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Hoch CC, Petry J, Griesbaum L, Weiser T, Werner K, Ploch M, Verschoor A, Multhoff G, Bashiri Dezfouli A, Wollenberg B. 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol): A versatile phytochemical with therapeutic applications across multiple diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115467. [PMID: 37696087 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
1,8-cineole (Eucalyptol), a naturally occurring compound derived from botanical sources such as eucalyptus, rosemary, and camphor laurel, has a long history of use in traditional medicine and exhibits an array of biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, bronchodilatory, analgesic, and pro-apoptotic effects. Recent evidence has also indicated its potential role in managing conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, neuropathic pain, and cancer. This review spotlights the health advantages of 1,8-cineole, as demonstrated in clinical trials involving patients with respiratory disorders, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, bronchitis, and rhinosinusitis. In addition, we shed light on potential therapeutic applications of 1,8-cineole in various conditions, such as depression, epilepsy, peptic ulcer disease, diarrhea, cardiac-related heart diseases, and diabetes mellitus. A comprehensive understanding of 1,8-cineole's pharmacodynamics and safety aspects as well as developing effective formulations, might help to leverage its therapeutic value. This thorough review sets the stage for future research on diverse health benefits and potential uses of 1,8-cineole in tackling complex medical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosima C Hoch
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Julie Petry
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Lena Griesbaum
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Weiser
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Werner
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Admar Verschoor
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich (TranslaTUM), Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Bashiri Dezfouli
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich (TranslaTUM), Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Wollenberg
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany.
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Dippong T, Cadar O, Kovacs MH, Dan M, Senila L. Chemical Analysis of Various Tea Samples Concerning Volatile Compounds, Fatty Acids, Minerals and Assessment of Their Thermal Behavior. Foods 2023; 12:3063. [PMID: 37628061 PMCID: PMC10453188 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea is the most consumed drink worldwide due to its pleasant taste and various beneficial effects on human health. This paper assesses the physicochemical analysis of different varieties of tea (leaves, flowers, and instant) after prior drying and fine grinding. The thermal decomposition behavior of the tea components shows that the tea has three stages of decomposition, depending on temperature. The first stage was attributed to the volatilization of water, while the second stage involved the degradation of volatiles, polyphenols, and fatty acids. The degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin content occurs at the highest temperature of 400 °C in the third stage. A total of 66 volatile compounds, divided into eight classes, were identified in the tea samples. The volatile compounds were classified into nine odor classes: floral, fruity, green, sweet, chemical, woody, citrus, roasted, and alcohol. In all flower and leaf tea samples, monounsaturated (MUFAs), polyunsaturated (PUFAs), and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) were identified. A high content of omega-6 was quantified in acacia, Saint John's Wort, rose, and yarrow, while omega-3 was found in mint, Saint John's Wort, green, blueberry, and lavender samples. The flower and leaf tea samples studied could be a good dietary source of polyphenolic compounds, essential elements. In instant tea samples, a low quantity of polyphenols and major elements were identified. The physicochemical analysis demonstrated that both flower and leaf teas have high-quality properties when compared to instant tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dippong
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 76 Victoriei Street, 430122 Baia Mare, Romania;
| | - Oana Cadar
- INCDO-INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.C.); (M.H.K.)
| | - Melinda Haydee Kovacs
- INCDO-INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.C.); (M.H.K.)
| | - Monica Dan
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Lacrimioara Senila
- INCDO-INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.C.); (M.H.K.)
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Metal-organic framework on porous TiO 2 thin film-coated alumina beads for fractional distillation of plant essential oils. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4809-4819. [PMID: 35583681 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Fractionation of essential oils is technically challenging due to enormous scaffold diversities and structural complexities as well as difficulties in the implementation of the fractionation in the gas phase. Packing beads with multi-dimensional hierarchical nanostructures have been developed herein to pack fractional columns for atmospheric distillations. Activated alumina beads were coated with a porous TiO2 thin film. Growth of Cu-BTC (benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate) crystals in resultant porous surfaces leads to the generation of new nanopores and increased metal centers for differential coordination with diverse components of essential oils. The TiO2 thin film is not only an integral part of the composites but also induces the oriented growth of Cu-BTC metal organic framework (MOF) crystals through coordinative interactions. These Al2O3@TiO2@Cu-BTC MOF beads show very strong absorptive capability for major components of essential oils, except for a single cyclic ether eucalyptol with steric hindrances. The eucalyptol was fractionated by using the column packed with those modified alumina beads from raw materials of Artemisia argyi, and Rosmarinus officinalis with high purities up to 96% and 93%, respectively.
