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Jia K, Luo X, Yi J, Zhang C. Hormonal influence: unraveling the impact of sex hormones on vascular smooth muscle cells. Biol Res 2024; 57:61. [PMID: 39227995 PMCID: PMC11373308 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-024-00542-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Sex hormones play a pivotal role as endocrine hormones that exert profound effects on the biological characteristics and vascular function of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). By modulating intracellular signaling pathways, activating nuclear receptors, and regulating gene expression, sex hormones intricately influence the morphology, function, and physiological state of VSMCs, thereby impacting the biological properties of vascular contraction, relaxation, and growth. Increasing evidence suggests that abnormal phenotypic changes in VSMCs contribute to the initiation of vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis. Therefore, understanding the factors governing phenotypic alterations in VSMCs and elucidating the underlying mechanisms can provide crucial insights for refining interventions targeted at vascular diseases. Additionally, the varying levels of different types of sex hormones in the human body, influenced by sex and age, may also affect the phenotypic conversion of VSMCs. This review aims to explore the influence of sex hormones on the phenotypic switching of VSMCs and the development of associated vascular diseases in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keran Jia
- Department of Medical Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for Cardiometabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Medical Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for Cardiometabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Jingyan Yi
- Department of Medical Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for Cardiometabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
| | - Chunxiang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for Cardiometabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
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2
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Xu F, Ma J, Wang X, Wang X, Fang W, Sun J, Li Z, Liu J. The Role of G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER) in Vascular Pathology and Physiology. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1410. [PMID: 37759810 PMCID: PMC10526873 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estrogen is indispensable in health and disease and mainly functions through its receptors. The protection of the cardiovascular system by estrogen and its receptors has been recognized for decades. Numerous studies with a focus on estrogen and its receptor system have been conducted to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Although nuclear estrogen receptors, including estrogen receptor-α and estrogen receptor-β, have been shown to be classical receptors that mediate genomic effects, studies now show that GPER mainly mediates rapid signaling events as well as transcriptional regulation via binding to estrogen as a membrane receptor. With the discovery of selective synthetic ligands for GPER and the utilization of GPER knockout mice, significant progress has been made in understanding the function of GPER. In this review, the tissue and cellular localizations, endogenous and exogenous ligands, and signaling pathways of GPER are systematically summarized in diverse physiological and diseased conditions. This article further emphasizes the role of GPER in vascular pathology and physiology, focusing on the latest research progress and evidence of GPER as a promising therapeutic target in hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Thus, selective regulation of GPER by its agonists and antagonists have the potential to be used in clinical practice for treating such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujie Xu
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710068, China; (F.X.); (W.F.); (J.S.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.M.); (X.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Jipeng Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.M.); (X.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.M.); (X.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaoya Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.M.); (X.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Weiyi Fang
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710068, China; (F.X.); (W.F.); (J.S.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.M.); (X.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Jingwei Sun
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710068, China; (F.X.); (W.F.); (J.S.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.M.); (X.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Zilin Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.M.); (X.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Jincheng Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.M.); (X.W.); (X.W.)
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3
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Prossnitz ER, Barton M. The G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor GPER in health and disease: an update. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023:10.1038/s41574-023-00822-7. [PMID: 37193881 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00822-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Oestrogens and their receptors contribute broadly to physiology and diseases. In premenopausal women, endogenous oestrogens protect against cardiovascular, metabolic and neurological diseases and are involved in hormone-sensitive cancers such as breast cancer. Oestrogens and oestrogen mimetics mediate their effects via the cytosolic and nuclear receptors oestrogen receptor-α (ERα) and oestrogen receptor-β (ERβ) and membrane subpopulations as well as the 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor (GPER). GPER, which dates back more than 450 million years in evolution, mediates both rapid signalling and transcriptional regulation. Oestrogen mimetics (such as phytooestrogens and xenooestrogens including endocrine disruptors) and licensed drugs such as selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and downregulators (SERDs) also modulate oestrogen receptor activity in both health and disease. Following up on our previous Review of 2011, we herein summarize the progress made in the field of GPER research over the past decade. We will review molecular, cellular and pharmacological aspects of GPER signalling and function, its contribution to physiology, health and disease, and the potential of GPER to serve as a therapeutic target and prognostic indicator of numerous diseases. We also discuss the first clinical trial evaluating a GPER-selective drug and the opportunity of repurposing licensed drugs for the targeting of GPER in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Prossnitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Matthias Barton
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Andreas Grüntzig Foundation, Zürich, Switzerland.
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4
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Arterburn JB, Prossnitz ER. G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor GPER: Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutic Applications. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:295-320. [PMID: 36662583 PMCID: PMC10153636 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-031122-121944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The actions of estrogens and related estrogenic molecules are complex and multifaceted in both sexes. A wide array of natural, synthetic, and therapeutic molecules target pathways that produce and respond to estrogens. Multiple receptors promulgate these responses, including the classical estrogen receptors of the nuclear hormone receptor family (estrogen receptors α and β), which function largely as ligand-activated transcription factors, and the 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled estrogen receptor, GPER, which activates a diverse array of signaling pathways. The pharmacology and functional roles of GPER in physiology and disease reveal important roles in responses to both natural and synthetic estrogenic compounds in numerous physiological systems. These functions have implications in the treatment of myriad disease states, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders. This review focuses on the complex pharmacology of GPER and summarizes major physiological functions of GPER and the therapeutic implications and ongoing applications of GPER-targeted compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Arterburn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA;
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA;
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism, and Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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5
