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Niederhoffer T, Vanhoestenberghe A, Lancashire HT. Extending the understanding of Shannon's safe stimulation limit for platinum electrodes: biphasic charge-balanced pulse trains in unbuffered saline at pH = 1 to pH = 12. J Neural Eng 2024; 21:056007. [PMID: 38579740 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad3b6a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Objective.In neural electrical stimulation, safe stimulation guidelines are essential to deliver efficient treatment while avoiding neural damage and electrode degradation. The widely used Shannon's limit,k, gives conditions on the stimulation parameters to avoid neural damage, however, underlying damage mechanisms are not fully understood. Moreover, the translation from bench testing toin vivoexperiments still presents some challenges, including the increased polarisation observed, which may influence charge-injection mechanisms. In this work, we studied the influence on damage mechanisms of two electrolyte parameters that are differentin vivocompared to usual bench tests: solution pH and electrolyte gelation.Approach.The potential of a platinum macroelectrode was monitored in a three-electrode setup during current-controlled biphasic charge-balanced cathodic-first pulse trains. Maximum anodic and cathodic potential excursions during pulse trains were projected on cyclic voltammograms to infer possible electrochemical reactions.Main results.In unbuffered saline of pH ranging from 1 to 12, the maximum anodic potential was systematically located in the oxide formation region, while the cathodic potential was located the molecular oxygen and oxide reduction region whenkapproached Shannon's damage limit, independent of solution pH. The results support the hypothesis that Shannon's limit corresponds to the beginning of platinum dissolution following repeated cycles of platinum oxidation and reduction, for which the cathodic excursion is a key tipping point. Despite similar potential excursions between solution and gel electrolytes, we found a joint influence of pH and gelation on the cathodic potential alone, while we observed no effect on the anodic potential. We hypothesise that gelation creates a positive feedback loop exacerbating the effects of pH ; however, the extent of that influence needs to be examined further.Significance.This work supports the hypothesis of charge injection mechanisms associated with stimulation-induced damage at platinum electrodes. The validity of a major hypothesis explaining stimulation-induced damage was tested and supported on a range of electrolytes representing potential electrode environments, calling for further characterisation of platinum dissolution during electrical stimulation in various testing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Niederhoffer
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Vanhoestenberghe
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henry T Lancashire
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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2
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Shah DD, Carter P, Shivdasani MN, Fong N, Duan W, Esrafilzadeh D, Poole-Warren LA, Aregueta Robles UA. Deciphering platinum dissolution in neural stimulation electrodes: Electrochemistry or biology? Biomaterials 2024; 309:122575. [PMID: 38677220 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Platinum (Pt) is the metal of choice for electrodes in implantable neural prostheses like the cochlear implants, deep brain stimulating devices, and brain-computer interfacing technologies. However, it is well known since the 1970s that Pt dissolution occurs with electrical stimulation. More recent clinical and in vivo studies have shown signs of corrosion in explanted electrode arrays and the presence of Pt-containing particulates in tissue samples. The process of degradation and release of metallic ions and particles can significantly impact on device performance. Moreover, the effects of Pt dissolution products on tissue health and function are still largely unknown. This is due to the highly complex chemistry underlying the dissolution process and the difficulty in decoupling electrical and chemical effects on biological responses. Understanding the mechanisms and effects of Pt dissolution proves challenging as the dissolution process can be influenced by electrical, chemical, physical, and biological factors, all of them highly variable between experimental settings. By evaluating comprehensive findings on Pt dissolution mechanisms reported in the fuel cell field, this review presents a critical analysis of the possible mechanisms that drive Pt dissolution in neural stimulation in vitro and in vivo. Stimulation parameters, such as aggregate charge, charge density, and electrochemical potential can all impact the levels of dissolved Pt. However, chemical factors such as electrolyte types, dissolved gases, and pH can all influence dissolution, confounding the findings of in vitro studies with multiple variables. Biological factors, such as proteins, have been documented to exhibit a mitigating effect on the dissolution process. Other biological factors like cells and fibro-proliferative responses, such as fibrosis and gliosis, impact on electrode properties and are suspected to impact on Pt dissolution. However, the relationship between electrical properties of stimulating electrodes and Pt dissolution remains contentious. Host responses to Pt degradation products are also controversial due to the unknown chemistry of Pt compounds formed and the lack of understanding of Pt distribution in clinical scenarios. The cytotoxicity of Pt produced via electrical stimulation appears similar to Pt-based compounds, including hexachloroplatinates and chemotherapeutic agents like cisplatin. While the levels of Pt produced under clinical and acute stimulation regimes were typically an order of magnitude lower than toxic concentrations observed in vitro, further research is needed to accurately assess the mass balance and type of Pt produced during long-term stimulation and its impact on tissue response. Finally, approaches to mitigating the dissolution process are reviewed. A wide variety of approaches, including stimulation strategies, coating electrode materials, and surface modification techniques to avoid excess charge during stimulation and minimise tissue response, may ultimately support long-term and safe operation of neural stimulating devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhyey Devashish Shah
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Carter
- Cochlear Ltd, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Nicole Fong
- Cochlear Ltd, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Wenlu Duan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dorna Esrafilzadeh
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Laura Anne Poole-Warren
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; The Tyree Foundation Institute of Health Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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3
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Jenewein KJ, Kan K, Guevarra D, Jones RJR, Lai Y, Suram SK, Haber JA, Cherevko S, Gregoire JM. Automated monitoring of electrocatalyst corrosion as a function of electrochemical history and electrolyte formulation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:9554-9557. [PMID: 39140135 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02906b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Automated platforms assessing the stability of electrocatalysts are key to accelerate the deployment of clean energy technologies. Here, we present a robust system that allows the study of corrosion behavior in conjunction with the electrochemical protocol and electrolyte composition over many individual electrodes. Oxygen reduction reaction on Pt is used as a proof-of-concept platform, where the influence of the potential window and phosphoric acid (PA) addition on Pt dissolution is probed. A total of 72 hours of automated operation was realized with actions including liquid management, cell cleaning, aliquoting, PA injection, and bubble detection and removal, demonstrating further advancements in automated stability testing for electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken J Jenewein
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IET-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Cauerstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Kevin Kan
