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Agarwal U, Verma S, Tonk RK. Chromenone: An emerging scaffold in anti-Alzheimer drug discovery. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 111:129912. [PMID: 39089526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents a growing global health concern. In recent decades, natural and synthetic chromenone have emerged as promising drug candidates due to their multi-target potential. Natural chromenone, quercetin, scopoletin, esculetin, coumestrol, umbelliferone, bergapten, and methoxsalen (xanthotoxin), and synthetic chromenone hybrids comprising structures like acridine, 4-aminophenyl, 3-arylcoumarins, quinoline, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,3-triazole, and tacrine, have been explored for their potential to combat AD. Key reactions used for synthesis of chromenone hybrids include Perkin and Pechmann condensation. The activity of chromenone hybrids has been reported against several drug targets, including AChE, BuChE, BACE-1, and MAO-A/B. This review comprehensively explores natural, semisynthetic, and synthetic chromenone, elucidating their synthetic routes, possible mode of action/drug targets and structure-activity relationships (SAR). The acquired knowledge provides valuable insights for the development of new chromenone hybrids against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research University, Delhi 110017, India
| | - Saroj Verma
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, K.R. Mangalam University, Gurugram 122103, India.
| | - Rajiv K Tonk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research University, Delhi 110017, India.
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Akhlada, Siddiqui N, Anurag, Saifi A, Kesharwani A, Parihar VK, Sharma A. Neuroprotective Action of Selected Natural Drugs Against Neurological Diseases and Mental Disorders: Potential Use Against Radiation Damage. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:2336-2351. [PMID: 38864943 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to radiation, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, is a significant concern in modern society. The brain is the organ that is most sensitive to radiation exposure. This review describes how exposure to radiation can affect neurotransmitters in different brain regions, affecting brain function. This review covers neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and neuroinflammation due to changes in neurons in the central nervous system, and the effects thereon of medicinal plants such as Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Centella asiatica, Coriandrum sativum, and Crocus sativus plants, used for centuries in traditional medicine. These herbal medicines exert free radical scavenging, and antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory properties which can be beneficial in managing neurological diseases. The present review compiles the neuroprotective effects of selected natural plants against neurological damage, as well as highlights the different mechanisms of action elicited to induce and produce beneficial effects. The current review describes recent studies on the pharmacological effects of neuroprotective herbs on various neurological and mental illnesses, and shows the way further studies can impact this field, including potential effects on radiation-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhlada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, 250005, India
| | - Nazia Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, 250005, India
| | - Anurag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, 250005, India
| | - Alimuddin Saifi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, 250005, India
| | - Anuradha Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, 844102, India
| | - Vipan Kumar Parihar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, 844102, India
| | - Alok Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, 250005, India.
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Park W, Song G, Lim W, Park S. Therapeutic effects of S-allyl-L-cysteine in a mouse endometriosis model and its immunomodulatory effects via regulation of T cell subsets and cytokine expression. Pharmacol Rep 2024:10.1007/s43440-024-00625-1. [PMID: 39093549 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00625-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is a female hormone-dependent gynecological disorder characterized by chronic inflammation. Therefore, the development of novel treatment strategies that can diminish the side effects of the long-term use of hormone-based drugs has been emphasized. S-Allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) is the major constituent of aged garlic extracts. Although the therapeutic effects resulting from the antioxidant properties of SAC have been extensively studied in inflammatory diseases, the therapeutic efficacy of SAC in endometriosis has not been described. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of SAC for endometriosis using a mouse model. METHODS An endometriosis mouse model was surgically induced, and oral treatment with 30 mg/kg SAC was administered daily for 28 days. The development of endometriotic lesions was assessed by histological analysis, and the expression profiles of adhesion-, apoptosis-, and inflammation-related genes were evaluated by PCR. Flow cytometric analysis of mouse spleen was conducted to assess changes in lymphocyte subpopulations. RESULTS SAC treatment significantly inhibited endometriotic lesion growth. Transcriptional expression analysis revealed the antiadhesion and apoptosis-promoting effects of SAC. In particular, SAC showed an effective immune modulatory response by altering splenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets and inflammatory cytokine production in the spleen and endometriotic lesions. CONCLUSION This study newly elucidates the inhibitory effects of SAC on the growth of endometriosis in a mouse model and describes its immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonhyoung Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunwoo Park
- Department of Plant & Biomaterials Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52725, Republic of Korea.
- Department of GreenBio Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52725, Republic of Korea.
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Jayanti S, Vitek L, Verde CD, Llido JP, Sukowati C, Tiribelli C, Gazzin S. Role of Natural Compounds Modulating Heme Catabolic Pathway in Gut, Liver, Cardiovascular, and Brain Diseases. Biomolecules 2024; 14:63. [PMID: 38254662 PMCID: PMC10813662 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The crucial physiological process of heme breakdown yields biliverdin (BV) and bilirubin (BR) as byproducts. BV, BR, and the enzymes involved in their production (the "yellow players-YP") are increasingly documented as endogenous modulators of human health. Mildly elevated serum bilirubin concentration has been correlated with a reduced risk of multiple chronic pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory diseases, especially in the elderly. BR and BV per se have been demonstrated to protect against neurodegenerative diseases, in which heme oxygenase (HMOX), the main enzyme in the production of pigments, is almost always altered. HMOX upregulation has been interpreted as a tentative defense against the ongoing pathologic mechanisms. With the demonstration that multiple cells possess YP, their propensity to be modulated, and their broad spectrum of activity on multiple signaling pathways, the YP have assumed the role of an adjustable system that can promote health in adults. Based on that, there is an ongoing effort to induce their activity as a therapeutic option, and natural compounds are an attractive alternative to the goal, possibly requiring only minimal changes in the life style. We review the most recent evidence of the potential of natural compounds in targeting the YP in the context of the most common pathologic condition of adult and elderly life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Jayanti
- Liver brain Unit “Rita Moretti”, Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163,5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy or (S.J.); (C.D.V.); (J.P.L.); or (C.S.); (C.T.)
- Eijkman Research Centre for Molecular Biology, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16915, Indonesia
| | - Libor Vitek
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, and 4th Department of Internal Medicine, General University Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Camilla Dalla Verde
- Liver brain Unit “Rita Moretti”, Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163,5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy or (S.J.); (C.D.V.); (J.P.L.); or (C.S.); (C.T.)
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34139 Trieste, Italy
| | - John Paul Llido
- Liver brain Unit “Rita Moretti”, Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163,5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy or (S.J.); (C.D.V.); (J.P.L.); or (C.S.); (C.T.)
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34139 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Science and Technology, Philippine Council for Health Research and Development, Bicutan, Taguig City 1631, Philippines
| | - Caecilia Sukowati
- Liver brain Unit “Rita Moretti”, Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163,5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy or (S.J.); (C.D.V.); (J.P.L.); or (C.S.); (C.T.)
- Eijkman Research Centre for Molecular Biology, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16915, Indonesia
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Liver brain Unit “Rita Moretti”, Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163,5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy or (S.J.); (C.D.V.); (J.P.L.); or (C.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Silvia Gazzin
- Liver brain Unit “Rita Moretti”, Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163,5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy or (S.J.); (C.D.V.); (J.P.L.); or (C.S.); (C.T.)
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Khabiri P, Rahimi MR, Rashidi I, Nedaei SE. Impacts of an 8-week regimen of aged garlic extract and aerobic exercise on the levels of Fetuin-A and inflammatory markers in the liver and visceral fat tissue of obese male rats. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 58:79-88. [PMID: 38057040 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Obesity-induced chronic low-grade systemic inflammation is linked to the development of numerous diseases. Fetuin-A is known to affect inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity conditions. Free fatty acid (FFA)-induced proinflammatory cytokine expression in adipocytes occurs only in the presence of both Fetuin-A and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and removing either of them prevented FFA-induced insulin resistance. Aged garlic extract (AGE) and exercise training have anti-inflammatory effects; however, the impact of AGE on Fetuin-A is unknown. We examined the effects of AGE with or without aerobic training (AT) on Fetuin-A and inflammatory markers. METHODS Forty healthy male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to normal diet (ND) (n = 8) or high-fat diet (HFD) groups (n = 32) and fed for 9 weeks. After 9 weeks ND group continued normal diet, and the HFD group was randomly assigned to the HFD, HFD + AGE (600 mg/kg, once daily), HFD + AT (5 days/week), and HFD + AGE + AT groups that were continued for 8 weeks (n = 8). The significance of differences among groups was assessed using one-way analysis of variance followed by the post-hoc Tukey test. Statistically significant differences were considered for p < 0.05. RESULTS AGE, AT, and AGE + AT significantly decreased body weight, plasma Fetuin-A, HOMA-IR, mRNA and protein levels of Fetuin-A and NFƙB in the liver and mRNA and Protein levels of Fetuin-A, TLR4 and NFƙB in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) compared to HFD. However, only AGE + AT significantly decreased TLR4 protein levels in the liver. CONCLUSION Although AT and AGE reduce Fetuin-A and inflammatory markers, a combination of the two may be more effective at lowering inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Khabiri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Rahman Rahimi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Iran.
| | - Iraj Rashidi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 6715847141, Iran.
| | - Seyed Ershad Nedaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 6715847141, Iran.