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Tang J, Liu C, Liu S, Zhou X, Lu J, Li M, Zhu L. Inhibition of JAK1/STAT3 pathway by 2-methoxyestradiol ameliorates psoriatic features in vitro and in an imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mouse model. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 933:175276. [PMID: 36130639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is characterized by hyperproliferative keratinocytes, dilated capillaries and leukocyte infiltration. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME) has shown significant inhibition on proliferation, angiogenesis and inflammation. To evaluate the anti-psoriatic potential of 2-ME, psoriasis-like dermatitis was induced by topical application of imiquimod (IMQ) on the dorsal skin of C57BL/6 mice for seven consecutive days, followed by treatment of vehicle or 2-ME ointment from Day 4 on. The psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) was assessed daily. On Day 8, skin histology and spleen index were assessed. The effects of 2-ME on the proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), and Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways of HaCaT cells stimulated by interleukin-17 (IL-17A) were detected, together with its effect on the proliferation, tube formation and VEGF receptor expression of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We found that topical 2-ME treatment significantly improved IMQ-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis and decreased the PASI scores, the activation of STAT3 in the skin (P < 0.05), and the spleen index in mice (P < 0.01). In vitro, 2-ME inhibited the proliferation of HaCaT cells by inducing apoptosis and G2/M phase arrest (P < 0.01). Moreover, 2-ME suppressed IL-17A-induced VEGFA (2.5 μM: P < 0.05; 5 μM: P < 0.01) and phosphorylation of STAT3 by blocking p-JAK1 in HaCaT cells and prevented tube formation (P < 0.01) and proliferation by targeting VEGF receptors 1 (VEGFR1) and 2 (VEGFR2) in HUVECs. We conclude that 2-ME alleviated psoriasis in vivo and in vitro by inhibiting JAK1/STAT3 pathway and was a promising therapeutic agent for psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chaofan Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shiying Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 355 Luding Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jinghao Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lubing Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Zhang Y, Ogola BO, Iyer L, Karamyan VT, Thekkumkara T. Estrogen Metabolite 2-Methoxyestradiol Attenuates Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Rats by Downregulating Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor. Front Physiol 2022; 13:876777. [PMID: 35586713 PMCID: PMC9108484 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.876777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2) is evident in cardiovascular disease. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated the mechanism involved in the 2ME2 regulation of angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) in vitro. However, 2ME2 regulation of angiotensin receptors and its effects on blood pressure (BP) and resting heart rate (RHR) are uncertain. In this study, male and female Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats infused with angiotensin II (65 ng/min) and male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were surgically implanted with telemetric probes to continuously assess arterial BP and RHR. In both male and female WKY rats, 2ME2 treatment (20 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks) resulted in a significant reduction of Ang II-induced systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial BP. Moreover, significant weight loss and RHR were indicated in all groups. In a separate set of experiments, prolonged 2ME2 exposure in male SHR (20 mg/kg/day for 5 weeks) displayed a significant reduction in diastolic and mean arterial BP along with RHR. We also found downregulation of angiotensin receptors and angiotensinogen (AGT) in the kidney and liver and a reduction of plasma Ang II levels. Collectively, we demonstrate that 2ME2 attenuated BP and RHR in hypertensive rats involves downregulation of angiotensin receptors and body weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Benard O. Ogola
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Benard O. Ogola,
| | - Laxmi Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Vardan T. Karamyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Thomas Thekkumkara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, United States
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7
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Chung MS, Han SJ. Endometriosis-Associated Angiogenesis and Anti-angiogenic Therapy for Endometriosis. Front Glob Womens Health 2022; 3:856316. [PMID: 35449709 PMCID: PMC9016174 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2022.856316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a known estrogen-dependent inflammatory disease affecting reproductive-aged women. Common symptoms include pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, heavy menstrual bleeding, and infertility. The exact etiology of endometriosis is largely unknown, and, thus, the diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis are challenging. A complex interplay of many molecular mechanisms is thought to aid in the progression of endometriosis, most notably angiogenesis. This mini-review examines our current knowledge of the molecular etiology of endometriosis-associated angiogenesis and discusses anti-angiogenic therapy, in the blockade of endometriosis-associated angiogenesis, as potential non-hormonal therapy for the treatment of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica S. Chung
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Ob/Gyn, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sang Jun Han
- Laboratory of Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Sang Jun Han
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8
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Ibata T, Lyu J, Imachi H, Fukunaga K, Sato S, Kobayashi T, Saheki T, Yoshimura T, Murao K. Effects of 2-Methoxyestradiol, a Main Metabolite of Estradiol on Hepatic ABCA1 Expression in HepG2 Cells. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020288. [PMID: 35057469 PMCID: PMC8779252 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is a key regulator of lipid efflux, and the absence of ABCA1 induces hepatic lipid accumulation, which is one of the major causes of fatty liver. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME2) has been demonstrated to protect against fatty liver. In this study, we investigated the effects of 2-ME2 on the hepatic lipid content and ABCA1 expression. We found that 2-ME2 dose-dependently increased ABCA1 expression, and therefore, the lipid content was significantly decreased in HepG2 cells. 2-ME2 enhanced the ABCA1 promoter activity; however, this effect was reduced after the inhibition of the PI3K pathway. The overexpression of Akt or p110 induced ABCA1 promoter activity, while dominant-negative Akt diminished the ability of 2-ME2 on ABCA1 promoter activity. Further, 2-ME2 stimulated the rapid phosphorylation of Akt and FoxO1 and reduced the nuclear accumulation of FoxO1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed that FoxO1 bonded to the ABCA1 promoter region. The binding was reduced by 2-ME2, which facilitated ABCA1 gene transcription. Furthermore, mutating FoxO1-binding sites in the ABCA1 promoter region or treatment with FoxO1-specific siRNA disrupted the effect of 2-ME2 on ABCA1 expression. All of our results demonstrated that 2-ME2 might upregulate ABCA1 expression via the PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 pathway, which thus reduces the lipid content in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ibata
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (T.I.); (J.L.); (H.I.); (K.F.); (S.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (T.Y.)
| | - Jingya Lyu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (T.I.); (J.L.); (H.I.); (K.F.); (S.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (T.Y.)
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hitomi Imachi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (T.I.); (J.L.); (H.I.); (K.F.); (S.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (T.Y.)
| | - Kensaku Fukunaga
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (T.I.); (J.L.); (H.I.); (K.F.); (S.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (T.Y.)
| | - Seisuke Sato
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (T.I.); (J.L.); (H.I.); (K.F.); (S.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (T.Y.)
| | - Toshihiro Kobayashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (T.I.); (J.L.); (H.I.); (K.F.); (S.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (T.Y.)
| | - Takanobu Saheki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (T.I.); (J.L.); (H.I.); (K.F.); (S.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (T.Y.)
| | - Takafumi Yoshimura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (T.I.); (J.L.); (H.I.); (K.F.); (S.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (T.Y.)
| | - Koji Murao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (T.I.); (J.L.); (H.I.); (K.F.); (S.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (T.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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Hirtz A, Lebourdais N, Rech F, Bailly Y, Vaginay A, Smaïl-Tabbone M, Dubois-Pot-Schneider H, Dumond H. GPER Agonist G-1 Disrupts Tubulin Dynamics and Potentiates Temozolomide to Impair Glioblastoma Cell Proliferation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123438. [PMID: 34943948 PMCID: PMC8699794 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common brain tumor in adults, which is very aggressive, with a very poor prognosis that affects men twice as much as women, suggesting that female hormones (estrogen) play a protective role. With an in silico approach, we highlighted that the expression of the membrane G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) had an impact on GBM female patient survival. In this context, we explored for the first time the role of the GPER agonist G-1 on GBM cell proliferation. Our results suggested that G-1 exposure had a cytostatic effect, leading to reversible G2/M arrest, due to tubulin polymerization blockade during mitosis. However, the observed effect was independent of GPER. Interestingly, G-1 potentiated the efficacy of temozolomide, the current standard chemotherapy treatment, since the combination of both treatments led to prolonged mitotic arrest, even in a temozolomide less-sensitive cell line. In conclusion, our results suggested that G-1, in combination with standard chemotherapy, might be a promising way to limit the progression and aggressiveness of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Hirtz
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.H.); (N.L.); (F.R.); (Y.B.); (A.V.); (H.D.-P.-S.)
| | - Nolwenn Lebourdais
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.H.); (N.L.); (F.R.); (Y.B.); (A.V.); (H.D.-P.-S.)
| | - Fabien Rech
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.H.); (N.L.); (F.R.); (Y.B.); (A.V.); (H.D.-P.-S.)
- Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Service de Neurochirurgie, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Yann Bailly
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.H.); (N.L.); (F.R.); (Y.B.); (A.V.); (H.D.-P.-S.)
| | - Athénaïs Vaginay
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.H.); (N.L.); (F.R.); (Y.B.); (A.V.); (H.D.-P.-S.)
