence for hypoxia-mediated regulation of osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption activity. Role(s) of HIF and HIF target genes in the formation of multinucleated osteoclasts from cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage and in the activation of bone resorption by mature osteoclasts will be discussed. Specific attention will be paid to hypoxic metabolism and generation of ATP by osteoclasts. Hypoxia-driven increases in both glycolytic flux and mitochondrial metabolic activity, along with consequent generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, have been found to be essential for osteoclast formation and resorption activity. Finally, evidence for the use of HIF inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents targeting bone resorption in osteolytic disease will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J Knowles
- Botnar Research Centre, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
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16
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Tauer JT, Hofbauer LC, Jung R, Gerdes S, Glauche I, Erben RG, Suttorp M. Impact of long-term exposure to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib on the skeleton of growing rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131192. [PMID: 26107505 PMCID: PMC4479438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitor imatinib provides a highly effective therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) via inhibition of the oncogenic TK BCR-ABL1. However, off-target TKs like platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGF-R) and colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (c-fms), involved in bone remodeling, are also inhibited. Thus, pediatric patients with CML on imatinib exhibit altered bone metabolism, leading to linear growth failure. As TKI treatment might be necessary for a lifetime, long-term effects exerted on bone in children are of major concern. Therefore, we studied the skeletal long-term effects of continuous and intermittent imatinib exposure in a juvenile rat model. Four-weeks-old male Wistar rats were chronically exposed to imatinib via drinking water over a period of 10 weeks. Animals were exposed to a standard and high imatinib dosage continuously and to the high imatinib dose intermittently. Bone mass and strength were assessed using pQCT, micro-computed tomography (μCT), and biomechanical testing at the prepubertal, pubertal, and postpubertal age. Bone length and vertebral height as well as biochemical markers of bone turnover were analyzed. Femoral and tibial bone length were dose-dependently reduced by up to 24% (p<0.0001), femoral and tibial trabecular bone mass density (BMD) were reduced by up to 25% (p<0.01), and femoral breaking strength was lowered by up to 20% (p<0.05). Intermittent exposure mitigated these skeletal effects. Long-term exposure resulted in reduced vertebral height by 15% and lower trabecular BMD by 5%. Skeletal changes were associated with suppressed serum osteocalcin (p<0.01) and non-significantly elevated serum CTX-I and PINP levels. In conclusion, imatinib mainly impaired longitudinal growth of long bones rather than the vertebrae of growing rats. Interestingly, intermittent imatinib exposure has less skeletal side effects, which may be beneficial in pediatric patients taking imatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine T. Tauer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Lorenz C. Hofbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Roland Jung
- Experimental Center of the Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gerdes
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ingmar Glauche
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Reinhold G. Erben
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinolf Suttorp
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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17
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Lee DS, Amara Z, Poliakoff M, Harman T, Reid G, Rhodes B, Brough S, McInally T, Woodward S. Investigating Scale-Up and Further Applications of DABAL-Me3 Promoted Amide Synthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darren S. Lee
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Zacharias Amara
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Martyn Poliakoff
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Harman
- Aesica Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Quorum Business Park, Benton
Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE12 8BS, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Reid
- Aesica Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Quorum Business Park, Benton
Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE12 8BS, United Kingdom
| | - Barrie Rhodes
- Aesica Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Quorum Business Park, Benton
Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE12 8BS, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Brough
- Key Organics Ltd., Highfield Road Industrial Estate, Camelford, Cornwall, PL32 9RA, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas McInally
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Woodward
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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18
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Ségaliny AI, Tellez-Gabriel M, Heymann MF, Heymann D. Receptor tyrosine kinases: Characterisation, mechanism of action and therapeutic interests for bone cancers. J Bone Oncol 2015; 4:1-12. [PMID: 26579483 PMCID: PMC4620971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone cancers are characterised by the development of tumour cells in bone sites, associated with a dysregulation of their environment. In the last two decades, numerous therapeutic strategies have been developed to target the cancer cells or tumour niche. As the crosstalk between these two entities is tightly controlled by the release of polypeptide mediators activating signalling pathways through several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), RTK inhibitors have been designed. These inhibitors have shown exciting clinical impacts, such as imatinib mesylate, which has become a reference treatment for chronic myeloid leukaemia and gastrointestinal tumours. The present review gives an overview of the main molecular and functional characteristics of RTKs, and focuses on the clinical applications that are envisaged and already assessed for the treatment of bone sarcomas and bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude I Ségaliny
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe LIGUE Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes 44035, France ; Université de Nantes, Nantes atlantique universités, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours, Nantes, France
| | - Marta Tellez-Gabriel
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe LIGUE Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes 44035, France ; Université de Nantes, Nantes atlantique universités, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours, Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Heymann
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe LIGUE Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes 44035, France ; Université de Nantes, Nantes atlantique universités, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours, Nantes, France ; CHU de Nantes, France
| | - Dominique Heymann
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe LIGUE Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes 44035, France ; Université de Nantes, Nantes atlantique universités, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours, Nantes, France ; CHU de Nantes, France
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19
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MEHLIG LYSANNMICHAELA, GARVE CLAUDIA, TAUER JOSEPHINETABEA, SUTTORP MEINOLF, BAUER ANDREA. Inhibitory effects of imatinib on vitamin D3 synthesis in human keratinocytes. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:3143-7. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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20
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Breccia M, Molica M, Alimena G. How tyrosine kinase inhibitors impair metabolism and endocrine system function: A systematic updated review. Leuk Res 2014; 38:1392-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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21