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Liquid Sunlight Alliance, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Dan Guevarra
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Liquid Sunlight Alliance, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ryan J R Jones
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Liquid Sunlight Alliance, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Yungchieh Lai
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Liquid Sunlight Alliance, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Joel A Haber
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Liquid Sunlight Alliance, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IET-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Cauerstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - John M Gregoire
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Liquid Sunlight Alliance, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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4
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Yeo J, Kim K, Kwak SJ, Kim MS, Yang JH, Lee WB, Kim Y, Chae J, Chang J. Probing Local pH Change during Electrode Oxidation of TEMPO Derivative: Implication of Redox-Induced Acidity Alternation by Imidazolium-Linker Functional Groups. Anal Chem 2024; 96:5537-5545. [PMID: 38545995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The chemical degradation of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-based aqueous energy storage and catalytic systems is pH sensitive. Herein, we voltammetrically monitor the local pH (pHlocal) at a Pt ultramicroelectrode (UME) upon electro-oxidation of imidazolium-linker functionalized TEMPO and show that its decrease is associated with the greater acidity of the cationic (oxidized) rather than radical (reduced) form of TEMPO. The protons that drive the decrease in pH arise from hydrolysis of the conjugated imidazolium-linker functional group of 4-[2-(N-methylimidazolium)acetoxy]-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl chloride (MIMAcO-T), which was studied in comparison with 4-hydroxyl-TEMPO (4-OH-T). Voltammetric hysteresis is observed during the electrode oxidation of 4-OH-T and MIMAcO-T at a Pt UME in an unbuffered aqueous solution. The hysteresis arises from the pH-dependent formation and dissolution of Pt oxides, which interact with pHlocal in the vicinity of the UME. We find that electrogenerated MIMAcO-T+ significantly influences pHlocal, whereas 4-OH-T+ does not. Finite element analysis reveals that the thermodynamic and kinetic acid-base properties of MIMAcO-T+ are much more favorable than those of its reduced counterpart. Imidazolium-linker functionalized TEMPO molecules comprising different linking groups were also investigated. Reduced TEMPO molecules with carbonyl linkers behave as weak acids, whereas those with alkyl ether linkers do not. However, oxidized TEMPO+ molecules with alkyl ether linkers exhibit more facile acid-base kinetics than those with carbonyl ones. Density functional theory calculations confirm that OH- adduct formation on the imidazolium-linker functional group of TEMPO is responsible for the difference in the acid-base properties of the reduced and oxidized forms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyungmi Kim
- Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 01133, Republic of Korea
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe, Campus E7 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Seung Jae Kwak
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Song Kim
- Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 01133, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Yang
- Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Bo Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - YongJoo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Chae
- Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 01133, Republic of Korea
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5
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Fei H, Liu R, Liu T, Ju M, Lei J, Wang Z, Wang S, Zhang Y, Chen W, Wu Z, Ni M, Wang J. Direct Seawater Electrolysis: From Catalyst Design to Device Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309211. [PMID: 37918125 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Direct seawater electrolysis (DSE) for hydrogen production, using earth-abundant seawater as the feedstock and renewable electricity as the driving source, paves a new opportunity for flexible energy conversion/storage and smooths the volatility of renewable energy. Unfortunately, the complex environments of seawater impose significant challenges on the design of DSE catalysts, and the practical performance of many current DSE catalysts remains unsatisfactory on the device level. However, many studies predominantly concentrate on the development of electrocatalysts for DSE without giving due consideration to the specific devices. To mitigate this gap, the most recent progress (mainly published within the year 2020-2023) of DSE electrocatalysts and devices are systematically evaluated. By discussing key bottlenecks, corresponding mitigation strategies, and various device designs and applications, the tremendous challenges in addressing the trade-off among activity, stability, and selectivity for DSE electrocatalysts by a single shot are emphasized. In addition, the rational design of the DSE electrocatalysts needs to align with the specific device configuration, which is more effective than attempting to comprehensively enhance all catalytic parameters. This work, featuring the first review of this kind to consider rational catalyst design in the framework of DSE devices, will facilitate practical DSE development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Fei
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Ruoqi Liu
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Building and Real Estate, Research Institute for Sustainable Urban Development (RISUD) & Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
| | - Min Ju
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
| | - Jia Lei
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yunze Zhang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
| | - Wen Chen
- China Southern Power Grid Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Meng Ni
- Department of Building and Real Estate, Research Institute for Sustainable Urban Development (RISUD) & Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China
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6
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Walker NL, Dick JE. On the mechanism of the bipolar reference electrode. Analyst 2023; 148:2149-2158. [PMID: 37042122 PMCID: PMC10308696 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00107e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Commercial silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrodes are some of the most commonly used reference electrodes, but they suffer from a number of issues due to their porous frits. Such issues include difficulty miniaturizing, silver and chloride ion leakage, charge screening effects at low ionic strength, frit drying if left unattended in air, and incompatibility with organic solvents. To solve these issues, we recently designed a reference electrode that is leakless in principle by replacing the porous frit with a sealed, conductive wire, where the ends of the wire are exposed to the reference electrode solution and the working electrode solution. We hypothesized that the reference electrode operated like a closed, bipolar electrochemical cell, and we termed the name bipolar reference electrode (BPRE). Here, we provide evidence that the BPRE can either act as a reference electrode by operating through an ion transfer mechanism via leakage through the imperfect seal, or it can act as a highly stable quasi-reference electrode through a bipolar electron transfer mechanism (BPQRE). Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the BPRE in other types of common electrochemical studies, including chronoamperometry, linear sweep voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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7