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria, LORIA, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | | | - Hélène Dubois-Pot-Schneider
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.H.); (N.L.); (F.R.); (Y.B.); (A.V.); (H.D.-P.-S.)
| | - Hélène Dumond
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.H.); (N.L.); (F.R.); (Y.B.); (A.V.); (H.D.-P.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-372746115
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Sun Y, Sangam S, Guo Q, Wang J, Tang H, Black SM, Desai AA. Sex Differences, Estrogen Metabolism and Signaling in the Development of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:719058. [PMID: 34568460 PMCID: PMC8460911 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.719058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a complex and devastating disease with a poor long-term prognosis. While women are at increased risk for developing PAH, they exhibit superior right heart function and higher survival rates than men. Susceptibility to disease risk in PAH has been attributed, in part, to estrogen signaling. In contrast to potential pathological influences of estrogen in patients, studies of animal models reveal estrogen demonstrates protective effects in PAH. Consistent with this latter observation, an ovariectomy in female rats appears to aggravate the condition. This discrepancy between observations from patients and animal models is often called the "estrogen paradox." Further, the tissue-specific interactions between estrogen, its metabolites and receptors in PAH and right heart function remain complex; nonetheless, these relationships are essential to characterize to better understand PAH pathophysiology and to potentially develop novel therapeutic and curative targets. In this review, we explore estrogen-mediated mechanisms that may further explain this paradox by summarizing published literature related to: (1) the synthesis and catabolism of estrogen; (2) activity and functions of the various estrogen receptors; (3) the multiple modalities of estrogen signaling in cells; and (4) the role of estrogen and its diverse metabolites on the susceptibility to, and progression of, PAH as well as their impact on right heart function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shreya Sangam
- Department of Medicine, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Stephen M. Black
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Center for Translational Science and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL, United States
| | - Ankit A. Desai
- Department of Medicine, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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11
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Sun X, Wang H, Hodge H, Wright KN, Ahmad S, Ferrario CM, Groban L. Amplifying effect of chronic lisinopril therapy on diastolic function and the angiotensin-(1-7) Axis by the G1 agonist in ovariectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats. Transl Res 2021; 235:62-76. [PMID: 33915312 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) activation by G1 attenuates diastolic dysfunction from estrogen loss, which may be partly due to suppression of angiotensin II pathological actions. We aimed to determine the independent effects of 8 weeks of G1 (100 µg/kg/d, subcutaneous pellet), ACE-inhibition (ACEi; lisinopril 10 mg/kg, drinking water), or combination therapy versus vehicle in the ovariectomized (OVX) spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) on cardiac function and morphometrics (echocardiography), serum equilibrium of angiotensins (mass spectroscopy) and cardiac components of the RAS (Western blotting). G1 alone and when combined with ACEi enhanced myocardial relaxation (é: 30 and 17%) and diastolic wall strain (DWS: 76 and 68%) while reducing relative wall thickness (RWT: 20 and 33%) and filling pressures (E/é: 30 and 37%). Cardiac expression levels of Mas receptor (Mas-R) and ACE2 also increased in the presence of G1. Strong antihypertensive effects of lisinopril monotherapy were associated with reductions in RWT, collagen deposition and E/é without overtly altering é or DWS. Chronic ACEi also increased cardiac levels of Mas-R and AT1-R and tilted the circulating RAS toward the formation of Ang-(1-7), which was amplified in the presence of G1. In vitro studies further revealed that an inhibitor to prolyl endopeptidase (PEP), but not to neprilysin, significantly reduced serum Ang-(1-7) levels in G1-treated rats, suggesting that G1 might be increasing Ang-(1-7) formation via PEP. We conclude that activating GPER with G1 augments components of the cardiac RAS and improves diastolic function without lowering blood pressure, and that lisinopril-induced blood pressure control and cardiac alterations in OVX SHR are permissive in facilitating G1 to augment Ang-(1-7) in serum, thereby strengthening its cardioprotective benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuming Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina; Department of Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Hunter Hodge
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Kendra N Wright
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Carlos M Ferrario
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Leanne Groban
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina; Department of Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina.
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12
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Palanisamy S, Xue C, Ishiyama S, Naga Prasad SV, Gabrielson K. GPCR-ErbB transactivation pathways and clinical implications. Cell Signal 2021; 86:110092. [PMID: 34303814 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface receptors including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) play quintessential roles in physiology, and in diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. While downstream signaling from these individual receptor families has been well studied, the cross-talk between EGF and GPCR receptor families is still incompletely understood. Including members of both receptor families, the number of receptor and ligand combinations for unique interactions is vast, offering a frontier of pharmacologic targets to explore for preventing and treating disease. This molecular cross-talk, called receptor transactivation, is reviewed here with a focus on the cardiovascular system featuring the well-studied GPCR receptors, but also discussing less-studied receptors from both families for a broad understanding of context of expansile interactions, repertoire of cellular signaling, and disease consequences. Attention is given to cell type, level of chronicity, and disease context given that transactivation and comorbidities, including diabetes, hypertension, coronavirus infection, impact cardiovascular disease and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolyn Xue
- University of California, Los Angeles, 101 Hershey Hall, 612 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Shun Ishiyama
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Coloproctological Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Sathyamangla Venkata Naga Prasad
- NB50, Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, 1, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Kathleen Gabrielson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, Miller Research Building, Room 807, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA.
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13
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2-Methoxyestradiol Attenuates Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension, Cardiovascular Remodeling, and Renal Injury. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2020; 73:165-177. [PMID: 30839510 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol may antagonize the adverse cardiovascular effects of angiotensin II (Ang II). We investigated the effects of 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME), a nonestrogenic estradiol metabolite, on Ang II-induced cardiovascular and renal injury in male rats. First, we determined the effects of 2-ME on Ang II-induced acute changes in blood pressure, renal hemodynamics, and excretory function. Next, we investigated the effects of 2-ME and 2-hydroxyestardiol (2-HE) on hypertension and cardiovascular and renal injury induced by chronic infusion of Ang II. Furthermore, the effects of 2-ME on blood pressure and cardiovascular remodeling in the constricted aorta (CA) rat model and on isoproterenol-induced (ISO) cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis were examined. 2-ME had no effects on Ang II-induced acute changes in blood pressure, renal hemodynamics, or glomerular filtration rate. Both 2-ME and 2-HE reduced hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, proteinuria, and mesangial expansion induced by chronic Ang II infusions. In CA rats, 2-ME attenuated cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis and reduced elevated blood pressure above the constriction. Notably, 2-ME reduced both pressure-dependent (above constriction) and pressure-independent (below constriction) vascular remodeling. 2-ME had no effects on ISO-induced renin release yet reduced ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. This study shows that 2-ME protects against cardiovascular and renal injury due to chronic activation of the renin-angiotensin system. This study reports for the first time that in vivo 2-ME reduces trophic (pressure-independent) effects of Ang II and related cardiac and vascular remodeling.