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Alemán JO, Farooki A, Girotra M. Effects of tyrosine kinase inhibition on bone metabolism: untargeted consequences of targeted therapies. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:R247-59. [PMID: 24478055 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are at the forefront of molecular-targeted therapies for cancer. With the advent of imatinib for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia, a new wave of small-molecule therapeutics redefined the oncologic treatment to become chronically administered medications with tolerable side-effect profiles compared with cytotoxic agents. Effects on bone mineral metabolism were observed during early imatinib treatment, in the form of hypophosphatemia with increased urinary phosphorus excretion. This finding led to detailed investigations of off-target effects responsible for changes in bone cell maturation, activity, and impact on bone mass. Subsequently, another BCR-Abl inhibitor (dasatinib), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors (sorafenib and sunitinib) as well as rearranged during transfection (RET) inhibitors (vandetanib and cabozantinib) were developed. Inhibition of bone resorption appears to be a class effect and is likely contributed by TKI effects on the hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells. As long-term, prospective, clinical outcomes data accumulate on these targeted therapies, the full extent of off-target side effects on bone health will need to be considered along with the significant benefits of tyrosine kinase inhibition in oncologic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- José O Alemán
- Endocrine Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
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22
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Imatinib mesylate exerts anti-proliferative effects on osteosarcoma cells and inhibits the tumour growth in immunocompetent murine models. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90795. [PMID: 24599309 PMCID: PMC3944320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumour characterized by osteoid production and/or osteolytic lesions of bone. A lack of response to chemotherapeutic treatments shows the importance of exploring new therapeutic methods. Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec, Novartis Pharma), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, was originally developed for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. Several studies revealed that imatinib mesylate inhibits osteoclast differentiation through the M-CSFR pathway and activates osteoblast differentiation through PDGFR pathway, two key cells involved in the vicious cycle controlling the tumour development. The present study investigated the in vitro effects of imatinib mesylate on the proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, and migration ability of five osteosarcoma cell lines (human: MG-63, HOS; rat: OSRGA; mice: MOS-J, POS-1). Imatinib mesylate was also assessed as a curative and preventive treatment in two syngenic osteosarcoma models: MOS-J (mixed osteoblastic/osteolytic osteosarcoma) and POS-1 (undifferentiated osteosarcoma). Imatinib mesylate exhibited a dose-dependent anti-proliferative effect in all cell lines studied. The drug induced a G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in most cell lines, except for POS-1 and HOS cells that were blocked in the S phase. In addition, imatinib mesylate induced cell death and strongly inhibited osteosarcoma cell migration. In the MOS-J osteosarcoma model, oral administration of imatinib mesylate significantly inhibited the tumour development in both preventive and curative approaches. A phospho-receptor tyrosine kinase array kit revealed that PDGFRα, among 7 other receptors (PDFGFRβ, Axl, RYK, EGFR, EphA2 and 10, IGF1R), appears as one of the main molecular targets for imatinib mesylate. In the light of the present study and the literature, it would be particularly interesting to revisit therapeutic evaluation of imatinib mesylate in osteosarcoma according to the tyrosine-kinase receptor status of patients.
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23
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Morten KJ, Badder L, Knowles HJ. Differential regulation of HIF-mediated pathways increases mitochondrial metabolism and ATP production in hypoxic osteoclasts. J Pathol 2013; 229:755-64. [PMID: 23303559 PMCID: PMC3618370 DOI: 10.1002/path.4159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate osteoclast activity instigates pathological bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis. We have investigated how osteoclasts generate sufficient ATP for the energy-intensive process of bone resorption in the hypoxic microenvironment associated with this rheumatic condition. We show that in human osteoclasts differentiated from CD14+ monocytes, hypoxia (24 h, 2% O2): (a) increases ATP production and mitochondrial electron transport chain activity (Alamar blue, O2 consumption); (b) increases glycolytic flux (glucose consumption, lactate production); and (c) increases glutamine consumption. We demonstrate that glucose, rather than glutamine, is necessary for the hypoxic increase in ATP production and also for cell survival in hypoxia. Using siRNA targeting specific isoforms of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF (HIF-1α, HIF-2α), we show that employment of selected components of the HIF-1α-mediated metabolic switch to anaerobic respiration enables osteoclasts to rapidly increase ATP production in hypoxia, while at the same time compromising long-term survival. We propose this atypical HIF-driven metabolic pathway to be an adaptive mechanism to permit rapid bone resorption in the short term while ensuring curtailment of the process in the absence of re-oxygenation. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Morten
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Womens Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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24
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O’Sullivan S, Horne A, Wattie D, Porteous F, Gamble G, Browett P, Grey A. Bone metabolism during long-term treatment with imatinib. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 54:1783-5. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.760734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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Vandyke K, Fitter S, Drew J, Fukumoto S, Schultz CG, Sims NA, Yeung DT, Hughes TP, Zannettino ACW. Prospective histomorphometric and DXA evaluation of bone remodeling in imatinib-treated CML patients: evidence for site-specific skeletal effects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:67-76. [PMID: 23144472 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-2426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Imatinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has been successfully used to treat Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Kit(+) gastrointestinal stromal tumors. We have previously shown that imatinib therapy is associated with an increase in trabecular bone volume. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we performed a prospective analysis of bone indices in imatinib-treated CML patients to determine the mechanism responsible for this altered bone remodeling. DESIGN, PATIENTS, AND INTERVENTION: This study assessed the effects of high-dose (600 mg/d) imatinib on bone parameters in newly diagnosed chronic-phase Philadelphia chromosome-positive CML patients (n = 11) enrolled in the TIDEL II study. At baseline and after 6, 12, and 24 months of treatment, serum markers of bone remodeling were quantitated, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry analysis of bone mineral density (BMD) was carried out, and a bone biopsy was collected for histological and micro-computed tomography analysis. RESULTS Our studies show that the increase in trabecular bone volume and trabecular thickness after imatinib treatment was associated with a significant decrease in osteoclast numbers, accompanied by a significant decrease in serum levels of a marker of osteoclast activity. In contrast, osteoblast numbers were not altered by up to 24 months of imatinib treatment. Notably, we also found that imatinib caused a site-specific decrease in BMD at the femoral neck. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that imatinib therapy dysregulates bone remodeling, causing a generalized decrease in osteoclast number and activity that is not counterbalanced by a decrease in osteoblast activity, leading to increased trabecular bone volume. Further long-term investigations are required to determine the causes and consequences of the site-specific decrease in BMD at the femoral neck.