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Ha M, Thangavel P, Dang NK, Kim DY, Sultan S, Lee JS, Kim KS. High-Performing Atomic Electrocatalyst for Chlorine Evolution Reaction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300240. [PMID: 36794290 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalysts facilitating chlorine evolution reaction (ClER) play a vital role in chlor-alkali industries. Owing to a huge amount of chlorine consumed worldwide, inexpensive high-performing catalysts for Cl2 production are highly demanded. Here, a superb ClER catalyst fabricated through uniform dispersion of Pt single atoms (SAs) in C2 N2 moieties of N-doped graphene (denoted as Pt-1) is presented, which demonstrates near 100% exclusive ClER selectivity, long-term durability, extraordinary Cl2 production rate (3500 mmol h-1 gPt -1 ), and >140 000-fold increased mass activity over industrial electrodes in acidic medium. Excitingly, at the typical chlor-alkali industries' operating temperature (80 °C), Pt-1 supported on carbon paper electrode requires a near thermoneutral ultralow overpotential of 5 mV at 1 mA cm-2 current density to initiate the ClER, consistent with the predicted density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Altogether these results show the promising electrocatalyst of Pt-1 toward ClER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miran Ha
- Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Pandiarajan Thangavel
- Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Kim Dang
- Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yeon Kim
- Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Siraj Sultan
- Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sung Lee
- School of Energy & Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang S Kim
- Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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8
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Moriau L, Stojanovski K, Jovanovič P, Escalera-López D, Cherevko S, Hodnik N. Towards electrochemical iridium recycling in acidic media: effect of the presence of organic molecules and chloride ions. RSC Adv 2023; 13:7980-7987. [PMID: 36909751 PMCID: PMC9997448 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07142h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of iridium is expected to surge in the next few years, notably due to the rising implementation of water electrolyzer devices in the energy transition. However, the natural resources of this noble metal are extremely limited and thus its recycling will become of high importance. Unfortunately, iridium is also the most corrosion resistant platinum group metal, making its recovery from waste a difficult and energy-demanding process. Hereby, we study the impact of organics and chloride ions on the electrochemical dissolution of iridium in order to pave the way towards green recycling of this precious metal. We present a 40 times increased dissolution when cycling iridium in presence of HCl and 1 M ethanol compared to HClO4. Our results point towards the direction of destabilizing Ir at relatively mild conditions in acidic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Moriau
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia .,Center of Excellence Low-Carbon Technologies 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - K Stojanovski
- Helmotz-Institute Erlangen Nümberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschunszentrum Jülich GmbH Erlangen Germany
| | - P Jovanovič
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - D Escalera-López
- Helmotz-Institute Erlangen Nümberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschunszentrum Jülich GmbH Erlangen Germany
| | - S Cherevko
- Helmotz-Institute Erlangen Nümberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschunszentrum Jülich GmbH Erlangen Germany
| | - N Hodnik
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia .,University of Nova Gorica 5000 Nova Gorica Slovenia
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9
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Minichová M, Van Pham C, Xiao B, Savan A, Hutzler A, Körner A, Khalakhan I, Rodríguez MG, Mangoufis-Giasin I, Briega-Martos V, Kormányos A, Katsounaros I, Mayrhofer KJ, Ludwig A, Thiele S, Cherevko S. Isopropanol Electro-Oxidation on Pt-Ru-Ir: A Journey from Model Thin-Film Libraries Towards Real Electrocatalysts. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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10
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Đukić T, Pavko L, Jovanovič P, Maselj N, Gatalo M, Hodnik N. Stability challenges of carbon-supported Pt-nanoalloys as fuel cell oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13832-13854. [PMID: 36472187 PMCID: PMC9753161 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05377b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-supported Pt-based nanoalloys (CSPtNs) as the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts are considered state-of-the-art electrocatalysts for use in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Although their ORR activity performance is already adequate to allow lowering of the Pt loading and thus commercialisation of the fuel cell technology, their stability remains an open challenge. In this Feature Article, the recent achievements and acquired knowledge on the degradation behaviour of these electrocatalysts are overviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Đukić
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Pavko
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Jovanovič
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Nik Maselj
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matija Gatalo
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- ReCatalyst d.o.o., Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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11
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Gatalo M, Bonastre AM, Moriau L, Burdett H, Ruiz-Zepeda F, Hughes E, Hodgkinson A, Šala M, Pavko L, Bele M, Hodnik N, Sharman J, Gaberšček M. Importance of Chemical Activation and the Effect of Low Operation Voltage on the Performance of Pt-Alloy Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2022; 5:8862-8877. [PMID: 35909804 PMCID: PMC9326812 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.2c01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pt-alloy (Pt-M) nanoparticles (NPs) with less-expensive 3d transition metals (M = Ni, Cu, Co) supported on high-surface-area carbon supports are currently the state-of-the-art (SoA) solution to reach the production phase in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, while Pt-M electrocatalysts show promise in terms of increased activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and, thus, cost reductions from the significantly lower use of expensive and rare Pt, key challenges in terms of synthesis, activation, and stability remain to unlock their true potential. This work systematically tackles them with a combination of electrocatalyst synthesis and characterization methodologies including thin-film rotating disc electrodes (TF-RDEs), an electrochemical flow cell linked to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (EFC-ICP-MS), and testing in 50 cm2 membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs). In the first part of the present work, we highlight the crucial importance of the chemical activation (dealloying) step on the performance of Pt-M electrocatalysts in the MEA at high current densities (HCDs). In addition, we provide the scientific community with a preliminary and facile method of distinguishing between a "poorly" and "adequately" dealloyed (activated) Pt-alloy electrocatalyst using a much simpler and affordable TF-RDE methodology using the well-known CO-stripping process. Since the transition-metal cations can also be introduced in a PEMFC due to the degradation of the Pt-M NPs, the second part of the work focuses on presenting clear evidence on the direct impact of the lower voltage limit (LVL) on the stability of Pt-M electrocatalysts. The data suggests that in addition to intrinsic improvements in stability, significant improvements in the PEMFC lifetime can also be obtained via the correct MEA design and applied limits of operation, namely, restricting not just the upper but equally important also the lower operation voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matija Gatalo
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- ReCatalyst
d.o.o., Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Léonard
Jean Moriau
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Harriet Burdett
- Johnson
Matthey Technology Centre, Blount’s Court, Sonning
Common, Reading RG4 9NH, U.K.