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Bandi R, Lathiya R, Lingappa L, Konanki R. Herbal Medicine-Induced Seizures in Children: Single-Center Experience Over 18 Months. Indian Pediatr 2021. [PMID: 33452778 PMCID: PMC7840423 DOI: 10.1007/s13312-021-2099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Bandi
- Department of Neurology, Rainbow Children's Hospital, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rini Lathiya
- Department of Genetics, Rainbow Children's Hospital, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Lokesh Lingappa
- Department of Neurology, Rainbow Children's Hospital, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ramesh Konanki
- Department of Neurology, Rainbow Children's Hospital, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Mathew T, K John S, Kamath V, Kumar R S, Jadav R, Swamy S, Adoor G, Shaji A, Nadig R, Badachi S, D Souza D, Therambil M, Sarma GRK, J Parry G. Essential oil related seizures (EORS): A multi-center prospective study on essential oils and seizures in adults. Epilepsy Res 2021; 173:106626. [PMID: 33813360 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Essential oils (EOs) like eucalyptus and camphor have pro-convulsant properties. These EOs are present in many over- the- counter balms and oils. The effect of exposure to these EOs and occurrence of seizure is not systematically studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between essential oils and the first episode of seizure and breakthrough seizures in known epileptic patients. METHODS This was a multi-center prospective study, conducted in four hospitals over four years. Every person presenting with the first episode of seizure or breakthrough seizure was asked about exposure to EOs, mode of exposure, time to onset of a seizure in relationship to exposure, duration of seizure, type of seizure, and antiepileptic drug therapy. RESULTS During the four-year period there were 55 patients with essential oil-related seizure (EORS). 22(40 %) had essential oil-induced seizures (EOIS) and 33(60 %) had essential oil-provoked seizures (EOPS). The female: male ratio was 1:1.1, the age of the patients ranged from 8 months to 77 years. In the EOIS group, 95 % had generalized tonic-clonic seizures and 5% had focal impaired awareness seizures. In the EOPS group, 42.4 % had focal impaired awareness seizures, 27.3 % generalized tonic-clonic seizures, 15 % focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures, and 15 % focal aware motor seizures. EOs implicated were preparations containing eucalyptus and camphor. CONCLUSION Exposure to essential oils of eucalyptus and camphor is an under-recognized cause of the first and breakthrough seizure. Identifying the true causative factor will prevent unnecessary antiepileptic drug therapy and future recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mathew
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India.
| | - Saji K John
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India
| | - Vikram Kamath
- Department of Neurology, Apollo Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shiva Kumar R
- Department of Neurology, Sakra World Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rakesh Jadav
- Department of Neurology, Apollo Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sreekanta Swamy
- Department of Neurology, Apollo Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gurucharan Adoor
- Department of Neurology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Asha Shaji
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India
| | - Raghunandan Nadig
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India
| | - Sagar Badachi
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India
| | - Delon D Souza
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India
| | - Manjusha Therambil
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India
| | - G R K Sarma
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India
| | - Gareth J Parry
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India
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Sai Chandar D, Prashanthi M, Laxman Kumar C, Amith Kumar C. Eucalyptus Oil-Induced Seizures in Children: A Single-Center Prospective Study. Cureus 2021; 13:e14109. [PMID: 33927923 PMCID: PMC8075753 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Eucalyptus oil (EO) is known to have proconvulsant properties. EO is present in many over-the-counter preparations and used orally or topically to treat many ailments. In this study, we seek to describe clinical features, neuroimaging, and electroencephalographic findings and follow up outcome in children with eucalyptus oil-induced seizures (EOIS). Materials and methods This was a single-center prospective observational study, conducted at a tertiary care hospital from South India over a period of two years. Children (up to 18 years of age) with a first afebrile seizure or breakthrough seizures with preexisting epilepsy and with a recent exposure to EO were included. Data from all the children including demographic data, exposure to EO, mode of exposure, time to onset of seizures in relation to exposure, duration of seizure, type of seizure, investigations, and antiepileptic drug therapy were noted. All the patients were followed up for recurrence of seizures for six to nine months. Results During the study period of two years, a total of 17 children met the inclusion criteria, with a median (range) age of 3.75 years (23 - 150 months) and 10 (59%) were male. Only one patient had breakthrough seizures and all other 16 children had a first episode of seizure. All the children had generalized tonic-clonic seizures with median duration