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Tan X, Neslund EM, Fentis K, Ding ZM. Fluorocitrate inhibition of astrocytes reduces nicotine self-administration and alters extracellular levels of glutamate and dopamine within the nucleus accumbens in male wistar rats. Neuropharmacology 2024; 255:110001. [PMID: 38750804 PMCID: PMC11156530 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests an important role of astrocytes in mediating behavioral and molecular effects of commonly misused drugs. Passive exposure to nicotine alters molecular, morphological, and functional properties of astrocytes. However, a potential involvement of astrocytes in nicotine reinforcement remains largely unexplored. The overall hypothesis tested in the current study is that astrocytes play a critical role in nicotine reinforcement. Protein levels of the astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were examined in key mesocorticolimbic regions following chronic nicotine intravenous self-administration. Fluorocitrate, a metabolic inhibitor of astrocytes, was tested for its effects on behaviors related to nicotine reinforcement and relapse. Effects of fluorocitrate on extracellular neurotransmitter levels, including glutamate, GABA, and dopamine, were determined with microdialysis. Chronic nicotine intravenous self-administration increased GFAP expression in the nucleus accumbens core (NACcr), but not other key mesocorticolimbic regions, compared to saline intravenous self-administration. Both intra-ventricular and intra-NACcr microinjection of fluorocitrate decreased nicotine self-administration. Intra-NACcr fluorocitrate microinjection also inhibited cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking. Local perfusion of fluorocitrate decreased extracellular glutamate levels, elevated extracellular dopamine levels, but did not alter extracellular GABA levels in the NACcr. Fluorocitrate did not alter basal locomotor activity. These results indicate that nicotine reinforcement upregulates the astrocyte marker GFAP expression in the NACcr, metabolic inhibition of astrocytes attenuates nicotine reinforcement and relapse, and metabolic inhibition of astrocytes disrupts extracellular dopamine and glutamate transmission. Overall, these findings suggest that astrocytes play an important role in nicotine reinforcement and relapse, potentially through regulation of extracellular glutamate and dopamine neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Neslund
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Khawla Fentis
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Zheng-Ming Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Panayi MC, Shetty S, Porod M, Bahena L, Xi ZX, Newman AH, Schoenbaum G. The selective D 3Receptor antagonist VK4-116 reverses loss of insight caused by self-administration of cocaine in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:1590-1599. [PMID: 38582939 PMCID: PMC11319511 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-024-01858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Chronic psychostimulant use causes long-lasting changes to neural and cognitive function that persist after long periods of abstinence. As cocaine users transition from drug use to abstinence, a parallel transition from hyperactivity to hypoactivity has been found in orbitofrontal-striatal glucose metabolism and striatal D2/D3-receptor activity. Targeting these changes pharmacologically, using highly selective dopamine D3-receptor (D3R) antagonists and partial agonists, has shown promise in reducing drug-taking, and attenuating relapse in animal models of cocaine and opioid use disorder. However, much less attention has been paid to treating the loss of insight, operationalized as the inability to infer likely outcomes, associated with chronic psychostimulant use. Here we tested the selective D3R antagonist VK4-116 as a treatment for this loss in rats with a prior history of cocaine use. Male and female rats were first trained to self-administer cocaine or a sucrose liquid for 2 weeks. After 4 weeks of abstinence, performance was assessed using a sensory preconditioning (SPC) learning paradigm. Rats were given VK4-116 (15 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle 30 min prior to each SPC training session, thus creating four drug-treatment groups: sucrose-vehicle, sucrose-VK4-116, cocaine-vehicle, cocaine-VK4-116. The control groups (sucrose-vehicle, sucrose-VK4-116) showed normal sensory preconditioning, whereas cocaine use (cocaine-vehicle) selectively disrupted responding to the preconditioned cue, an effect that was reversed in the cocaine-VK4-116 group, which demonstrating responding to the preconditioned cue at levels comparable to controls. These preclinical findings demonstrate that highly selective dopamine D3R antagonists, particularly VK4-116, can reverse the long-term negative behavioral consequences of cocaine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios C Panayi
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Shohan Shetty
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Micaela Porod
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Lisette Bahena
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Geoffrey Schoenbaum
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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Ding ZM, Neslund EM, Sun D, Tan X. Methoxsalen Inhibits the Acquisition of Nicotine Self-Administration: Attenuation by Cotinine Replacement in Male Rats. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:1234-1243. [PMID: 38513068 PMCID: PMC11339168 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntae063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarette smoking remains the leading preventable cause of disease and death. Nicotine is the primary reinforcing ingredient in cigarettes sustaining addiction. Cotinine is the major metabolite of nicotine that produces a myriad of neurobehavioral effects. Previous studies showed that cotinine-supported self-administration in rats and rats with a history of cotinine self-administration exhibited relapse-like drug-seeking behavior, suggesting that cotinine may also be reinforcing. To date, whether cotinine may contribute to nicotine reinforcement remains unknown. Nicotine metabolism is mainly catalyzed by hepatic CYP2B1/2 enzymes in rats and methoxsalen is a potent CYP2B1/2 inhibitor. AIMS AND METHODS The study examined nicotine metabolism, self-administration, and locomotor activity. The hypothesis is that methoxsalen inhibits nicotine self-administration and cotinine replacement attenuates the inhibitory effects of methoxsalen in male rats. RESULTS Methoxsalen decreased plasma cotinine levels following a subcutaneous nicotine injection. Repeated daily methoxsalen treatments reduced the acquisition of nicotine self-administration, leading to fewer nicotine infusions, lower nicotine intake, and lower plasma cotinine levels. However, methoxsalen did not alter the maintenance of nicotine self-administration despite a significant reduction of plasma cotinine levels. Cotinine replacement by mixing cotinine with nicotine for self-administration dose-dependently increased plasma cotinine levels and enhanced the acquisition of self-administration. Neither basal nor nicotine-induced locomotor activity was altered by methoxsalen. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that methoxsalen inhibition of cotinine formation impaired the acquisition of nicotine self-administration, and cotinine replacement attenuated the inhibitory effects of methoxsalen on the acquisition of self-administration, suggesting that cotinine may contribute to the initial development of nicotine reinforcement. IMPLICATIONS Smoking cessation medications targeting nicotine's effects are only moderately effective, making it imperative to better understand the mechanisms of nicotine misuse. Methoxsalen inhibited nicotine metabolism to cotinine and impaired the acquisition of nicotine self-administration. Cotinine replacement restored plasma cotinine and attenuated the methoxsalen inhibition of nicotine self-administration in rats. These results suggest that (1) the inhibition of nicotine metabolism may be a viable strategy in reducing the development of nicotine reinforcement, (2) methoxsalen may be translationally valuable, and (3) cotinine may be a potential pharmacological target for therapeutic development given its important role in the initial development of nicotine reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Ming Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Neslund
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Dongxiao Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Penn State Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoying Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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Panayi MC, Shetty S, Porod M, Bahena L, Xi ZX, Newman AH, Schoenbaum G. The selective D3-Receptor antagonist VK4-116 effectively treats behavioral inflexibility in rats caused by self-administration and withdrawal from cocaine. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.03.556083. [PMID: 37732238 PMCID: PMC10508727 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.03.556083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Chronic psychostimulant use can cause long lasting changes to neural and cognitive function that persist even after long periods of abstinence. As cocaine users transition from drug use to abstinence, a parallel transition from hyperactivity to hypoactivity has been found in orbitofrontal-striatal glucose metabolism, and striatal D2/D3 receptor activity. Targeting these changes pharmacologically, using highly selective dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) antagonists and partial agonists, has shown significant promise in reducing drug-taking, and attenuating relapse in animal models of cocaine and opioid use disorder. However, much less attention has been focused on treating inflexible and potentially maladaptive non-drug behaviors following chronic psychostimulant use. Here we tested the selective D3R antagonist VK4-116 as a treatment for the long-term behavioral inflexibility in abstinent male and female rats with a prior history of chronic cocaine use. Rats were first trained to self-administer cocaine (0.75 mg/kg/reinforcer) or a sucrose liquid (10%, .04 mL/reinforcer) for 2 weeks (FR1 schedule, max 60 reinforcers in 3 hrs/ day), followed by 4 weeks of abstinence. Cognitive and behavioral flexibilities were then assessed using a sensory preconditioning (SPC) learning paradigm. Rats were given an VK4-116 (15 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle 30 mins prior to each SPC training session, thus creating four drug-treatment groups: sucrose-vehicle, sucrose-VK4-116, cocaine-vehicle, cocaine-VK4-116. The control groups (sucrose-vehicle, sucrose-VK4-116) demonstrated significant evidence of flexible SPC behavior, whereas cocaine use (cocaine-vehicle) disrupted SPC behavior. Remarkably, the D3R antagonist VK4-116 mitigated this cocaine deficit in the cocaine-VK4-116 group, demonstrating flexible SPC to levels comparable to the control groups. These preclinical findings demonstrate that highly selective dopamine D3R antagonists, particularly VK4-116, show significant promise as a pharmacological treatment for the long-term negative behavioral consequences of cocaine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios C Panayi
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Shohan Shetty