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Edwin Hughes
- Johnson
Matthey Technology Centre, Blount’s Court, Sonning
Common, Reading RG4 9NH, U.K.
| | - Adam Hodgkinson
- Johnson
Matthey Fuel Cells, Lydiard
Fields, Great Western Way, Swindon SN5 8AT, U.K.
| | - Martin Šala
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Pavko
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjan Bele
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University
of Nova Gorica, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Jonathan Sharman
- Johnson
Matthey Technology Centre, Blount’s Court, Sonning
Common, Reading RG4 9NH, U.K.
| | - Miran Gaberšček
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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12
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Doering M, Kieninger J, Urban G, Weltin A. Electrochemical microelectrode degradation monitoring: in situ investigation of platinum corrosion at neutral pH. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 34983028 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac47da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The stability of platinum and other noble metal electrodes is critical for neural implants, electrochemical sensors, and energy sources. Beyond the acidic or alkaline environment found in most electrochemical studies, the investigation of electrode corrosion in neutral pH and chloride containing electrolytes is essential, particularly regarding the long-term stability of neural interfaces, such as brain stimulation electrodes or cochlear implants. In addition, the increased use of microfabricated devices demands the investigation of thin-film electrode stability. APPROACH We developed a procedure of electrochemical methods for continuous tracking of electrode degradation in situ over the complete life cycle of platinum thin-film microelectrodes in a unique combination with simultaneous chemical sensing. We used chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry to measure electrode surface and analyte redox processes, together with accelerated electrochemical degradation. MAIN RESULTS We compared degradation between thin-film microelectrodes and bulk electrodes, neutral to acidic pH, different pulsing schemes, and the presence of the redox active species oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Results were confirmed by mechanical profilometry and microscopy to determine material changes on a nanometer scale. We found that electrode degradation is mainly driven by repeated formation and removal of the platinum surface oxide, also within the electrochemical stability window of water. There was no considerable difference between thin-film micro- and macroscopic bulk electrodes or in the presence of reactive species, whereas acidic pH or extending the potential window led to increased degradation. SIGNIFICANCE Our results provide valuable fundamental information on platinum microelectrode degradation under conditions found in biomedical applications. For the first time, we deployed a unified method to report quantitative data on electrode degradation up to a defined endpoint. Our method is a widely applicable framework for comparative long-term studies of sensor and neural interface stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Doering
- University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, 79110, GERMANY
| | - Jochen Kieninger
- University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, 79110, GERMANY
| | - Gerald Urban
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, Freiburg im Breisgau, 79110, GERMANY
| | - Andreas Weltin
- IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, Freiburg im Breisgau, 79110, GERMANY
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13
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Electrochemical deposition of nickel from aqueous electrolytic baths prepared by dissolution of metallic powder. J Solid State Electrochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-021-05084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA new method of preparation of aqueous electrolyte baths for electrochemical deposition of nickel targets for medical accelerators is presented. It starts with fast dissolution of metallic Ni powder in a HNO3-free solvent. Such obtained raw solution does not require additional treatment aimed to removal nitrates, such as the acid evaporation and Ni salt precipitation-dissolution. It is used directly for preparation of the nickel plating baths after dilution with water, setting up pH value and after possible addition of H3BO3. The pH of the baths ranges from alkaline to acidic. Deposition of 95% of ca. 50 mg of Ni dissolved in the bath takes ca. 3.5 h for the alkaline electrolyte while for the acidic solution it requires ca. 7 h. The Ni deposits obtained from the acidic bath are physically and chemically more stable and possess smoother and crack-free surfaces as compared to the coatings deposited from the alkaline bath. A method of estimation of concentration of H2O2 in the electrolytic bath is also proposed.
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14
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Jenewein KJ, Kormányos A, Knöppel J, Mayrhofer KJJ, Cherevko S. Accessing In Situ Photocorrosion under Realistic Light Conditions: Photoelectrochemical Scanning Flow Cell Coupled to Online ICP-MS. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2021; 1:74-81. [PMID: 36785747 PMCID: PMC9838614 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.1c00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
High-impact photoelectrode materials for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting are distinguished by synergistically attaining high photoactivity and stability at the same time. With numerous efforts toward optimizing the activity, the bigger challenge of tailoring the durability of photoelectrodes to meet industrially relevant levels remains. In situ photostability measurements hold great promise in understanding stability-related properties. Although different flow systems coupled to light-emitting diodes were introduced recently to measure time-resolved photocorrosion, none of the measurements were performed under realistic light conditions. In this paper, a photoelectrochemical scanning flow cell connected to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (PEC-ICP-MS) and equipped with a solar simulator, Air Mass 1.5 G filter, and monochromator was developed. The established system is capable of independently assessing basic PEC metrics, such as photopotential, photocurrent, incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE), and band gap in a high-throughput manner as well as the in situ photocorrosion behavior of photoelectrodes under standardized and realistic light conditions by coupling it to an ICP-MS. Polycrystalline platinum and tungsten trioxide (WO3) were used as model systems to demonstrate the operation under dark and light conditions, respectively. Photocorrosion measurements conducted with the present PEC-ICP-MS setup revealed that WO3 starts dissolving at 0.8 VRHE with the dissolution rate rapidly increasing past 1.2 VRHE, coinciding with the onset of the saturation photocurrent. The most detrimental damage to the photoelectrode is caused when subjecting it to a prolonged high potential hold, e.g., at 1.5 VRHE. By using standardized illumination conditions such as Air Mass 1.5 Global under 1 Sun, the obtained dissolution characteristics are translatable to actual devices under realistic light conditions. The gained insights can then be utilized to advance synthesis and design approaches of novel PEC materials with improved photostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken J. Jenewein