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MESH Headings
- Absorptiometry, Photon
- Adult
- Aged
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Benzamides
- Bone Density/drug effects
- Bone Remodeling/drug effects
- Bone Remodeling/physiology
- Bone and Bones/diagnostic imaging
- Bone and Bones/drug effects
- Bone and Bones/pathology
- Female
- Femur Neck/diagnostic imaging
- Femur Neck/drug effects
- Femur Neck/pathology
- Forearm/diagnostic imaging
- Forearm/pathology
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/diagnostic imaging
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/physiopathology
- Lumbar Vertebrae/diagnostic imaging
- Lumbar Vertebrae/drug effects
- Lumbar Vertebrae/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Organ Specificity/drug effects
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Vandyke
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Division of Hematology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, GPO Box 14, Adelaide, SA, Australia 5000
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26
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Synthesis and Bioevaluation of Novel Imatinib Base Derivatives via 1,1′-Carbonyldiimidazole Catalyst. J CHEM-NY 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/915381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of eleven compounds were synthesized from 6-methyl-N′-(4-(pyridine-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)benzene-1,3-diamine with various substituted carboxylic acid under solvent-free conditions using 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) as a catalyst. The yields of compounds are more than 72%. All the compounds were characterized by physical, spectroscopic, and elemental analysis. Compound8bexhibited good inhibition towards antimicrobial activity compared to the other compounds.
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27
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Kompella A, Adibhatla BRK, Muddasani PR, Rachakonda S, Gampa VK, Dubey PK. A Facile Total Synthesis for Large-Scale Production of Imatinib Base. Org Process Res Dev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/op300212u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amala Kompella
- Natco Research Centre, B-13, Industrial
Estate, Sanath Nagar, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Pramod Kumar Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, JNTU College of Engineering, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, India
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28
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El-Gamal MI, Anbar HS, Yoo KH, Oh CH. FMS Kinase Inhibitors: Current Status and Future Prospects. Med Res Rev 2012; 33:599-636. [PMID: 22434539 DOI: 10.1002/med.21258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
FMS, first discovered as the oncogene responsible for Feline McDonough Sarcoma, is a type III receptor tyrosine kinase that binds to the macrophage or monocyte colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF or CSF-1). Signal transduction through that binding results in survival, proliferation, and differentiation of monocyte/macrophage lineage. Overexpression of CSF-1 and/or FMS has been implicated in a number of disease states such as the growth of metastasis of certain types of cancer, in promoting osteoclast proliferation in bone osteolysis, and many inflammatory disorders. Inhibition of CSF-1 and/or FMS may help treat these pathological conditions. This article reviews FMS gene, FMS kinase, CSF-1, IL-34, and their roles in bone osteolysis, cancer biology, and inflammation. Monoclonal antibodies, FMS crystal structure, and small molecule FMS kinase inhibitors of different chemical scaffolds are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I El-Gamal
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Republic of Korea
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Shima H, Tokuyama M, Tanizawa A, Tono C, Hamamoto K, Muramatsu H, Watanabe A, Hotta N, Ito M, Kurosawa H, Kato K, Tsurusawa M, Horibe K, Shimada H. Distinct impact of imatinib on growth at prepubertal and pubertal ages of children with chronic myeloid leukemia. J Pediatr 2011; 159:676-81. [PMID: 21592517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the extent of growth impairment resulting from imatinib treatment in children with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). STUDY DESIGN Clinical records of 48 chronic-phase CML children administered imatinib as the first-line therapy between 2001 and 2006 were analyzed retrospectively. Cumulative change in height was assessed using the height height-SDS and converted height data from age- and sex-adjusted Japanese norms. RESULTS A decrease in height-SDS was observed in 72.9% of children, with a median maximum reduction in height-SDS of 0.61 during imatinib treatment. Median follow-up time was 34 months (range, 10-88 months). Growth impairment was seen predominantly in children who started imatinib at a prepubertal age compared with those who started at pubertal age. Growth velocity tended to recuperate in prepubertal children with growth impairment, as they reached pubertal age, suggesting that imatinib had little impact on growth during puberty. CONCLUSIONS Growth impairment was a major adverse effect of long-term imatinib treatment in children with CML. We report the distinct inhibitory effect of imatinib on growth in prepubertal and pubertal children with CML. We should be aware of growth deceleration in children, especially in young children given imatinib before puberty and subjected to prolonged exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruko Shima
