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Vellucci L, Ciccarelli M, Buonaguro EF, Fornaro M, D’Urso G, De Simone G, Iasevoli F, Barone A, de Bartolomeis A. The Neurobiological Underpinnings of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Psychosis, Translational Issues for Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1220. [PMID: 37627285 PMCID: PMC10452784 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost 25% of schizophrenia patients suffer from obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) considered a transdiagnostic clinical continuum. The presence of symptoms pertaining to both schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may complicate pharmacological treatment and could contribute to lack or poor response to the therapy. Despite the clinical relevance, no reviews have been recently published on the possible neurobiological underpinnings of this comorbidity, which is still unclear. An integrative view exploring this topic should take into account the following aspects: (i) the implication for glutamate, dopamine, and serotonin neurotransmission as demonstrated by genetic findings; (ii) the growing neuroimaging evidence of the common brain regions and dysfunctional circuits involved in both diseases; (iii) the pharmacological modulation of dopaminergic, serotoninergic, and glutamatergic systems as current therapeutic strategies in schizophrenia OCS; (iv) the recent discovery of midbrain dopamine neurons and dopamine D1- and D2-like receptors as orchestrating hubs in repetitive and psychotic behaviors; (v) the contribution of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits to both psychosis and OCD neurobiology. Finally, we discuss the potential role of the postsynaptic density as a structural and functional hub for multiple molecular signaling both in schizophrenia and OCD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry University Medical School of Naples “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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de Bartolomeis A, Vellucci L, Barone A, Manchia M, De Luca V, Iasevoli F, Correll CU. Clozapine's multiple cellular mechanisms: What do we know after more than fifty years? A systematic review and critical assessment of translational mechanisms relevant for innovative strategies in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 236:108236. [PMID: 35764175 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Almost fifty years after its first introduction into clinical care, clozapine remains the only evidence-based pharmacological option for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), which affects approximately 30% of patients with schizophrenia. Despite the long-time experience with clozapine, the specific mechanism of action (MOA) responsible for its superior efficacy among antipsychotics is still elusive, both at the receptor and intracellular signaling level. This systematic review is aimed at critically assessing the role and specific relevance of clozapine's multimodal actions, dissecting those mechanisms that under a translational perspective could shed light on molecular targets worth to be considered for further innovative antipsychotic development. In vivo and in vitro preclinical findings, supported by innovative techniques and methods, together with pharmacogenomic and in vivo functional studies, point to multiple and possibly overlapping MOAs. To better explore this crucial issue, the specific affinity for 5-HT2R, D1R, α2c, and muscarinic receptors, the relatively low occupancy at dopamine D2R, the interaction with receptor dimers, as well as the potential confounder effects resulting in biased ligand action, and lastly, the role of the moiety responsible for lipophilic and alkaline features of clozapine are highlighted. Finally, the role of transcription and protein changes at the synaptic level, and the possibility that clozapine can directly impact synaptic architecture are addressed. Although clozapine's exact MOAs that contribute to its unique efficacy and some of its severe adverse effects have not been fully understood, relevant information can be gleaned from recent mechanistic understandings that may help design much needed additional therapeutic strategies for TRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - Licia Vellucci
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Annarita Barone
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Mirko Manchia
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Felice Iasevoli
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Christoph U Correll
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA; Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Berlin, Germany
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Identification of Molecular Markers of Clozapine Action in Ketamine-Induced Cognitive Impairment: A GPCR Signaling PathwayFinder Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212203. [PMID: 34830086 PMCID: PMC8621432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cognitive disorders associated with schizophrenia are closely linked to prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunction. Administration of the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine (KET) induces cognitive impairment in animals, producing effects similar to those observed in schizophrenic patients. In a previous study, we showed that KET (20 mg/kg) induces cognitive deficits in mice and that administration of clozapine (CLZ) reverses this effect. To identify biochemical mechanisms related to CLZ actions in the context of KET-induced impairment, we performed a biochemical analysis using the same experimental paradigm—acute and sub-chronic administration of these drugs (0.3 and 1 mg/kg). Methods: Since the effect of CLZ mainly depends on G-protein-related receptors, we used the Signaling PathwayFinder Kit to identify 84 genes involved in GPCR-related signal transduction and then verified the genes that were statistically significantly different on a larger group of mice using RT-PCR and Western blot analyses after the administration of acute and sub-chronic drugs. Results: Of the 84 genes involved in GPCR-related signal transduction, the expression of six, βarrestin1, βarrestin2, galanin receptor 2 (GalR2), dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2), metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1), and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5), was significantly altered. Since these genes affect the levels of other signaling proteins, e.g., extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (Grk2), and G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium 3 (Girk3), we determined their levels in PFC using Western blot. Most of the observed changes occurred after acute treatment with 0.3 mg/kg CLZ. We showed that acute treatment with CLZ at a lower dose significantly increased βarrestin1 and ERK1/2. KET treatment induced the upregulation of βarrestin1. Joint administration of these drugs had no effect on the βarrestin1 level. Conclusion: The screening kit we used to study the expression of GPCR-related signal transduction allowed us to select several important genes affected by CLZ. However, the obtained data do not explain the mechanism of action of CLZ that is responsible for reversing KET-induced cognitive impairment.