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14
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Singh P, Song CY, Dutta SR, Gonzalez FJ, Malik KU. Central CYP1B1 (Cytochrome P450 1B1)-Estradiol Metabolite 2-Methoxyestradiol Protects From Hypertension and Neuroinflammation in Female Mice. Hypertension 2020; 75:1054-1062. [PMID: 32148125 PMCID: PMC7098446 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.14548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Previously, we showed that peripheral administration of 2-ME (2-methoxyestradiol), a CYP1B1 (cytochrome P450 1B1)-catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) generated metabolite of E2 (17β-Estradiol), protects against angiotensin II-induced hypertension in female mice. The demonstration that central E2 inhibits angiotensin II-induced hypertension, together with the expression of CYP1B1 in the brain, led us to hypothesize that E2-CYP1B1 generated metabolite 2-ME in the brain mediates its protective action against angiotensin II-induced hypertension in female mice. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of intracerebroventricularly (ICV) administered E2 in ovariectomized (OVX)-wild-type (Cyp1b1+/+) and OVX-Cyp1b1−/− mice on the action of systemic angiotensin II. ICV-E2 attenuated the angiotensin II-induced increase in mean arterial blood pressure, impairment of baroreflex sensitivity, and sympathetic activity in OVX-Cyp1b1+/+ but not in ICV-injected short interfering (si)RNA-COMT or OVX-Cyp1b1−/− mice. ICV-2-ME attenuated the angiotensin II-induced increase in blood pressure in OVX-Cyp1b1−/− mice; this effect was inhibited by ICV-siRNA estrogen receptor-α (ERα) and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1). ICV-E2 in OVX-Cyp1b1+/+ but not in OVX-Cyp1b1−/− mice and 2-ME in the OVX-Cyp1b1−/− inhibited angiotensin II-induced increase in reactive oxygen species production in the subfornical organ and paraventricular nucleus, activation of microglia and astrocyte, and neuroinflammation in paraventricular nucleus. Furthermore, central CYP1B1 gene disruption in Cyp1b1+/+ mice by ICV-adenovirus-GFP (green fluorescence protein)-CYP1B1-short hairpin (sh)RNA elevated, while reconstitution by adenovirus-GFP-CYP1B1-DNA in the paraventricular nucleus but not in subfornical organ in Cyp1b1−/− mice attenuated the angiotensin II-induced increase in systolic blood pressure. These data suggest that E2-CYP1B1-COMT generated metabolite 2-ME, most likely in the paraventricular nucleus via estrogen receptor-α and GPER1, protects against angiotensin II-induced hypertension and neuroinflammation in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima Singh
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (P.S., C.Y.S., S.R.D., K.U.M.)
| | - Chi Young Song
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (P.S., C.Y.S., S.R.D., K.U.M.)
| | - Shubha Ranjan Dutta
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (P.S., C.Y.S., S.R.D., K.U.M.)
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Kafait U Malik
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (P.S., C.Y.S., S.R.D., K.U.M.)
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15
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Tofovic SP, Jackson EK. Estradiol Metabolism: Crossroads in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010116. [PMID: 31877978 PMCID: PMC6982327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a debilitating and progressive disease that predominantly develops in women. Over the past 15 years, cumulating evidence has pointed toward dysregulated metabolism of sex hormones in animal models and patients with PAH. 17β-estradiol (E2) is metabolized at positions C2, C4, and C16, which leads to the formation of metabolites with different biological/estrogenic activity. Since the first report that 2-methoxyestradiol, a major non-estrogenic metabolite of E2, attenuates the development and progression of experimental pulmonary hypertension (PH), it has become increasingly clear that E2, E2 precursors, and E2 metabolites exhibit both protective and detrimental effects in PH. Furthermore, both experimental and clinical data suggest that E2 has divergent effects in the pulmonary vasculature versus right ventricle (estrogen paradox in PAH). The estrogen paradox is of significant clinical relevance for understanding the development, progression, and prognosis of PAH. This review updates experimental and clinical findings and provides insights into: (1) the potential impacts that pathways of estradiol metabolism (EMet) may have in PAH; (2) the beneficial and adverse effects of estrogens and their precursors/metabolites in experimental PH and human PAH; (3) the co-morbidities and pathological conditions that may alter EMet and influence the development/progression of PAH; (4) the relevance of the intracrinology of sex hormones to vascular remodeling in PAH; and (5) the advantages/disadvantages of different approaches to modulate EMet in PAH. Finally, we propose the three-tier-estrogen effects in PAH concept, which may offer reconciliation of the opposing effects of E2 in PAH and may provide a better understanding of the complex mechanisms by which EMet affects the pulmonary circulation–right ventricular interaction in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevan P. Tofovic
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, BST E1240, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 100 Technology Drive, PA 15219, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-412-648-3363
| | - Edwin K. Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 100 Technology Drive, PA 15219, USA;
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16
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G-Protein–Coupled Estrogen Receptor Agonist G1 Improves Diastolic Function and Attenuates Cardiac Renin–Angiotensin System Activation in Estrogen-Deficient Hypertensive Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2019; 74:443-452. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Poch A, Villanelo F, Henriquez S, Kohen P, Muñoz A, Strauss JF, Devoto L. Molecular modelling predicts that 2-methoxyestradiol disrupts HIF function by binding to the PAS-B domain. Steroids 2019; 144:21-29. [PMID: 30738071 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An estradiol metabolite, 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME), has emerged as an important regulator of ovarian physiology. 2ME is recognized as a potent anti-angiogenic agent in clinical trials and laboratory studies. However, little is known about its molecular actions and its endogenous targets. 2ME is produced by human ovarian cells during the normal menstrual cycle, being higher during regression of the corpus luteum, and is postulated to be involved in the anti-angiogenic process that plays out during luteolysis. We utilized cell biology techniques to understand the molecular mechanism of 2ME anti-angiogenic effects on human granulosa luteal cells. The principal effect of 2ME was to alter Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1A (HIF1A) sub-cellular localization. Molecular modelling and multiple bioinformatics tools indicated that 2ME impairs Hypoxia Inducible Factor complex (HIF) nuclear translocation by binding to a buried pocket in the HIF1A Per Arnt Sim (PAS)-B domain. Binding of 2ME to HIF1A protein is predicted to perturb HIF1A-Hypoxia Inducible Factor B (HIFB) interaction, a key step in HIF nuclear translocation, preventing the transcriptional actions of HIF, including Vascular Endotelial Growth Factor (VEGF) gene activation. To our knowledge, 2ME is the first putative HIF endogenous ligand characterized with anti-angiogenic activity. This postulate has important implications for reproduction, because angiogenic processes are critical for ovarian follicular development, ovulation and corpus luteum regression. The present research could contribute to the development of novel pharmacological approaches for controlling HIF activity in human reproductive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Poch
- Institute for Maternal and Child Research (IDIMI), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Avenida Santa Rosa 1234, 8360160 Santiago-Centro, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Villanelo
- Computational Biology Lab (DLab), Fundación Ciencia & Vida. Avenida Zañartu 1482, 7780272 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile; Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Harrington 287, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Soledad Henriquez
- Institute for Maternal and Child Research (IDIMI), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Avenida Santa Rosa 1234, 8360160 Santiago-Centro, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Kohen
- Institute for Maternal and Child Research (IDIMI), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Avenida Santa Rosa 1234, 8360160 Santiago-Centro, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alex Muñoz
- Institute for Maternal and Child Research (IDIMI), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Avenida Santa Rosa 1234, 8360160 Santiago-Centro, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jerome F Strauss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Sanger Hall, 1101 E Marshall St., 980565 Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Luigi Devoto
- Institute for Maternal and Child Research (IDIMI), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Avenida Santa Rosa 1234, 8360160 Santiago-Centro, Santiago, Chile; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, San Borja-Arriaran Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Avenida Santa Rosa 1234, 8360160 Santiago-Centro, Santiago, Chile.