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Attila Kormányos
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julius Knöppel
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl J. J. Mayrhofer
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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15
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Schuett FM, Zeller SJ, Eckl MJ, Matzik FM, Heubach MK, Geng T, Hermann JM, Uhl M, Kibler LA, Engstfeld AK, Jacob T. Versatile 3D-Printed Micro-Reference Electrodes for Aqueous and Non-Aqueous Solutions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22783-22790. [PMID: 34427031 PMCID: PMC8518549 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While numerous reference electrodes suitable for aqueous electrolytes exist, there is no well-defined standard for non-aqueous electrolytes. Furthermore, reference electrodes are often large and do not meet the size requirements for small cells. In this work, we present a simple method for fabricating stable 3D-printed micro-reference electrodes. The prints are made from polyvinylidene fluoride, which is chemically inert in strong acids, bases, and commonly used non-aqueous solvents. We chose six different reference systems based on Ag, Cu, Zn, and Na, including three aqueous and three non-aqueous systems to demonstrate the versatility of the approach. Subsequently, we conducted cyclic voltammetry experiments and measured the potential difference between the aqueous homemade reference electrodes and a commercial Ag/AgCl-electrode. For the non-aqueous reference electrodes, we chose the ferrocene redox couple as an internal standard. From these measurements, we deduced that this new class of micro-reference electrodes is leak-tight and shows a stable electrode potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian M Schuett
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sven J Zeller
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Helmholtz-Institute-Ulm (HIU), Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstr. 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Maximilian J Eckl
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Felix M Matzik
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maren-Kathrin Heubach
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tanja Geng
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes M Hermann
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthias Uhl
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ludwig A Kibler
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Albert K Engstfeld
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Helmholtz-Institute-Ulm (HIU), Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstr. 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
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16
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Schuett FM, Zeller SJ, Eckl MJ, Matzik FM, Heubach M, Geng T, Hermann JM, Uhl M, Kibler LA, Engstfeld AK, Jacob T. Versatile 3D‐Printed Micro‐Reference Electrodes for Aqueous and Non‐Aqueous Solutions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian M. Schuett
- Institute of Electrochemistry Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Sven J. Zeller
- Institute of Electrochemistry Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute-Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage Helmholtzstr. 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) P.O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Maximilian J. Eckl
- Institute of Electrochemistry Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Felix M. Matzik
- Institute of Electrochemistry Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Maren‐Kathrin Heubach
- Institute of Electrochemistry Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Tanja Geng
- Institute of Electrochemistry Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Johannes M. Hermann
- Institute of Electrochemistry Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Matthias Uhl
- Institute of Electrochemistry Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Ludwig A. Kibler
- Institute of Electrochemistry Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Albert K. Engstfeld
- Institute of Electrochemistry Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute-Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage Helmholtzstr. 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) P.O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
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17
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Zheng W, Lee LYS, Wong KY. Improving the performance stability of direct seawater electrolysis: from catalyst design to electrode engineering. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:15177-15187. [PMID: 34487129 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr03294a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Direct seawater electrolysis opens a new opportunity to lower the cost of hydrogen production from current water electrolysis technologies. To facilitate its commercialization, the challenges of long-term performance stability of electrochemical devices need to be first addressed and realized. This minireview summarised the common causes of performance decline during seawater electrolysis, from chemical reactions at the electrode surface to physical damage to the cell. The problems triggered by the impurities in seawater are specifically discussed. Following these issues, we further outlined the ongoing effort of counter-measurements: from electrocatalyst optimization to electrode engineering and cell design. The recent progress in selectivity tuning, surface protection, gas diffusion, and cell configuration is highlighted. In the final remark, we emphasized the need for a consensus on evaluating the stability of seawater electrolysis in the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiran Zheng
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Lawrence Yoon Suk Lee
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kwok-Yin Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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18
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Abstract
Platinum and other metals are very scarce materials widely used in the energy and transportation sector among other sectors. Obtaining Platinum is becoming more difficult due to its scarcity on earth and because of the high amount of energy and water used for its extraction. In this regard, the recycling of platinum is necessary for sustainable technologies and for reaching a circular economy towards this expensive and rare metal. Conventional methods for platinum recycling make use of enormous amounts of energy for its recovery, which makes them not very attractive for industry implementation. Furthermore, these processes generate very toxic liquid streams and gas wastes that must be further treated, which do not meet the green environmental point of view of platinum recycling. Consequently, new advanced technologies are arising aiming to reach very high platinum recovery rates while being environmentally friendly and making a huge reduction of energy use compared with the conventional methods. In this review, conventional platinum recovery methods are summarized showing their limitations. Furthermore, new and promising approaches for platinum recovery are reviewed to shed light on about new and greener ways for a platinum circular economy.