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Franklin JM, Broseguini de Souza RK, Carrasco GA. Cannabinoid 2 receptors regulate dopamine 2 receptor expression by a beta-arrestin 2 and GRK5-dependent mechanism in neuronal cells. Neurosci Lett 2021; 753:135883. [PMID: 33838258 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that the repeated exposure to cannabinoids upregulates and enhances the activity of serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) and dopamine 2 (D2) receptors and facilitates the formation of D2-5-HT2A receptor heterodimers in the rat prefrontal cortex and two neuronal cell lines. Because the repeated exposure to cannabinoids has been associated with adverse neuropsychiatric disorders, this study investigated the mechanisms that underly the cannabinoid-mediated regulation of D2 receptor expression in a neuronal cell model, CLU213 cells. We initially tested the effects of repeated exposure (72 h) to a non-selective cannabinoid agonist (1 nM CP55940), a selective CB1 receptor agonist (15 nM ACEA), or a selective CB2 receptor drug (1 nM GP1a) on the expression of postsynaptic D2 (D2L) receptors in CLU213 cells. Repeated CP55940, GP1a, or ACEA treatments significantly increased D2L receptor protein levels (99 % ± 7%, 30 % ± 7%, and 39 % ± 5% increases compared with control levels, respectively). Repeated exposure to both GP1a and ACEA increased D2L receptor protein levels by 73 % ± 8%. Interestingly, CP55940 and GP1a, but not ACEA, upregulated D2 mRNA. Using cells that were stably transfected with short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) lentiviral particles targeting CB2 receptors, G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5), and β-arrestin 2, we found that CB2 receptors regulated D2 expression through a mechanism that is dependent on GRK5, β-arrestin 2, and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK)1/2. We also found that repeated exposure to either ACEA or GP1a selectively stimulated the protein and mRNA expression of GRK proteins. ACEA significantly upregulated GRK2 proteins, whereas GP1a upregulated GRK5 protein expression. Our results identified mechanisms associated with the upregulation of D2 receptors in neuronal cells after the repeated exposure to cannabinoids. These data can shed light on the mechanisms that can be targeted to prevent potential adverse effects, while simultaneously determining the therapeutic benefits of cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade M Franklin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Kansas, United States
| | | | - Gonzalo A Carrasco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Copper Medical School of Rowan University, New Jersey, United States; Rowan University Institute for Cannabis Research, Policy, & Workforce Development, New Jersey, United States.
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Misganaw D. Heteromerization of dopaminergic receptors in the brain: Pharmacological implications. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105600. [PMID: 33836279 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine exerts its physiological effects through two subtypes of receptors, i.e. the receptors of the D1 family (D1R and D5R) and the D2 family (D2R, D3R, and D4R), which differ in their pattern of distribution, affinity, and signaling. The D1-like subfamily (D1R and D5R) are coupled to Gαs/olf proteins to activate adenylyl cyclase whereas the D2-like receptors are coupled to Gαi/o subunits and suppress the activity of adenylyl cyclase. Dopamine receptors are capable of forming homodimers, heterodimers, and higher-order oligomeric complexes, resulting in a change in the individual protomers' recognition, signaling, and pharmacology. Heteromerization has the potential to modify the canonical pharmacological features of individual monomeric units such as ligand affinity, activation, signaling, and cellular trafficking through allosteric interactions, reviving the field and introducing a new pharmacological target. Since heteromers are expressed and formed in a tissue-specific manner, they could provide the framework to design selective and effective drug candidates, such as brain-penetrant heterobivalent drugs and interfering peptides, with limited side effects. Therefore, heteromerization could be a promising area of pharmacology research, as it could contribute to the development of novel pharmacological interventions for dopamine dysregulated brain disorders such as addiction, schizophrenia, cognition, Parkinson's disease, and other motor-related disorders. This review is articulated based on the three criteria established by the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology for GPCR heterodimers (IUPHAR): evidence of co-localization and physical interactions in native or primary tissue, presence of a new physiological and functional property than the individual protomers, and loss of interaction and functional fingerprints upon heterodimer disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desye Misganaw
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, P.O. Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia.
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Development of a New Polymeric Nanocarrier Dedicated to Controlled Clozapine Delivery at the Dopamine D 2-Serotonin 5-HT 1A Heteromers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13071000. [PMID: 33805130 PMCID: PMC8036403 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clozapine, the second generation antipsychotic drug, is one of the prominent compounds used for treatment of schizophrenia. Unfortunately, use of this drug is still limited due to serious side effects connected to its unspecific and non-selective action. Nevertheless, clozapine still remains the first-choice drug for the situation of drug-resistance schizophrenia. Development of the new strategy of clozapine delivery into well-defined parts of the brain has been a great challenge for modern science. In the present paper we focus on the presentation of a new nanocarrier for clozapine and its use for targeted transport, enabling its interaction with the dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT1A heteromers (D2-5-HT1A) in the brain tissue. Clozapine polymeric nanocapsules (CLO-NCs) were prepared using anionic surfactant AOT (sodium docusate) as an emulsifier, and bio-compatible polyelectrolytes such as: poly-l-glutamic acid (PGA) and poly-l-lysine (PLL). Outer layer of the carrier was grafted by polyethylene glycol (PEG). Several variants of nanocarriers containing the antipsychotic varying in physicochemical parameters were tested. This kind of approach may enable the availability and safety of the drug, improve the selectivity of its action, and finally increase effectiveness of schizophrenia therapy. Moreover, the purpose of the manuscript is to cover a wide scope of the issues, which should be considered while designing a novel means for drug delivery. It is important to determine the interactions of a new nanocarrier with many cell components on various cellular levels in order to be sure that the new nanocarrier will be safe and won’t cause undesired effects for a patient.