of three minutes (30 sec - 30 minutes). The median (range) interval between EO exposure and the onset of seizures was 20 minutes (10 - 120 minutes). All the children had taken EO drops orally mixed in either water or milk in different amounts. All the patients' brain neuroimaging was normal. All the patients had normal electroencephalography except for four children. Only five patients were treated with antiepileptic drugs for two weeks and one patient with preexisting epilepsy was continued on the same antiepileptic drug. None of the patients had a recurrence of seizures during the follow-up period of six to nine months. Conclusion EOIS is an underrecognized and rare entity of seizures in children. EOIS can occur as first seizures or as breakthrough seizures in preexisting epilepsy patients. Despite the previous case reports in the literature quoting the seizurogenic potential of EO, this awareness is lacking in both clinicians and parents. We also recommend clinicians inquire about exposure to EO while approaching a child with first afebrile seizures or breakthrough seizures, which can prevent unnecessary investigations and long-term antiepileptic drug therapy.
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Bandi R, Lathiya R, Lingappa L, Konanki R, Kimiya T, Shinjoh M, Miyata A, Takahashi T, Shah S, Kaul A, Shah R, Maddipoti S. Herbal Medicine-Induced Seizures in Children: Single-Center Experience Over 18 Months. Indian Pediatr 2021; 58:71-73. [PMID: 33452778 PMCID: PMC7840423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2024]
Abstract
Many common household herbal preparations may have seizurogenic ingredients. We report 15 children with seizures following exposure to such compounds: oral ingestion of liquid preparation in 13, and local application of balm and Eucalyptus oil ingestion in one each. All children, except one, had generalized seizures. This study highlights the need to address this history during evaluation of first seizure, and increase awareness of seizurogenic potential of such preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Bandi
- Department of Neurology, Rainbow Children’s Hospital, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, 500 034 India
| | - Rini Lathiya
- Department of Genetics, Rainbow Children’s Hospital, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, 500 034 India
| | - Lokesh Lingappa
- Department of Neurology, Rainbow Children’s Hospital, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, 500 034 India
| | - Ramesh Konanki
- Department of Neurology, Rainbow Children’s Hospital, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, 500 034 India
| | - Takahisa Kimiya
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Saiwai Pediatric Clinic, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Shinjoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Miyata
- Saiwai Pediatric Clinic, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachin Shah
- Surya Mother and Child Superspecialty Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 057 India
| | - Amita Kaul
- Surya Mother and Child Superspecialty Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 057 India
| | - Rima Shah
- Surya Mother and Child Superspecialty Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 057 India
| | - Sankeerth Maddipoti
- Surya Mother and Child Superspecialty Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 057 India
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Wu B, Wang G, Xin L, Li Q, Lu X, Su Y, Huang P. Network pharmacology-based therapeutic mechanism of Kuanxiong aerosol for angina pectoris. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 261:113079. [PMID: 32526337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Kuanxiong aerosol has been reported to be an effective and safe clinical treatment for angina pectoris (AP). AIM OF THE STUDY To explore the potential pharmacological mechanism of Kuanxiong aerosol by combined methods of network pharmacology prediction and experimental verification. MATERIALS AND METHODS Networks of Kuanxiong aerosol-associated targets and AP-related genes were constructed through STRING database. Potential targets and pathway enrichment analysis related to the therapeutic efficacy of Kuanxiong aerosol were identified using Cytoscape and Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). To explore the mechanism of action of Kuanxiong aerosol, its in vitro effects on myocardial hypoxia, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative injury, and its in vivo pharmacological effects on myocardial ischemia and cardiac fibrosis were studied in rat models. RESULTS Network pharmacology analysis revealed that the potential targets mainly include the Fas ligand (FASLG), interleukin 4 (IL4), and catalase (CAT), which mediated the processes of apoptosis, and cellular responses to hypoxia, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mechanical stimulus. Multiple pathways, such as the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) pathways were found to be closely related to the pharmacological protective mechanism of Kuanxiong aerosol against AP. In addition, Kuanxiong aerosol suppressed the hypoxia, LPS, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced injuries of H9c2 cardiomyocytes through the regulation of HIF1A, suppressed expression of IL6 and TNF, and antioxidant property. In the rat model of myocardial ischemia, Kuanxiong aerosol was found to lower the creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, without altering the hemodynamic function. Kuanxiong aerosol was capable of attenuating cardiac fibrosis and improving cardiac function in a cardiac fibrosis rat model. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that the pharmacological mechanisms of Kuanxiong aerosol for AP therapy were related to anti-myocardial ischemia, anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidation via a non-hemodynamic manner, indicating that Kuanxiong aerosol is a preferable drug clinically for AP treatment due to its both preventive and protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihan Wu