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Diabetic Encephalopathy in a Preclinical Experimental Model of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Observations in Adult Female Rat. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021196. [PMID: 36674713 PMCID: PMC9860834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients affected by diabetes mellitus (DM) show diabetic encephalopathy with an increased risk of cognitive deficits, dementia and Alzheimer's disease, but the mechanisms are not fully explored. In the male animal models of DM, the development of cognitive impairment seems to be the result of the concomitance of different processes such as neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and aberrant synaptogenesis. However, even if diabetic encephalopathy shows some sex-dimorphic features, no observations in female rats have been so far reported on these aspects. Therefore, in an experimental model of type 1 DM (T1DM), we explored the impact of one month of pathology on memory abilities by the novel object recognition test and on neuroinflammation, synaptogenesis and mitochondrial functionality. Moreover, given that steroids are involved in memory and learning, we also analysed their levels and receptors. We reported that memory dysfunction can be associated with different features in the female hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Indeed, in the hippocampus, we observed aberrant synaptogenesis and neuroinflammation but not mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, possibly due to the results of locally increased levels of progesterone metabolites (i.e., dihydroprogesterone and allopregnanolone). These observations suggest specific brain-area effects of T1DM since different alterations are observed in the cerebral cortex.
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Jiang Y, Yue R, Liu G, Liu J, Peng B, Yang M, Zhao L, Li Z. Garlic ( Allium sativum L.) in diabetes and its complications: Recent advances in mechanisms of action. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:5290-5340. [PMID: 36503329 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2153793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and impaired islet secretion that places a heavy burden on the global health care system due to its high incidence rate, long disease course and many complications. Fortunately, garlic (Allium sativum L.), a well-known medicinal plant and functional food without the toxicity and side effects of conventional drugs, has shown positive effects in the treatment of diabetes and its complications. With interdisciplinary development and in-depth exploration, we offer a clear and comprehensive summary of the research from the past ten years, focusing on the mechanisms and development processes of garlic in the treatment of diabetes and its complications, aiming to provide a new perspective for the treatment of diabetes and promote the efficient development of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayi Jiang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rensong Yue
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Guojie Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Liu
- People's Hospital of NanJiang, Bazhong, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Maoyi Yang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lianxue Zhao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zihan Li
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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The Multiple Sclerosis Modulatory Potential of Natural Multi-Targeting Antioxidants. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238402. [PMID: 36500494 PMCID: PMC9740750 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex neurodegenerative disease. Although its pathogenesis is rather vague in some aspects, it is well known to be an inflammatory process characterized by inflammatory cytokine release and oxidative burden, resulting in demyelination and reduced remyelination and axonal survival together with microglial activation. Antioxidant compounds are gaining interest towards the manipulation of MS, since they offer, in most of the cases, many benefits, due to their pleiotropical activity, that mainly derives from the oxidative stress decrease. This review analyzes research articles, of the last decade, which describe biological in vitro, in vivo and clinical evaluation of various categories of the most therapeutically applied natural antioxidant compounds, and some of their derivatives, with anti-MS activity. It also summarizes some of the main characteristics of MS and the role the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species may have in its progression, as well as their relation with the other mechanistic aspects of the disease, in order for the multi-targeting potential of those antioxidants to be defined and the source of origination of such activity explained. Antioxidant compounds with specific characteristics are expected to affect positively some aspects of the disease, and their potential may render them as effective candidates for neurological impairment reduction in combination with the MS treatment regimen. However, more studies are needed in order such antioxidants to be established as recommended treatment to MS patients.
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Elucidating the Neuroprotective Effect of Tecoma stans Leaf Extract in STZ-Induced Diabetic Neuropathy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3833392. [PMID: 35795278 PMCID: PMC9251095 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3833392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Diabetes is considered one of the most encyclopedic metabolic disorders owing to an alarming rise in the number of patients, which is increasing at an exponential rate. With the current therapeutics, which only aims to provide symptomatic and momentary relief, the scientists are shifting gears to explore alternative therapies which not only can target diabetes but can also help in limiting the progression of diabetic complications including diabetic neuropathy (DN). Methods Tecoma stans leaf methanolic extract was prepared using the Soxhlet method. A streptozotocin (STZ; 45 mg/kg)-induced diabetic animal model was used and treatment with oral dosing of T. stans leaf extract at the different doses of 200 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and highest dose, i.e., 400 mg/kg, was initiated on day 3 after STZ administration. The pharmacological response for general and biochemical (angiogenic, inflammatory, and oxidative) parameters and behavioral parameters were compared using Gabapentin as a standard drug with the results from the test drug. Results Parameters associated with the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy were evaluated. For general parameters, different doses of T. stans extract (TSE) on blood sugar showed significant effects as compared to the diabetic group. Also, the results from biochemical analysis and behavioral parameters showed significant positive effects in line with general parameters. The combination therapy of TSE at 400 mg/kg with a standard drug produced nonsignificant effects in comparison with the normal group. Conclusion The leaves of T. stans possess antidiabetic effects along with promising effects in the management of DN by producing significant effects by exhibiting antioxidative, antiangiogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties, which are prognostic markers for DN, and thus, T. stans can be considered as an emerging therapeutic option for DN.
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Mizutani T, Hara R, Takeuchi M, Yamagishi K, Hirao Y, Mori K, Hibi M, Ueda M, Ogawa J. l-Tryptophan-starved cultivation enhances S-allyl-l-cysteine synthesis in various food-related microorganisms. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:792-799. [PMID: 35388878 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
S-Allyl-l-cysteine (SAC) has received much interest due to its beneficial effects on human health. To satisfy the increasing demand for SAC, this study aims to develop a valuable culturing method for microbial screening synthesizing SAC from readily available materials. Although tryptophan synthase is a promising enzyme for SAC synthesis, its expression in microorganisms is strictly regulated by environmental l-tryptophan. Thus, we constructed a semisynthetic medium lacking l-tryptophan using casamino acids. This medium successfully enhanced the SAC-synthesizing activity of Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris NBRC 100676. In addition, microorganisms with high SAC-synthesizing activity were screened by the same medium. Food-related Klebsiella pneumoniae K-15 and Pantoea agglomerans P-3 were found to have a significantly increased SAC-synthesizing activity. The SAC-producing process established in this study is shorter in duration than the conventional garlic aging method. Furthermore, this study proposes a promising alternative strategy for producing food-grade SAC by microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Mizutani
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Hara
- Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michiki Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamagishi
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, AJINOMOTO CO., INC., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hirao
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, AJINOMOTO CO., INC., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kenichi Mori
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, AJINOMOTO CO., INC., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Hibi
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Makoto Ueda
- Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Materials Chemistry and Bioengineering, National Institute of Technology, Oyama College, Oyama, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Jun Ogawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Targeting NRF2 in Type 2 diabetes mellitus and depression: Efficacy of natural and synthetic compounds. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 925:174993. [PMID: 35513015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Evidence supports a strong bidirectional association between depression and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The harmful impact of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation on the development of both disorders is widely accepted. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a pertinent target in disease management owing to its reputation as the master regulator of antioxidant responses. NRF2 influences the expression of various cytoprotective phase 2 antioxidant genes, which is hampered in both depression and T2DM. Through interaction and crosstalk with several signaling pathways, NRF2 endeavors to contain the widespread oxidative damage and persistent inflammation involved in the pathophysiology of depression and T2DM. NRF2 promotes the neuroprotective and insulin-sensitizing properties of its upstream and downstream targets, thereby interrupting and preventing disease advancement. Standard antidepressant and antidiabetic drugs may be powerful against these disorders, but unfortunately, they come bearing distressing side effects. Therefore, exploiting the therapeutic potential of NRF2 activators presents an exciting opportunity to manage such bidirectional and comorbid conditions.