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Micaela Porod
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Lisette Bahena
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Geoffrey Schoenbaum
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Franco-García A, Guerrero-Bautista R, Hidalgo JM, Gómez-Murcia V, Milanés MV, Núñez C. Dopamine D3 Receptor Modulates Akt/mTOR and ERK 1/2 Pathways Differently during the Reinstatement of Cocaine-Seeking Behavior Induced by Psychological versus Physiological Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11214. [PMID: 37446391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress triggers relapses in cocaine use that engage the activity of memory-related nuclei, such as the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and dentate gyrus (DG). Preclinical research suggests that D3 receptor (D3R) antagonists may be a promising means to attenuate cocaine reward and relapse. As D3R regulates the activity of the Akt/mTOR and MEK/ERK1/2 pathways, we assessed the effects of SB-277011-A, a D3R antagonist, on the activity of these kinases during the reinstatement of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by psychological (restraint) and physiological (tail pinch) stress. Both stimuli reactivated an extinguished cocaine-CPP, but only restrained animals decreased their locomotor activity during reinstatement. Cocaine-seeking behavior reactivation was correlated with decreased p-Akt, p-mTOR, and p-ERK1/2 activation in both nuclei of restrained animals. While a D3R blockade prevented stress-induced CPP reinstatement and plasma corticosterone enhancement, SB-277011-A distinctly modulated Akt, mTOR, and ERK1/2 activation depending on the stressor and the dose used. Our data support the involvement of corticosterone in the SB-277011-A effects in restrained animals. Additionally, the ratios p-mTOR/mTOR and/or p-ERK1/2 /ERK1/2 in the BLA during stress-induced relapse seem to be related to the locomotor activity of animals receiving 48 mg/kg of the antagonist. Hence, our study indicates the D3R antagonist's efficacy to prevent stress-induced relapses in drug use through distinct modulation of Akt/mTOR and MEK/ERK1/2 pathways in memory-processing nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Franco-García
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Pascual Parrilla, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Rocío Guerrero-Bautista
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Pascual Parrilla, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Juana María Hidalgo
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Pascual Parrilla, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Victoria Gómez-Murcia
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Pascual Parrilla, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Victoria Milanés
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Pascual Parrilla, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina Núñez
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Pascual Parrilla, 30120 Murcia, Spain
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Lunerti V, Li H, Benvenuti F, Shen Q, Domi A, Soverchia L, Concetta Di Martino RM, Bottegoni G, Haass-Koffler CL, Cannella N. The multitarget FAAH inhibitor/D3 partial agonist ARN15381 decreases nicotine self-administration in male rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 928:175088. [PMID: 35690082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco use disorder is a worldwide health problem for which available medications show limited efficacy. Nicotine is the psychoactive component of tobacco responsible for its addictive liability. Similar to other addictive drugs, nicotine enhances mesolimbic dopamine transmission. Inhibition of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the enzyme responsible for the degradation of the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA), palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA), reduces nicotine-enhanced dopamine transmission and acquisition of nicotine self-administration in rats. Down-regulation of dopamine transmission by antagonists or partial agonists of the dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) also reduced nicotine self-administration and conditioned place preference. Based on these premises, we evaluated the effect of ARN15381, a multitarget compound showing FAAH inhibition and DRD3 partial agonist activity in the low nanomolar range, on nicotine self-administration in rats. Pretreatment with ARN15381 dose dependently decreased self-administration of a nicotine dose at the top of the nicotine dose/response (D/R) curve, while it did not affect self-administration of a nicotine dose laying on the descending limb of the D/R curve. Conversely, pretreatment with the selective FAAH inhibitor URB597 and the DRD3 partial agonist CJB090 failed to modify nicotine self-administration independent of the nicotine dose self-administered. Our data indicates that the concomitant FAAH inhibition and DRD3 partial agonism produced by ARN15381 is key to the observed reduction of nicotine self-administration, demonstrating that a multitarget approach may hold clinical importance for the treatment of tobacco use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Lunerti
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Italy
| | - Hongwu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Italy; School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Changchung, 130012, China
| | | | - Qianwei Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Italy
| | - Ana Domi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Italy
| | - Laura Soverchia
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Bottegoni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Carolina L Haass-Koffler
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, USA
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The Role of Dopamine D3 Receptors in Tobacco Use Disorder: A Synthesis of the Preclinical and Clinical Literature. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 60:203-228. [PMID: 36173599 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a significant cause of preventable morbidity and mortality globally. Current pharmacological approaches to treat tobacco use disorder (TUD) are only partly effective and novel approaches are needed. Dopamine has a well-established role in substance use disorders, including TUD, and there has been a long-standing interest in developing agents that target the dopaminergic system to treat substance use disorders. Dopamine has 5 receptor subtypes (DRD1 to DRD5). Given the localization and safety profile of the dopamine receptor D3 (DRD3), it is of therapeutic potential for TUD. In this chapter, the preclinical and clinical literature investigating the role of DRD3 in processes relevant to TUD will be reviewed, including in nicotine reinforcement, drug reinstatement, conditioned stimuli and cue-reactivity, executive function, and withdrawal. Similarities and differences in findings from the animal and human work will be synthesized and findings will be discussed in relation to the therapeutic potential of targeting DRD3 in TUD.
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Galaj E, Newman AH, Xi ZX. Dopamine D3 receptor-based medication development for the treatment of opioid use disorder: Rationale, progress, and challenges. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 114:38-52. [PMID: 32376243 PMCID: PMC7252042 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Opioid abuse and related overdose deaths continue to rise in the United States, contributing to the current national opioid crisis. Although several opioid-based pharmacotherapies are available (e.g., methadone, buprenorphine, naloxone), they show limited effectiveness in long-term relapse prevention. In response to the opioid crisis, the National Institute on Drug Abuse proposed a list of pharmacological targets of highest priority for medication development for the treatment of opioid use disorders (OUD). Among these are antagonists of dopamine D3 receptors (D3R). In this review, we first review recent progress in research of the dopamine hypothesis of opioid reward and abuse and then describe the rationale and recent development of D3R ligands for the treatment of OUD. Herein, an emphasis is placed on the effectiveness of newly developed D3R antagonists in the animal models of OUD. These new drug candidates may also potentiate the analgesic effects of clinically used opioids, making them attractive as adjunctive medications for pain management and treatment of OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Galaj
- Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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Garcia EJ, Cain ME. Environmental enrichment and a selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 (mGluR 2/3) agonist suppress amphetamine self-administration: Characterizing baseline differences. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 192:172907. [PMID: 32179027 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A challenge for developing effective treatments for substance use disorders (SUDs) is understanding how environmental variables alter the efficacy of therapeutics. Environmental enrichment (EC) enhances brain development and protects against behaviors associated with drug abuse vulnerability when compared to rats reared in isolation (IC) or standard conditions (SC). EC rearing enhances the expression and function of metabotropic glutamate receptor2/3 (mGlurR2/3) and activating mGluR2/3 reduces psychostimulant self-administration (SA). However, the ability for mGluR2/3 activation to suppress amphetamine (AMP) SA in differentially reared rats is not determined. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis EC reduces AMP (SA) by augmenting mGluR2/3 function. At postnatal day 21, male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to EC, IC, or SC environments for 30 days. Then, they acquired AMP SA and were moved to a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement. EC, IC, and SC rats were pretreated with LY379268 (vehicle, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg), a selective mGluR2/3 agonist, before PR behavioral sessions. Linear mixed effects analysis determined EC rats had reduced motivation for AMP SA when compared to IC or SC rats and that LY379268 dose-dependently suppressed AMP SA, but there was no evidence of an interaction. Cumming/Gardner-Altman estimation plots illustrate that the 0.3 mg/kg dose suppressed infusions in EC rats while the 1 mg/kg dose suppressed infusions in SC rats. LY379268 was incapable of suppressing the motivation for AMP SA in IC rats. Controlling for baseline differences in differentially reared rats remains a challenge. Normalizing to a baseline introduced error which is illustrated in the precision of the estimated effect size differences. The data indicate that environmental enrichment enhances the ability of a selective mGluR2/3 agonist to suppress AMP SA and indicates the functional status of the mGluR2/3 is formed during development. Therefore, environmental history must be considered when evaluating pharmacological therapeutics particularly those aimed at the mGluR2/3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Garcia
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, United States of America
| | - Mary E Cain
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, United States of America.