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Guowei Wang
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Lei Xin
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Qunying Li
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Hangzhou Supor South Ocean Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311225, China
| | - Yan Su
- Hangzhou Supor South Ocean Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311225, China
| | - Pintong Huang
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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Mathew T, John SK, Kamath V, Kumar R S, Jadav R, Shaji A, Nadig R, Sarma GRK, Parry GJ. Essential oil-related status epilepticus: A small case series study. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2020; 1:918-921. [PMID: 33145540 PMCID: PMC7593459 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Essential oils are plant-derived oils and are widely used as an over-the-counter remedy for common ailments. Many essential oils are found to have proconvulsant effects. Here we report a small case series of 3 adults with eseential oil-related status epilepticus. METHODS This was an observational study conducted in a tertiary care hospital in south India from January 2018 to December 2019. We collected the demographic, clinical, and imaging features of all cases of status epilepticus resulting from exposure to essential oils. Cases of status epilepticus secondary to all other causes were excluded. RESULTS There were 3 young adults with essential oil-related status epilepticus. Two had de novo generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, and 1 with posttraumatic occipital lobe epilepsy had focal-impaired awareness status epilepticus. The first 2 cases presented with histories of ingestion of eucalyptus oil. The third case had focal-impaired awareness status epilepticus after topical application of various balms containing eucalyptus and camphor. CONCLUSIONS Proconvulsant essential oils of eucalyptus and camphor can cause both generalized and focal status epilepticus. Physicians dealing with patients of status epilepticus should enquire about the exposure to proconvulsant essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mathew
- Department of NeurologySt. John's Medical College HospitalBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Saji K. John
- Department of NeurologySt. John's Medical College HospitalBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Vikram Kamath
- Department of Neurology, Apollo HospitalBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Shiva Kumar R
- Department of Neurology, Sakra World HospitalBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Rakesh Jadav
- Department of Neurology, Apollo HospitalBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Asha Shaji
- Department of NeurologySt. John's Medical College HospitalBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Raghunandan Nadig
- Department of NeurologySt. John's Medical College HospitalBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | | | - Gareth J. Parry
- Department of NeurologySt. John's Medical College HospitalBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
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Zolfaghari Z, Vatanparast J. Thymol provokes burst of action potentials in neurons of snail Caucasotachea atrolabiata. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 228:108654. [PMID: 31683013 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thymol, a phenolic monoterpene, is well known for its antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant properties. In spite of wide use in oral care products, pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparation and in food industry, the effects of thymol on the neuronal activity and intrinsic properties have not been well studied. We studied the effects of thymol on the spontaneous activity and action potential properties of central neurons of snail Caucasotachea atrolabiata. Thymol (1 mM) altered action potentials characteristics and provoked epileptiform burst firing in snail neurons, which were partially reversible after washout. Before burst firing, action potentials had lower amplitude and maximum rising slope, while the threshold voltage was raised. These results suggest the inhibition of ion channels underlying action potential initiation and upstroke. The maximum falling slope and afterhyperpolarization were also considerably reduced, suggesting the inhibition of potassium channels. Thymol (0.5 mM) that was not able to induce burst firing in snail neurons, synergistically acted with potassium channel blocker, tetraethyl ammonium, to induce burst firing, which also supports the importance of potassium channel inhibition, especially delayed rectifier potassium channels, to the thymol-induced alteration of firing pattern. The thymol-induced burst firing seems to be dependent on both sodium and calcium currents. Our findings provide evidences for the ability of thymol in altering the firing mode of central neurons of snail, which apparently involves the inhibition of calcium and potassium currents. These results further support the interaction of thymol with ion channels and emphasize on the vulnerability of nervous system to this compound.