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Yudhistira B, Punthi F, Lin JA, Sulaimana AS, Chang CK, Hsieh CW. S-Allyl cysteine in garlic (Allium sativum): Formation, biofunction, and resistance to food processing for value-added product development. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:2665-2687. [PMID: 35355410 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
S-allyl cysteine (SAC), which is the most abundant bioactive compound in black garlic (BG; Allium sativum), has been shown to have antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective activities. Sulfur compounds are the most distinctive bioactive elements in garlic. Previous studies have provided evidence that the concentration of SAC in fresh garlic is in the range of 19.0-1736.3 μg/g. Meanwhile, for processed garlic, such as frozen and thawed garlic, pickled garlic, fermented garlic extract, and BG, the SAC content increased to up to 8021.2 μg/g. BG is an SAC-containing product, with heat treatment being used in nearly all methods of BG production. Therefore, strategies to increase the SAC level in garlic are of great interest; however, further knowledge is required about the effect of processing factors and mechanistic changes. This review explains the formation of SAC in garlic, introduces its biological effects, and summarizes the recent advances in processing methods that can affect SAC levels in garlic, including heat treatment, enzymatic treatment, freezing, fermentation, ultrasonic treatment, and high hydrostatic pressure. Thus, the aim of this review was to summarize the outcomes of treatment aimed at maintaining or increasing SAC levels in BG. Therefore, publications from scientific databases in this field of study were examined. The effects of processing methods on SAC compounds were evaluated on the basis of the SAC content. This review provides information on the processing approaches that can assist food manufacturers in the development of value-added garlic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bara Yudhistira
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Sebelas Maret Univeristy, Surakarta City, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Fuangfah Punthi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jer-An Lin
- Graduate Institute of Food Safety, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | - Chao-Kai Chang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chang-Wei Hsieh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Afzal M, Al-Abbasi FA, Kazmi I, Imam SS, Alshehri S, Ghoneim MM, Almalki WH, Nadeem MS, Sayyed N. Fustin Inhibits Oxidative Free Radicals and Inflammatory Cytokines in Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus and Protects Cognitive Impairment in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:4587-4597. [PMID: 34860003 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The phytogenic flavanol component of the plant Rhus verniciflua Stokes is fustin which is implicated in various disease aliments and has promising therapeutic efficacy and a long history of its uses in the Indian medicinal system. The present study investigated the ameliorative effect of fustin in streptozotocin (STZ) induced cognitive impairments in the diabetic animal paradigm. A total of five different animal groups were used for the present study.The preclinical efficacy of fustin at 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg was studied in diabetic male rats by employing a 35-day study design. In the present investigation the Morris water maze test (MWM) and elevated plus maze (EPM) test were employed as behavioral paradigms for the assessment of memory impairments. The study design also carried out certain biochemical parameters which include glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase activity (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), relative interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1B in samples obtained from cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The behavioral parameters with MWM and EPM were significant restored in fustin treatment groups as compared to elevated levels in the diabetic control group. Furthermore, fustin significantly improved the altered levels of several biochemical parameters for cognitive dysfunction such as GSH, SOD, CAT, MDA, NO, and relative IL-6 and IL-1B compared to a diabetic control group. The present investigation highlights certain preclinical pieces of evidence that strongly indicate that fustin might restore the normal cognitive function in the experimental animal paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Afzal
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf-72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A. Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Sarim Imam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Shahid Nadeem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem Sayyed
- Clinical Research Department, Meril Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Vapi, Gujurat 396191, India
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Kumar M, Bansal N. A Revisit to Etiopathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:486-512. [PMID: 34792002 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666211118125233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dementia is a cluster of brain abnormalities that trigger progressive memory deficits and other cognitive abilities such as skills, language, or executive function. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the foremost type of age-associated dementia that involves progressive neurodegeneration accompanied by profound cognitive deficits in advanced stages that severely hamper social or occupational abilities with or without the involvement of any other psychiatric condition. The last two decades witnessed a sharp increase (~123%) in mortality due to AD type dementia, typically owing to a very low disclosure rate (~45%) and hence, the prophylactic, as well as the therapeutic cure of AD, has been a huge challenge. Although understanding of AD pathogenesis has witnessed a remarkable growth (e.g., tauopathy, oxidative stress, lipid transport, glucose uptake, apoptosis, synaptic dysfunction, inflammation, and immune system), still a dearth of an effective therapeutic agent in the management of AD prompts the quest for newer pharmacological targets in the purview of its growing epidemiological status. Most of the current therapeutic strategies focus on modulation of a single target, e.g., inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, glutamate excitotoxicity (memantine), or nootropics (piracetam), even though AD is a multifaceted neurological disorder. There is an impedance urgency to find not only symptomatic but effective disease-modifying therapies. The present review focuses on the risk / protective factors and pathogenic mechanisms involved in AD. In addition to the existing symptomatic therapeutic approach, a diverse array of possible targets linked to pathogenic cascades have been re-investigated to envisage the pharmacotherapeutic strategies in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab. India
| | - Nitin Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University (CBLU), Bhiwani, Haryana 127021. India
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15
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Meng J, Zhu Y, Ma H, Wang X, Zhao Q. The role of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 280:114464. [PMID: 34329715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Diabetic cognitive dysfunction (DCD) is mainly one of the complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with complex and obscure pathogenesis. Extensive evidence has demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for DCD management. AIM OF THE STUDY This review attempted to systematically summarize the possible pathogenesis of DCD and the current Chinese medicine on the treatment of DCD. MATERIALS AND METHODS We acquired information of TCM on DCD treatment from PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct and CNKI databases. We then dissected the potential mechanisms of currently reported TCMs and their active ingredients for the treatment of DCD by discussing the deficiencies and giving further recommendations. RESULTS Most TCMs and their active ingredients could improve DCD through alleviating insulin resistance, microvascular dysfunction, abnormal gut microbiota composition, inflammation, and the damages of the blood-brain barrier, cerebrovascular and neurons under hyperglycemia conditions. CONCLUSIONS TCM is effective in the treatment of DCD with few adverse reactions. A large number of in vivo and in vitro, and clinical trials are still needed to further reveal the potential quality markers of TCM on DCD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinni Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Yafei Zhu
- College of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Huixia Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qipeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China; Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China.
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16
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Paeoniflorin Protects against ANIT-Induced Cholestatic Liver Injury in Rats via the Activation of SIRT1-FXR Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:8479868. [PMID: 34512782 PMCID: PMC8429014 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8479868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Paeoniflorin (PF), a water-soluble monoterpene glycoside, is initially isolated from the dried roots of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., which has effects on ameliorating cholestasis in our previous study. However, comprehensive approaches for understanding the protective effects and mechanisms underlying cholestatic liver injury from the regulating of bile acid metabolism have not been sufficiently elucidated. This study was aimed to explore the effectiveness as well as potential mechanism of PF on alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholestatic liver injury. Rats with cholestasis induced by ANIT was used to evaluate the protective effects and mechanism of PF by regulating SIRT1/FXR and NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Rats were intragastrically administrated with ANIT to establish cholestatic liver injury model. Serum levels of ALT, AST, TBA, TBIL, ALP, γ-GT and ALB in rats were detected. The histopathology of the liver of rats was analyzed in vivo. The relative mRNA expression and protein expression levels of IL-18, IL-1β, TNF-α, HO-1, Nrf2, TLR4, NLRP3, Caspase-1, ASC, NF-κB, FXR, and SIRT1 in liver of rats were investigated. The results showed that the serum indexes and the liver histopathology were significantly improved by PF. The overexpression of IL-18, IL-1β, TNF-α, NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1 in liver was markedly reduced by PF. Furthermore, PF dramatically increased the mRNA and protein expressions of SIRT1, FXR, HO-1, and Nrf2, but decreased NF-κB p65 and TLR4 levels in liver of rats. Taken together, the protective effects of PF on cholestatic liver injury were possibly related to the activation of the SIRT1/FXR and inhibition of NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway. These findings might provide a potential protection for cholestatic liver injury.