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10
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Chukwueke CC, Kowalczyk WJ, Di Ciano P, Gendy M, Taylor R, Heishman SJ, Le Foll B. Exploring the role of the Ser9Gly (rs6280) Dopamine D3 receptor polymorphism in nicotine reinforcement and cue-elicited craving. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4085. [PMID: 32139730 PMCID: PMC7058013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60940-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies show that the dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) is involved in the reinstatement of drug seeking and motivation for drugs of abuse. A D3R gene variant, Ser9Gly (rs6280) has been linked to nicotine dependence, yet the mechanisms underlying its involvement in nicotine dependence is unclear. This study investigated the relationship between the Ser9Gly variant and measures of both nicotine reinforcement and cue-elicited craving. Phenotypes of smoking behaviors were assessed in genetically grouped (Glycine vs. No Glycine carriers) current smokers (n = 104, ≥ 10 cigarettes per day). Laboratory measures included a forced choice session (to measure reinforcement of nicotine containing vs. denicotinized cigarettes), and a cue-reactivity session (to measure smoking cues vs. neutral cues elicited craving). The forced choice procedure revealed that subjective ratings were significantly higher in response to nicotinized compared to denicotinized cigarettes; however the Ser9Gly variant did not influence this effect. By comparison, smoking cues elicited greater craving over time compared to neutral cues, and Glycine carriers of the Ser9Gly D3R variant seem to experience a significant blunted cue-elicited craving effect. Results support D3R involvement in nicotine cue reactivity. However, more research is needed to reveal how this gene variant modulates various aspects of nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidera C Chukwueke
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William J Kowalczyk
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Hartwick College, Oneonta, New York, United States of America
| | - Patricia Di Ciano
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- CAMH, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marie Gendy
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Taylor
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Stephen J Heishman
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Acute Care Program, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- CAMH, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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de Guglielmo G, Kallupi M, Sedighim S, Newman AH, George O. Dopamine D 3 Receptor Antagonism Reverses the Escalation of Oxycodone Self-administration and Decreases Withdrawal-Induced Hyperalgesia and Irritability-Like Behavior in Oxycodone-Dependent Heterogeneous Stock Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 13:292. [PMID: 31992976 PMCID: PMC6971096 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prescription opioids, such as oxycodone, are highly effective analgesics for clinical pain management, but approximately 25% of patients who are prescribed opioids misuse them, and 5%–10% develop an opioid use disorder (OUD). Effective therapies for the prevention and treatment of opioid abuse and addiction need to be developed. The present study evaluated the effects of the highly selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonist VK4-116 ([R]-N-[4-(4-[3-chloro-5-ethyl-2-methoxyphenyl]piperazin-1-yl)-3-hydroxybutyl]-1H-indole-2-carboxamide) on oxycodone addictive-like behaviors. We used a model of extended access to oxycodone self-administration and tested the effects of VK4-116 on the escalation of oxycodone self-administration and withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia and irritability-like behavior in male and female rats. Pretreatment with VK4-116 (5–25 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently decreased the escalation of oxycodone self-administration and reduced withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia and irritability-like behavior in opioid-dependent rats. These findings demonstrate a key role for D3 receptors in both the motivation to take opioids and negative emotional states that are associated with opioid withdrawal and suggest that D3 receptor antagonism may be a viable therapeutic approach for the treatment of OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordano de Guglielmo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Marsida Kallupi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Sharona Sedighim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Amy H Newman
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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12
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Dopamine D 3R antagonist VK4-116 attenuates oxycodone self-administration and reinstatement without compromising its antinociceptive effects. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1415-1424. [PMID: 30555159 PMCID: PMC6785005 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Prescription opioids such as oxycodone are highly effective analgesics for clinical pain management, but their misuse and abuse have led to the current opioid epidemic in the United States. In order to ameliorate this public health crisis, the development of effective pharmacotherapies for the prevention and treatment of opioid abuse and addiction is essential and urgently required. In this study, we evaluated-in laboratory rats-the potential utility of VK4-116, a novel and highly selective dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) antagonist, for the prevention and treatment of prescription opioid use disorders. Pretreatment with VK4-116 (5-25 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently inhibited the acquisition and maintenance of oxycodone self-administration. VK4-116 also lowered the break-point (BP) for oxycodone self-administration under a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement, shifted the oxycodone dose-response curve downward, and inhibited oxycodone extinction responding and reinstatement of oxycodone-seeking behavior. In addition, VK4-116 pretreatment dose-dependently enhanced the antinociceptive effects of oxycodone and reduced naloxone-precipitated conditioned place aversion in rats chronically treated with oxycodone. In contrast, VK4-116 had little effect on oral sucrose self-administration. Taken together, these findings indicate a central role for D3Rs in opioid reward and support further development of VK4-116 as an effective agent for mitigating the development of opioid addiction, reducing the severity of withdrawal and preventing relapse.
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Jordan CJ, Humburg B, Rice M, Bi GH, You ZB, Shaik AB, Cao J, Bonifazi A, Gadiano A, Rais R, Slusher B, Newman AH, Xi ZX. The highly selective dopamine D 3R antagonist, R-VK4-40 attenuates oxycodone reward and augments analgesia in rodents. Neuropharmacology 2019; 158:107597. [PMID: 30974107 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prescription opioid abuse is a global crisis. New treatment strategies for pain and opioid use disorders are urgently required. We evaluated the effects of R-VK4-40, a highly selective dopamine (DA) D3 receptor (D3R) antagonist, on the rewarding and analgesic effects of oxycodone, the most commonly abused prescription opioid, in rats and mice. Systemic administration of R-VK4-40 dose-dependently inhibited oxycodone self-administration and shifted oxycodone dose-response curves downward in rats. Pretreatment with R-VK4-40 also dose-dependently lowered break-points for oxycodone under a progressive-ratio schedule. To determine whether a DA-dependent mechanism underlies the impact of D3 antagonism in reducing opioid reward, we used optogenetic approaches to examine intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) maintained by optical activation of ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neurons in DAT-Cre mice. Photoactivation of VTA DA in non-drug treated mice produced robust ICSS behavior. Lower doses of oxycodone enhanced, while higher doses inhibited, optical ICSS. Pretreatment with R-VK4-40 blocked oxycodone-enhanced brain-stimulation reward. By itself, R-VK4-40 produced a modest dose-dependent reduction in optical ICSS. Pretreatment with R-VK4-40 did not compromise the antinociceptive effects of oxycodone in rats, and R-VK4-40 alone produced mild antinociceptive effects without altering open-field locomotion or rotarod locomotor performance. Together, these findings suggest R-VK4-40 may permit a lower dose of prescription opioids for pain management, potentially mitigating tolerance and dependence, while diminishing reward potency. Hence, development of R-VK4-40 as a therapy for the treatment of opioid use disorders and/or pain is currently underway. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'New Vistas in Opioid Pharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Jordan
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Bree Humburg
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Myra Rice
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Guo-Hua Bi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Zhi-Bing You
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Anver Basha Shaik
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Jianjing Cao
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Alessandro Bonifazi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Alexandra Gadiano
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Rana Rais
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Barbara Slusher
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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Dopamine D1 and D3 receptor polypharmacology as a potential treatment approach for substance use disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 89:13-28. [PMID: 29577963 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the search for efficacious pharmacotherapies to treat cocaine addiction much attention has been given to agents targeting dopamine D1 or D3 receptors because of the involvement of these receptors in drug-related behaviors. D1-like and D3 receptor partial agonists and antagonists have been shown to reduce drug reward, reinstatement of drug seeking and conditioned place preference in rodents and non-human primates. However, translation of these encouraging results to clinical settings has been limited due to a number of factors including toxicity, poor pharmacokinetic properties and extrapyramidal and sedative side effects. This review highlights the role of D1 and D3 receptors in drug reward and seeking, the discovery of D1-D3 heteromers and their potential as targets in the treatment of addiction.