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Zuo Z, Yang Y, Xu Q, Yang W, Zhao J, Zhou L. Effects of phosphorus sources on volatile organic compound emissions from Microcystis flos-aquae and their toxic effects on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:1283-1298. [PMID: 29264818 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-0055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is diverse phosphorus (P) in eutrophicated waters, but it is considered as a crucial nutrient for cyanobacteria growth due to its easy precipitation as insoluble salts. To uncover the effects of complex P nutrients on the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from cyanobacteria and their toxic effects on other algae, the VOCs from Microcystis flos-aquae supplied with different types and amount of P nutrients were analyzed, and the effects of VOCs and their two main compounds on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii growth were investigated. When M. flos-aquae cells were supplied with K2HPO4, sodium pyrophosphate and sodium hexametaphosphate as the sole P source, 27, 23 and 29 compounds were found, respectively, including furans, sulfocompounds, terpenoids, benzenes, aldehydes, hydrocarbons and esters. With K2HPO4 as the sole P source, the VOC emission increased with reducing P amount, and the maximum emission was found under Non-P condition. In the treatments of M. flos-aquae VOCs under Non-P condition and two main terpenoids (eucalyptol and limonene) in the VOCs, remarkable decreases were found in C. reinhardtii cell growth, photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthetic abilities. Therefore, we deduce that multiple P nutrients in eutrophicated waters induce different VOC emissions from cyanobacteria, and P amount reduction caused by natural precipitation and algal massive growth results in more VOC emissions. These VOCs play toxic roles in cyanobacteria becoming dominant species, and eucalyptol and limonene are two toxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Zuo
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Youyou Yang
- College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Qinghuan Xu
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Wangting Yang
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Jingxian Zhao
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Lv Zhou
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
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Wang ZJ, Heinbockel T. Essential Oils and Their Constituents Targeting the GABAergic System and Sodium Channels as Treatment of Neurological Diseases. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051061. [PMID: 29724056 PMCID: PMC6099651 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils and the constituents in them exhibit different pharmacological activities, such as antinociceptive, anxiolytic-like, and anticonvulsant effects. They are widely applied as a complementary therapy for people with anxiety, insomnia, convulsion, pain, and cognitive deficit symptoms through inhalation, oral administration, and aromatherapy. Recent studies show that essential oils are emerging as a promising source for modulation of the GABAergic system and sodium ion channels. This review summarizes the recent findings regarding the pharmacological properties of essential oils and compounds from the oils and the mechanisms underlying their effects. Specifically, the review focuses on the essential oils and their constituents targeting the GABAergic system and sodium channels, and their antinociceptive, anxiolytic, and anticonvulsant properties. Some constituents target transient receptor potential (TRP) channels to exert analgesic effects. Some components could interact with multiple therapeutic target proteins, for example, inhibit the function of sodium channels and, at the same time, activate GABAA receptors. The review concentrates on perspective compounds that could be better candidates for new drug development in the control of pain and anxiety syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Jun Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Str., NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
| | - Thomas Heinbockel
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Str., NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
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Vatanparast J, Andalib-Lari F. Camphor elicits epileptiform discharges in snail neurons: The role of ion channels modulation. Neurotoxicology 2017; 60:299-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Vatanparast J, Bazleh S, Janahmadi M. The effects of linalool on the excitability of central neurons of snail Caucasotachea atrolabiata. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 192:33-39. [PMID: 27939722 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Linalool is a major constituent of the essential oil of several plant species and possesses several biological activities. In this work, we studied the effects of linalool on excitability of central neurons of land snail Caucasotachea atrolabiata and tried to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The lower concentration of linalool (0.1mM) showed suppressive action on spontaneous activity and pentylenetetrazole-induced epileptiform activity. These effects were associated with elevation of the action potential threshold and reduction of action potential rising phase, supporting the inhibitory action of linalool on Na+ channels. At this concentration it also prolonged the post stimulus inhibitory period that can take part in its antiepileptic effect and apparently results from increased action potential duration and indirect augmentation of