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17
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Bi T, Feng R, Zhan L, Ren W, Lu X. ZiBuPiYin Recipe Prevented and Treated Cognitive Decline in ZDF Rats With Diabetes-Associated Cognitive Decline via Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Dialogue. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:651517. [PMID: 34485269 PMCID: PMC8416319 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota is becoming one of the key determinants in human health and disease. Shifts in gut microbiota composition affect cognitive function and provide new insights for the prevention and treatment of neurological diseases. Diabetes-associated cognitive decline (DACD) is one of the central nervous system complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). ZiBuPiYin recipe (ZBPYR), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, has long been used for the treatment of T2DM and prevention of DACD. However, the contribution of ZBPYR treatment to the interaction between the gut microbiota and metabolism for preventing and treating DACD remains to be clarified. Here, we investigate whether the gut microbiota plays a key role in ZBPYR-mediated prevention of DACD and treatment of T2DM via incorporating microbiomics and metabolomics, and investigate the links between the microbiota-gut-brain axis interaction and the efficacy of ZBPYR in ZDF rats. In the current study, we found that ZBPYR treatment produced lasting changes in gut microbiota community and metabolites and remotely affected hippocampus metabolic changes, thereby improving memory deficits and reversing β-amyloid deposition and insulin resistance in the brain of ZDF rats from T2DM to DACD. This may be related to a series of metabolic changes affected by gut microbiota, including alanine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid metabolism; branched-chain amino acid metabolism; short-chain fatty acid metabolism; and linoleic acid/unsaturated fatty acid metabolism. In summary, this study demonstrates that prevention and treatment of DACD by ZBPYR partly depends on the gut microbiota, and the regulatory effects of bacteria-derived metabolites and microbiota-gut-brain axis are important protective mechanisms of ZBPYR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Bi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine and School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruiqi Feng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine and School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Libin Zhan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine and School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiming Ren
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine and School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Dalian University, Dalian, China
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18
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Sharma S, Brown CE. Microvascular basis of cognitive impairment in type 1 diabetes. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 229:107929. [PMID: 34171341 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The complex computations of the brain require a constant supply of blood flow to meet its immense metabolic needs. Perturbations in blood supply, even in the smallest vascular networks, can have a profound effect on neuronal function and cognition. Type 1 diabetes is a prevalent and insidious metabolic disorder that progressively and heterogeneously disrupts vascular signalling and function in the brain. As a result, it is associated with an array of adverse vascular changes such as impaired regulation of vascular tone, pathological neovascularization and vasoregression, capillary plugging and blood brain barrier disruption. In this review, we highlight the link between microvascular dysfunction and cognitive impairment that is commonly associated with type 1 diabetes, with the aim of synthesizing current knowledge in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorabh Sharma
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Craig E Brown
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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19
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Bigham M, Mohammadipour A, Hosseini M, Malvandi AM, Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan A. Neuroprotective effects of garlic extract on dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra in a rat model of Parkinson's disease: motor and non-motor outcomes. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:927-937. [PMID: 33656625 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00705-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common and severe neurodegenerative disorder associated with a selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta. The crucial role of oxidative stress and inflammation in PD onset and progression is evident. It has been proven that garlic extract (GE) protects the cells from oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. That is, we aimed to investigate if GE reveals protective features on the preclinical model of PD. The study has been designed to evaluate both preventive (GE administered before 6-OHDA injection) and therapeutic (GE administered after 6-OHDA injection) effects of GE on the animal model. Forty male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups including control, lesion, treatment I (received GE before 6-OHDA injection) and treatment II (received GE both before and after 6-OHDA injection). At the end of treatment, hanging, rotarod, open field and passive avoidance tests as well as immunohistochemistry were performed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of garlic against PD. Our immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that the tyrosine hydroxylase positive cells (TH+) in GE treated groups were significantly higher (p˂0.001) than the lesion group. The motor deficiency significantly improved in hanging, rotarod, open-field and apomorphine-induced rotational tests. We observed an attenuation in memory impairment induced by PD on GE treated group. Therefore, we found that GE protects dopaminergic neurons in 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity and ameliorates movement disorders and behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Bigham
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 91779-48564, Azadi Sq, Vakilabad Blvd, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas Mohammadipour
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 91779-48564, Azadi Sq, Vakilabad Blvd, Mashhad, Iran.
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 91779-48564, Azadi Sq, Vakilabad Blvd, Mashhad, Iran
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20
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S-allyl Cysteine Enhances Testosterone Production in Mice and Mouse Testis-Derived I-10 Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061697. [PMID: 33803601 PMCID: PMC8003081 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypogonadism, associated with low levels of testosterone synthesis, has been implicated in several diseases. Recently, the quest for natural alternatives to prevent and treat hypogonadism has gained increasing research interest. To this end, the present study explored the effect of S-allyl cysteine (SAC), a characteristic organosulfur compound in aged-garlic extract, on testosterone production. SAC was administered at 50 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally into 7-week-old BALB/c male mice in a single-dose experiment. Plasma levels of testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) and testis levels of proteins involved in steroidogenesis were measured by enzymatic immunoassay and Western blot, respectively. In addition, mouse testis-derived I-10 cells were also used to investigate the effect of SAC on steroidogenesis. In the animal experiment, SAC significantly elevated testosterone levels in both the plasma and the testis without changing the LH level in plasma and increased phosphorylated protein kinase A (p-PKA) levels. Similar results were also observed in I-10 cells. The findings demonstrating the increasing effect of SAC on p-PKA and mRNA levels of Cyp11a suggest that SAC increases the testosterone level by activating the PKA pathway and could be a potential target for hypogonadism therapeutics.
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21
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Ribeiro M, Alvarenga L, Cardozo LFMF, Chermut TR, Sequeira J, de Souza Gouveia Moreira L, Teixeira KTR, Shiels PG, Stenvinkel P, Mafra D. From the distinctive smell to therapeutic effects: Garlic for cardiovascular, hepatic, gut, diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:4807-4819. [PMID: 34147285 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Garlic, a member of the Allium family, widely used in cooking for many centuries, displays well described antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as a result of its constituent organosulfur compounds, such as alliin, allicin, ajoene S-allyl-cysteine, diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfide, among others. Although garlic has demonstrated beneficial effects in cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer, its efficacy as a therapeutic intervention in chronic kidney disease remains to be proven. This review thus focuses on the potential benefits of garlic as a treatment option in chronic kidney disease. and its ability to mitigate associated cardiovascular complications and gut dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Ribeiro
- Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Livia Alvarenga
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ludmila F M F Cardozo
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tuany R Chermut
- Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Joana Sequeira
- Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paul G Shiels
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention, Karolinska Instituted, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Denise Mafra
- Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
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22
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Citi V, Martelli A, Gorica E, Brogi S, Testai L, Calderone V. Role of hydrogen sulfide in endothelial dysfunction: Pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches. J Adv Res 2021; 27:99-113. [PMID: 33318870 PMCID: PMC7728589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vascular endothelium represents a fundamental mechanical and biological barrier for the maintenance of vascular homeostasis along the entire vascular tree. Changes in its integrity are associated to several cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, hyperhomocysteinemia, diabetes, all linked to the peculiar condition named endothelial dysfunction, which is referred to the loss of endothelial physiological functions, comprehending the regulation of vascular relaxation and/or cell redox balance, the inhibition of leukocyte infiltration and the production of NO. Among the endothelium-released vasoactive factors, in the last years hydrogen sulfide has been viewed as one of the main characters involved in the regulation of endothelium functionality, and many studies demonstrated that H2S behaves as a vasoprotective gasotransmitter in those cardiovascular diseases where endothelial dysfunction seems to be the central issue. AIM The role of hydrogen sulfide in endothelial dysfunction-related cardiovascular diseases is discussed in this review. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS Possible therapeutic approaches using molecules able to release H2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Citi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno n.6, 56125 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alma Martelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno n.6, 56125 Pisa, Italy
| | - Era Gorica
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno n.6, 56125 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Brogi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno n.6, 56125 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lara Testai
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno n.6, 56125 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Calderone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno n.6, 56125 Pisa, Italy
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23