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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O'Sullivan S, Lin JM, Watson M, Callon K, Tong PC, Naot D, Horne A, Aati O, Porteous F, Gamble G, Cornish J, Browett P, Grey A. The skeletal effects of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib. Bone 2011; 49:281-9. [PMID: 21550432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nilotinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) developed to manage imatinib-resistance in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). It inhibits similar molecular targets to imatinib, but is a significantly more potent inhibitor of Bcr-Abl. Nilotinib exhibits off-target effects in other tissues, and of relevance to bone metabolism, hypophosphataemia has been reported in up to 30% of patients receiving nilotinib. We have assessed the effects of nilotinib on bone cells in vitro and on bone metabolism in patients receiving nilotinib for treatment of CML. We firstly investigated the effects of nilotinib on proliferating and differentiating osteoblastic cells, and on osteoclastogenesis in murine bone marrow cultures and RAW264.7 cells. Nilotinib potently inhibited osteoblast proliferation (0.01-1uM), through inhibition of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGFR). There was a biphasic effect on osteoblast differentiation such that it was reduced by lower concentrations of nilotinib (0.1-0.5uM), with no effect at higher concentrations (1uM). Nilotinib also potently inhibited osteoclastogenesis, predominantly by stromal-cell dependent mechanisms. Thus, nilotinib decreased osteoclast development in murine bone marrow cultures, but did not affect osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cells. Nilotinib treatment of osteoblastic cells increased expression and secretion of OPG and decreased expression of RANKL. In 10 patients receiving nilotinib, levels of bone turnover markers were in the low-normal range, despite secondary hyperparathyroidism, findings that are similar to those in patients treated with imatinib. Bone density tended to be higher than age and gender-matched normal values. These data suggest that nilotinib may have important effects on bone metabolism. Prospective studies should be conducted to determine the long-term effects of nilotinib on bone density and calcium metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah O'Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Yan P, Li T, Bo M, Die L, Xing L. Inhibition of bone resorption by econazole in rat osteoclast-like cells through suppressing TRPV5. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:1007-13. [PMID: 21725822 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-0618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are primary bone resorption cells and intervention in osteoclast activation is considered an effective therapeutic approach to treatment of bone diseases involving osteoclasts. TRPV5 was detected in osteoclasts and it has been thought to take part in the transportation of the degraded calcium in the resorption lacuna, which is essential for bone resorption. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of a modulator of calcium dynamics, econazole, on the expression of TRPV5 and bone resorption activity in rat osteoclast-like cells (OLCs). OLCs were obtained by co-culturing rat bone marrow cells with osteoblasts and then culturing with different concentrations of econazole (0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0 μmol/L). Cell counting and staining protocols were used to determine whether econazole influenced the survival of OLCs. Expression of TRPV5 in response to econazole treatment was assessed by western blotting. Bone resorption activity of OLCs was determined by measuring the resorption area of dentin slices with a microscope and a digital image analysis system. Additionally, Ca(2+) inside OLCs was tested. We found that econazole inhibited expression of TRPV5 in a dose dependent manner while it had no influence on the survival of OLCs and it therefore inhibited bone resorption activity in rat OLCs. Ca(2+) inside OLCs increased, suggesting a limited compensatory mechanism to make up for inhibition of TRPV5 effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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The safety profile of imatinib in CML and GIST: long-term considerations. Arch Toxicol 2011; 86:1-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0729-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Nurmio M, Joki H, Kallio J, Määttä JA, Väänänen HK, Toppari J, Jahnukainen K, Laitala-Leinonen T. Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition causes simultaneous bone loss and excess bone formation within growing bone in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 254:267-79. [PMID: 21586300 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
During postnatal skeletal growth, adaptation to mechanical loading leads to cellular activities at the growth plate. It has recently become evident that bone forming and bone resorbing cells are affected by the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor imatinib mesylate (STI571, Gleevec®). Imatinib targets PDGF, ABL-related gene, c-Abl, c-Kit and c-Fms receptors, many of which have multiple functions in the bone microenvironment. We therefore studied the effects of imatinib in growing bone. Young rats were exposed to imatinib (150mg/kg on postnatal days 5-7, or 100mg/kg on postnatal days 5-13), and the effects of RTK inhibition on bone physiology were studied after 8 and 70days (3-day treatment), or after 14days (9-day treatment). X-ray imaging, computer tomography, histomorphometry, RNA analysis and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate bone modeling and remodeling in vivo. Imatinib treatment eliminated osteoclasts from the metaphyseal osteochondral junction at 8 and 14days. This led to a resorption arrest at the growth plate, but also increased bone apposition by osteoblasts, thus resulting in local osteopetrosis at the osteochondral junction. The impaired bone remodelation observed on day 8 remained significant until adulthood. Within the same bone, increased osteoclast activity, leading to bone loss, was observed at distal bone trabeculae on days 8 and 14. Peripheral quantitative computer tomography (pQCT) and micro-CT analysis confirmed that, at the osteochondral junction, imatinib shifted the balance from bone resorption towards bone formation, thereby altering bone modeling. At distal trabecular bone, in turn, the balance was turned towards bone resorption, leading to bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Nurmio
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Finland.