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Sabioni P, Di Ciano P, Le Foll B. Effect of a D3 receptor antagonist on context-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 64:149-54. [PMID: 26279138 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite the existence of several treatment options for smoking cessation, the rate of relapse after treatment is very high. We and others have proposed that targeting the dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) may be a good strategy for treatment of nicotine dependence. In human participants, reintroduction to an environment previously associated with drug-taking may induce relapse. In animals, such phenomenon can be studied using the context-induced reinstatement paradigm. As the role of DRD3 in context-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking has not yet been explored, we investigated the effects of different doses of the selective DRD3 antagonist SB-277011-A on this reinstatement. Sprague-Dawley adult rats were first trained to self-administer nicotine and subsequently underwent extinction in a second context for 5-7 days. We evaluated the effect of 1, 3 or 10mg/kg of SB-277011-A administered prior to the reintroduction to the training context. We used two different designs: 1) a between-subjects design with a unique reinstatement test; and 2) a counterbalanced within-subjects design, with 4 reinstatement tests. Our findings indicate that, in the within-subjects design, the magnitude of responding induced by the context-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking was robust during the first reinstatement test, but significantly decreased with repeated testing. SB-277011-A (10mg/kg) blocked context-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking at first exposure to the context (between-subjects design), but not after repeated context exposure which produced weaker reinstatement over days. Our results support a role for DRD3 mediating context-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking, but these effects may not be sustained over time. Further studies should explore this in human participants for validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Sabioni
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Patricia Di Ciano
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Alcohol Research and Treatment Clinic, Addiction Medicine Services, Ambulatory Care and Structured Treatments, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Division of Brain and Therapeutics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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16
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Galaj E, Manuszak M, Babic S, Ananthan S, Ranaldi R. The selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonist, SR 21502, reduces cue-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking and heroin conditioned place preference in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 156:228-233. [PMID: 26429728 PMCID: PMC4633332 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because the role of dopamine (DA) D3 receptors has been investigated primarily in relation to cocaine-related behaviors little is known of the role of these receptors in heroin seeking. PURPOSES To investigate the effect of the selective DA D3 receptor antagonist, SR 21502, on cue-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking and heroin conditioned place preference (CPP). METHODS In experiment 1, rats were trained to self-administer intravenous heroin for 15 days followed by extinction. Following extinction animals were treated with one of several SR 21502 doses (0, 7.5, 10 or 15mg/kg) and a cue-induced reinstatement test was conducted. In experiment 2, animals were conditioned to experience heroin in one compartment of a CPP apparatus and saline in the other. On the test day animals were treated with 0, 3.75, 7.5, 10 or 15mg/kg of SR 21502 and tested for their CPP. RESULTS The results from experiment 1 showed a significant dose-related reduction in cue-induced reinstatement of active lever pressing in the 7.5 and 10mg groups and an absence of the reinstatement effect in the 15mg group. In experiment 2, animals treated with vehicle or 3.75mg of SR 21502 showed significant heroin place preferences but those treated with the higher doses showed no CPP. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that DA D3 receptors play a significant role in heroin approach behaviors driven by conditioned stimuli. As such, we propose that SR 21502 holds potential as an effective pharmacotherapeutic agent for relapse prevention and should be studied further.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Conditioning, Classical/drug effects
- Conditioning, Classical/physiology
- Cues
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Extinction, Psychological/drug effects
- Extinction, Psychological/physiology
- Female
- Heroin/administration & dosage
- Heroin Dependence/physiopathology
- Heroin Dependence/rehabilitation
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Male
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Long-Evans
- Receptors, Dopamine D3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Dopamine D3/physiology
- Recurrence
- Self Administration
- Substance Abuse, Intravenous/physiopathology
- Substance Abuse, Intravenous/rehabilitation
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Galaj
- CUNY Graduate Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Monica Manuszak
- Queens College of the City University of New York, Department of Psychology, Flushing, NY, United States
| | - Sandra Babic
- Queens College of the City University of New York, Department of Psychology, Flushing, NY, United States
| | - Subramaniam Ananthan
- Department of Chemistry, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Robert Ranaldi
- CUNY Graduate Center, New York, NY, United States; Queens College of the City University of New York, Department of Psychology, Flushing, NY, United States.
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17
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Arndt DL, Johns KC, Dietz ZK, Cain ME. Environmental condition alters amphetamine self-administration: role of the MGluR₅ receptor and schedule of reinforcement. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232. [PMID: 26211759 PMCID: PMC4667709 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Evidence suggests that differential rearing influences the function of a receptor subtype critical for maintaining glutamate homeostasis. Maintaining homeostatic glutamatergic function may be an important protector against drug abuse. OBJECTIVE This study sought to determine if differential rearing influences the function of a receptor critical for glutamate homeostasis, which could in turn affect rates of amphetamine self-administration. METHODS Rats were assigned to enriched (EC), isolated (IC), or standard (SC) conditions. After rearing for 30 days, rats were trained to lever press for sucrose reinforcement before the implantation of indwelling jugular catheters. After reaching stable responding for amphetamine (0.03 or 0.1 mg/kg/infusion), rats were injected with five doses (0, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mg/kg) of the mGluR5 antagonist, 3-((2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl) pyridine hydrochloride (MTEP), 30 min before self-administration sessions. Following fixed-ratio (FR-1) testing, rats were administered identical doses of MTEP on a progressive-ratio (PR) reinforcement schedule. RESULTS MTEP (3.0 mg/kg) attenuated FR-1 self-administration (0.03 mg/kg/infusion) in IC rats. MTEP also dose-dependently attenuated amphetamine self-administration (0.1 mg/kg/infusion) during FR-1 and PR sessions, with 5.0 mg/kg MTEP attenuating amphetamine self-administration in IC and SC rats and 3.0 mg/kg MTEP attenuating amphetamine self-administration in EC and SC rats. PR results also revealed that IC rats not treated with MTEP were more motivated to self-administer the higher dose of amphetamine. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the mGlu5 receptor mediates differences in drug-taking behavior among differentially reared rats. Isolation also decreased sensitivity to MTEP, suggesting that environmental factors alter glutamate homeostasis which subsequently affects sensitivity and motivation to self-administer amphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Arndt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, 492 Bluemont Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA,
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18
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Paterson NE, Vocci F, Sevak RJ, Wagreich E, London ED. Dopamine D3 receptors as a therapeutic target for methamphetamine dependence. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2015; 40:1-9. [PMID: 24359505 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2013.858723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine (MA) use disorders are major public health problems nationally and worldwide and treatment remains an unmet need. OBJECTIVES (1) To review preclinical and clinical studies identifying the dopamine D3 receptor as a therapeutic target for substance use disorders (SUDs), including MA dependence, (2) to consider buspirone (Buspar®) as a potential medication based on its dopamine D3 receptor antagonist properties, and (3) to evaluate the safety and initial efficacy of buspirone in a pilot study of MA-dependent individuals. METHODS Literature on the dopamine D3 receptor as a therapeutic target and on the potential of buspirone as a novel therapy for MA dependence was reviewed. The cardiovascular and subjective effects of intravenous MA challenge were assessed in five non-treatment seeking individuals. Participants met DSM-IV criteria for MA dependence and were treated subacutely (9 days) with buspirone (60 mg daily). RESULTS The literature identified the dopamine D3 receptor as a therapeutic target for MA dependence, a safe and approved medication, and a valuable opportunity to re-purpose buspirone for treating MA dependence and perhaps other SUDs. Pilot data (n = 5) indicated that buspirone is safe in MA-using individuals and comparison against historical placebo data from this laboratory suggested that at least some aspects of the subjective properties of MA may be diminished during buspirone treatment. CONCLUSION Future studies should include a small-scale, placebo-controlled Phase IIa trial of buspirone in MA dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil E Paterson
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
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19
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Bertz JW, Chen J, Woods JH. Effects of pramipexole on the acquisition of responding with opioid-conditioned reinforcement in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:209-21. [PMID: 24985891 PMCID: PMC4282623 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3659-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dopamine D3 receptor-preferring ligands may be able to modify the conditioned reinforcing effects of drug-associated stimuli. In evaluating the effects of these compounds, it is important to clarify the extent to which responding depends on (1) conditioned reinforcement vs. other behavioral mechanisms and (2) dopamine D3 vs. D2 receptor activity. OBJECTIVES To use behaviorally stringent new-response acquisition procedures to characterize the effects of the D3-preferring agonist, pramipexole, on the conditioned reinforcing effects of a stimulus paired with the opioid agonist, remifentanil. METHODS First, in Pavlovian conditioning (PAV) sessions, rats received response-independent IV injections of remifentanil and presentations of a light-noise stimulus. In separate groups, injections and stimuli either always co-occurred ("paired PAV") or occurred with no consistent relationship ("random PAV" control). Next, in instrumental acquisition (ACQ) sessions, all animals could respond in two nose-poke manipulanda: an active nose-poke, which produced the stimulus alone, or an inactive nose-poke. Pramipexole was injected SC prior to ACQ sessions with or without pretreatments of the D3-preferring antagonist, SB-277011A, or the D2-preferring antagonist, L-741,626. RESULTS After paired PAV, but not random PAV, rats acquired nose-poke responding during ACQ (i.e., active > inactive). Pramipexole dose-dependently increased active responding without changing inactive responding. Pramipexole-induced increases in responding were blocked by pretreatment with L-741,626, but not SB-277011A. CONCLUSIONS Pramipexole specifically enhanced remifentanil-conditioned reinforcement: active responding was selectively increased only after the stimulus was paired with remifentanil. Although pramipexole is D3-preferring, the antagonist effects obtained presently suggest an important role for the D2 receptor in opioid-conditioned reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah W. Bertz
- University of Michigan Medical School, Departments of Pharmacology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jianyong Chen
- University of Michigan Medical School, Departments of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James H. Woods
- University of Michigan Medical School, Departments of Pharmacology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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20