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Rajendran K, Chellappan DR, Sankaranarayanan S, Ramakrishnan V, Krishnan UM. Investigations on a polyherbal formulation for treatment of cognitive impairment in a cholinergic dysfunctional rodent model. Neurochem Int 2020; 141:104890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Albazal A, Delshad AA, Roghani M. Melatonin reverses cognitive deficits in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes in the rat through attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation. J Chem Neuroanat 2020; 112:101902. [PMID: 33276072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (DM) is linked to attentional deficits and cognition deterioration. The neurohormone melatonin is an endogenous synchronizer of circadian rhythms with multiple protective properties. This research was designed to assess its effect against learning and memory decline in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Rats were assigned to control, melatonin-treated control, diabetic, and melatonin-treated diabetic groups. Melatonin was administered i.p. at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day for 47 days. Treatment of diabetic rats with melatonin reversed decline of spatial recognition memory in Y maze, performance of rats in novel object discrimination, and retention and recall in passive avoidance tasks. Furthermore, melatonin appropriately attenuated hippocampal malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and improved superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and improved mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) with no significant effect on nitrite, glutathione (GSH) and catalase activity. Besides, hippocampal level of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) decreased following melatonin treatment. There was also a reduction of dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons of hippocampal CA1 area in diabetic group that was significantly alleviated upon melatonin treatment. Melatonin could ameliorate learning and memory disturbances in diabetic rats through mitigation of cholinesterase activity, astrocytes, oxidative stress and inflammation and also via upregulation of some antioxidants in addition to its prevention of dendritic spine loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Albazal
- School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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25
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Zeinivand M, Nahavandi A, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M, Golab F. Dalteparin as a Novel Therapeutic Agent to Prevent Diabetic Encephalopathy by Targeting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Basic Clin Neurosci 2020; 11:795-804. [PMID: 33850616 PMCID: PMC8019852 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.11.6.1775.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hepcidin is the main modulator of systemic iron metabolism, and its role in the brain has been clarified recently. Studies have shown that hepcidin plays an important role in neuronal iron load and inflammation. This issue is of significance because neuronal iron load and inflammation are pathophysiological processes that are highly linked to neurodegeneration. Moreover, the activity of hepcidin has recently been manipulated to recover the neuronal impairment caused by brain inflammation in animal models. Methods: Streptozotocin (STZ) was used to induce type 1 diabetes. Male Wistar rats (n = 40) with a weight range of 200–250 g were divided into control, diabetic, diabetic + insulin, and diabetic + dalteparin groups. Dalteparin (100 mg/kg IP) and insulin (100 mg/kg SC) were administered for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, Y-maze and passive avoidance tasks were carried out. The animals were perfused randomly and their hippocampal tissue was isolated for the analysis of markers such as lipid peroxidation like Malondialdehyde (MDA), hepcidin expression, iron, and ferritin. Blood samples were taken for the measurement of serum inflammatory cytokine Interleukin (IL)-6. Results: The findings indicated that treatment with dalteparin reduced IL-6, MDA, ferritin, and hepcidin expression in diabetic rats compared to treatment with insulin (P<0.05). Moreover, treatment with dalteparin did not decrease the iron level or prevented its decline. Conclusion: Treatment with dalteparin improved the cognitive dysfunctions and symptoms of Alzheimer disease in STZ-induced diabetic rats by appropriately modulating and reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. This may enhance the existing knowledge of therapeutics to reduce cognitive impairment in diabetes and is suggested to be a potential therapeutic agent in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motahareh Zeinivand
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Arezo Nahavandi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, Iran
| | | | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Golab
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Shao Z, Pan Z, Lin J, Zhao Q, Wang Y, Ni L, Feng S, Tian N, Wu Y, Sun L, Gao W, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Wang X. S-allyl cysteine reduces osteoarthritis pathology in the tert-butyl hydroperoxide-treated chondrocytes and the destabilization of the medial meniscus model mice via the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:19254-19272. [PMID: 33027770 PMCID: PMC7732291 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we used murine chondrocytes as an in vitro model and mice exhibiting destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) as an in vivo model to investigate the mechanisms through which S-allyl cysteine (SAC) alleviates osteoarthritis (OA). SAC significantly reduced apoptosis and senescence and maintained homeostasis of extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism in tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)-treated chondrocytes. Molecular docking analysis showed a -CDOCKER interaction energy value of 203.76 kcal/mol for interactions between SAC and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). SAC increased the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and activated the Nrf2/HO1 signaling pathway in TBHP-treated chondrocytes. Furthermore, Nrf2 knockdown abrogated the antiapoptotic, antisenescence, and ECM regulatory effects of SAC in TBHP-treated chondrocytes. SAC treatment also significantly reduced cartilage ossification and erosion, joint-space narrowing, synovial thickening and hypercellularity in DMM model mice. Collectively, these findings show that SAC ameliorates OA pathology in TBHP-treated chondrocytes and DMM model mice by activating the Nrf2/HO1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxuan Shao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China,Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zongyou Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jialiang Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China,Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qingqian Zhao
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuqian Wang
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Libin Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China,Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shiyi Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China,Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Naifeng Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China,Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yaosen Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China,Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liaojun Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China,Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Weiyang Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China,Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yifei Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China,Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China,Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China,Chinese Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Society, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China,Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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S-Allylcysteine Protects Against Excitotoxic Damage in Rat Cortical Slices Via Reduction of Oxidative Damage, Activation of Nrf2/ARE Binding, and BDNF Preservation. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:929-940. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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28
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Funes SC, Rios M, Fernández-Fierro A, Covián C, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Mackern-Oberti JP, Kalergis AM. Naturally Derived Heme-Oxygenase 1 Inducers and Their Therapeutic Application to Immune-Mediated Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1467. [PMID: 32849503 PMCID: PMC7396584 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) is the primary antioxidant enzyme involved in heme group degradation. A variety of stimuli triggers the expression of the inducible HO-1 isoform, which is modulated by its substrate and cellular stressors. A major anti-inflammatory role has been assigned to the HO-1 activity. Therefore, in recent years HO-1 induction has been employed as an approach to treating several disorders displaying some immune alterations components, such as exacerbated inflammation or self-reactivity. Many natural compounds have shown to be effective inductors of HO-1 without cytotoxic effects; among them, most are chemicals present in plants used as food, flavoring, and medicine. Here we discuss some naturally derived compounds involved in HO-1 induction, their impact in the immune response modulation, and the beneficial effect in diverse autoimmune disorders. We conclude that the use of some compounds from natural sources able to induce HO-1 is an attractive lifestyle toward promoting human health. This review opens a new outlook on the investigation of naturally derived HO-1 inducers, mainly concerning autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta C Funes
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariana Rios
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ayleen Fernández-Fierro
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Covián
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Millenium Institute on Immunolgy and Immunotherapy, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Mackern-Oberti
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo, IMBECU CCT Mendoza- CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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29
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Hepcidin Peptide Inhibitor as Cardioprotection by Targeting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Type 1 Diabetic. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09912-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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30
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The inefficacy of donepezil on glycated-AChE inhibition: Binding affinity, complex stability and mechanism. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 160:35-46. [PMID: 32454110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Donepezil (DPZ) is a well-known drug for Alzheimer's disease that inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE). In the present study, the inhibitory effect of DPZ on non-enzymatic glycated-AChE (GLY-AChE) was studied by different experimental and simulation techniques. The initial investigation revealed that glycation process could reduce AChE activity approximately 60% in the pure enzyme and 38% in the extracted crude AChE from neural cells cultured in the presence of high glucose (HG) concentration. It is suggested that glycation of lysine residues on the structure of AChE could change the conformation of the active site (Trp-86 and His-447) in a way that the orientation of acetylcholine interrupted. The further studies indicated that DPZ is although a strong inhibitor for the native enzyme, it is not able to affect the GLY-AChE activity. The KD values of AChE-DPZ and GLY-AChE-DPZ complexes were estimated to be 1.88 × 10-9 and 2.10 × 10-6, respectively. The stability assessment showed that AChE-DPZ complex is more stable than the glycated complex. Our results indicate that, glycation process could impact on the conformation of the residues involved in the DPZ binding cavity on α-helix domain. Therefore, DPZ is not able to bind its specific cavity to induce its inhibitory effects on GLY-AChE.