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18
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Pei H, Wang W, Zhao D, Su H, Su G, Zhao Z. G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor 1 Inhibits Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy via the Regulation of PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signalling and Autophagy. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:81-92. [PMID: 30662349 PMCID: PMC6329915 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.28304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen has been demonstrated to protect the heart against cardiac remodelling and heart failure in women. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) is a recently discovered estrogen receptor (ER) that is expressed in various tissues. However, the mechanisms by which estrogen protects the heart, especially the roles played by ERs, are not clear. In this study, we explored the effect of GPER1 activation on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and the involved signalling pathways and mechanisms. Our data demonstrated that GPER1 is expressed in cardiomyocytes, a GPER1 agonist, G1, attenuated Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and downregulated the mRNA expression levels of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that five proteins, including RAP1gap, might be the key proteins involved in the attenuation of Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by GPER1. G1 increased the protein level of p-Akt, p-70S6K1 and p-mTOR but decreased p-4EBP1 expression. All these effects were inhibited by either G15 (a GPER1 antagonist) or MK2206 (an inhibitor of Akt). Autophagy analysis showed that the LC3II/LC3I ratio was increased in Ang II-treated cells, and the increase was inhibited by G1 treatment. The effect of G1 on autophagy was blocked by treatment with G15, rapamycin, and MK2206. These results suggest that GPER1 activation attenuates Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by upregulating the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signalling pathway and inhibiting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Pei
- Department of Cardiology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University, Shandong, China.,Taian Central Hospital, Taian City, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Chest Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong, China
| | - Hongyan Su
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Chest Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Guohai Su
- Department of Cardiology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Zhuo Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University, Shandong, China
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19
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Ogola B, Zhang Y, Iyer L, Thekkumkara T. 2-Methoxyestradiol causes matrix metalloproteinase 9-mediated transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor and angiotensin type 1 receptor downregulation in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 314:C554-C568. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00152.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of estrogen metabolite 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) in several cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension. However, the exact mechanism(s) remains unknown. In this study, primary rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) were exposed to 2ME2, and angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) expression, function, and associated signaling pathways were evaluated. In RASMCs, 2ME2 downregulated AT1R expression in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, which was correlated with reduced mRNA expression. The 2ME2 effect was through G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) that inhibits second messenger cAMP. Moreover, 2ME2 exposure phosphorylated ERK1/2 that was sensitive to MEK inhibitor PD98059. Selective epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor AG1478 blocked 2ME2-induced EGFR transactivation and attenuated subsequent phosphorylation of ERK1/2 preventing AT1R downregulation. The transactivation was dependent on 2ME2-induced release of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and epidermal growth factor demonstrated by ELISA. Furthermore, transfection with small interfering (si) RNA targeting MMP9 impeded ERK1/2 activation and AT1R downregulation in response to 2ME2 and G1 stimulation. Interestingly, under similar conditions, stimulation of GPR30 with the selective agonist G1 elicited similar signaling pathways and downregulated the AT1R expression that was reversed by GPR30 antagonist G15. Furthermore, 2ME2 and G1 inhibited angiotensin II (ANG II) induced Ca2+ release, a response consistent with AT1R downregulation. Collectively, our study demonstrates for the first time that 2ME2 binding to GPR30 induces MMP9 specific transactivation of EGFR that mediates ERK1/2-dependent downregulation of AT1R in RASMCs. The study provides critical insights into the newly discovered role and signaling pathways of 2ME2 in the regulation of AT1R in vascular cells and its potential to be developed as a therapeutic agent that ameliorates hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benard Ogola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas
| | - Laxmi Iyer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas
| | - Thomas Thekkumkara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas
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20
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Mouat MA, Coleman JLJ, Smith NJ. GPCRs in context: sexual dimorphism in the cardiovascular system. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:4047-4059. [PMID: 29451687 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the largest cause of mortality worldwide, and there is a clear gender gap in disease occurrence, with men being predisposed to earlier onset of CVD, including atherosclerosis and hypertension, relative to women. Oestrogen may be a driving factor for female-specific cardioprotection, though androgens and sex chromosomes are also likely to contribute to sexual dimorphism in the cardiovascular system (CVS). Many GPCR-mediated processes are involved in cardiovascular homeostasis, and some exhibit clear sex divergence. Here, we focus on the G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor, endothelin receptors ETA and ETB and the eicosanoid G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), discussing the evidence and potential mechanisms leading to gender dimorphic responses in the vasculature. The use of animal models and pharmacological tools has been essential to understanding the role of these receptors in the CVS and will be key to further delineating their sex-specific effects. Ultimately, this may illuminate wider sex differences in cardiovascular pathology and physiology. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of GPCRs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Mouat
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Division of Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
| | - James L J Coleman
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Division of Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicola J Smith
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Division of Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
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21
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Machuki J, Zhang H, Harding S, Sun H. Molecular pathways of oestrogen receptors and β-adrenergic receptors in cardiac cells: Recognition of their similarities, interactions and therapeutic value. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222. [PMID: 28994249 PMCID: PMC5813217 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oestrogen receptors (ERs) and β-adrenergic receptors (βARs) play important roles in the cardiovascular system. Moreover, these receptors are expressed in cardiac myocytes and vascular tissues. Numerous experimental observations support the hypothesis that similarities and interactions exist between the signalling pathways of ERs (ERα, ERβ and GPR30) and βARs (β1 AR, β2 AR and β3 AR). The recently discovered oestrogen receptor GPR30 shares structural features with the βARs, and this forms the basis for the interactions and functional overlap. GPR30 possesses protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation sites and PDZ binding motifs and interacts with A-kinase anchoring protein 5 (AKAP5), all of which enable its interaction with the βAR pathways. The interactions between ERs and βARs occur downstream of the G-protein-coupled receptor, through the Gαs and Gαi proteins. This review presents an up-to-date description of ERs and βARs and demonstrates functional synergism and interactions among these receptors in cardiac cells. We explore their signalling cascades and the mechanisms that orchestrate their interactions and propose new perspectives on the signalling patterns for the GPR30 based on its structural resemblance to the βARs. In addition, we explore the relevance of these interactions to cell physiology, drugs (especially β-blockers and calcium channel blockers) and cardioprotection. Furthermore, a receptor-independent mechanism for oestrogen and its influence on the expression of βARs and calcium-handling proteins are discussed. Finally, we highlight promising therapeutic avenues that can be derived from the shared pathways, especially the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K/Akt) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.O. Machuki
- Department of Physiology; Xuzhou Medical University; Xuzhou China
| | - H.Y. Zhang
- Department of Physiology; Xuzhou Medical University; Xuzhou China
| | - S.E. Harding
- National Heart and Lung Institute; Imperial College; London UK
| | - H. Sun
- Department of Physiology; Xuzhou Medical University; Xuzhou China
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22