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Mathew P, Tannir N, Tu SM, Wen S, Guo CC, Marcott V, Bekele BN, Pagliaro L. Accelerated disease progression in prostate cancer and bone metastases with platelet-derived growth factor receptor inhibition: observations with tandutinib. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2011; 68:889-96. [PMID: 21290244 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-011-1567-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated platelet-derived growth factor receptor (p-PDGFR) is frequently expressed in bone metastases of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Phase II study of tandutinib was conducted to assess the effects of a continuously administered highly potent PDGFR inhibitor in this disease state. METHODS Men with progressive CRPC, bone metastases, and prior taxane chemotherapy were treated with oral tandutinib 500 mg twice daily until disease progression under a two-stage design with the 8-week freedom-from-progression (FFP) rate as the primary endpoint. The trial was designed to have 87% power to reject a null FFP rate of 10% when the true rate was 33% (type I error rate = 0.02). Secondary endpoints included tumor expression of p-PDGFR, bone marker (urine N-telopeptide, serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase) kinetics, in vivo monitoring of PDGFR inhibition in peripheral blood leukocytes, and correlation with survival. RESULTS Among 18 patients registered (aged 47-81, median 66 years), 15 were evaluable for efficacy. Five of 6 evaluable tumors were p-PDGFR positive. Mean urine N-telopeptide declined from 123.7 (baseline) to 41.0 (Cycle 2 Day 1) nmol/mmol Cr (P = 0.012). Probability of decrease in peripheral blood leukocyte p-PDGFR >0.5 versus <0.5 was associated with progression-free survival of 6 versus 8 weeks (P = 0.03, log-rank) and overall survival, 26.6 versus 42.9 weeks, respectively (P = 0.09, log-rank). CONCLUSIONS In vivo PDGFR inhibition with tandutinib correlated with accelerated disease progression. This observation raises the hypothesis that PDGF contributes to the homeostasis of bone metastases from prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mathew
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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O'Sullivan S, Naot D, Callon KE, Watson M, Gamble GD, Ladefoged M, Karsdal MA, Browett P, Cornish J, Grey A. Imatinib mesylate does not increase bone volume in vivo. Calcif Tissue Int 2011; 88:16-22. [PMID: 20978751 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-010-9429-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Imatinib mesylate is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in the management of disorders in which activation of c-Abl, PDGFR, or c-Kit signaling plays a critical role. In vitro, imatinib stimulates osteoblast differentiation, inhibits osteoblast proliferation and survival, and decreases osteoclast development. Patients treated with imatinib exhibit altered bone and mineral metabolism, with stable or increased bone mass. However, recovery from the underlying disease and/or weight gain might contribute to these effects. We therefore investigated the skeletal effects of imatinib in healthy rats. We evaluated the effects of imatinib on bone volume, markers of bone turnover, and bone histomorphometry in mature female rats treated for 5 weeks with either vehicle, imatinib 40 mg/kg daily, or imatinib 70 mg/kg daily. Compared to vehicle, imatinib reduced trabecular bone volume/tissue volume (mean [SD]: vehicle 26.4% [5.4%], low-dose imatinib 24.8% [4.9%] [P = 0.5], high-dose imatinib 21.1% [5.7%] [P = 0.05]), reduced osteoblast surface (mean [SD]: vehicle 12.8% [5.8%], low-dose 6.8% [1.9%] [P < 0.01], high-dose 7.8 [3.1%] [P < 0.05]), and reduced serum osteocalcin (mean change from baseline [95% CI]: vehicle -8.2 [-26.6 to 10.2] ng/ml, low dose -79.7 [-97.5 to -61.9] ng/ml [P < 0.01 vs. vehicle], high-dose -66.0 [-82.0 to -50.0] ng/ml [P < 0.05 vs. vehicle]). Imatinib did not affect biochemical or histomorphometric indices of bone resorption. These results suggest that, in healthy animals, treatment with imatinib does not increase bone mass and that the improvements in bone density reported in patients receiving imatinib may not be a direct effect of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah O'Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Sørensen MG, Karsdal MA, Dziegiel MH, Boutin JA, Nosjean O, Henriksen K. Screening of protein kinase inhibitors identifies PKC inhibitors as inhibitors of osteoclastic acid secretion and bone resorption. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010; 11:250. [PMID: 20977756 PMCID: PMC2978137 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-11-250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bone resorption is initiated by osteoclastic acidification of the resorption lacunae. This process is mediated by secretion of protons through the V-ATPase and chloride through the chloride antiporter ClC-7. To shed light on the intracellular signalling controlling extracellular acidification, we screened a protein kinase inhibitor library in human osteoclasts. Methods Human osteoclasts were generated from CD14+ monocytes. The effect of different kinase inhibitors on lysosomal acidification in human osteoclasts was investigated using acridine orange for different incubation times (45 minutes, 4 and 24 hours). The inhibitors were tested in an acid influx assay using microsomes isolated from human osteoclasts. Bone resorption by human osteoclasts on bone slices was measured by calcium release. Cell viability was measured using AlamarBlue. Results Of the 51 compounds investigated only few inhibitors were positive in both acidification and resorption assays. Rottlerin, GF109203X, Hypericin and Ro31-8220 inhibited acid influx in microsomes and bone resorption, while Sphingosine and Palmitoyl-DL-carnitine-Cl showed low levels of inhibition. Rottlerin inhibited lysosomal acidification in human osteoclasts potently. Conclusions In conclusion, a group of inhibitors all indicated to inhibit PKC reduced acidification in human osteoclasts, and thereby bone resorption, indicating that acid secretion by osteoclasts may be specifically regulated by PKC in osteoclasts.