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19
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Walker NL, Dick JE. Leakless, Bipolar Reference Electrodes: Fabrication, Performance, and Miniaturization. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10065-10074. [PMID: 34263595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reference electrodes must maintain a well-defined potential for long periods of time to be useful. The silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrode is arguably the most widely used reference electrode, but it leaks silver and chloride ions into the sample solution through the porous frit over time. Further, the porous frit makes miniaturization to the micro- and nanoscale challenging. Here, we present an alternative, where the traditional Ag/AgCl reference electrode porous frit is replaced by a conductive wire, preventing ion leakage and allowing miniaturization to the microscale. Charge balance is maintained through a closed bipolar electrochemical mechanism, where faradaic processes occur on each end of the sealed wire. Using the above design, we demonstrate the efficacy of the leakless, bipolar reference electrode (BPRE) and miniaturize it to the microscale (μ-leakless BPRE). Importantly, we demonstrate that leakless and μ-leakless BPREs behave the same as commercial reference electrodes during potentiometric measurements and leakless BPREs perform similarly during voltammetric measurements on ultramicroelectrodes. We demonstrate that the drift during voltammetry using a leakless BPRE on a macroelectrode is slightly more appreciable compared to the drift seen with a commercial reference electrode. We detail design principles for the use of leakless BPREs in nonaqueous solvents and in sealing other conductive materials (e.g., gold and carbon). Using mass spectrometry, we show that the maximum leakage of methylene blue is 0.36 fmol/s, at least 2 orders of magnitude smaller than that of commercial reference electrodes. Finally, we demonstrate the efficacy of using leakless BPREs in potentiometric glucose sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Walker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599 Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599 Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599 Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
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20
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Knöppel J, Kormányos A, Mayerhöfer B, Hofer A, Bierling M, Bachmann J, Thiele S, Cherevko S. Photocorrosion of WO 3 Photoanodes in Different Electrolytes. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2021; 1:6-13. [PMID: 36855660 PMCID: PMC9718310 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.1c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Photocorrosion of an n-type semiconductor is anticipated to be unfavorable if its decomposition potential is situated below its valence band-edge position. Tungsten trioxide (WO3) is generally considered as a stable photoanode for different photoelectrochemical (PEC) applications. Such oversimplified considerations ignore reactions with electrolytes added to the solvent. Moreover, kinetic effects are neglected. The fallacy of such approaches has been demonstrated in our previous study dealing with WO3 instability in H2SO4. In this work, in order to understand parameters influencing WO3 photocorrosion and to identify more suitable reaction environments, H2SO4, HClO4, HNO3, CH3O3SH, as electrolytes are considered. Model WO3 thin films are fabricated with a spray-coating process. Photoactivity of the samples is determined with a photoelectrochemical scanning flow cell. Photostability is measured in real time by coupling an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer to the scanning flow cell to determine the photoanode dissolution products. It is found that the photoactivity of the WO3 films increases as HNO3 < HClO4 ≈ H2SO4 < CH3O3SH, whereas the photostability exhibits the opposite trend. The differences observed in photocorrosion are explained considering stability of the electrolytes toward decomposition. This work demonstrates that electrolytes and their reactive intermediates clearly influence the photostability of photoelectrodes. Thus, the careful selection of the photoelectrode/electrolyte combination is of crucial importance in the design of a stable photoelectrochemical water-splitting device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Knöppel
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, Egerlandstr.
3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany,Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany,
| | - Attila Kormányos
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, Egerlandstr.
3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Britta Mayerhöfer
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, Egerlandstr.
3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany,Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - André Hofer
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, IZNF, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Bierling
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, Egerlandstr.
3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany,Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julien Bachmann
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, IZNF, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany,Institute
of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Simon Thiele
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, Egerlandstr.
3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany,Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, Egerlandstr.
3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany,
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21
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Mieszkowska M, Grdeń M. Electrochemical deposition of nickel targets from aqueous electrolytes for medical radioisotope production in accelerators: a review. J Solid State Electrochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-021-04950-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThis paper reviews reported methods of the electrochemical deposition of nickel layers which are used as target materials for accelerator production of medical radioisotopes. The review focuses on the electrodeposition carried out from aqueous electrolytes. It describes the main challenges related to the preparation of suitable Ni target layers, such as work with limited amounts of expensive isotopically enriched nickel; electrodeposition of sufficiently thick, smooth and free of cracks layers; and recovery of unreacted Ni isotopes from the irradiated targets and from used electrolytic baths.
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22
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Ambolikar AS, Guin SK. Template‐free Electrosynthesis of Platinum Nano‐Cauliflowers for Catalysing Electron Transfer Reaction of Plutonium. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arvind S. Ambolikar
- Fuel Chemistry Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay Mumbai 400085 India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar Mumbai 400094 India
| | - Saurav K. Guin
- Fuel Chemistry Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay Mumbai 400085 India
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23
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Lemos SG, Gonzalez-Rodriguez J. Three-dimensional voltammetry: Use of chronoamperometric E-t-i data to achieve second-order advantage. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1132:36-46. [PMID: 32980109 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This work studied the use of three-dimensional voltammetry, particularly potential-time-current (E-t-i) data, on the development of electroanalytical methods. E-t-i data was obtained by taking chronoamperograms at potentials applied as pulses on a staircase waveform. By using this three-way kind of data and appropriate calibration algorithms, the possibility of achieving the second-order advantage was evaluated in the determination of ferrocyanide in the presence of the uncalibrated interference hydroquinone as a model system. The determination of acetaminophen in urine samples, where ascorbic acid and uric acid play the major roles as interferents was also studied. Parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and multivariate curve resolution alternating least-squares (MCR-ALS) were the algorithms employed in this work. Both algorithms successfully achieved the second-order advantage by correctly predicting the concentrations of the validation synthetic samples. Excellent predictions were obtained in the direct analysis of acetaminophen-spiked urine samples by E-t-i data and MCR-ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN67TS, United Kingdom.
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24
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Kim H, Yang W, Lee WH, Han MH, Moon J, Jeon C, Kim D, Ji SG, Chae KH, Lee KS, Seo J, Oh HS, Kim H, Choi CH. Operando Stability of Platinum Electrocatalysts in Ammonia Oxidation Reactions. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haesol Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Hee Lee
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Ho Han
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhee Moon
- Division of Analytical Science Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolho Jeon
- Division of Analytical Science Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Gu Ji
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Hwa Chae
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kug-Seung Lee
- Beamline Department, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Suk Oh
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyuck Choi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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25
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Kormányos A, Speck FD, Mayrhofer KJJ, Cherevko S. Influence of Fuels and pH on the Dissolution Stability of Bifunctional PtRu/C Alloy Electrocatalysts. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Attila Kormányos
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian D. Speck
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstaße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl J. J. Mayrhofer
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstaße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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26
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Ji SG, Kim H, Park C, Kim W, Choi CH. Underestimation of Platinum Electrocatalysis Induced by Carbon Monoxide Evolved from Graphite Counter Electrodes. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Gu Ji
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Haesol Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolwoo Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyul Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyuck Choi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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27
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Electrochemical Recycling of Platinum Group Metals from Spent Catalytic Converters. METALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/met10060822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Platinum group metals (PGMs: Pt, Pd, and Rh) are used extensively by the industry, while the natural resources are limited. The PGM concentration in spent catalytic converters is 100 times larger than in natural occurring ores. Traditional PGM methods use high temperature furnaces and strong oxidants, thus polluting the environment. Electrochemical studies showed that platinum can be converted to their chloride form. The amount of dissolved PGM was monitored by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy and the structure was identified by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. An electrochemistry protocol was designed to maximize platinum dissolution, which was then used for a spent catalytic converter. A key finding is the use of potential step that enhances the dissolution rate by a factor of 4. Recycling rates as high as 50% were achieved in 24 h without any pretreatment of the catalyst. The method developed herein is part of a current need to make the PGM recycling process more sustainable.