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Martín-Guerrero SM, Alonso P, Iglesias A, Cimadevila M, Brea J, Loza MI, Casado P, Martín-Oliva D, Cutillas PR, González-Maeso J, López-Giménez JF. His452Tyr polymorphism in the human 5-HT 2A receptor affects clozapine-induced signaling networks revealed by quantitative phosphoproteomics. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 185:114440. [PMID: 33539816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs remain the current standard for schizophrenia treatment. Although they directly recognize the orthosteric binding site of numerous monoaminergic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), these drugs, and particularly second-generation antipsychotics such as clozapine, all have in common a very high affinity for the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR). Using classical pharmacology and targeted signaling pathway assays, previous findings suggest that clozapine and other atypical antipsychotics behave principally as 5-HT2AR neutral antagonists and/or inverse agonists. However, more recent findings showed that antipsychotics may also behave as pathway-specific agonists. Reversible phosphorylation is a common element in multiple signaling networks. Combining a quantitative phosphoproteomic method with signaling network analysis, we tested the effect of clozapine treatment on the overall level of protein phosphorylation and signal transduction cascades in vitro in mammalian cell lines induced to express either the human 5-HT2AR or the H452Y variant of the gene encoding the 5-HT2AR receptor. This naturally occurring variation within the 5-HT2AR gene was selected because it has been repeatedly associated with schizophrenia patients who do not respond to clozapine treatment. Our data show that short time exposure (5 or 10 min) to clozapine (10-5 M) led to phosphorylation of numerous signaling components of pathways involved in processes such as endocytosis, ErbB signaling, insulin signaling or estrogen signaling. Cells induced to express the H452Y variant showed a different basal phosphoproteome, with increases in the phosphorylation of mTOR signaling components as a translationally relevant example. However, the effect of clozapine on the functional landscape of the phosphoproteome was significantly reduced in cells expressing the 5-HT2AR-H452Y construct. Together, these findings suggest that clozapine behaves as an agonist inducing phosphorylation of numerous pathways downstream of the 5-HT2AR, and that the single nucleotide polymorphism encoding 5-HT2AR-H452Y affects these clozapine-induced phosphorylation-dependent signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Alonso
- Biofarma Research Group, Depto Farmacoloxía, Farmacia e Tecnoloxía Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de investigación CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela. Spain
| | - Alba Iglesias
- Biofarma Research Group, Depto Farmacoloxía, Farmacia e Tecnoloxía Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de investigación CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela. Spain
| | - Marta Cimadevila
- Biofarma Research Group, Depto Farmacoloxía, Farmacia e Tecnoloxía Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de investigación CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela. Spain
| | - José Brea
- Biofarma Research Group, Depto Farmacoloxía, Farmacia e Tecnoloxía Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de investigación CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela. Spain
| | - M Isabel Loza
- Biofarma Research Group, Depto Farmacoloxía, Farmacia e Tecnoloxía Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de investigación CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela. Spain
| | - Pedro Casado
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - David Martín-Oliva
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada. Spain
| | - Pedro R Cutillas
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Javier González-Maeso
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Juan F López-Giménez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC, E-18016 Granada, Spain.
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Faron-Górecka A, Kuśmider M, Solich J, Górecki A, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. Genetic variants in dopamine receptors influence on heterodimerization in the context of antipsychotic drug action. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 169:279-296. [PMID: 31952689 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) gene has polymorphic variants, three of them alter its amino acid sequence: Val96Ala, Pro310Ser and Ser311Cys. Their functional role never became the object of extensive studies, even though there are some evidence that they correlate with schizophrenia. The present work reviews data indicating that these mutations play a role in dimer formation with dopamine D1 receptor (D1R), with the strongest effect observed for Ser311Cys variant. Similarly, the affinity for antipsychotic drugs of this genetic variant depends on whether it is expressed together with D1R or not. Better understanding of altered ability of genetic variants of D2R to form dimers with D1R, as well as of altered affinity for antipsychotic drugs, depending on the absence or presence of the second dopamine receptor is of great importance-since these two receptors are not always co-expressed in the same cell. It may well be that targeting new compounds toward the D1R-D2R dimers, which the most probably form under conditions of excessive dopamine release, will result in antipsychotic drugs devoid of serious side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Faron-Górecka
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Maciej Kuśmider
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Solich
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Górecki
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marta Dziedzicka-Wasylewska
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland; Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Ruso-Julve F, Pombero A, Pilar-Cuéllar F, García-Díaz N, Garcia-Lopez R, Juncal-Ruiz M, Castro E, Díaz Á, Vazquez-Bourgón J, García-Blanco A, Garro-Martinez E, Pisonero H, Estirado A, Ayesa-Arriola R, López-Giménez J, Mayor F, Valdizán E, Meana J, Gonzalez-Maeso J, Martínez S, Vaqué JP, Crespo-Facorro B. Dopaminergic control of ADAMTS2 expression through cAMP/CREB and ERK: molecular effects of antipsychotics. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:306. [PMID: 31740729 PMCID: PMC6861307 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that participate in the development and clinical manifestations of schizophrenia can lead to improve our ability to diagnose and treat this disease. Previous data strongly associated the levels of deregulated ADAMTS2 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients at first episode of psychosis (up) as well as in clinical responders to treatment with antipsychotic drugs (down). In this current work, we performed an independent validation of such data and studied the mechanisms implicated in the control of ADAMTS2 gene expression. Using a new cohort of drug-naïve schizophrenia patients with clinical follow-up, we confirmed that the expression of ADAMTS2 was highly upregulated in PBMCs at the onset (drug-naïve patients) and downregulated, in clinical responders, after treatment with antipsychotics. Mechanistically, ADAMTS2 expression was activated by dopaminergic signalling (D1-class receptors) and downstream by cAMP/CREB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK signalling. Incubation with antipsychotic drugs and selective PKA and MEK inhibitors abrogated D1-mediated activation of ADAMTS2 in neuronal-like cells. Thus, D1 receptors signalling towards CREB activation might participate in the onset and clinical responses to therapy in schizophrenia patients, by controlling ADAMTS2 expression and activity. The unbiased investigation of molecular mechanisms triggered by antipsychotic drugs may provide a new landscape of novel targets potentially associated with clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulgencio Ruso-Julve
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, 39011, Cantabria, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Cantabria, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Ana Pombero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias, UMH-CSIC, Alicante, 3550, Spain
| | - Fuencisla Pilar-Cuéllar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, IBBTEC (Universidad de Cantabria, CSIC, SODERCAN), 39011, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Nuria García-Díaz
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Cantabria, Spain
- Infection, Immunity and Digestive Pathology Group, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, 39011, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Raquel Garcia-Lopez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias, UMH-CSIC, Alicante, 3550, Spain
| | - María Juncal-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Sierrallana Hospital, Torrelavega, 39300, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Elena Castro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, IBBTEC (Universidad de Cantabria, CSIC, SODERCAN), 39011, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Álvaro Díaz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, IBBTEC (Universidad de Cantabria, CSIC, SODERCAN), 39011, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Javier Vazquez-Bourgón
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, 39011, Cantabria, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Agustín García-Blanco
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Cantabria, Spain
- Infection, Immunity and Digestive Pathology Group, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, 39011, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Emilio Garro-Martinez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, IBBTEC (Universidad de Cantabria, CSIC, SODERCAN), 39011, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Helena Pisonero
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Cantabria, Spain
- Infection, Immunity and Digestive Pathology Group, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, 39011, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Alicia Estirado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias, UMH-CSIC, Alicante, 3550, Spain
| | - Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, 39011, Cantabria, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Juan López-Giménez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra" (IPBLN-CSIC), Armilla, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Federico Mayor
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Elsa Valdizán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, IBBTEC (Universidad de Cantabria, CSIC, SODERCAN), 39011, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Javier Meana
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Javier Gonzalez-Maeso
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 980551, Molecular Medicine Research Building 5-038, Richmond, 23298, Virginia, USA
| | - Salvador Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias, UMH-CSIC, Alicante, 3550, Spain
| | - José Pedro Vaqué
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Cantabria, Spain.