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Hindam MO, Sayed RH, Skalicka-Woźniak K, Budzyńska B, El Sayed NS. Xanthotoxin and umbelliferone attenuate cognitive dysfunction in a streptozotocin-induced rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease: The role of JAK2/STAT3 and Nrf2/HO-1 signalling pathway modulation. Phytother Res 2020; 34:2351-2365. [PMID: 32250498 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the neuroprotective effects of xanthotoxin and umbelliferone in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced cognitive dysfunction in rats. Animals were injected intracerebroventricularly (ICV) with STZ (3 mg/kg) once to induce a sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD)-like condition. Xanthotoxin or umbelliferone (15 mg/kg, i.p.) were administered 5 hr after ICV-STZ and daily for 20 consecutive days. Xanthotoxin or umbelliferone prevented cognitive deficits in the Morris water maze and object recognition tests. In parallel, xanthotoxin or umbelliferone reduced hippocampal acetylcholinestrase activity and malondialdehyde level. Moreover, xanthotoxin or umbelliferone increased glutathione content. These coumarins also modulated neuronal cell death by reducing the level of proinflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6), inhibiting the overexpression of inflammatory markers (nuclear factor κB [NF-κB] and cyclooxygenase II), and upregulating the expression of NF-κB inhibitor (IκB-α). Interestingly, xanthotoxin diminished phosphorylated JAK2 and phosphorylated STAT3 protein expression, while umbelliferone markedly replenished nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) and haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels. The current study provides evidence for the protective effect of xanthotoxin and umbelliferone in STZ-induced cognitive dysfunction in rats. This effect may be attributed, at least in part, to inhibiting acetylcholinestrase and attenuating oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merhan O Hindam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rabab H Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Barbara Budzyńska
- Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Nesrine S El Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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32
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Chen X, Yuan H, Shi F, Zhu Y. Effect of garden cress in reducing blood glucose, improving blood lipids, and reducing oxidative stress in a mouse model of diabetes induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:2074-2081. [PMID: 31875960 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A mouse model in which diabetes mellitus was induced by low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) injection combined with a high-fat diet was used to study the effect of two water cress (Lepidium savitum) preparations. Diabetic mice were treated with dried cress powder or with water-soluble extracts (tested at two doses), together with proper control groups. The mice were evaluated after 4 weeks of continuous intervention for type 2 diabetic and associated markers. We determined blood glucose, body weight, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), serum insulin levels, and DNA integrity of hepatic cells. The concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipid peroxide (LPO) and the activities of four enzymes that are part of the antioxidant defense system were determined in liver samples, as well as gene expression (by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) and enzyme activity of IRS-1, IRS-2, PI3K, AKT-2, and GLUT4. RESULTS After 4 weeks of intervention, the levels of TC, TG, and LDL cholesterol were significantly (P < 0.5) decreased and HDL cholesterol was significantly increased. Enzyme activities of liver superoxide dismutase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase were significantly increased, whereas MDA and LPO concentrations were significantly reduced. The transcription level of the five genes assessed was increased, with corresponding increases in protein expression. CONCLUSION Oral uptake of garden cress can significantly reduce the blood glucose and improve the blood lipid metabolism of diabetic mice. Considerable improvements in the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes were observed in type 2 diabetic mice that improved the body's antioxidant emergency response. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Huaibo Yuan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Fangfang Shi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yudong Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
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Sunzini F, De Stefano S, Chimenti MS, Melino S. Hydrogen Sulfide as Potential Regulatory Gasotransmitter in Arthritic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041180. [PMID: 32053981 PMCID: PMC7072783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The social and economic impact of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as arthritis, explains the growing interest of the research in this field. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the endogenous gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S) were recently demonstrated in the context of different inflammatory diseases. In particular, H2S is able to suppress the production of pro-inflammatory mediations by lymphocytes and innate immunity cells. Considering these biological effects of H2S, a potential role in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), can be postulated. However, despite the growing interest in H2S, more evidence is needed to understand the pathophysiology and the potential of H2S as a therapeutic agent. Within this review, we provide an overview on H2S biological effects, on its role in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, on H2S releasing drugs, and on systems of tissue repair and regeneration that are currently under investigation for potential therapeutic applications in arthritic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Sunzini
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University, Glasgow G31 8TA, UK;
- Rheumatology, Allergology and clinical immunology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpelier, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Susanna De Stefano
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maria Sole Chimenti
- Rheumatology, Allergology and clinical immunology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpelier, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sonia Melino
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0672594410
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Kosuge Y. Neuroprotective mechanisms of S-allyl-L-cysteine in neurological disease. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:1565-1569. [PMID: 32010340 PMCID: PMC6966174 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) is a sulfur-containing amino acid present in garlic and exhibits a wide range of biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer agent. An earlier study demonstrated that SAC ameliorates oxidative damage in a model of experimental stroke. However, the antioxidant property of SAC does not suffice to explain its beneficial effects in terms of the underlying mechanisms. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ER stress-induced cell death have been shown to be involved in various neurological diseases such as brain ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington's disease. We have previously demonstrated that SAC exerts significant protective effects against ER stress-induced neurotoxicity in cultured rat hippocampal neurons and organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Recently, we demonstrated that these results are due to the direct suppression of calpain activity via the binding of SAC to this enzyme's Ca2+-binding domain. We also found that the protective effects of the side-chain-modified SAC derivatives, S-ethyl-L-cysteine (SEC) and S-propyl-L-cysteine (SPC), against ER stress-induced neurotoxicity were more potent than those of SAC in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. In addition, SAC, SEC and SPC have been shown to decrease the production of amyloid-β peptide in the brains of mice with D-galactose-induced aging. These three hydrophilic cysteine-containing compounds have also been shown to exert neuroprotective effects against dopaminergic neuron injury in a murine model of Parkinson's disease induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). In this review, we aim to provide a current overview of the protective actions of SAC and the SAC-related compounds, SEC and SPC, in neurodegenerative disease and discuss the promise of SAC as a prototype for developing novel therapeutic drugs for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kosuge
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
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35
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Song H, Cui J, Mossine VV, Greenlief CM, Fritsche K, Sun GY, Gu Z. Bioactive components from garlic on brain resiliency against neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:1554-1559. [PMID: 32010338 PMCID: PMC6966118 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum) has been widely used for culinary and medicinal purposes. Aged garlic extract (AGE) and sulfur-containing compounds, including S-allylcysteine (SAC) are well documented botanical active components of garlic. AGE is prepared by the prolonged extraction of fresh garlic with aqueous ethanol and is considered a nutritional supplement with potential to promote human health. SAC is a water-soluble organosulfur compound and the most abundant component of AGE. Studies have demonstrated that both AGE and SAC can exert neuroprotective effects against neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Another bioactive component in AGE is N-α-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl)-L-arginine (FruArg) although less is known about the metabolic activity of this compound. The main aim of this review was to provide an undated overview of the neuroprotective perspectives of these active garlic components (AGE, SAC and FruArg). Of interest, our studies and those of others indicate that both AGE and FruArg are involved in the regulation of gene transcription and protein expression. AGE has been shown to reverse 67% of the transcriptome alteration induced by endotoxins-lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and FruArg has been shown to account for the protective effects by reversing 55% of genes altered in a cell-based neuroinflammation paradigm stimulated by LPS in murine BV-2 microglial cells. AGE and FruArg can alleviate neuroinflammatory responses through a variety of signaling pathways, such as Toll-like receptor and interleukin (IL)-6 signaling, as well as by upregulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated oxidative stress pathways known to promote microglial resiliency against neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The capability of FruArg to pass through the blood-brain barrier further supports its potential as a therapeutic compound. In summary, these experimental results provide new insight into the understanding of the neuroprotective effects of garlic components in promoting brain resiliency for health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Song
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Jiankun Cui
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.,Truman VA Hospital Research Service, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Valeri V Mossine
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | | | - Kevin Fritsche
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Grace Y Sun
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Zezong Gu
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.,Truman VA Hospital Research Service, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
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Baluchnejadmojarad T, Mohamadi-Zarch SM, Roghani M. Safranal, an active ingredient of saffron, attenuates cognitive deficits in amyloid β-induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease: underlying mechanisms. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:1747-1759. [PMID: 31422512 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00481-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative amyloid disorder with progressive deterioration of cognitive and memory skills. Despite many efforts, no decisive therapy yet exists for AD. Safranal is the active constituent of saffron essential oil with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. In this study, the possible beneficial effect of safranal on cognitive deficits was evaluated in a rat model of AD induced by intrahippocampal amyloid beta (Aβ1-40). Safranal was daily given p.o. (0.025, 0.1, and 0.2 ml/kg) post-surgery for 1 week and finally learning and memory were evaluated in addition to assessment of the involvement of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Findings showed that safranal treatment of amyloid β-microinjected rats dose-dependently improved cognition in Y-maze, novel-object discrimination, passive avoidance, and 8-arm radial arm maze tasks. Besides, safranal attenuated hippocampal level of malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), protein carbonyl, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), apoptotic biomarkers including caspase 3 and DNA fragmentation, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and improved superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) with no significant effect on nitrite, catalase activity, and glutathione (GSH). Furthermore, safranal prevented CA1 neuronal loss due to amyloid β1-40. In summary, safranal treatment of intrahippocampal amyloid beta1-40-microinjected rats could prevent learning and memory decline via neuronal protection and at a molecular level through amelioration of apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, cholinesterase activity, neutrophil infiltration, and also by preservation of mitochondrial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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37