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28
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Sharma R, Morgen P, Andersen SM. Platinum recycling through electroless dissolution under mild conditions using a surface activation assisted Pt-complexing approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:13030-13040. [PMID: 32478339 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06066a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High industrial demand and limited global abundance of precious metals (PMs) make their recycling essential for industrial and societal sustainability. Owing to their high surface-to-volume ratio, recycling of nanoparticulate precious metals through dissolution in dilute acids at room temperature is quite relevant. However, their dissolution by approaches such as the cyclic oxidation-reduction of metal surfaces through surface potential manipulation may not be suitable for large-scale production. Here, we demonstrate fast dissolution of Pt-nanoparticles under mild conditions (normal temperature and pressure) in Cl- containing dilute acidic/neutral baths without using cyclic oxidation-reduction. We demonstrate that the dissolution of Pt nanoparticles through [PtClx]2- complexing is hindered by blockage of the Pt surface due to adsorption of non-oxide species (impurities), a phenomenon termed herein as non-oxide passivation (NOP). The nanoparticles can be kept active for the [PtClx]2- complexing through removal of the adsorbed species by surface activation, a process to remove the NOP layer by application of cyclic/continuous perturbation. As an example, average % dissolution rate (calculated on initial Pt loading) increases from ∼10% per h (∼30% dissolution in 3 h) for dissolution without NOP removal to ∼19% per h (∼55% dissolution in 3 h) for dissolution through cyclic activation of the Pt surface by HCl-water cycling. The approach may be implemented with a range of cost-efficient and non-toxic reagents for industrial-scale and environmentally friendly recycling of Pt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghunandan Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Per Morgen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Shuang Ma Andersen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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29
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Göhl D, Rueß H, Schlicht S, Vogel A, Rohwerder M, Mayrhofer KJJ, Bachmann J, Román‐Leshkov Y, Schneider JM, Ledendecker M. Stable and Active Oxygen Reduction Catalysts with Reduced Noble Metal Loadings through Potential Triggered Support Passivation. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Göhl
- Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface EngineeringMax-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH 40237 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Holger Rueß
- Materials ChemistryRWTH Aachen University 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Stefanie Schlicht
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Alexandra Vogel
- Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface EngineeringMax-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH 40237 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Michael Rohwerder
- Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface EngineeringMax-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH 40237 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Karl J. J. Mayrhofer
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable EnergyForschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Julien Bachmann
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Institute of ChemistrySaint Petersburg State University Saint Petersburg 198504 Russian Federation
| | - Yuriy Román‐Leshkov
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | | | - Marc Ledendecker
- Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface EngineeringMax-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH 40237 Düsseldorf Germany
- Department of Technical ChemistryTechnical University Darmstadt 64287 Darmstadt Germany
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30
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Nanbakhsh K, Kluba M, Pahl B, Bourgeois F, Dekker R, Serdijn W, Giagka V. Effect of Signals on the Encapsulation Performance of Parylene Coated Platinum Tracks for Active Medical Implants. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2019:3840-3844. [PMID: 31946711 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8857702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Platinum is widely used as the electrode material for implantable devices. Owing to its high biostability and corrosion resistivity, platinum could also be used as the main metallization for tracks in active implants. Towards this goal, in this work we investigate the stability of parylene-coated Pt tracks using passive and active tests. The test samples in this study are Pt-on-SiO2 interdigitated comb structures. During testing all samples were immersed in saline for 150 days; for passive testing, the samples were left unbiased, whilst for active testing, samples were exposed to two different stress signals: a 5 V DC and a 5 Vp 500 pulses per second biphasic signal. All samples were monitored over time using impedance spectroscopy combined with optical inspection. After the first two weeks of immersion, delamination spots were observed on the Pt tracks for both passive and actively tested samples. Despite the delamination spots, the unbiased samples maintained high impedances until the end of the study. For the actively stressed samples, two different failure mechanisms were observed which were signal related. DC stressed samples showed severe parylene cracking mainly due to the electrolysis of the condensed water. Biphasically stressed samples showed gradual Pt dissolution and migration. These results contribute to a better understanding of the failure mechanisms of Pt tracks in active implants and suggest that new testing paradigms may be necessary to fully assess the long-term reliability of these devices.