- Infection, Immunity and Digestive Pathology Group, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, 39011, Cantabria, Spain.
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, 39011, Cantabria, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio-IBiS, Sevilla, 41013, Spain.
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10
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Maroteaux L, Béchade C, Roumier A. Dimers of serotonin receptors: Impact on ligand affinity and signaling. Biochimie 2019; 161:23-33. [PMID: 30685449 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Membrane receptors often form complexes with other membrane proteins that directly interact with different effectors of the signal transduction machinery. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) were for long time considered as single pharmacological entities. However, evidence for oligomerization appeared for various classes and subtypes of GPCRs. This review focuses on metabotropic serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors, which belong to the rhodopsin-like class A of GPCRs, and will summarize the convergent evidence that homo- and hetero-dimers containing 5-HT receptors exist in transfected cells and in-vivo. We will show that complexes involving 5-HT receptors may acquire new signal transduction pathways and new physiological roles. In some cases, these complexes participate in disease-specific deregulations, that can be differentially affected by various drugs. Hence, selecting receptor complex-specific responses of these heterodimers may constitute an emerging strategy likely to improve beneficial therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Maroteaux
- INSERM UMR-S839, S1270, Paris, 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France.
| | - Catherine Béchade
- INSERM UMR-S839, S1270, Paris, 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Anne Roumier
- INSERM UMR-S839, S1270, Paris, 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France
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11
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Aringhieri S, Carli M, Kolachalam S, Verdesca V, Cini E, Rossi M, McCormick PJ, Corsini GU, Maggio R, Scarselli M. Molecular targets of atypical antipsychotics: From mechanism of action to clinical differences. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 192:20-41. [PMID: 29953902 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) since the discovery of its prototypical drug clozapine has been a revolutionary pharmacological step for treating psychotic patients as these allow a significant recovery not only in terms of hospitalization and reduction in symptoms severity, but also in terms of safety, socialization and better rehabilitation in the society. Regarding the mechanism of action, AAPs are weak D2 receptor antagonists and they act beyond D2 antagonism, involving other receptor targets which regulate dopamine and other neurotransmitters. Consequently, AAPs present a significant reduction of deleterious side effects like parkinsonism, hyperprolactinemia, apathy and anhedonia, which are all linked to the strong blockade of D2 receptors. This review revisits previous and current findings within the class of AAPs and highlights the differences in terms of receptor properties and clinical activities among them. Furthermore, we propose a continuum spectrum of "atypia" that begins with risperidone (the least atypical) to clozapine (the most atypical), while all the other AAPs fall within the extremes of this spectrum. Clozapine is still considered the gold standard in refractory schizophrenia and in psychoses present in Parkinson's disease, though it has been associated with adverse effects like agranulocytosis (0.7%) and weight gain, pushing the scientific community to find new drugs as effective as clozapine, but devoid of its side effects. To achieve this, it is therefore imperative to characterize and compare in depth the very complex molecular profile of AAPs. We also introduce relatively new concepts like biased agonism, receptor dimerization and neurogenesis to identify better the old and new hallmarks of "atypia". Finally, a detailed confrontation of clinical differences among the AAPs is presented, especially in relation to their molecular targets, and new means like therapeutic drug monitoring are also proposed to improve the effectiveness of AAPs in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Aringhieri
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Carli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Shivakumar Kolachalam
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Valeria Verdesca
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrico Cini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Rossi
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter J McCormick
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Giovanni U Corsini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Maggio
- Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences Department, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Scarselli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy.
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12
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Szlachta M, Kuśmider M, Pabian P, Solich J, Kolasa M, Żurawek D, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M, Faron-Górecka A. Repeated Clozapine Increases the Level of Serotonin 5-HT 1AR Heterodimerization with 5-HT 2A or Dopamine D 2 Receptors in the Mouse Cortex. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:40. [PMID: 29497362 PMCID: PMC5818438 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) heterodimers are new targets for the treatment of schizophrenia. Dopamine D2 receptors and serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors play an important role in neurotransmission and have been implicated in many human psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether antipsychotic drugs (clozapine (CLZ) and haloperidol (HAL)) affected the formation of heterodimers of D2–5-HT1A receptors as well as 5-HT1A–5-HT2A receptors. Proximity ligation assay (PLA) was used to accurately visualize, for the first time, GPCR heterodimers both at in vitro and ex vivo levels. In line with our previous behavioral studies, we used ketamine to induce cognitive deficits in mice. Our study confirmed the co-localization of D2/5-HT1A and 5-HT1A/5-HT2A receptors in the mouse cortex. Low-dose CLZ (0.3 mg/kg) administered repeatedly, but not CLZ at 1 mg/kg, increased the level of D2–5-HT1A and 5-HT1A–5-HT2A heterodimers in the mouse prefrontal and frontal cortex. On the other hand, HAL decreased the level of GPCR heterodimers. Ketamine affected the formation of 5-HT1A–5-HT2A, but not D2–5-HT1A, heterodimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Szlachta
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Kuśmider
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Pabian
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Solich
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kolasa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dariusz Żurawek
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Agata Faron-Górecka
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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13