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Fiocco U, Sfriso P, Lunardi F, Pagnin E, Oliviero F, Scagliori E, Cozzi L, Vezzù M, Molena B, Scanu A, Panziera C, Nardacchione R, Rubaltelli L, Dayer JM, Calabrese F, Punzi L. Molecular pathways involved in synovial cell inflammation and tumoral proliferation in diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis. Autoimmun Rev 2010; 9:780-4. [PMID: 20620241 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse-type tenosynovial giant cell tumors, also known as pigmented villonodular synovitis, are unique mesenchymal lesions that arise from the synovial tissue of the joints. They are predominantly intraarticular, aggressive, infiltrative processes, characterized by both inflammatory or neoplastic properties and local destructive progression. The pattern of synovial gene and protein expressions in pigmented villonodular synovitis, similar to those in activated macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis, and the phenotype of multinucleated giant cells, characteristic of osteoclasts, suggest that there is a common autocrine mechanism in osteoclast differentiation in both diseases and indicate the potential utility of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha blockade. High synovial colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) messenger RNA (m RNA) expression in pigmented villonodular synovitis, unrelated to a chromosomal translocation involving CSF1 locus, may indicate that there is a synergic paracrine loop mediated by TNF-alpha and CSF1, as shown in both inflammatory and neoplastic conditions. The effects of a new therapeutic approach consisting in intraarticular TNF-alpha blockade were studied in four pigmented villonodular synovitis knees. Knee injections produced a rapid reduction in clinical and sonographic indexes and immunohistological alterations, confirmed by arthroscopic synovectomy. A delayed relapse in one of the four knees and unaltered synovial CSF1 expression were other important findings. In the light of these observations, CSF1/CSF1R interaction probably represents a more sensible therapeutic target than TNF-alpha blockade in the diffuse form of pigmented villonodular synovitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Fiocco
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Abstract
Imatinib mesylate is a rationally designed tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has revolutionized the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Although the efficacy and tolerability of imatinib are a vast improvement over conventional chemotherapies, the drug exhibits off-target effects. An unanticipated side effect of imatinib therapy is hypophosphatemia and hypocalcemia, which in part has been attributed to drug-mediated changes to renal and gastrointestinal handling of phosphate and calcium. However, emerging data suggest that imatinib also targets cells of the skeleton, stimulating the retention and sequestration of calcium and phosphate to bone, leading to decreased circulating levels of these minerals. The aim of this review is to highlight our current understanding of the mechanisms surrounding the effects of imatinib on the skeleton. In particular, it examines recent studies suggesting that imatinib has direct effects on bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts through inhibition of c-fms, c-kit, carbonic anhydrase II, and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor. The potential application of imatinib in the treatment of cancer-induced osteolysis will also be discussed.
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Mauro MJ, Deininger MW. Management of Drug Toxicities in Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2009; 22:409-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Breccia M, Alimena G. The metabolic consequences of imatinib mesylate: Changes on glucose, lypidic and bone metabolism. Leuk Res 2009; 33:871-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2009.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Chung R, Foster BK, Zannettino ACW, Xian CJ. Potential roles of growth factor PDGF-BB in the bony repair of injured growth plate. Bone 2009; 44:878-85. [PMID: 19442606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.01.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Injured growth plate cartilage is often repaired by bony tissue resulting in impaired bone growth in children. Using a rat injury model, our previous studies show that following the injury-induced initial inflammatory response, an influx of mesenchymal-like cells occurs within the growth plate injury site prior to formation of bony tissue. As platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) is a potent chemotactic factor of mesenchymal cells during skeletal tissue repair, we examined its role during the early fibrogenic response and the subsequent bony repair of injured growth plate. Following growth plate injury, rats received daily injection of the PDGF receptor (PDGFR) inhibitor, Imatinib, for 7 days. Immunohistochemical analysis of injured growth plate at day 1 showed the presence of PDGF-BB expression in some inflammatory cells, while at day 4 PDGFR was expressed by a proportion of the infiltrating mesenchymal cells at the injury site. By day 4, PDGFR inhibition reduced mesenchymal infiltrate (P<0.05); by day 14, Imatinib-treated rats exhibited less bony trabeculae and cartilaginous repair tissues, fewer osteoclasts and less bone marrow (BM) at the injury site, compared to vehicle controls (P<0.01). In vitro "scratch" migration assays with rat BM mesenchymal cells revealed that recombinant PDGF-BB increased cell migration into the "wound" (P<0.05), while Imatinib inhibited this chemotactic response. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that Imatinib treatment decreased expression of the cartilage and bone related genes, Col2a1 and osteocalcin, respectively. These results suggest that PDGF-BB contributes to growth plate injury repair by promoting mesenchymal progenitor cell infiltration, the chondrogenic and osteogenic responses, and remodelling of the repair tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Chung
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia.