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McCormick PN, Fletcher PJ, Wilson VS, Browne JDC, Nobrega JN, Remington GJ. Low dose pramipexole causes D3 receptor-independent reduction of locomotion and responding for a conditioned reinforcer. Neuropharmacology 2014; 89:225-31. [PMID: 25283483 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pramipexole is a clinically important dopamine receptor agonist with reported selectivity for dopamine D3 receptors over other dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic sites. Many of its behavioural effects are therefore attributed to D3 receptor activity. Here we relate pramipexole's ex vivo D2 and D3 receptor binding (measured using [(3)H]-(+)-PHNO binding experiments) to its effects on locomotion and operant responding for primary and conditioned reinforcers. We show that pramipexole has inhibitory behavioural effects on all three behaviours at doses that occupy D3 but not D2 receptor. However, these effects are 1) not inhibited by a D3 selective dose of the antagonist SB-277011-A, and 2) present in D3 receptor knockout mice. These results suggest that a pharmacological mechanism other than D3 receptor activity must be responsible for these behavioural effects. Finally, our receptor binding results also suggest that these behavioural effects are independent of D2 receptor activity. However, firmer conclusions regarding D2 involvement would be aided by further pharmacological or receptor knock-out experiments. The implications of our findings for the understanding of pramipexole's behavioural and clinical effects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N McCormick
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - P J Fletcher
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - V S Wilson
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J D C Browne
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J N Nobrega
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - G J Remington
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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21
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Jupp B, Dalley JW. Convergent pharmacological mechanisms in impulsivity and addiction: insights from rodent models. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:4729-66. [PMID: 24866553 PMCID: PMC4209940 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Research over the last two decades has widely demonstrated that impulsivity, in its various forms, is antecedent to the development of drug addiction and an important behavioural trait underlying the inability of addicts to refrain from continued drug use. Impulsivity describes a variety of rapidly and prematurely expressed behaviours that span several domains from impaired response inhibition to an intolerance of delayed rewards, and is a core symptom of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other brain disorders. Various theories have been advanced to explain how impulsivity interacts with addiction both causally and as a consequence of chronic drug abuse; these acknowledge the strong overlaps in neural circuitry and mechanisms between impulsivity and addiction and the seemingly paradoxical treatment of ADHD with stimulant drugs with high abuse potential. Recent years have witnessed unprecedented progress in the elucidation of pharmacological mechanisms underpinning impulsivity. Collectively, this work has significantly improved the prospect for new therapies in ADHD as well as our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying the shift from recreational drug use to addiction. In this review, we consider the extent to which pharmacological interventions that target impulsive behaviour are also effective in animal models of addiction. We highlight several promising examples of convergence based on empirical findings in rodent-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jupp
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, Australia
| | - J W Dalley
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
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22
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Le Foll B, Wilson AA, Graff A, Boileau I, Di Ciano P. Recent methods for measuring dopamine D3 receptor occupancy in vivo: importance for drug development. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:161. [PMID: 25071579 PMCID: PMC4090596 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in developing highly selective dopamine (DA) D3 receptor ligands for a variety of mental health disorders. DA D3 receptors have been implicated in Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, and substance use disorders. The most concrete evidence suggests a role for the D3 receptor in drug-seeking behaviors. D3 receptors are a subtype of D2 receptors, and traditionally the functional role of these two receptors has been difficult to differentiate. Over the past 10-15 years a number of compounds selective for D3 over D2 receptors have been developed. However, translating these findings into clinical research has been difficult as many of these compounds cannot be used in humans. Therefore, the functional data involving the D3 receptor in drug addiction mostly comes from pre-clinical studies. Recently, with the advent of [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO, it has become possible to image D3 receptors in the human brain with increased selectivity and sensitivity. This is a significant innovation over traditional methods such as [(11)C]-raclopride that cannot differentiate between D2 and D3 receptors. The use of [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO will allow for further delineation of the role of D3 receptors. Here, we review recent evidence that the role of the D3 receptor has functional importance and is distinct from the role of the D2 receptor. We then introduce the utility of analyzing [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO binding by region of interest. This novel methodology can be used in pre-clinical and clinical approaches for the measurement of occupancy of both D3 and D2 receptors. Evidence that [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO can provide insights into the function of D3 receptors in addiction is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto, ON, Canada ; Alcohol Research and Treatment Clinic, Addiction Medicine Services, Ambulatory Care and Structured Treatments, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto, ON, Canada ; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada ; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada ; Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada ; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alan A Wilson
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto, ON, Canada ; Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada ; Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ariel Graff
- Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada ; Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto, ON, Canada ; Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Isabelle Boileau
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto, ON, Canada ; Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada ; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada ; Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto, ON, Canada ; Addiction Imaging Research Group, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia Di Ciano
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto, ON, Canada
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Payer D, Balasubramaniam G, Boileau I. What is the role of the D3 receptor in addiction? A mini review of PET studies with [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 52:4-8. [PMID: 23999545 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The chronic use of drugs, including psychostimulants such as cocaine and amphetamine, has been associated with low D2/3 dopamine receptor availability, which in turn has been linked to poor clinical outcome. In contrast, recent studies focused on the D3 receptor (a member of the D2-like receptor family) suggest that chronic exposure to stimulant drugs can up-regulate this receptor subtype, which, in preclinical models, is linked to dopamine system sensitization - a process hypothesized to contribute to relapse in addiction. In this mini review we present recent human data suggesting that the D3 receptor may contribute to core features of addiction, and discuss the usefulness of the PET imaging probe [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO in investigating this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Payer
- Addiction Imaging Research Group, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Addictions, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Schizophrenia Programs, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Isabelle Boileau
- Addiction Imaging Research Group, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Addictions, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Schizophrenia Programs, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Mello NK, Fivel PA, Kohut SJ, Carroll FI. Effects of chronic varenicline treatment on nicotine, cocaine, and concurrent nicotine+cocaine self-administration. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:1222-31. [PMID: 24304823 PMCID: PMC3957118 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine dependence and cocaine abuse are major public health problems, and most cocaine abusers also smoke cigarettes. An ideal treatment medication would reduce both cigarette smoking and cocaine abuse. Varenicline is a clinically available, partial agonist at α4β2* and α6β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and a full agonist at α7 nAChRs. Varenicline facilitates smoking cessation in clinical studies and reduced nicotine self-administration, and substituted for the nicotine-discriminative stimulus in preclinical studies. The present study examined the effects of chronic varenicline treatment on self-administration of IV nicotine, IV cocaine, IV nicotine+cocaine combinations, and concurrent food-maintained responding by five cocaine- and nicotine-experienced adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Varenicline (0.004-0.04 mg/kg/h) was administered intravenously every 20 min for 23 h each day for 7-10 consecutive days. Each varenicline treatment was followed by saline-control treatment until food- and drug-maintained responding returned to baseline. During control treatment, nicotine+cocaine combinations maintained significantly higher levels of drug self-administration than nicotine or cocaine alone (P<0.05-0.001). Varenicline dose-dependently reduced responding maintained by nicotine alone (0.0032 mg/kg/inj) (P<0.05), and in combination with cocaine (0.0032 mg/kg/inj) (P<0.05) with no significant effects on food-maintained responding. However, varenicline did not significantly decrease self-administration of a low dose of nicotine (0.001 mg/kg), cocaine alone (0.0032 and 0.01 mg/kg/inj), or 0.01 mg/kg cocaine combined with the same doses of nicotine. We conclude that varenicline selectively attenuates the reinforcing effects of nicotine alone but not cocaine alone, and its effects on nicotine+cocaine combinations are dependent on the dose of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy K Mello
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital—Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Peter A Fivel
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital—Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Kohut
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital—Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Mello NK, Fivel PA, Kohut SJ. Effects of chronic buspirone treatment on nicotine and concurrent nicotine+cocaine self-administration. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:1264-75. [PMID: 23337868 PMCID: PMC3656370 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine dependence and cocaine abuse are major public health problems, and most cocaine abusers also smoke cigarettes. An ideal pharmacotherapy would reduce both cigarette smoking and cocaine abuse. Buspirone (Buspar) is a clinically available, non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic medication that acts on serotonin and dopamine systems. In preclinical studies, it reduced cocaine self-administration following both acute and chronic treatment in rhesus monkeys. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of chronic buspirone treatment on self-administration of intravenous (IV) nicotine and IV nicotine+cocaine combinations. Five cocaine-experienced adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were trained to self-administer nicotine or nicotine+cocaine combinations, and food pellets (1 g) during four 1-h daily sessions under a second-order schedule of reinforcement (FR 2 (VR16:S)). Each nicotine+cocaine combination maintained significantly higher levels of drug self-administration than nicotine or cocaine alone (P<0.05-0.001). Buspirone (0.032-0.56 mg/kg/h) was administered IV through one lumen of a double-lumen catheter every 20 min for 23 h each day, for 7-10 consecutive days. Each 7-10-day sequence of buspirone treatment was followed by saline-control treatment for at least 3 days until food- and drug-maintained responding returned to baseline. Buspirone dose-dependently reduced responding maintained by nicotine alone (0.001-0.1 mg/kg/inj; P<0.01) and by nicotine (0.001 or 0.0032 mg/kg/inj)+cocaine combinations (0.0032 mg/kg/inj; P<0.05-0.001) with no significant effects on food-maintained responding. We conclude that buspirone selectively attenuates the reinforcing effects of nicotine alone and nicotine+cocaine polydrug combinations in a nonhuman primate model of drug self-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy K Mello