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Keller B, Mestre-Pinto JI, Álvaro-Bartolomé M, Martinez-Sanvisens D, Farre M, García-Fuster MJ, García-Sevilla JA, Torrens M. A Biomarker to Differentiate between Primary and Cocaine-Induced Major Depression in Cocaine Use Disorder: The Role of Platelet IRAS/Nischarin (I 1-Imidazoline Receptor). Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:258. [PMID: 29326609 PMCID: PMC5757145 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of cocaine use disorder (CUD) and comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD; CUD/MDD) is characterized by high prevalence and poor treatment outcomes. CUD/MDD may be primary (primary MDD) or cocaine-induced (CUD-induced MDD). Specific biomarkers are needed to improve diagnoses and therapeutic approaches in this dual pathology. Platelet biomarkers [5-HT2A receptor and imidazoline receptor antisera selected (IRAS)/nischarin] were assessed by Western blot in subjects with CUD and primary MDD (n = 16) or CUD-induced MDD (n = 9; antidepressant free, AD-; antidepressant treated, AD+) and controls (n = 10) at basal level and/or after acute tryptophan depletion (ATD). Basal platelet 5-HT2A receptor (monomer) was reduced in comorbid CUD/MDD subjects (all patients: 43%) compared to healthy controls, and this down-regulation was independent of AD medication (decreases in AD-: 47%, and in AD+: 40%). No basal differences were found for IRAS/nischarin contents in AD+ and AD- comorbid CUD/MDD subjects. The comparison of IRAS/nischarin in the different subject groups during/after ATD showed opposite modulations (i.e., increases and decreases) in response to low plasma tryptophan levels with significant differences discriminating between the subgroups of CUD with primary MDD and CUD-induced MDD. These specific alterations suggested that platelet IRAS/nischarin might be useful as a biomarker to discriminate between primary and CUD-induced MDD in this dual pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Keller
- Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, IUNICS, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Fundació Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Majorca, Spain
- Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud – Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RETICS-RTA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan-Ignasi Mestre-Pinto
- Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud – Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RETICS-RTA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i addiccions (INAD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Álvaro-Bartolomé
- Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, IUNICS, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Fundació Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Majorca, Spain
- Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud – Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RETICS-RTA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Martinez-Sanvisens
- Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud – Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RETICS-RTA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i addiccions (INAD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magí Farre
- Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud – Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RETICS-RTA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i addiccions (INAD), Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Julia García-Fuster
- Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, IUNICS, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Fundació Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Majorca, Spain
- Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud – Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RETICS-RTA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús A. García-Sevilla
- Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, IUNICS, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Fundació Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Majorca, Spain
- Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud – Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RETICS-RTA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Torrens
- Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud – Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RETICS-RTA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i addiccions (INAD), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Szlachta M, Pabian P, Kuśmider M, Solich J, Kolasa M, Żurawek D, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M, Faron-Górecka A. Effect of clozapine on ketamine-induced deficits in attentional set shift task in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:2103-2112. [PMID: 28405711 PMCID: PMC5486929 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4613-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Clozapine (CLZ) is an effective treatment for schizophrenia, producing improvements in both negative symptoms and cognitive impairments. Cognitive impairments can be modelled in animals by ketamine (KET) and assessed using the attentional set-shift task (ASST). OBJECTIVE Our first aim was to determine whether CLZ improves cognitive function and reverses KET-induced cognitive impairments using the ASST. Our second aim was to assess dose dependency of these effects. RESULTS Our findings demonstrate that acute as well as sub-chronic administration of KET cause cognitive deficits observed as increase in number of trails and errors to reach the criterion in the EDS phase. CLZ 0.3 mg/kg reversed the effects of both acute and sub-chronic KET, with no effects on locomotor activity. However, clozapine's effect after sub-chronic administration of dose 0.3 mg/kg was not as explicit as in the case of acute treatment. Moreover, administration of 1 mg/kg CLZ to KET-treated mice induced or enhanced deficits in the extra-dimensional shift phase compared to 1 mg/kg CLZ administration to mice not receiving KET. Locomotor activity test showed sedation effects of CLZ 1 mg/kg after acute treatment; therefore, effect of CLZ 1 mg/kg on KET-induced cognitive deficits was not evaluated in the attentional set-shift task (ASST) test. CONCLUSIONS The present findings support dose-dependent effects of CLZ to reverse KET-induced cognitive deficits. The observed dose dependency may be mediated by activation of different receptors, including monomers and/or heterodimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Szlachta
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - P Pabian
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - M Kuśmider
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - J Solich
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - M Kolasa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - D Żurawek
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - M Dziedzicka-Wasylewska
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - A Faron-Górecka
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
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15
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Clozapine Modulates Glucosylceramide, Clears Aggregated Proteins, and Enhances ATG8/LC3 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:951-962. [PMID: 27711049 PMCID: PMC5312067 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Defining the mechanisms of action of the antipsychotic drug (APD), clozapine, is of great importance, as clozapine is more effective and has therapeutic benefits in a broader range of psychiatric disorders compared with other APDs. Its range of actions have not been fully characterized. Exposure to APDs early in development causes dose-dependent developmental delay and lethality in Caenorhabditis elegans. A previous genome-wide RNAi screen for suppressors of clozapine-induced developmental delay and lethality revealed 40 candidate genes, including sms-1, which encodes a sphingomyelin synthase. One sms-1 isoform is expressed in the C. elegans pharynx, and its transgene rescues the sms-1 mutant phenotype. We examined pharyngeal pumping and observed that clozapine-induced inhibition of pharyngeal pumping requires sms-1, a finding that may explain the role of the gene in mediating clozapine-induced developmental delay/lethality. By analyzing multiple enzymes involved in sphingolipid metabolism, and by observing the effect of addition of various lipids directly to the worms, we suggest that glucosylceramide may be a key mediator of the effects of clozapine. We further observed that clozapine clears protein aggregates, such as α-synuclein, PolyQ protein, and α-1-antitrypsin mutant protein. In addition, it enhances ATG8/LC3. We conclude that clozapine appears to affect the development and induce lethality of worms, in part, through modulating glucosylceramide. We discuss the possible connections among glucosylceramide, protein aggregate clearance, and autophagy. Interactions, including mechanistic pathways involving these elements, may underlie some of the clinical effects of clozapine.