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Jamali-Raeufy N, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M, keimasi S, goudarzi M. Isorhamnetin exerts neuroprotective effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats via attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 102:101709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.101709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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38
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Deferoxamine regulates neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in rats with diabetes-induced cognitive dysfunction. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 28:575-583. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00665-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Jamali-Raeufy N, Kardgar S, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M, Goudarzi M. Troxerutin exerts neuroprotection against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation through targeting SIRT1/SIRT3 signaling pathway. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:1505-1513. [PMID: 31313124 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00454-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to clarify the potential mechanisms of Troxerutin neuroprotection against Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation through targeting the SIRT1/SIRT3 signaling pathway. To establish a model, a single dose of LPS (500μg/kg body weight) was injected to male Wistar rats intraperitoneally. Troxerutin (100 mg/kg body weight) was injected intraperitoneally for 5 days after induction of the model. Cognitive and behavioral evaluations were performed using Y-maze, single-trial passive avoidance, and novel object recognition tests. The expression of inflammatory mediators, SIRT1/SIRT3, and P53 was measured using the ELISA assay. Likewise, the expression levels of SIRT1/SIRT3 and NF-κB were determined using Western blot assay. Brain acetyl-cholinesterase activity was determined by utilizing the method of Ellman. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected using Fluorescent probe 2, 7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). Furthermore, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined. A single intraperitoneal injection of LPS was led to ROS production, acute neuroinflammation, apoptotic cell death, and inactivation of the SIRT1/SIRT3 signaling pathway. Likewise, ELISA assay demonstrated that post-treatment with Troxerutin considerably suppressed LPS-induced acute neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis and subsequently memory impairments by targeting SIRT1/SIRT3 signaling pathway. Western blot assay confirmed ELISA results about SIRT1/SIRT3 and NF-κB proteins. These results suggest that Troxerutin can be a suitable candidate to treat neuroinflammation caused by neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Jamali-Raeufy
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sedighe Kardgar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Goudarzi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kassab S, Begley P, Church SJ, Rotariu SM, Chevalier-Riffard C, Dowsey AW, Phillips AM, Zeef LAH, Grayson B, Neill JC, Cooper GJS, Unwin RD, Gardiner NJ. Cognitive dysfunction in diabetic rats is prevented by pyridoxamine treatment. A multidisciplinary investigation. Mol Metab 2019; 28:107-119. [PMID: 31451429 PMCID: PMC6822151 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The impact of diabetes mellitus on the central nervous system is less widely studied than in the peripheral nervous system, but there is increasing evidence that it elevates the risk of developing cognitive deficits. The aim of this study was to characterize the impact of experimental diabetes on the proteome and metabolome of the hippocampus. We tested the hypothesis that the vitamin B6 isoform pyridoxamine is protective against functional and molecular changes in diabetes. METHODS We tested recognition memory using the novel object recognition (NOR) test in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic, age-matched control, and pyridoxamine- or insulin-treated diabetic male Wistar rats. Comprehensive untargeted metabolomic and proteomic analyses, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and iTRAQ-enabled protein quantitation respectively, were utilized to characterize the molecular changes in the hippocampus in diabetes. RESULTS We demonstrated diabetes-specific, long-term (but not short-term) recognition memory impairment and that this deficit was prevented by insulin or pyridoxamine treatment. Metabolomic analysis showed diabetes-associated changes in 13/82 identified metabolites including polyol pathway intermediates glucose (9.2-fold), fructose (4.9-fold) and sorbitol (5.2-fold). We identified and quantified 4807 hippocampal proteins; 806 were significantly altered in diabetes. Pathway analysis revealed significant alterations in cytoskeletal components associated with synaptic plasticity, glutamatergic signaling, oxidative stress, DNA damage and FXR/RXR activation pathways in the diabetic rat hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate a protective effect of pyridoxamine against diabetes-induced cognitive deficits, and our comprehensive 'omics datasets provide insight into the pathogenesis of cognitive dysfunction enabling development of further mechanistic and therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kassab
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Begley
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | | - Andrew W Dowsey
- Department of Population Health Sciences and Bristol Veterinary School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Alexander M Phillips
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Leo A H Zeef
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Ben Grayson
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Joanna C Neill
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Garth J S Cooper
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard D Unwin
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
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Alsenosy AWA, El-Far AH, Sadek KM, Ibrahim SA, Atta MS, Sayed-Ahmed A, Al Jaouni SK, Mousa SA. Graviola (Annona muricata) attenuates behavioural alterations and testicular oxidative stress induced by streptozotocin in diabetic rats. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222410. [PMID: 31509596 PMCID: PMC6738607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stresses intensify the progression of diabetes-related behavioural changes and testicular injuries. Graviola (Annona muricata), a small tree of the Annonaceae family, has been investigated for its protective effects against diabetic complications, oxidative stress, and neuropathies. This study was planned to investigate the effects of graviola on behavioural alterations and testicular oxidative status of streptozotocin (STZ; 65 mg/kg)-induced diabetic rats. Forty adult male Wistar rats were equally allocated into four groups: control (received normal saline 8 ml/kg orally once daily), diabetic (received normal saline orally once daily), graviola (GR; received 100 mg/kg/day; orally once daily), and diabetic with graviola (Diabetic+GR; received 100 mg/kg/day; once daily). Behavioural functions were assessed using standard behavioural paradigms. Also, oxidative statuses of testis were evaluated. Results of behavioural observations showed that diabetes induced depression-like behaviours, reduction of exploratory and locomotor activities, decreased memory performance, and increased stress-linked behaviours. These variations in diabetic rats were happened due to oxidative stress. Interestingly, treatment of diabetic rats with graviola for four weeks alleviated all behavioural changes due to diabetes. Also, rats in graviola-treated groups had greater testicular testosterone and estradiol levels compared with diabetic rats due to significant rise in testicular acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 2 expression. In the same context, graviola enhanced the antioxidant status of testicular tissues by significantly restoring the testicular glutathione and total superoxide dismutase that fell during diabetes. In addition, Graviola significantly decreased the expression of apoptotic (Bax) and inflammatory (interleukin-1β) testicular genes. In conclusion, these data propose that both the hypoglycemic and antioxidative potential of graviola are possible mechanisms that improve behavioural alterations and protect testis in diabetic animals. Concomitantly, further clinical studies in human are required to validate the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-wahab A. Alsenosy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Ali H. El-Far
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Kadry M. Sadek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Safinaz A. Ibrahim
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Mustafa S. Atta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Sayed-Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Soad K. Al Jaouni
- Hematology/Pediatric Oncology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital and Scientific Chair of Yousef Abdullatif Jameel of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaker A. Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, United States of America
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42
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dos Santos JPA, Vizuete AF, Gonçalves CA. Calcineurin-Mediated Hippocampal Inflammatory Alterations in Streptozotocin-Induced Model of Dementia. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:502-512. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01718-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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43
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Sesamin: A promising protective agent against diabetes-associated cognitive decline in rats. Life Sci 2019; 230:169-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Natural Hydrogen Sulfide Donors from Allium sp. as a Nutraceutical Approach in Type 2 Diabetes Prevention and Therapy. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071581. [PMID: 31336965 PMCID: PMC6682899 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a socially relevant chronic disease with high prevalence worldwide. DM may lead to several vascular, macrovascular, and microvascular complications (cerebrovascular, coronary artery, and peripheral arterial diseases, retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy), often accelerating the progression of atherosclerosis. Dietary therapy is generally considered to be the first step in the treatment of diabetic patients. Among the current therapeutic options, such as insulin therapy and hypoglycemic drugs, in recent years, attention has been shifting to the effects and properties-that are still not completely known-of medicinal plants as valid and inexpensive therapeutic supports with limited side effects. In this review, we report the relevant effects of medicinal plants and nutraceuticals in diabetes. In particular, we paid attention to the organosulfur compounds (OSCs) present in plant extracts that due to their antioxidant, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects, can contribute as cardioprotective agents in type 2 DM. OSCs derived from garlic (Allium sp.), due to their properties, can represent a valuable support to the diet in type 2 DM, as outlined in this manuscript based on both in vitro and in vivo studies. Moreover, a relevant characteristic of garlic OSCs is their ability to produce the gasotransmitter H2S, and many of their effects can be explained by this property. Indeed, in recent years, several studies have demonstrated the relevant effects of endogenous and exogenous H2S in human DM, including by in vitro and in vivo experiments and clinical trials; therefore, here, we summarize the effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms of H2S and natural H2S donors.