Ca2+-activated K+ currents. At higher concentration, however, linalool (0.4mM) increased the neuronal excitability and induced epileptiform activity. The modulatory effects on action potential waveform during preconvulsive period suggest that the recent effect is mainly dependent on the suppression of outward potassium currents underlying repolarization phase and afterhyperpolarization. The linalool-induced epileptiform activity was abolished by Ca2+ channel blockers, nifedipine and nickel chloride, and selective inhibitor of protein kinase C, chelerythrine, suggesting that Ca2+ inward currents and protein kinase C (PKC) activity are required for linalool-induced epileptiform activity. Our results support the antiepileptic activity of linalool at lower dose, but it shows epileptogenic activity when applied directly on snail neurons at higher dose. Linalool may also be a potential therapeutic agent for activating PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Bazleh
- Department of Biology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahyar Janahmadi
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Physiology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Xu Q, Yang L, Yang W, Bai Y, Hou P, Zhao J, Zhou L, Zuo Z. Volatile organic compounds released from Microcystis flos-aquae under nitrogen sources and their toxic effects on Chlorella vulgaris. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 135:191-200. [PMID: 27741460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication promotes massive growth of cyanobacteria and algal blooms, which can poison other algae and reduce biodiversity. To investigate the differences in multiple nitrogen (N) sources in eutrophicated water on the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from cyanobacteria, and their toxic effects on other algal growth, we analyzed VOCs emitted from Microcystis flos-aquae with different types and concentrations of nitrogen, and determined the effects under Normal-N and Non-N conditions on Chlorella vulgaris. M. flos-aquae released 27, 22, 20, 27, 19, 25 and 17 compounds, respectively, with NaNO3, NaNO2, NH4Cl, urea, Ser, Lys and Arg as the sole N source. With the reduction in N amount, the emission of VOCs was increased markedly, and the most VOCs were found under Non-N condition. C. vulgaris cell propagation, photosynthetic pigment and Fv/Fm declined significantly following exposure to M. flos-aquae VOCs under Non-N condition, but not under Normal-N condition. When C. vulgaris cells were treated with two terpenoids, eucalyptol and limonene, the inhibitory effects were enhanced with increasing concentrations. Therefore, multiple N sources in eutrophicated water induce different VOC emissions from cyanobacteria, and reduction in N can cause nutrient competition, which can result in emissions of more VOCs. Those VOCs released from M. flos-aquae cells under Non-N for nutrient competition can inhibit other algal growth. Among those VOCs, eucalyptol and limonene are the major toxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghuan Xu
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Wangting Yang
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Yan Bai
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Ping Hou
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Jingxian Zhao
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Lv Zhou
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Zhaojiang Zuo
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Lin'an 311300, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA.
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Dual effects of eugenol on the neuronal excitability: An in vitro study. Neurotoxicology 2016; 58:84-91. [PMID: 27894698 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Besides its well-known actions on sensory afferents, eugenol also affects general excitability of the nervous system, but the mechanisms involved in the recent effect, especially through modulation of ion channels, have received much less attention. In this study, we studied the effects of eugenol on the excitability of central neurons of land snail Caucasotachea atrolabiata and tried to elucidate the underlying ionic mechanisms. The lower concentration of eugenol (0.5mM) reversibly reduced the frequency of spontaneous action potentials that was associated with elevation of threshold, reduction of maximum slope of rising phase and prolongation of actin potentials. These effects were mimicked by riluzole, suggesting that they might be mediated by inhibition of Na+ channels. Eugenol also prolonged the single-spike afterhyperpolarization and post stimulus inhibitory period, but these effects seemed to be consequent to action potential prolongation that indirectly augment Ca2+ inward currents and Ca2+-activated K+ currents. This concentration of eugenol was also able to prevent or abolish pentylenetetrazole-induced epileptiform activity. On the other hand, a higher concentration of eugenol (2mM) reversibly increased the frequency of action potentials and then induced epileptiform activity in majority of treated neurons. Several criteria suggest that the inhibition of K+ channels by higher concentration of eugenol and indirect augmentation of Ca2+ currents are central to the hyperexcitability and epileptiform activity induced by eugenol. Our findings indicate that while low concentration of eugenol could have antiepileptic properties, at higher concentration it induces epileptiform activity. It seems that does dependent inhibition of the ionic currents underlying rising and falling phases of action potential is relevant to the eugenol suppressant and excitatory actions, respectively.
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