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O'Sullivan S, Horne A, Wattie D, Porteous F, Callon K, Gamble G, Ebeling P, Browett P, Grey A. Decreased bone turnover despite persistent secondary hyperparathyroidism during prolonged treatment with imatinib. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:1131-6. [PMID: 19174494 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-2324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate has an established role in the management of a number of malignant and proliferative conditions. Cross-sectional and short-term prospective studies have demonstrated secondary hyperparathyroidism during imatinib therapy, and variable changes in markers of bone turnover. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine the biochemical and skeletal effects of imatinib during long-term therapy. DESIGN This was a 2-yr prospective study. SETTING The study was performed at an academic clinical research center. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Nine patients with bcr-abl positive chronic myeloid leukemia were included in the study. INTERVENTIONS Patients received Imatinib mesylate 400 mg/d. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Serum and urine biochemistry, markers of bone turnover, and bone mineral density were measured. RESULTS Participants developed mild secondary hyperparathyroidism, with significant decreases in serum calcium and phosphate (P < 0.05 and P < 0.0001 vs. baseline, respectively) and an increase in PTH (P < 0.0001 vs. baseline). Biochemical markers of bone turnover demonstrated a biphasic response, with an initial increase in markers of bone formation being followed by a decrease in markers of both formation and resorption. Bone density at the lumbar spine increased [mean (95% confidence interval) change from baseline 3.6% (1.6, 5.5); P = 0.003] as did that at the total body [1.4% (0.2, 2.5); P = 0.065], whereas that at the proximal femur did not change [-0.12% (-3.0, 2.7); P = 0.93]. Body weight and fat mass increased significantly (P < 0.0001 vs. baseline). CONCLUSIONS Long-term treatment with imatinib leads to persistent mild secondary hyperparathyroidism. Despite this, bone turnover is decreased, and bone density is stable or increased. Evaluation of the skeletal actions and safety of imatinib during longer-term therapy is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah O'Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Tibullo D, Giallongo C, La Cava P, Berretta S, Stagno F, Chiarenza A, Conticello C, Palumbo GA, Di Raimondo F. Effects of imatinib mesylate in osteoblastogenesis. Exp Hematol 2009; 37:461-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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44
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Liu YF, Wang CL, Bai YJ, Han N, Jiao JP, Qi XL. A Facile Total Synthesis of Imatinib Base and Its Analogues. Org Process Res Dev 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/op700270n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Feng Liu
- Applied Chemical Institute, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, P.R. China, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, P.R. China, and Department of Clinical Laboratory, Mental Health Center of Weinan, Weinan 714000, P.R. China
| | - Cui-Ling Wang
- Applied Chemical Institute, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, P.R. China, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, P.R. China, and Department of Clinical Laboratory, Mental Health Center of Weinan, Weinan 714000, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Jun Bai
- Applied Chemical Institute, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, P.R. China, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, P.R. China, and Department of Clinical Laboratory, Mental Health Center of Weinan, Weinan 714000, P.R. China
| | - Ning Han
- Applied Chemical Institute, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, P.R. China, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, P.R. China, and Department of Clinical Laboratory, Mental Health Center of Weinan, Weinan 714000, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Ping Jiao
- Applied Chemical Institute, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, P.R. China, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, P.R. China, and Department of Clinical Laboratory, Mental Health Center of Weinan, Weinan 714000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Qi
- Applied Chemical Institute, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, P.R. China, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, P.R. China, and Department of Clinical Laboratory, Mental Health Center of Weinan, Weinan 714000, P.R. China
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Yang S, Chen W, Stashenko P, Li YP. Specificity of RGS10A as a key component in the RANKL signaling mechanism for osteoclast differentiation. J Cell Sci 2008; 120:3362-71. [PMID: 17881498 PMCID: PMC3587975 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.008300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in studies of the mechanisms by which RANKL induces terminal osteoclast differentiation. However, many crucial details in the RANKL-evoked signaling pathway for osteoclast differentiation remain to be defined. We characterized genes specifically expressed in osteoclasts by differential screening of a human osteoclastoma cDNA library, and found that the regulator of G-protein signaling 10A (RGS10A), but not the RGS10B isoform, was specifically expressed in human osteoclasts. The expression of RGS10A is also induced by RANKL in osteoclast precursors and is prominently expressed in mouse osteoclast-like cells. RGS10A silencing by RNA interference blocked intracellular [Ca2+]i oscillations, the expression of NFAT2, and osteoclast terminal differentiation in both bone marrow cells and osteoclast precursor cell lines. Reintroduction of RGS10A rescued the impaired osteoclast differentiation. RGS10A silencing also resulted in premature osteoclast apoptosis. RGS10A silencing affected the RANKL-[Ca2+]i oscillation-NFAT2 signaling pathway but not other RANKL-induced responses. Our data demonstrate that target components of RGS10A are distinct from those of RGS12 in the RANKL signaling mechanism. Our results thus show the specificity of RGS10A as a key component in the RANKL-evoked signaling pathway for osteoclast differentiation, which may present a promising target for therapeutic intervention.