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31
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Lim T, Jung GY, Kim JH, Park SO, Park J, Kim YT, Kang SJ, Jeong HY, Kwak SK, Joo SH. Atomically dispersed Pt-N 4 sites as efficient and selective electrocatalysts for the chlorine evolution reaction. Nat Commun 2020; 11:412. [PMID: 31964881 PMCID: PMC6972710 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorine evolution reaction (CER) is a critical anode reaction in chlor-alkali electrolysis. Although precious metal-based mixed metal oxides (MMOs) have been widely used as CER catalysts, they suffer from the concomitant generation of oxygen during the CER. Herein, we demonstrate that atomically dispersed Pt-N4 sites doped on a carbon nanotube (Pt1/CNT) can catalyse the CER with excellent activity and selectivity. The Pt1/CNT catalyst shows superior CER activity to a Pt nanoparticle-based catalyst and a commercial Ru/Ir-based MMO catalyst. Notably, Pt1/CNT exhibits near 100% CER selectivity even in acidic media, with low Cl- concentrations (0.1 M), as well as in neutral media, whereas the MMO catalyst shows substantially lower CER selectivity. In situ electrochemical X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveals the direct adsorption of Cl- on Pt-N4 sites during the CER. Density functional theory calculations suggest the PtN4C12 site as the most plausible active site structure for the CER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejung Lim
- Department of Energy Engineering and School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwan Yeong Jung
- Department of Energy Engineering and School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyung Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering and School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung O Park
- Department of Energy Engineering and School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyun Park
- Department of Energy Engineering and School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Tae Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Ju Kang
- Department of Energy Engineering and School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Young Jeong
- UNIST Central Research Facilities, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Kwak
- Department of Energy Engineering and School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Hoon Joo
- Department of Energy Engineering and School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Sharma R, Rode Nielsen K, Brilner Lund P, Bredmose Simonsen S, Grahl‐Madsen L, Ma Andersen S. Sustainable Platinum Recycling through Electrochemical Dissolution of Platinum Nanoparticles from Fuel Cell Electrodes. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raghunandan Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 DK-5230 Odense M Denmark
| | - Kasper Rode Nielsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 DK-5230 Odense M Denmark
| | - Peter Brilner Lund
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 DK-5230 Odense M Denmark
| | - Søren Bredmose Simonsen
- Technical University of Denmark Department of Energy Conversion and Storage Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde Denmark
| | | | - Shuang Ma Andersen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 DK-5230 Odense M Denmark
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33
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Vos JG, Liu Z, Speck FD, Perini N, Fu W, Cherevko S, Koper MTM. Selectivity Trends Between Oxygen Evolution and Chlorine Evolution on Iridium-Based Double Perovskites in Acidic Media. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes G. Vos
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zhichao Liu
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Florian D. Speck
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nickson Perini
- Sao Carlos Institute of Chemistry, Sao Paulo University, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13566-590, São Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wentian Fu
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marc T. M. Koper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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34
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Kasian O, Geiger S, Mayrhofer KJJ, Cherevko S. Electrochemical On-line ICP-MS in Electrocatalysis Research. CHEM REC 2018; 19:2130-2142. [PMID: 30589199 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalyst degradation due to dissolution is one of the major challenges in electrochemical energy conversion technologies such as fuel cells and electrolysers. While tendencies towards dissolution can be grasped considering available thermodynamic data, the kinetics of material's stability in real conditions is still difficult to predict and have to be measured experimentally, ideally in-situ and/or on-line. On-line inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a technique developed recently to address exactly this issue. It allows time- and potential-resolved analysis of dissolution products in the electrolyte during the reaction under dynamic conditions. In this work, applications of on-line ICP-MS techniques in studies embracing dissolution of catalysts for oxygen reduction (ORR) and evolution (OER) as well as hydrogen oxidation (HOR) and evolution (HER) reactions are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kasian
- Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon Geiger
- Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Current address: Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Karl J J Mayrhofer
- Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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35
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Effect of Particle Size on the Corrosion Behaviour of Gold in the Presence of Chloride Impurities: An EFC-ICP-MS Potentiodynamic Study. COATINGS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A profound understanding of the Au dissolution process is a prerequisite for optimal utilization of Au-based materials. This goes for either increasing the corrosion stability of materials in the sectors where the long-term functionality of Au is needed or decreasing the corrosion stability where the recovery of the Au component is crucial. By employing an extremely sensitive online analytical system, consisting of an electrochemical flow cell coupled to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, in situ potential-resolved dissolution of Au in the ppb range is enabled. A comparative study of two Au based materials, (i) a polycrystalline Au disk and (ii) carbon-supported Au nanoparticles, is presented. As a probe, chloride ions were used to elucidate the distinct differences in the corrosion behavior of the two analogues.
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36
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Design and Investigation of Molybdenum Modified Platinum Surfaces for Modeling of CO Tolerant Electrocatalysts. Top Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-018-1035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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37
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Fu Y, Rudnev AV, Wiberg GKH, Arenz M. Single Graphene Layer on Pt(111) Creates Confined Electrochemical Environment via Selective Ion Transport. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201705952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Bern; Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Alexander V. Rudnev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Bern; Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninskii pr. 31 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Gustav K. H. Wiberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Bern; Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Matthias Arenz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Bern; Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
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38
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Fu Y, Rudnev AV, Wiberg GKH, Arenz M. Single Graphene Layer on Pt(111) Creates Confined Electrochemical Environment via Selective Ion Transport. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12883-12887. [PMID: 28763143 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Graphene is a promising candidate for an ideal membrane material. Its ultralow (one-atomic) thickness potentially provides high permeation and at the same time high selectivity. Here, it is shown that these properties can be used to create a confined, two-dimensional electrochemical environment between a graphene layer and a single-crystal Pt(111) surface. The well-defined fingerprint voltammetric characteristics of Pt(111) provide an immediate information about the penetration and intercalation of ions into the confined space. These processes are shown to be highly selective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander V Rudnev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Gustav K H Wiberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Arenz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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39
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Kasian O, Kulyk N, Mingers A, Zeradjanin AR, Mayrhofer KJ, Cherevko S. Electrochemical dissolution of gold in presence of chloride and bromide traces studied by on-line electrochemical inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Platinum recycling going green via induced surface potential alteration enabling fast and efficient dissolution. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13164. [PMID: 27767178 PMCID: PMC5078734 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The recycling of precious metals, for example, platinum, is an essential aspect of sustainability for the modern industry and energy sectors. However, due to its resistance to corrosion, platinum-leaching techniques rely on high reagent consumption and hazardous processes, for example, boiling aqua regia; a mixture of concentrated nitric and hydrochloric acid. Here we demonstrate that complete dissolution of metallic platinum can be achieved by induced surface potential alteration, an 'electrode-less' process utilizing alternatively oxidative and reductive gases. This concept for platinum recycling exploits the so-called transient dissolution mechanism, triggered by a repetitive change in platinum surface oxidation state, without using any external electric current or electrodes. The effective performance in non-toxic low-concentrated acid and at room temperature is a strong benefit of this approach, potentially rendering recycling of industrial catalysts, including but not limited to platinum-based systems, more sustainable.
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41
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Lopes PP, Strmcnik D, Tripkovic D, Connell JG, Stamenkovic V, Markovic NM. Relationships between Atomic Level Surface Structure and Stability/Activity of Platinum Surface Atoms in Aqueous Environments. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b02920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro P. Lopes
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Dusan Strmcnik
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Dusan Tripkovic
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Justin G. Connell
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Vojislav Stamenkovic
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Nenad M. Markovic
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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