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Cherbuin N, Walsh EI. Sugar in mind: Untangling a sweet and sour relationship beyond type 2 diabetes. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 54:100769. [PMID: 31176793 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is widely recognised that type 2 diabetes (T2D) represents a major disease burden but it is only recently that its role in neurodegeneration has attracted more attention. This research has shown that T2D is associated with impaired cerebral health, cognitive decline and dementia. However, the impact on the brain of progressive metabolic changes associated with the pre-clinical development of the disease is less clear. The aim of this review is to comprehensively summarise how the emergence of risk factors and co-morbid conditions linked to the development of T2D impact cerebral health. Particular attention is directed at characterising how normal but elevated blood glucose levels in individuals without T2D contribute to neurodegenerative processes, and how the main risk factors for T2D including obesity, physical activity and diet modulate these effects. Where available, evidence from the animal and human literature is contrasted, and sex differences in risk and outcomes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Cherbuin
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Erin I Walsh
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Medicinal plants and phytochemicals for diabetes mellitus: pharmacokinetic characteristics and herb-drug interactions. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-019-00440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Farbood Y, Rashno M, Ghaderi S, Khoshnam SE, Sarkaki A, Rashidi K, Rashno M, Badavi M. Ellagic acid protects against diabetes-associated behavioral deficits in rats: Possible involved mechanisms. Life Sci 2019; 225:8-19. [PMID: 30943382 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic metabolic disease, is associated with behavioral deficits. It has been suggested that ellagic acid (EA), a natural polyphenol compound, has potent anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. The present study was aimed to explore the potential protective effects of EA against diabetes-associated behavioral deficits and verified possible involved mechanisms. MAIN METHODS Fifty adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: i.e., CON: normal rats treated with vehicle (5 ml/kg/day; P.O.), EA: normal rats treated with EA (50 mg/kg/day; P.O.), STZ: diabetic rats treated with vehicle (5 ml/kg/day; P.O.), STZ + INS: diabetic rats treated with insulin (6 IU/rat/day; S.C.), STZ + EA: diabetic rats treated with EA (50 mg/kg/day; P.O.). All the groups were under treatment for eight consecutive weeks. During the seventh and eighth weeks, behavioral functions of the rats were assessed by commonly used behavioral tests. Subsequently, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, neurotrophic factors, and also histological changes were evaluated in both cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the rats. KEY FINDINGS Chronic EA treatment attenuated anxiety/depression-like behaviors, improved exploratory/locomotor activities, and ameliorated cognitive deficits in diabetic rats. These results were accompanied by decreased blood glucose levels, modulation of inflammation status, improved neurotrophic support, and amelioration of neuronal loss in diabetic rats. In some aspects, treatment with EA was even more effective than insulin therapy. SIGNIFICANCE The current work's data confirms that EA could potentially serve as a novel, promising, and accessible protective agent against diabetes-associated behavioral deficits, owing to its anti-hyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and neurotrophic properties.
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48
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Daliri EB, Kim S, Park B, Kim H, Kim J, Kim HS, Oh D. Effects of different processing methods on the antioxidant and immune stimulating abilities of garlic. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:1222-1229. [PMID: 31024695 PMCID: PMC6475743 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we determined the antioxidant and immune stimulating abilities of a garlic product developed by freeze drying, heat drying, and solid-state fermentation of heat-dried garlic. Lactobacillus plantarum KCTC21004 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides KCTC13302 were used for the sample fermentation. The optimum conditions for fermentation were 50% (v/w) moisture, a fermentation time of 48 hr and a temperature of 37°C. Heat-dried garlic samples fermented with L. plantarum KCTC21004 (HD21004) and L. mesenteroides KCTC13302 (HD13302) showed the highest flavonoid contents while heat-dried garlic (HD) had the lowest flavonoid content. HD21004 contained the highest phenolic compounds, showed the highest antioxidant activity and demonstrated a strong immune stimulating effect while freeze-dried garlic showed the lowest flavonoid and polyphenolic contents. Overall, the heat-dried garlic samples (fermented and unfermented) contained about three times more S-Allylcysteine (SAC) than the freeze-dried samples (FD). The current study demonstrates that heat drying and subsequent fermentation of garlic with L. plantarum KCTC21004 can improve its therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Se‐Hun Kim
- Department of Food Science and BiotechnologyKangwon National UniversityChuncheonSouth Korea
| | - Byun‐Jae Park
- Department of Food Science and BiotechnologyKangwon National UniversityChuncheonSouth Korea
| | - Hee‐Sung Kim
- Daoom CompanySacheon City, Gyeongsangnam‐doSouth Korea
| | - Jung‐Mi Kim
- Daoom CompanySacheon City, Gyeongsangnam‐doSouth Korea
| | - Hyong Seo Kim
- Daoom CompanySacheon City, Gyeongsangnam‐doSouth Korea
| | - Deog‐Hwan Oh
- Department of Food Science and BiotechnologyKangwon National UniversityChuncheonSouth Korea
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Sadraie S, Kiasalari Z, Razavian M, Azimi S, Sedighnejad L, Afshin-Majd S, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M. Berberine ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced learning and memory deficit in the rat: insights into underlying molecular mechanisms. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:245-255. [PMID: 30456649 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0349-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers neuroinflammation with consequent development of behavioral and cognitive deficits. Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid in Berberis genus with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory property and protective effects in neurodegenerative disorders. In this research, beneficial effect of this alkaloid against LPS-induced cognitive decline was assessed in the adult male rats. LPS was intraperitoneally administered at a dose of 1 mg/kg to induce neuroinflammation and berberine was given via gavage at doses of 10 or 50 mg/kg, one h after LPS, for 7 days. Treatment of LPS group with berberine at a dose of 50 mg/kg (but not at a dose of 10 mg/kg) improved spatial recognition memory in Y maze, performance in novel object recognition task (NORT), and prevented learning and memory dysfunction in passive avoidance tasks. Furthermore, berberine lowered hippocampal activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl, activity of caspase 3, and DNA fragmentation and improved antioxidant capacity through enhancing glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione (GSH). Besides, berberine attenuated inflammation-related indices, as was evident by lower levels of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Berberine also appropriately restored hippocampal 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox 2), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), sirtuin 1, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) with no significant alteration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In summary, berberine could partially ameliorate LPS-induced cognitive deficits via partial suppression of apoptotic cascade, neuroinflammation, oxido-nitrosative stress, AChE, MAPK, and restoration of sirtuin 1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Kiasalari
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shekoofe Azimi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Sedighnejad
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siamak Afshin-Majd
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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50
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Immunomodulatory Effects of Glutathione, Garlic Derivatives, and Hydrogen Sulfide. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020295. [PMID: 30704060 PMCID: PMC6412746 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione and aged garlic extract are sulfur-containing products that play important protective and regulatory roles within the immune system and in oxidative processes. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenous, gaseous, signaling transmitter, has also been shown to be involved in the regulation of inflammation. Recent studies have shown that sulfur-containing compounds from garlic have beneficial effects in attenuating outcomes associated with cardiovascular disease and inflammation by a mechanism that may be related to the H2S signaling pathway. In this review, we summarize the main functions of glutathione (GSH), garlic derivatives and H2S and their role in the immune response and impact on health and disease.
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