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Dib IEH, El Hajj Dib I, Gressier M, Mélanie G, Salle V, Valery S, Mentaverri R, Romuald M, Brazier M, Michel B, Kamel S. Multiple myeloma cells directly stimulate bone resorption in vitro by down-regulating mature osteoclast apoptosis. Leuk Res 2008; 32:1279-87. [PMID: 18282599 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2007.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2007] [Revised: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by devastating bone destruction mainly due to stimulation of osteoclastogenesis. However, whether MM cells can directly influence osteoclast apoptosis, a mechanism that would contribute to increase the number of active osteoclasts, has not been addressed yet. Herein, using authentic mature rabbit osteoclasts, we demonstrated that conditioned media (CM) prepared from U266 and RPMI8226 cells but not from LP-1 and OPM-2 cells, stimulated bone resorption and inhibited osteoclast apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. The MM cells which exerted an anti-apoptotic effect secreted high amounts of M-CSF and addition of a neutralizing antibody against M-CSF reversed the CM effects. Imatinib mesylate, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that can target the M-CSF receptor, also prevented the effect of CM. These findings suggest that M-CSF originating from MM cells may play a critical role in MM bone disease by decreasing osteoclast apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman El Hajj Dib
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacie Clinique, UPRES-EA 2086 Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens Cedex, France
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Yoon KD, Jeong DG, Hwang YH, Ryu JM, Kim J. Inhibitors of osteoclast differentiation from Cephalotaxus koreana. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2007; 70:2029-2032. [PMID: 17994703 DOI: 10.1021/np070327e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Three new flavonoid glycosides ( 1- 3), 11-hydroxyhainanolidol ( 4), and a new dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan glycoside ( 5) were isolated from the aerial parts of Cephalotaxus koreana Nakai, along with 19 known flavonoids. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic evidence, primarily NMR and MS. Twenty-four compounds were isolated, and among these isoscutellarein 5-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside ( 3), apigenin ( 6), kaempferol 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1'''-->6'')-beta-D-glucopyranoside ( 7), tamarixetin 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1'''-->6'')-beta-D-glucopyranoside ( 8), quercetin 3-O-[6''-O-acetyl]-beta-D-glucopyranoside ( 9), and quercetin 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside ( 10) showed significant inhibitory activities against osteoclast differentiation at concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 microg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee Dong Yoon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Knedla A, Neumann E, Müller-Ladner U. Developments in the synovial biology field 2006. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 9:209. [PMID: 17442097 PMCID: PMC1906804 DOI: 10.1186/ar2140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Synovial pathophysiology is a complex and synergistic interplay of different cell populations with tissue components, mediated by a variety of signaling mechanisms. All of these mechanisms drive the affected joint into inflammation and drive the subsequent destruction of cartilage and bone. Each cell type contributes significantly to the initiation and perpetuation of this deleterious concert, especially in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts and macrophages, both cell types with pivotal roles in inflammation and destruction, but also T cells and B cells are crucial for complex network in the inflamed synovium. An even more complex cellular crosstalk between these key players maintains a process of chronic inflammation. As outlined in the present review, in the past year substantial progress has been made to elucidate further details of the rich pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis, which may also facilitate the identification of novel targets for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Knedla
- Department for Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Kerckhoff-Clinic, Bad Nauheim, Benekestr. 2-8, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Elena Neumann
- Department for Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Kerckhoff-Clinic, Bad Nauheim, Benekestr. 2-8, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ulf Müller-Ladner
- Department for Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Kerckhoff-Clinic, Bad Nauheim, Benekestr. 2-8, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
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Smalley TL, Chamberlain SD, Mills WY, Musso DL, Randhawa SA, Ray JA, Samano V, Frick L. Synthesis of novel anilinoquinolines as c-fms inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:6257-60. [PMID: 17870531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of potent substituted anilinoquinolines were discovered as c-fms inhibitors. The potency could be manipulated upon modification of the C4 aniline and C7 aryl functionality. Pharmacokinetic analysis identified a metabolically stable analog suitable for further investigative work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence L Smalley
- GlaxoSmithKline, Inc., Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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O'Sullivan S, Naot D, Callon K, Porteous F, Horne A, Wattie D, Watson M, Cornish J, Browett P, Grey A. Imatinib promotes osteoblast differentiation by inhibiting PDGFR signaling and inhibits osteoclastogenesis by both direct and stromal cell-dependent mechanisms. J Bone Miner Res 2007; 22:1679-89. [PMID: 17663639 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.070719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Several lines of evidence suggest that imatinib may affect skeletal tissue. We show that inhibition by imatinib of PDGFR signaling in osteoblasts activates osteoblast differentiation and inhibits osteoblast proliferation and that imatinib inhibits osteoclastogenesis by both stromal cell-dependent and direct effects on osteoclast precursors. INTRODUCTION Imatinib mesylate, an orally active inhibitor of the c-abl, c-kit, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) tyrosine kinases, is in clinical use for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and gastrointestinal stromal cell tumors. Interruption of both c-kit and c-abl signaling in mice induces osteopenia, suggesting that imatinib might have adverse effects on the skeleton. However, biochemical markers of bone formation increase in patients with CML starting imatinib therapy, whereas bone resorption is unchanged, despite secondary hyperparathyroidism. We assessed the actions of imatinib on bone cells in vitro to study the cellular and molecular mechanism(s) underlying the skeletal effects we observed in imatinib-treated patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Osteoblast differentiation was assessed using a mineralization assay, proliferation by [(3)H]thymidine incorporation, and apoptosis by a TUNEL assay. Osteoclastogenesis was assessed using murine bone marrow cultures and RAW 264.7 cells. RT and multiplex PCR were performed on RNA prepared from human bone marrow samples, osteoblastic cells, and murine bone marrow cultures. Osteoprotegerin was measured by ELISA. RESULTS The molecular targets of imatinib are expressed in bone cells. In vitro, imatinib increases osteoblast differentiation and prevents PDGF-induced inhibition of this process. Imatinib inhibits proliferation of osteoblast-like cells induced by serum and PDGF. In murine bone marrow cultures, imatinib inhibits osteoclastogenesis stimulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and partially inhibits osteoclastogenesis induced by RANKL and macrophage-colony stimulating factor. Imatinib partially inhibited osteoclastogenesis in RANKL-stimulated RAW-264.7 cells. Treatment with imatinib increases the expression of osteoprotegerin in bone marrow from patients with CML and osteoblastic cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together with recent in vivo data, these results suggest a role for the molecular targets of imatinib in bone cell function, that inhibition by imatinib of PDGFR signaling in osteoblasts activates bone formation, and that the antiresorptive actions of imatinib are mediated by both stromal cell-dependent and direct effects on osteoclast precursors.
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