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Ueki N, Kanasaki K, Kanasaki M, Takeda S, Koya D. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Deficiency Leads to Hypersensitivity of the Pressor Response Against Angiotensin II. Hypertension 2017; 69:1156-1164. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) metabolizes 2-hydroxyestradiol into 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME); COMT deficiency has shown to be associated with hypertension in men and preeclampsia, the disease associated with hypersensitivity of pressor response against angiotensin II (Ang II). Here, we found that COMT deficiency could explain the hypersensitivity of pressor response against Ang II in mice because of the lack of 2-ME–dependent suppression of angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R). Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to COMT inhibitor (COMTi: 25 mg/kg per day) or oil (control) for 4 weeks, with or without low-dose Ang II infusion (ANGII: 70 ng/kg per minute) for the last 3 weeks. The Ang II–infused mice were treated with 2-ME (10 ng/d) or vehicle for the last 1 week. We obtained the following experimental groups: control, ANGII, COMTi, COMTi+ANGII, and COMTi+ANGII+2-ME. We performed similar experiments using the in vivo administration of small interfering RNA of COMT instead of COMTi. Neither ANGII nor COMTi exhibited significant alterations in systolic blood pressure. Compared with ANGII or COMTi, COMTi+ANGII displayed significantly higher systolic blood pressure, albuminuria, and glomerular endotheliosis; 2-ME normalized such alterations. Similar phenotypes were observed in COMT small interfering RNA–treated mice. In the aorta of COMT-deficient mice, AT1R expression was increased; 2-ME suppressed AT1R expression. The 2-ME exhibited peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ agonistic activity in vitro and ex vivo plasma from pregnant female mice as well. In vitro, 2-ME suppressed both basal and Ang II–induced AT1R levels in a peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ–dependent manner. The 2-ME is relevant to combat COMT deficiency–associated hypertensive disorders via suppression of AT1R by its peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu Ueki
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan (N.U., S.T.); and Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology (N.U., K.K., M.K., D.K.) and Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute (K.K., D.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Keizo Kanasaki
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan (N.U., S.T.); and Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology (N.U., K.K., M.K., D.K.) and Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute (K.K., D.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Megumi Kanasaki
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan (N.U., S.T.); and Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology (N.U., K.K., M.K., D.K.) and Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute (K.K., D.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Takeda
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan (N.U., S.T.); and Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology (N.U., K.K., M.K., D.K.) and Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute (K.K., D.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koya
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan (N.U., S.T.); and Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology (N.U., K.K., M.K., D.K.) and Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute (K.K., D.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
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Huang F, Yin J, Li K, Li Y, Qi H, Fang L, Yuan C, Liu W, Wang M, Li X. GPR30 decreases with vascular aging and promotes vascular smooth muscle cells maintaining differentiated phenotype and suppressing migration via activation of ERK1/2. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:3415-22. [PMID: 27354813 PMCID: PMC4907733 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s104972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptors, including classic nuclear receptors ERα, ERβ, and membrane receptor GPR30, are expressed in vascular tissues and exert protective actions in vascular diseases. But the expression pattern and functional roles of GPR30 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) remain unclear. In this study, we found that ERα, ERβ, and GPR30 were decreased with VSMCs passaging in vitro or growing in vivo and activation of GPR30 promoted ERα expression. Then, we validated that activation of GPR30 significantly decreased migratory capability of VSMCs and suppressed ERα, whereas PDGF-BB (20 ng/mL) treatment caused increase of migration. And activation of GPR30 led to reduction of osteopontin and cellular retinol binding protein 1, enhancement of calponin and 3F8, and upregulation of total and phosphorylated ERK1/2 expression in VSMCs knocked down by GPR30, ERα, and ERβ or treated with PDGF-BB. These data suggest that GPR30 promotes VSMCs reducing migration and maintaining differentiated phenotype via activation of ERK1/2 pathway. Our findings provide novel mechanisms of GPR30 protection of VSMCs as well as a new target for prevention of vascular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Changsha, The Second XiangYa Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China; Department of Cardiology, The Second XiangYa Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Yin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second XiangYa Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Keyu Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Changsha, The Second XiangYa Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Changsha, The Second XiangYa Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Qi
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Changsha, The Second XiangYa Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Fang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Changsha, The Second XiangYa Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Changsha, The Second XiangYa Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Changsha, The Second XiangYa Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second XiangYa Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangping Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second XiangYa Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
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Schaufelberger SA, Rosselli M, Barchiesi F, Gillespie DG, Jackson EK, Dubey RK. 2-Methoxyestradiol, an endogenous 17β-estradiol metabolite, inhibits microglial proliferation and activation via an estrogen receptor-independent mechanism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E313-22. [PMID: 26732685 PMCID: PMC4773653 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00418.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
17β-Estradiol (estradiol) inhibits microglia proliferation. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME) is an endogenous metabolite of estradiol with little affinity for estrogen receptors (ERs). We hypothesize that 2-ME inhibits microglial proliferation and activation and contributes to estradiol's inhibitory effects on microglia. We compared the effects of estradiol, 2-hydroxyestradiol [2-OE; estradiol metabolite produced by cytochrome P450 (CYP450)], and 2-ME [formed by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) acting upon 2-OE] on microglial (BV2 cells) DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, activation, and phagocytosis. 2-ME and 2-OE were approximately three- and 10-fold, respectively, more potent than estradiol in inhibiting microglia DNA synthesis. The antimitogenic effects of estradiol were reduced by pharmacological inhibitors of CYP450 and COMT. Inhibition of COMT blocked the conversion of 2-OE to 2-ME and the antimitogenic effects of 2-OE but not 2-ME. Microglia expressed ERβ and GPR30 but not ERα. 2,3-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile (ERβ agonist), but not 4,4',4''-(4-propyl-[1H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)trisphenol (ERα agonist) or G1 (GPR30 agonist), inhibited microglial proliferation. The antiproliferative effects of estradiol, but not 2-OE or 2-ME, were partially reversed by ICI-182,780 (ERα/β antagonist) but not by 1,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methyl-5-[4-(2-piperidinylethoxy)phenol]-1H-pyrazole (ERα antagonist) or G15 (GPR30 antagonist). Lipopolysaccharide increased microglia iNOS and COX-2 expression and phagocytosing activity of microglia; these effects were inhibited by 2-ME. We conclude that in microglia, 2-ME inhibits proliferation, proinflammatory responses, and phagocytosis. 2-ME partially mediates the effects of estradiol via ER-independent mechanisms involving sequential metabolism of estradiol to 2-OE and 2-ME. 2-ME could be of potential therapeutic use in postischemic stroke injuries. Interindividual differences in estradiol metabolism might affect the individual's ability to recover from stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Schaufelberger
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marinella Rosselli
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Federica Barchiesi
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Delbert G Gillespie
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Raghvendra K Dubey
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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25
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Competitive Binding Assay for the G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 30 (GPR30) or G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER). Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1366:11-17. [PMID: 26585123 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3127-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The role of 2-methoxyestradiol is becoming a major area of investigation because of its therapeutic utility, though its mechanism is not fully explored. Recent studies have identified the G-protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30, GPER) as a high-affinity membrane receptor for 2-methoxyestradiol. However, studies aimed at establishing the binding affinities of steroid compounds for specific targets are difficult, as the tracers are highly lipophilic and often result in nonspecific binding in lipid-rich membrane preparations with low-level target receptor expression. 2-Methoxyestradiol binding studies are essential to elucidate the underlying effects of this novel estrogen metabolite and to validate its targets; therefore, this competitive receptor-binding assay protocol was developed in order to assess the membrane receptor binding and affinity of 2-methyoxyestradiol.