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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Panlilio LV, Zanettini C, Barnes C, Solinas M, Goldberg SR. Prior exposure to THC increases the addictive effects of nicotine in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:1198-208. [PMID: 23314220 PMCID: PMC3656362 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although it is more common for drug abuse to progress from tobacco to cannabis, in many cases cannabis use develops before tobacco use. Epidemiological evidence indicates that prior cannabis use increases the likelihood of becoming dependent on tobacco. To determine whether this effect might be due to cannabis exposure per se, in addition to any genetic, social, or environmental factors that might contribute, we extended our series of studies on 'gateway drug' effects in animal models of drug abuse. Rats were exposed to THC, the main psychoactive constituent of cannabis, for 3 days (two intraperitoneal injections/day). Then, starting 1 week later, they were allowed to self-administer nicotine intravenously. THC exposure increased the likelihood of acquiring the nicotine self-administration response from 65% in vehicle-exposed rats to 94% in THC-exposed rats. When the price of nicotine was manipulated by increasing the response requirement, THC-exposed rats maintained higher levels of intake than vehicle-exposed rats, indicating that THC exposure increased the value of nicotine reward. These results contrast sharply with our earlier findings that prior THC exposure did not increase the likelihood of rats acquiring either heroin or cocaine self-administration, nor did it increase the reward value of these drugs. The findings obtained here suggest that a history of cannabis exposure might have lasting effects that increase the risk of becoming addicted to nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh V Panlilio
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Claudio Zanettini
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Chanel Barnes
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marcelo Solinas
- Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, INSERM U-1084, Poitiers, France,University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Steven R Goldberg
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA,Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA, Tel: +1 443 740 2519, Fax: +1 443 740 2733, E-mail:
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Micheli F, Heidbreder C. Dopamine D3 receptor antagonists: a patent review (2007 - 2012). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:363-81. [PMID: 23282131 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.757593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The synthesis and characterization of new highly potent and selective dopamine (DA) D3 receptor antagonists has permitted to characterize the role of the DA D3 receptor in the control of drug-seeking behavior and in the pathophysiology of impulse control disorders and schizophrenia. AREAS COVERED In the present review, the authors will first describe most recent classes of DA D3 receptor antagonists by reviewing about 43 patent applications during the 2007 - 2012 period; they will then outline the biological rationale in support of the use of selective DA D3 receptor antagonists in the treatment of drug addiction, impulse control disorders and schizophrenia. EXPERT OPINION The strongest clinical application and potential for selective DA D3 receptor antagonists lies in the reduction of drug-induced incentive motivation, the attenuation of drug's rewarding efficacy and the reduction in reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior triggered either by re-exposure to the drug itself, re-exposure to environmental cues that had been previously associated with drug-taking behavior or stress. The selectivity of these antagonists together with reduced lipophilicity (minimizing unspecific binding), increased brain penetration and improved physico-chemical profile are all key factors for clinical efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Micheli
- Drug Design & Discovery, Aptuit Verona srl, Via A Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy.
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Heidbreder C. Rationale in support of the use of selective dopamine D₃ receptor antagonists for the pharmacotherapeutic management of substance use disorders. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 386:167-76. [PMID: 23104235 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that dopamine (DA) D(3) receptors are involved in the control of drug-seeking behavior and may play an important role in the pathophysiology of substance use disorders. First, DA D(3) receptors are distributed in strategic areas belonging to the mesolimbic DA system such as the ventral striatum, midbrain, and pallidum, which have been associated with behaviors controlled by the presentation of drug-associated cues. Second, repeated exposure to drugs of abuse has been shown to produce neuroadaptations in the DA D(3) system. Third, the synthesis and characterization of highly potent and selective DA D(3) receptor antagonists has permitted to further define the role of the DA D(3) receptor in drug addiction. Provided that the available preclinical and preliminary clinical evidence can be translated into clinical proof of concept in human, selective DA D(3) receptor antagonists show promise for the treatment of substance use disorders as reflected by their potential to (1) regulate the motivation to self-administered drugs under schedules of reinforcement that require an increase in work demand and (2) disrupt the responsiveness to drug-associated stimuli that play a key role in the reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior triggered by re-exposure to the drug itself, re-exposure to environmental cues that had been previously associated with drug-taking behavior, or stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Heidbreder
- Reckitt Benckiser Pharmaceuticals-Global Research and Development, 10710 Midlothian Turnpike Suite 430, Richmond, VA 23235, USA.
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Song R, Yang RF, Wu N, Su RB, Li J, Peng XQ, Li X, Gaál J, Xi ZX, Gardner EL. YQA14: a novel dopamine D3 receptor antagonist that inhibits cocaine self-administration in rats and mice, but not in D3 receptor-knockout mice. Addict Biol 2012; 17:259-73. [PMID: 21507153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine (DA) D3 receptor is posited to be importantly involved in drug reward and addiction, and D3 receptor antagonists have shown extraordinary promise as potential anti-addiction pharmacotherapeutic agents in animal models of drug addiction. SB-277011A is the best characterized D3 receptor antagonist in such models. However, the potential use of SB-277011A in humans is precluded by pharmacokinetic and toxicity problems. We here report a novel D3 receptor antagonist YQA14 that shows similar pharmacological properties as SB-277011A. In vitro receptor binding assays suggest that YQA14 has two binding sites on human cloned D3 receptors with K(i-High) (0.68 × 10(-4) nM) and K(i-Low) (2.11 nM), and displays > 150-fold selectivity for D3 over D2 receptors and > 1000-fold selectivity for D3 over other DA receptors. Systemic administration of YQA14 (6.25-25 mg/kg) or SB-277011A (12.5-25 mg/kg) significantly and dose-dependently reduced intravenous cocaine self-administration under both low fixed-ratio and progressive-ratio reinforcement conditions in rats, while failing to alter oral sucrose self-administration and locomotor activity, suggesting a selective inhibition of drug reward. However, when the drug dose was increased to 50 mg/kg, YQA14 and SB-277011A significantly inhibited basal and cocaine-enhanced locomotion in rats. Finally, both D3 antagonists dose-dependently inhibited intravenous cocaine self-administration in wild-type mice, but not in D3 receptor-knockout mice, suggesting that their action is mediated by D3 receptor blockade. These findings suggest that YQA14 has a similar anti-addiction profile as SB-277011A, and deserves further study and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Song
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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Yan Y, Pushparaj A, Le Strat Y, Gamaleddin I, Barnes C, Justinova Z, Goldberg SR, Le Foll B. Blockade of dopamine d4 receptors attenuates reinstatement of extinguished nicotine-seeking behavior in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:685-96. [PMID: 22030716 PMCID: PMC3260983 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since cloning of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4), its role in the brain has remained unclear. It has been reported that polymorphism of the DRD4 gene in humans is associated with reactivity to cues related to tobacco smoking. However, the role of DRD4 in animal models of nicotine addiction has seldom been explored. In our study, male Long-Evans rats learned to intravenously self-administer nicotine under a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement. Effects of the selective DRD4 antagonist L-745,870 were evaluated on nicotine self-administration behavior and on reinstatement of extinguished nicotine-seeking behavior induced by nicotine-associated cues or by priming injections of nicotine. L-745,870 was also tested on reinstatement of extinguished food-seeking behavior as a control. In addition, the selective DRD4 agonist PD 168,077 was tested for its ability to reinstate extinguished nicotine-seeking behavior. Finally, L-745,870 was tested in Sprague Dawley rats trained to discriminate administration of 0.4 mg/kg nicotine from vehicle under an FR schedule of food delivery. L-745,870 significantly attenuated reinstatement of nicotine-seeking induced by both nicotine-associated cues and nicotine priming. In contrast, L-745,870 did not affect established nicotine self-administration behavior or reinstatement of food-seeking behavior induced by food cues or food priming. L-745,870 did not produce nicotine-like discriminative-stimulus effects and did not alter discriminative-stimulus effects of nicotine. PD 168,077 did not reinstate extinguished nicotine-seeking behavior. As DRD4 blockade by L-745,870 selectively attenuated both cue- and nicotine-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior, without affecting cue- or food-induced reinstatement of food-seeking behavior, DRD4 antagonists are potential therapeutic agents against tobacco smoking relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Yan
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Addiction (CAMH), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Abhiram Pushparaj
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Addiction (CAMH), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yann Le Strat
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Addiction (CAMH), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Islam Gamaleddin
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Addiction (CAMH), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chanel Barnes
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zuzana Justinova
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Centre, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven R Goldberg
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Addiction (CAMH), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Pharmacology, Psychiatry, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Addiction (CAMH), University of Toronto, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1 Canada, Tel: +416 535 8501 extension 4772, Fax: +416 595 6922, E-mail:
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Banasikowski TJ, Bespalov A, Drescher K, Behl B, Unger L, Haupt A, Schoemaker H, Sullivan JP, Gross G, Beninger RJ. Double Dissociation of the Effects of Haloperidol and the Dopamine D3 Receptor Antagonist ABT-127 on Acquisition vs. Expression of Cocaine-Conditioned Activity in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 335:506-15. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.171348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Nicotine self-administration in the rat: effects of hypocretin antagonists and changes in hypocretin mRNA. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 209:203-12. [PMID: 20177882 PMCID: PMC3141337 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The hypocretin (hcrt) system has been implicated in addiction-relevant effects of several drugs, but its role in nicotine dependence has been little studied. OBJECTIVES These experiments examined the role of the hcrt system in nicotine reinforcement. METHODS Rats were trained for nicotine self-administration (NSA) on fixed-ratio schedules. The effects of acute, presession treatments with the hcrtR1 antagonist SB334867 and the hcrtR1/2 antagonist almorexant were examined on NSA maintained on a fixed-ratio (FR) 5 schedule. Gene expression for the hcrt system (mRNA for hcrt, hcrtR1, and hcrtR2) was measured in animals following NSA on a FR 1 schedule for a 19-day period. RESULTS The hcrtR1 antagonist SB334867 and the hcrtR1/2 antagonist almorexant both reduced NSA dose-dependently (significantly at doses of 30 and 300 mg/kg, respectively); SB334867 did not affect food-maintained responding whereas almorexant (at the 300 mg/kg) did. Tissue from animals collected 5 h after self-administration showed an increase in hcrtR1 mRNA in the arcuate nucleus compared to control subjects. In tissue collected immediately after a similar 19-day self-administration period, mRNA for hcrtR1 was decreased in the rostral lateral hypothalamus compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS These data confirm a previous report (Hollander et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:19480-19485, 2008) that the hypocretin receptor hcrtR1 is activated in nicotine reinforcement and in addition show that both the arcuate nucleus and lateral hypothalamus are sites at which hcrt receptor mechanisms may influence reinforcement. Different patterns of mRNA expression at different times after NSA suggest that changes in the hcrt system may be labile with time.