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16
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Zulfiker AHM, Hashimi SM, Good DA, Grice ID, Wei MQ. Cane Toad Skin Extract-Induced Upregulation and Increased Interaction of Serotonin 2A and D 2 Receptors via G q/11 Signaling Pathway in CLU213 Cells. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:979-993. [PMID: 27291138 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidences show that activation of serotonin 2A receptors (5-HT2A R) by agonists is significant in improving therapeutic activity of disease conditions, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Though the exact molecular mechanism is still not well understood, it is thought to involve agonist-driven, enhanced expression of 5-HT2A R in certain areas of brain, such as the pre-frontal cortex (PFC). Several other reports have also demonstrated association of OCD with lower dopamine receptor (D2 R) availability, primarily in the striatum of the brain along with dysfunction of 5-HT2A R-D2 R heteromer regulation. We thus hypothesized that compound(s) interacting with this molecular mechanism could be developed as drugs for long-term beneficial effects against OCD. In the present study, we have obtained experimental evidence in cultured neuronal cells (CLU213) that aqueous extract (AE, 50 μg/mL, P < 0.05) of the Australian cane toad skin significantly increased the levels of 5-HT2A R and D2 R protein and mRNA expression. AE was also found to enhance the interaction between 5-HT2A R and D2 R and formation of expression of 5-HT2A R-D2 R heteromer using co-immunoprecipitation and Western blot. Further investigation showed the involvement of classical signaling pathway (Gq/11 -PLCβ) along with c-FOS transcription factor preferentially in 5-HT2A -mediated agonist activation. These results obtained demonstrated that AE upregulates 5-HT2A R by a mechanism that appears to involve Gq/11 -PLCβ signaling pathway and c-FOS transcription factor activation. We indicate this enhanced 5-HT2A R and D2 R expression and their interaction to induce increased 5-HT2A R-D2 R heteromer formation by exposure to AE might provide a molecular mechanism to develop potential novel drug candidates to ameliorate OCD symptoms. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 979-993, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Hasanat Md Zulfiker
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Saeed M Hashimi
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia.,Department of Biology, Deanship of Preparatory Year, University of Dammam, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - David A Good
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia.,School of Physiotherapy, Banyo Campus, Australian Catholic University, Queensland, 4014, Australia
| | - I Darren Grice
- Institute for Glycomics and School of Medical Science, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Ming Q Wei
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia
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17
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Rico AJ, Dopeso-Reyes IG, Martínez-Pinilla E, Sucunza D, Pignataro D, Roda E, Marín-Ramos D, Labandeira-García JL, George SR, Franco R, Lanciego JL. Neurochemical evidence supporting dopamine D1-D2 receptor heteromers in the striatum of the long-tailed macaque: changes following dopaminergic manipulation. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1767-1784. [PMID: 27612857 PMCID: PMC5406426 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1306-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Although it has long been widely accepted that dopamine receptor types D1 and D2 form GPCR heteromers in the striatum, the presence of D1–D2 receptor heteromers has been recently challenged. In an attempt to properly characterize D1–D2 receptor heteromers, here we have used the in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) in striatal sections comprising the caudate nucleus, the putamen and the core and shell territories of the nucleus accumbens. Experiments were carried out in control macaques as well as in MPTP-treated animals (with and without dyskinesia). Obtained data support the presence of D1–D2 receptor heteromers within all the striatal subdivisions, with the highest abundance in the accumbens shell. Dopamine depletion by MPTP resulted in an increase of D1–D2 density in caudate and putamen which was normalized by levodopa treatment. Two different sizes of heteromers were consistently found, thus suggesting that besides individual heteromers, D1–D2 receptor heteromers are sometimes organized in macromolecular complexes made of a number of D1–D2 heteromers. Furthermore, the PLA technique was combined with different neuronal markers to properly characterize the identities of striatal neurons expressing D1–D2 heteromers. We have found that striatal projection neurons giving rise to either the direct or the indirect basal ganglia pathways expressed D1–D2 heteromers. Interestingly, macromolecular complexes of D1–D2 heteromers were only found within cholinergic interneurons. In summary, here we provide overwhelming proof that D1 and D2 receptors form heteromeric complexes in the macaque striatum, thus representing a very appealing target for a number of brain diseases involving dopamine dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto J Rico
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pio XII Avenue 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Iria G Dopeso-Reyes
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pio XII Avenue 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Martínez-Pinilla
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pio XII Avenue 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Sucunza
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pio XII Avenue 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Pignataro
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pio XII Avenue 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elvira Roda
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pio XII Avenue 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Marín-Ramos
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pio XII Avenue 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José L Labandeira-García
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
| | - Susan R George
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rafael Franco
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José L Lanciego
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pio XII Avenue 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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Łukasiewicz S, Błasiak E, Szafran-Pilch K, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. Dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT1A receptor interaction in the context of the effects of antipsychotics - in vitro studies. J Neurochem 2016; 137:549-60. [PMID: 26876117 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin 5-HT1A receptor (5-HT1 A R) and dopamine D2 receptor (D2 R) have been implicated as important sites of action in antipsychotics. Several lines of evidence indicate the key role of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) heteromers in pathophysiology of schizophrenia and highlight these complexes as novel drug targets. Because heterodimers can form only on those cells co-expressing constituent receptors, they present a target of high pharmacological specificity in the context of biochemical effects induced by antipsychotic drugs. In studies conducted in the HEK 293 cell line, we demonstrated that 5-HT1 A R and D2 R are able to form constitutive heterodimers, and antipsychotic drugs (clozapine, olanzapine, aripiprazole, and lurasidone) enhanced this process, with clozapine being most effective. Various functional tests (cAMP and IP1 as well as ERK activation) indicated that the drugs had different effects on signal transduction by the heteromer. Interestingly, co-incubation of heterodimer-expressing HEK 293 cells with clozapine and the 5-HT1 A R agonist 8-OH DPAT potentiated post-synaptic effects, especially with respect to ERK activation. Our results indicate that the D2 -5-HT1A complex possesses biochemical, pharmacological, and functional properties distinct from those of mono- and homomers. This result has implications for the development of improved pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia or other disorders (activating the heteromer might be cognitive enhancing, since it is expressed in frontal cortex) through the specific targeting of heterodimers. We reported the constitutive formation of D2 -5-HT1A heteromers, which possess biochemical, pharmacological, and functional properties distinct from those of mono- and homomers, as revealed by antipsychotics action. We also showed that these two receptors are co-expressed in mouse cortical neurons; therefore their potential to heterodimerize may comprise an essential target for the development of novel strategies for schizophrenia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Łukasiewicz
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Błasiak
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Marta Dziedzicka-Wasylewska
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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19
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Pharmacogenetics of clozapine response and induced weight gain: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:163-185. [PMID: 26792444 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Clozapine (CLZ) is the prototype atypical antipsychotic and it has many advantages over other antipsychotic drugs. Several data suggest that both CLZ response and induced weight gain are strongly determined by genetic variability. However, results remain mainly inconclusive. We aim to review the literature data about pharmacogenetics studies on CLZ efficacy, focusing on pharmacodynamic genes. Further, we performed meta-analyses on response when at least three studies for each polymorphism were available. Sensitivity analyses were conducted on Caucasian population when feasible. Electronic literature search was performed to identify pertinent studies published until May 2014 using PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge and PsycINFO databases. For meta-analyses, data were entered and analyzed through RevMan version 5.2 using a random-effect model. Our literature search yielded 9266 articles on CLZ; among these, we identified 59 pertinent pharmacogenetic studies. Genotype data were retrieved for 14 polymorphisms in 9 genes. Among these, we had available data from at least three independent samples for 8 SNPs in 6 genes to perform meta-analyses: DRD2 rs1799732, DRD3 rs6280, HTR2A rs6313, rs6311, rs6314, HTR2C rs6318, HTR3A rs1062613, TNFa rs1800629. Although literature review provided conflicting results, in meta-analyses three genetic variants within serotonin genes resulted associated to CLZ response: rs6313 and rs6314 within HTR2A gene and rs1062613 within HT3A gene. On the other hand, no clear finding emerged for CLZ-induced weight gain. Our results suggest a possible serotonergic modulation of CLZ clinical response.