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26
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Reumann S, Shogren KL, Yaszemski MJ, Maran A. Inhibition of Autophagy Increases 2-Methoxyestradiol-Induced Cytotoxicity in SW1353 Chondrosarcoma Cells. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:751-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Reumann
- Department of Orthopedics; College of Medicine; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota 55905
- Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg; Austria
| | - Kristen L. Shogren
- Department of Orthopedics; College of Medicine; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Michael J. Yaszemski
- Department of Orthopedics; College of Medicine; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Avudaiappan Maran
- Department of Orthopedics; College of Medicine; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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27
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Santollo J, Daniels D. Activation of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER-1) decreases fluid intake in female rats. Horm Behav 2015; 73:39-46. [PMID: 26093261 PMCID: PMC4546888 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol (E2) decreases fluid intake in the female rat and recent studies from our lab demonstrate that the effect is at least in part mediated by membrane-associated estrogen receptors. Because multiple estrogen receptor subtypes can localize to the cell membrane, it is unclear which receptor(s) is generating the anti-dipsogenic effect of E2. The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER-1) is a particularly interesting possibility because it has been shown to regulate blood pressure; many drinking-regulatory systems play overlapping roles in the control of blood pressure. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that activation of GPER-1 is sufficient to decrease fluid intake in female rats. In support of this hypothesis we found that treatment with the selective GPER-1 agonist G1 reduced AngII-stimulated fluid intake in OVX rats. Given the close association between food and fluid intakes in rats, and previous reports suggesting GPER-1 plays a role in energy homeostasis, we tested the hypothesis that the effect of GPER-1 on fluid intake was caused by a more direct effect on food intake. We found, however, that G1-treatment did not influence short-term or overnight food intake in OVX rats. Together these results reveal a novel effect of GPER-1 in the control of drinking behavior and provide an example of the divergence in the controls of fluid and food intakes in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Santollo
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States
| | - Derek Daniels
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States.
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28
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Prossnitz ER, Arterburn JB. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCVII. G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor and Its Pharmacologic Modulators. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:505-40. [PMID: 26023144 PMCID: PMC4485017 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens are critical mediators of multiple and diverse physiologic effects throughout the body in both sexes, including the reproductive, cardiovascular, endocrine, nervous, and immune systems. As such, alterations in estrogen function play important roles in many diseases and pathophysiological conditions (including cancer), exemplified by the lower prevalence of many diseases in premenopausal women. Estrogens mediate their effects through multiple cellular receptors, including the nuclear receptor family (ERα and ERβ) and the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family (GPR30/G protein-coupled estrogen receptor [GPER]). Although both receptor families can initiate rapid cell signaling and transcriptional regulation, the nuclear receptors are traditionally associated with regulating gene expression, whereas GPCRs are recognized as mediating rapid cellular signaling. Estrogen-activated pathways are not only the target of multiple therapeutic agents (e.g., tamoxifen, fulvestrant, raloxifene, and aromatase inhibitors) but are also affected by a plethora of phyto- and xeno-estrogens (e.g., genistein, coumestrol, bisphenol A, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane). Because of the existence of multiple estrogen receptors with overlapping ligand specificities, expression patterns, and signaling pathways, the roles of the individual receptors with respect to the diverse array of endogenous and exogenous ligands have been challenging to ascertain. The identification of GPER-selective ligands however has led to a much greater understanding of the roles of this receptor in normal physiology and disease as well as its interactions with the classic estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ and their signaling pathways. In this review, we describe the history and characterization of GPER over the past 15 years focusing on the pharmacology of steroidal and nonsteroidal compounds that have been employed to unravel the biology of this most recently recognized estrogen receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Prossnitz
- Department of Internal Medicine (E.R.P.) and University of New Mexico Cancer Center (E.R.P., J.B.A.), The University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico (J.B.A.)
| | - Jeffrey B Arterburn
- Department of Internal Medicine (E.R.P.) and University of New Mexico Cancer Center (E.R.P., J.B.A.), The University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico (J.B.A.)
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30
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Barton M, Prossnitz ER. Emerging roles of GPER in diabetes and atherosclerosis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:185-92. [PMID: 25767029 PMCID: PMC4731095 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is a 7-transmembrane receptor implicated in rapid estrogen signaling. Originally cloned from vascular endothelial cells, GPER plays a central role in the regulation of vascular tone and cell growth as well as lipid and glucose homeostasis. This review highlights our knowledge of the physiological and pathophysiological functions of GPER in the pancreas, peripheral and immune tissues, and the arterial vasculature. Recent findings on its roles in obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis, including GPER-dependent regulation of lipid metabolism and inflammation, are presented. The therapeutic potential of targeting GPER-dependent pathways in chronic diseases such as coronary artery disease and diabetes and in the context of menopause is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Barton
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87120, USA; UNM Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87120, USA.