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The selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonist SB 277011-A, but not the partial agonist BP 897, blocks cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 13:181-90. [PMID: 19995481 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145709991064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) has been suggested to be involved in the mechanisms underlying stimulus-controlled drug-seeking behaviour. Ligands acting as DRD3 antagonists (SB 277011-A) or DRD3 partial agonists (BP 897) have shown some promise for reducing the influence of drug-associated cues on motivational behaviour. Here, effects of SB 277011-A and BP 897 were evaluated on cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking in rats. The effects of BP 897 on nicotine self-administration under a fixed-ratio 5 (FR5) schedule of reinforcement were also evaluated. SB 277011-A (1-10 mg/kg) was able to block cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking, indicating that DRD3 selective antagonism may be an effective approach to prevent relapse for nicotine. In contrast, BP 897 did not block the cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking or nicotine-taking under the FR5 schedule. In a control study, rats did not respond to the light stimuli without nicotine delivery, indicating that the responding for the drug-associated cues was induced by the previous pairing of light stimuli with nicotine's effects. These findings validate the role of DRD3 on reactivity to drug-associated stimuli and suggest that the DRD3 antagonist, but perhaps not the DRD3 partial agonist, could be used to prevent relapse in tobacco smokers.
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Heidbreder CA, Newman AH. Current perspectives on selective dopamine D(3) receptor antagonists as pharmacotherapeutics for addictions and related disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1187:4-34. [PMID: 20201845 PMCID: PMC3148950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to drugs of abuse produces long-term molecular and neurochemical changes that may explain the core features of addiction, such as the compulsive seeking and taking of the drug, as well as the risk of relapse. A growing number of new molecular and cellular targets of addictive drugs have been identified, and rapid advances are being made in relating those targets to specific behavioral phenotypes in animal models of addiction. In this context, the pattern of expression of the dopamine (DA) D(3) receptor in the rodent and human brain and changes in this pattern in response to drugs of abuse have contributed primarily to direct research efforts toward the development of selective DA D(3) receptor antagonists. Growing preclinical evidence indicates that these compounds may actually regulate the motivation to self-administer drugs and disrupt drug-associated cue-induced craving. This report will be divided into three parts. First, preclinical evidence in support of the efficacy of selective DA D(3) receptor antagonists in animal models of drug addiction will be reviewed. The effects of mixed DA D(2)/D(3) receptor antagonists will not be discussed here because most of these compounds have low selectivity at the D(3) versus D(2) receptor, and their efficacy profile is related primarily to functional antagonism at D(2) receptors and possibly interactions with other neurotransmitter systems. Second, major advances in medicinal chemistry for the identification and optimization of selective DA D(3) receptor antagonists and partial agonists will be analyzed. Third, translational research from preclinical efficacy studies to so-called proof-of-concept studies for drug addiction indications will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Heidbreder
- Reckitt Benckiser Pharmaceuticals, Global Research & Development, Richmond, Virginia 23235, USA.
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Jupp B, Lawrence AJ. New horizons for therapeutics in drug and alcohol abuse. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 125:138-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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The neuropharmacological substrates of nicotine reward: reinforcing versus reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine. Behav Pharmacol 2009; 20:211-25. [PMID: 19421028 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32832c7083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Compulsive nicotine use is thought to be maintained by the acute reinforcing effects of nicotine and the reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine, in addition to the negative consequences of nicotine abstinence. Nicotine self-administration and nicotine-induced enhancement of non-nicotine reinforcers such as intracranial self-stimulation provide measures of these dual rewarding properties of nicotine. First, pharmacological manipulations that modulate the reinforcing and reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine are identified and discussed. Second, the interpretation and implications of data that identified shared and specific pharmacological substrates underlying the dual rewarding effects of nicotine are discussed, including implications for the preclinical testing of putative antismoking medications. In conclusion, reinforcement-related behaviors that are mediated by central reinforcement processes are likely to, and generally do, exhibit a number of common pharmacological substrates. Interestingly, however, a few pharmacological classes of compounds seem to exert selective effects on components of the dual nicotine reward mechanisms, indicating differences in the pharmacological substrates of the reinforcing and reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine. Further characterization of such compounds may ultimately lead to the identification of novel medications for nicotine dependence in humans.
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Mechanism-based medication development for the treatment of nicotine dependence. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:723-39. [PMID: 19434058 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco use is a global problem with serious health consequences. Though some treatment options exist, there remains a great need for new effective pharmacotherapies to aid smokers in maintaining long-term abstinence. In the present article, we first discuss the neural mechanisms underlying nicotine reward, and then review various mechanism-based pharmacological agents for the treatment of nicotine dependence. An oversimplified hypothesis of addiction to tobacco is that nicotine is the major addictive component of tobacco. Nicotine binds to alpha4beta2 and alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) located on dopaminergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system, which causes an increase in extracellular DA in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). That increase in DA reinforces tobacco use, particularly during the acquisition phase. Enhanced glutamate transmission to DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area appears to play an important role in this process. In addition, chronic nicotine treatment increases endocannabinoid levels in the mesolimbic DA system, which indirectly modulates NAc DA release and nicotine reward. Accordingly, pharmacological agents that target brain acetylcholine, DA, glutamate, GABA, or endocannabonoid signaling systems have been proposed to interrupt nicotine action. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic strategies that alter plasma nicotine availability, metabolism and clearance also significantly alter nicotine's action in the brain. Progress using these pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic agents is reviewed. For drugs in each category, we discuss the mechanistic rationale for their potential anti-nicotine efficacy, major findings in preclinical and clinical studies, and future research directions.
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Abstract
Drug dependence is a chronic, relapsing disorder in which compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviours persist despite serious negative consequences. Addictive substances, such as opioids, ethanol, psychostimulants and nicotine, induce pleasant states or relieve distress, effects that contribute to their recreational use. Dopamine is critically involved in drug addiction processes. However, the role of the various dopaminergic receptor subtypes has been difficult to delineate. Here, we will review the information collected implicating the receptors of the D1 family (DRD1 and DRD5) and of the D2 family (DRD2, DRD3 and DRD4) in drug addiction. We will summarize the distribution of these receptors in the brain, the preclinical experiments carried out with pharmacological and transgenic approaches and the genetic studies carried out linking genetic variants of these receptors to drug addiction phenotypes. A meta-analysis of the studies carried out evaluating DRD2 and alcohol dependence is also provided, which indicates a significant association. Overall, this review indicates that different aspects of the addiction phenotype are critically influenced by dopaminergic receptors and that variants of those genes seem to influence some addiction phenotypes in humans.