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Guiard BP, Di Giovanni G. Central serotonin-2A (5-HT2A) receptor dysfunction in depression and epilepsy: the missing link? Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:46. [PMID: 25852551 PMCID: PMC4362472 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptamine 2A receptors (5-HT2A-Rs) are G-protein coupled receptors. In agreement with their location in the brain, they have been implicated not only in various central physiological functions including memory, sleep, nociception, eating and reward behaviors, but also in many neuropsychiatric disorders. Interestingly, a bidirectional link between depression and epilepsy is suspected since patients with depression and especially suicide attempters have an increased seizure risk, while a significant percentage of epileptic patients suffer from depression. Such epidemiological data led us to hypothesize that both pathologies may share common anatomical and neurobiological alteration of the 5-HT2A signaling. After a brief presentation of the pharmacological properties of the 5-HT2A-Rs, this review illustrates how these receptors may directly or indirectly control neuronal excitability in most networks involved in depression and epilepsy through interactions with the monoaminergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmissions. It also synthetizes the preclinical and clinical evidence demonstrating the role of these receptors in antidepressant and antiepileptic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P Guiard
- CNRS, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, UMR 5169, Toulouse France ; CNRS, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale Université de Toulouse 3, UMR 5169, Toulouse, France ; INSERM U1178 Team ≪Depression and Antidepressants≫ Faculté de Pharmacie Paris Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Neurophysiology Unit, Laboratory for the Study of Neurological Disorders, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, Msida Malta ; School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff UK
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21
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Fuxe K, Borroto-Escuela DO, Tarakanov AO, Romero-Fernandez W, Ferraro L, Tanganelli S, Perez-Alea M, Di Palma M, Agnati LF. Dopamine D2 heteroreceptor complexes and their receptor-receptor interactions in ventral striatum: novel targets for antipsychotic drugs. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 211:113-39. [PMID: 24968778 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63425-2.00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review is focused on the D2 heteroreceptor complexes within the ventral striatum with their receptor-receptor interactions and relevance for the treatment of schizophrenia. A "guide-and-clasp" manner for receptor-receptor interactions is proposed where "adhesive guides" may be amino acid triplet homologies, which were determined for different kinds of D2 heteroreceptor complexes. The first putative D2 heteroreceptor complex to be discovered in relation to schizophrenia was the A2A-D2 heteroreceptor complex where antagonistic A2A-D2 receptor-receptor interactions were demonstrated after A2A agonist treatment in the ventral striatum. The A2A agonist CGS 21680 with atypical antipsychotic properties may at least in part act by increasing β-arrestin2 signaling over the D2 protomer in the A2A-D2 heteroreceptor complex in the ventral striatum. The antagonistic NTS1-D2 interactions in the NTS1-D2 heteroreceptor complex in the ventral striatum are proposed as one molecular mechanism for the potential antipsychotic effects of NT. Indications were obtained that the psychotic actions of the 5-HT2AR hallucinogens LSD and DOI can involve enhancement of D2R protomer signaling via a biased agonist action at the 5-HT2A protomer in the D2-5-HT2A heteroreceptor complex in the ventral striatum. Facilitatory allosteric D2likeR-OTR interactions in heteroreceptor complexes in nucleus accumbens may have a role in social and emotional behaviors. By blocking the D2 protomers of these heteroreceptor complexes, antipsychotics can fail to reduce the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The discovery of different types of D2 heteroreceptor complexes gives an increased understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in causing schizophrenia and new strategies for its treatment and understanding the side effects of antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Alexander O Tarakanov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automatation, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sergio Tanganelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mileidys Perez-Alea
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Di Palma
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences, Section of Physiology, Campus Scientifico 'Enrico Mattei', Urbino, Italy
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22
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Functional significance of serotonin receptor dimerization. Exp Brain Res 2013; 230:375-86. [PMID: 23811735 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3622-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The original model of G-protein activation by a single G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) is giving way to a new model, wherein two protomers of a GPCR dimer interact with a single G-protein. This article will review the evidence suggesting that 5-HT receptors form dimers/oligomers and will compare the findings with the results obtained from the studies with other biogenic amine receptors. Topics to be covered include the origin or biogenesis of dimer formation, potential dimer interface(s), and oligomer size (dimer vs. tetramer or higher order). The functional significance will be discussed in terms of G-protein activation following ligand binding to one or two protomers in a dimeric structure, the formation of heterodimers, and the development of bivalent ligands.