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Lee D, Nevo O. 2-Methoxyestradiol regulates VEGFR-2 and sFlt-1 expression in human placenta. Placenta 2015; 36:125-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Meyer MR, Fredette NC, Howard TA, Hu C, Ramesh C, Daniel C, Amann K, Arterburn JB, Barton M, Prossnitz ER. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor protects from atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7564. [PMID: 25532911 PMCID: PMC4274506 DOI: 10.1038/srep07564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in postmenopausal women have been linked to inflammation and reduced nitric oxide (NO) formation. Natural estrogen exerts protective effects on both processes, yet also displays uterotrophic activity. Here, we used genetic and pharmacologic approaches to investigate the role of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in atherosclerosis. In ovary-intact mice, deletion of gper increased atherosclerosis progression, total and LDL cholesterol levels and inflammation while reducing vascular NO bioactivity, effects that were in some cases aggravated by surgical menopause. In human endothelial cells, GPER was expressed on intracellular membranes and mediated eNOS activation and NO formation, partially accounting for estrogen-mediated effects. Chronic treatment with G-1, a synthetic, highly selective small molecule agonist of GPER, reduced postmenopausal atherosclerosis and inflammation without uterotrophic effects. In summary, this study reveals an atheroprotective function of GPER and introduces selective GPER activation as a novel therapeutic approach to inhibit postmenopausal atherosclerosis and inflammation in the absence of uterotrophic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias R Meyer
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Natalie C Fredette
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Tamara A Howard
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Chelin Hu
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Chinnasamy Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Pathologisches Institut, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Pathologisches Institut, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jeffrey B Arterburn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Matthias Barton
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Kong BS, Cho YH, Lee EJ. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1 is involved in the protective effect of protocatechuic aldehyde against endothelial dysfunction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113242. [PMID: 25411835 PMCID: PMC4239058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protocatechuic aldehyde (PCA), a phenolic aldehyde, has therapeutic potency against atherosclerosis. Although PCA is known to inhibit the migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and intravascular thrombosis, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of PCA on endothelial cells and injured vessels in vivo in association with G protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1 (GPER-1). With PCA treatment, cAMP production was increased in HUVECs, while GPER-1 expression was increased in both HUVECs and a rat aortic explant. PCA and G1, a GPER-1 agonist, reduced H2O2 stimulated ROS production in HUVECs, whereas, G15, a GPER-1 antagonist, increased ROS production further. These elevations were inhibited by co-treatment with PCA or G1. TNFα stimulated the expression of inflammatory markers (VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and CD40), phospho-NF-κB, phospho-p38 and HIF-1α; however, co-treatment with PCA or G1 down-regulated this expression significantly. Likewise, increased expression of inflammatory markers by treatment with G15 was inhibited by co-treatment with PCA. In re-endothelization, aortic ring sprouting and neointima formation assay, rat aortas treated with PCA or G1 showed accelerated re-endothelization of the endothelium and reduced sprouting and neointima formation. However, aortas from G15-treated rats showed decelerated re-endothelization and increased sprouting and neointima formation. The effects of G15 were restored by co-treatment with PCA or G1. Also, in the endothelia of these aortas, PCA and G1 increased CD31 and GPER-1 and decreased VCAM-1 and CD40 expression. In contrast, the opposite effect was observed in G15-treated endothelium. These results suggest that GPER-1 might mediate the protective effect of PCA on the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Soo Kong
- Institute of Endocrine Research and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Endocrinology, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Cho
- Institute of Endocrine Research and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Endocrinology, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (YHC); (EJL)
| | - Eun Jig Lee
- Institute of Endocrine Research and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Endocrinology, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (YHC); (EJL)
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Pathak V, Ahmad I, Kahlon AK, Hasanain M, Sharma S, Srivastava KK, Sarkar J, Shankar K, Sharma A, Gupta A. Syntheses of 2-methoxyestradiol and eugenol template based diarylpropenes as non-steroidal anticancer agents. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03823a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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35
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Prossnitz ER, Barton M. Estrogen biology: new insights into GPER function and clinical opportunities. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 389:71-83. [PMID: 24530924 PMCID: PMC4040308 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens play an important role in the regulation of normal physiology, aging and many disease states. Although the nuclear estrogen receptors have classically been described to function as ligand-activated transcription factors mediating genomic effects in hormonally regulated tissues, more recent studies reveal that estrogens also mediate rapid signaling events traditionally associated with G protein-coupled receptors. The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPER (formerly GPR30) has now become recognized as a major mediator of estrogen's rapid cellular effects throughout the body. With the discovery of selective synthetic ligands for GPER, both agonists and antagonists, as well as the use of GPER knockout mice, significant advances have been made in our understanding of GPER function at the cellular, tissue and organismal levels. In many instances, the protective/beneficial effects of estrogen are mimicked by selective GPER agonism and are absent or reduced in GPER knockout mice, suggesting an essential or at least parallel role for GPER in the actions of estrogen. In this review, we will discuss recent advances and our current understanding of the role of GPER and the activity of clinically used drugs, such as SERMs and SERDs, in physiology and disease. We will also highlight novel opportunities for clinical development towards GPER-targeted therapeutics, for molecular imaging, as well as for theranostic approaches and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Prossnitz
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNM Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87120, USA.
| | - Matthias Barton
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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36
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Jennings BL, George LW, Pingili AK, Khan NS, Estes AM, Fang XR, Gonzalez FJ, Malik KU. Estrogen metabolism by cytochrome P450 1B1 modulates the hypertensive effect of angiotensin II in female mice. Hypertension 2014; 64:134-40. [PMID: 24777982 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To determine the role of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1 in the sex difference in response to angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension, female Cyp1b1(+/+) and Cyp1b1(-/-) mice were infused with Ang II (700 ng/kg per minute) or vehicle with or without ovariectomy. In addition, mice were treated with the CYP1B1 inhibitor, 2,3',4,5'-tetramethoxystilbene (TMS; 300 μg/kg IP, every third day), and 17-β estradiol metabolites, 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OHE), 4-OHE, or 2-methoxyestradiol (1.5 mg/kg per day IP, for 2 weeks) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) measured. Ang II increased SBP more in Cyp1b1(-/-) than in Cyp1b1(+/+) mice (119±3-171±11 versus 120±4-149±4 mm Hg; P<0.05). Ang II caused cardiovascular remodeling and endothelial dysfunction and increased vascular reactivity and oxidative stress in Cyp1b1(-/-) but not in Cyp1b1(+/+)mice. The Ang II-induced increase in SBP was enhanced by ovariectomy and TMS in Cyp1b1(+/+) but not in Cyp1b1(-/-) mice. 2-OHE did not alter Ang II-induced increase in SBP in Cyp1b1(+/+) mice but minimized it in Cyp1b1(-/-) mice, whereas 4-OHE enhanced Ang II-induced increase in SBP in Cyp1b1(+/+) mice but did not alter the increased SBP in Cyp1b1(-/-) mice. 2-OHE-derived catechol-O-methyltransferase metabolite, 2-methoxyestradiol, inhibited Ang II-induced increase in SBP in Cyp1b1(-/-) mice. Ang II increased plasma levels of 2-methoxyestradiol in Cyp1b1(+/+) but not in Cyp1b1(-/-) mice and increased activity of cardiac extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p38 mitogen-activated kinase, c-Src, and Akt in Cyp1b1(-/-) but not in Cyp1b1(+/+) mice. These data suggest that CYP1B1 protects against Ang II-induced hypertension and associated cardiovascular changes in female mice, most likely mediated by 2-methoxyestradiol-inhibiting oxidative stress and the activity of these signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett L Jennings
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (B.L.J., L.W.G., A.K.P., N.S.K., A.M.E., X.R.F., K.U.M.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - L Watson George
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (B.L.J., L.W.G., A.K.P., N.S.K., A.M.E., X.R.F., K.U.M.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Ajeeth K Pingili
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (B.L.J., L.W.G., A.K.P., N.S.K., A.M.E., X.R.F., K.U.M.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Nayaab S Khan
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (B.L.J., L.W.G., A.K.P., N.S.K., A.M.E., X.R.F., K.U.M.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Anne M Estes
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (B.L.J., L.W.G., A.K.P., N.S.K., A.M.E., X.R.F., K.U.M.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Xiao R Fang
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (B.L.J., L.W.G., A.K.P., N.S.K., A.M.E., X.R.F., K.U.M.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (B.L.J., L.W.G., A.K.P., N.S.K., A.M.E., X.R.F., K.U.M.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Kafait U Malik
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (B.L.J., L.W.G., A.K.P., N.S.K., A.M.E., X.R.F., K.U.M.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Lindsey
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA.
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