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Peng XQ, Ashby CR, Spiller K, Li X, Li J, Thomasson N, Millan MJ, Mocaër E, Muńoz C, Gardner EL, Xi ZX. The preferential dopamine D3 receptor antagonist S33138 inhibits cocaine reward and cocaine-triggered relapse to drug-seeking behavior in rats. Neuropharmacology 2009; 56:752-60. [PMID: 19136017 PMCID: PMC3726045 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 11/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that selective dopamine (DA) D3 receptor antagonists are effective in a number of animal models of drug addiction, but not in intravenous drug self-administration, suggesting a limited ability to modify drug reward. In the present study, we evaluated the actions ofS33138, a novel partially selective D3 receptor antagonist, in animal models relevant to drug addiction. S33138, at doses of 0.156 or 0.625 mg/kg (i.p.), attenuated cocaine-enhanced brain-stimulation reward (BSR), and the highest dose tested (2.5 mg/kg) produced a significant aversive-like rightward shift in BSR rate-frequency reward functions. Further, S33138 produced biphasic effects on cocaine self-administration, i.e., a moderate dose (2.5 mg/kg, p.o.) increased, while a higher dose (5 mg/kg, p.o.) inhibited, cocaine self-administration. The increase in cocaine self-administration likely reflects a compensatory response to a partial reduction in drug reward after S33138. In addition, S33138 (0.156-2.5 mg/kg, p.o.) also dose-dependently inhibited cocaine-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. The reduction in cocaine-enhanced BSR and cocaine-triggered reinstatement produced by lower effective doses (e.g., 0.156 or 0.625 mg/kg) of 533138 is unlikely due to impaired locomotion, as lower effective doses of S33138 decreased neither Ymax levels in the BSR paradigm, rotarod performance, nor locomotion. However, the higher doses (2.5 or 5 mg/kg) of S33138 also significantly inhibited sucrose self-administration and rotarod performance, suggesting non-D3 receptor-mediated effects on non-drug reward and locomotion. These data suggest that lower doses of S33138 interacting essentially with D3 receptors have pharmacotherapeutic potential in treatment of cocaine addiction, while higher doses occupying D2 receptors may influence locomotion and non-drug reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Peng
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Charles R. Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St. John’s University, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA
| | - Krista Spiller
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Xia Li
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jie Li
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Nitza Thomasson
- Neuropsychiatry Department, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, 92615 Courbevoie, France
| | - Mark J. Millan
- Psychopharmacology Department, Institut de Recherches Servier, Centre de Recherches de Croissy, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Elisabeth Mocaër
- Neuropsychiatry Department, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, 92615 Courbevoie, France
| | - Carmen Muńoz
- Neuropsychiatry Department, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, 92615 Courbevoie, France
| | - Eliot L. Gardner
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Dopaminergic mechanism of reward-related incentive learning: focus on the dopamine D(3) receptor. Neurotox Res 2009; 14:57-70. [PMID: 18790725 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D(3) receptors (Drd3) have been implicated in the control of responding by drug-related conditioned incentive stimuli. We review recent studies of the effects of Drd3 antagonists or partial agonists on the control of self-administration of intravenous (IV) cocaine, IV morphine and oral ethanol on reward-rich and lean schedules, in reinstatement tests, on second-order schedules and on the acquisition and expression of conditioned place preference (CPP) and conditioned motor activity. For comparison, related studies where conditioned stimuli are based on nutritional reward also are considered. When self-administration depends more heavily on conditioned cues for its maintenance, for example on second-order schedules or lean ratio schedules, Drd3 antagonists or partial agonists reduce responding. Although data are limited, similar effects may be seen for responding for cues based on drugs or nutritional rewards. Drd3 agents also block the ability of conditioned cues to reinstate responding for cocaine or food. Published results suggest that Drd3 plays a more important role in the expression than in the acquisition of a CPP or conditioned motor activity. The mechanism mediating the role of Drd3 in the control of responding by conditioned incentive stimuli remains unknown but it has been found that Drd3 receptors increase in number in the nucleus accumbens during conditioning. Perhaps Drd3 participates in the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of dopamine and of dopamine receptor subtypes in reward-related incentive learning.
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Abstract
Pharmacotherapy can provide effective treatment of tobacco dependence and withdrawal, and thereby facilitate efforts to achieve and sustain tobacco abstinence. Currently approved medications for smoking cessation are nicotine replacement medications (NRT), including nicotine patch, gum, lozenge, sublingual tablet, inhaler and nasal spray, the antidepressant bupropion, and the nicotinic partial agonist varenicline. This review discusses the pharmacological basis for the use of these medications, and the properties that might contribute to their efficacy, safety, and abuse liability. The review also discusses how pharmacological principles can be used to improve existing medications, as well as assist in the development of new medications.
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Micheli F, Heidbreder C. Selective dopamine D3receptor antagonists. A decade of progress: 1997 – 2007. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.18.8.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Spiller K, Xi ZX, Peng XQ, Newman AH, Ashby CR, Heidbreder C, Gaál J, Gardner EL. The selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonists SB-277011A and NGB 2904 and the putative partial D3 receptor agonist BP-897 attenuate methamphetamine-enhanced brain stimulation reward in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 196:533-42. [PMID: 17985117 PMCID: PMC3713235 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-0986-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE We have previously reported that selective antagonism of brain D3 receptors by SB-277011A or NGB 2904 significantly attenuates cocaine- or nicotine-enhanced brain stimulation reward (BSR). OBJECTIVE In the present study, we investigated whether the selective D3 receptor antagonists SB-277011A and NGB 2904 and the putative partial D3 agonist BP-897 similarly reduce methamphetamine (METH)-enhanced BSR. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were trained to respond for rewarding electrical self-stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle. To assess the degree of drug-induced changes in BSR, a rate-frequency curve shift paradigm was used to measure brain-reward threshold (theta 0). RESULTS METH (0.1-0.65 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently lowered ( approximately 10-50%) BSR thresholds, producing an enhancement of BSR. Pretreatment with SB-277011A (12 mg/kg, but not 24 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly attenuated METH-enhanced BSR. NGB 2904 (0.1-1.0 mg/kg, but not 10 mg/kg) also attenuated METH-enhanced BSR. SB-277011A or NGB 2904 alone, at the doses tested, had no effect on BSR. Pretreatment with BP-897 (0.1-5 mg/kg) dose-dependently attenuated METH-enhanced BSR. However, when the dose was increased to 10 mg/kg, BP-897 shifted the stimulation-response curve to the right (inhibited BSR itself) in the presence or absence of METH. CONCLUSIONS Selective antagonism of D3 receptors by SB-277011A or NGB 2904 attenuates METH-enhanced BSR in rats, while the METH-enhanced BSR attenuation produced by BP-897 may involve both D3 and non-D3 receptors. These findings support a potential use of selective D3 receptor antagonists for the treatment of METH addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Spiller
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Thanos PK, Michaelides M, Ho CW, Wang GJ, Newman AH, Heidbreder CA, Ashby CR, Gardner EL, Volkow ND. The effects of two highly selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonists (SB-277011A and NGB-2904) on food self-administration in a rodent model of obesity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2008; 89:499-507. [PMID: 18329700 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we examined the effect of the selective D(3) receptor antagonists SB-277011A and NGB 2904 on operant food self-administration (FSA) in Zucker obese and lean rats. Obese (Ob) and lean (Le) Zucker rats were maintained under a restricted feeding regimen (70% of ad-libitum rat chow) and were trained to lever press for food during daily, 2 hour fixed-ratio 4 (FR4) schedules. Once rats reached a stable baseline for FSA, they were injected with vehicle until a stable FSA criterion was achieved. Animals then received daily injections of different random doses of SB-277011A (3, 10, and 30 mg/kg i.p.), and NGB-2904 (0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg i.p.). SB-277011A produced a significant decrease in both food intake and active lever responses in both Ob and Le rats. In contrast, NGB-2904 did not decrease food intake levels or lever presses for food in Ob and Le rats. These results suggest that along with its involvement in seeking behavior for drugs of abuse, the D(3) dopamine receptor may also be involved in seeking behavior for natural reinforcers such as food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology & Neuroimaging Lab, Department of Medicine, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA.
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Goodman A. Neurobiology of addiction. An integrative review. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 75:266-322. [PMID: 17764663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 07/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Evidence that psychoactive substance use disorders, bulimia nervosa, pathological gambling, and sexual addiction share an underlying biopsychological process is summarized. Definitions are offered for addiction and addictive process, the latter being the proposed designation for the underlying biopsychological process that addictive disorders are hypothesized to share. The addictive process is introduced as an interaction of impairments in three functional systems: motivation-reward, affect regulation, and behavioral inhibition. An integrative review of the literature that addresses the neurobiology of addiction is then presented, organized according to the three functional systems that constitute the addictive process. The review is directed toward identifying candidate neurochemical substrates for the impairments in motivation-reward, affect regulation, and behavioral inhibition that could contribute to an addictive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviel Goodman
- Minnesota Institute of Psychiatry, 1347 Summit Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA.
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