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Barclay Z, Dickson L, Robertson D, Johnson M, Holland P, Rosie R, Sun L, Jerina H, Lutz E, Fleetwood-Walker S, Mitchell R. Attenuated PLD1 association and signalling at the H452Y polymorphic form of the 5-HT2A receptor. Cell Signal 2013; 25:814-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Serotonin-glutamate and serotonin-dopamine reciprocal interactions as putative molecular targets for novel antipsychotic treatments: from receptor heterodimers to postsynaptic scaffolding and effector proteins. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013. [PMID: 23179966 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2921-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The physical and functional interactions between serotonin-glutamate and serotonin-dopamine signaling have been suggested to be involved in psychosis pathophysiology and are supposed to be relevant for antipsychotic treatment. Type II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptors have been reported to form heterodimers that modulate G-protein-mediated intracellular signaling differentially compared to mGluR2 and 5-HT(2A) homomers. Additionally, direct evidence has been provided that D(2) and 5-HT(2A) receptors form physical heterocomplexes which exert a functional cross-talk, as demonstrated by studies on hallucinogen-induced signaling. Moving from receptors to postsynaptic density (PSD) scenario, the scaffolding protein PSD-95 is known to interact with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), D(2) and 5-HT(2) receptors, regulating their activation state. Homer1a, the inducible member of the Homer family of PSD proteins that is implicated in glutamatergic signal transduction, is induced in striatum by antipsychotics with high dopamine receptor affinity and in the cortex by antipsychotics with mixed serotonergic/dopaminergic profile. Signaling molecules, such as Akt and glycogen-synthase-kinase-3 (GSK-3), could be involved in the mechanism of action of antipsychotics, targeting dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate neurotransmission. Altogether, these proteins stand at the crossroad of glutamate-dopamine-serotonin signaling pathways and may be considered as valuable molecular targets for current and new antipsychotics. The aim of this review is to provide a critical appraisal on serotonin-glutamate and serotonin-dopamine interplay to support the idea that next generation schizophrenia pharmacotherapy should not exclusively rely on receptor targeting strategies.
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Lester HA, Miwa JM, Srinivasan R. Psychiatric drugs bind to classical targets within early exocytotic pathways: therapeutic effects. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:907-15. [PMID: 22771239 PMCID: PMC6167061 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The classical targets for antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs are G protein-coupled receptors and neurotransmitter transporters, respectively. Full therapeutic actions of these drugs require several weeks. We show how therapeutic effects may eventually accrue after existing therapeutic ligands bind to these classical targets, not on the plasma membrane but rather within endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and cis-Golgi. Consequences of such binding may include pharmacological chaperoning: the nascent drug targets are stabilized against degradation and can therefore exit the ER more readily. Another effect may be matchmaking: heterodimers and homodimers of the target form and can more readily exit the ER. Summarizing recent data for nicotinic receptors, we explain how such effects could lead to reduced ER stress and to a decreased unfolded protein response, including changes in gene activation and protein synthesis. In effects not directly related to cellular stress, escorting would allow increased ER exit and trafficking of known associated proteins, as well as other proteins such as growth factors and their receptors, producing both cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous effects. Axonal transport of relevant proteins may underlie the several weeks required for full therapy. In contrast, the antidepressant effects of ketamine and other N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor ligands, which occur within <2 hours, could arise from dendritically localized intracellular binding, followed by chaperoning, matchmaking, escorting, and reduced ER stress. Thus, the effects of intracellular binding extend beyond proteostasis of the targets themselves and involve pathways distinct from ion channel and G protein activation. We propose experimental tests and note pathophysiological correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry A Lester
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California.
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Franklin JM, Carrasco GA. Cannabinoid-induced enhanced interaction and protein levels of serotonin 5-HT(2A) and dopamine D₂ receptors in rat prefrontal cortex. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:1333-47. [PMID: 22791651 PMCID: PMC3746962 DOI: 10.1177/0269881112450786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that non-selective cannabinoid receptor agonists may regulate serotonin 2A (5-HT(2A)) receptor neurotransmission in brain. The molecular mechanisms of this regulation are unknown, but could involve cannabinoid-induced enhanced interaction between 5-HT(2A) and dopamine D2 (D₂) receptors. Here, we present experimental evidence that Sprague-Dawley rats treated with a non-selective cannabinoid receptor agonist (CP55,940, 50 µg/kg, 7 days, i.p.) showed enhanced co-immunoprecipitation of 5-HT(2A) and D₂ receptors and enhanced membrane-associated expression of D₂ and 5-HT(2A) receptors in prefrontal cortex (PFCx). Furthermore, 5-HT(2A) receptor mRNA levels were increased in PFCx, suggesting a cannabinoid-induced upregulation of 5-HT(2A) receptors. To date, two cannabinoids receptors have been found in brain, CB1 and CB2 receptors. We used selective cannabinoid agonists in a neuronal cell line to study mechanisms that could mediate this 5-HT(2A) receptor upregulation. We found that selective CB2 receptor agonists upregulate 5-HT(2A) receptors by a mechanism that seems to involve activation of Gα(i) G-proteins, ERK1/2, and AP-1 transcription factor. We hypothesize that the enhanced cannabinoid-induced interaction between 5-HT(2A) and D₂ receptors and in 5-HT(2A) and D₂ receptors protein levels in the PFCx might provide a molecular mechanism by which activation of cannabinoid receptors might be contribute to the pathophysiology of some cognitive and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gonzalo A. Carrasco
- Correspondence: Gonzalo A. Carrasco, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, School of Pharmacy, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, 3048B Malott Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045, Phone: 785-864-1974, Fax: 785-864-5219,
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28
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Tarakanov AO, Fuxe KG, Borroto-Escuela DO. Integrin triplets of marine sponges in human D2 receptor heteromers. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2012; 32:202-8. [PMID: 22712841 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2012.692119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The evidence for the existence of receptor heteromers opens up a new field for a better understanding of neural transmission. Based on our theory, we have discovered main triplets of amino acid residues in cell-adhesion receptors of marine sponges, which appear also as homologies in several dopamine D2 receptor heteromers of human brain. The obtained results probably mean a general molecular mechanism for receptor-receptor interactions in heteromers originated from the lowest animals (marine sponges).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Tarakanov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
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