1
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Ma B, Li R, Zhu H, Zhou T, Lv L, Zhang H, Zhang S, Chen L, Wang J, Xiao X, Deng T, Chen L, Wang C, Fan X. Stable Oxyhalide-Nitride Fast Ionic Conductors for All-Solid-State Li Metal Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2402324. [PMID: 38696823 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Rechargeable all-solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) utilizing inorganic solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) are promising for electric vehicles and large-scale grid energy storage. However, the Li dendrite growth in SSEs still constrains the practical utility of ASSLMBs. To achieve a high dendrite-suppression capability, SSEs must be chemically stable with Li, possess fast Li transfer kinetics, and exhibit high interface energy. Herein, a class of low-cost, eco-friendly, and sustainable oxyhalide-nitride solid electrolytes (ONSEs), denoted as LixNyIz-qLiOH (where x = 3y + z, 0 ≤ q ≤ 0.75), is designed to fulfill all the requirements. As-prepared ONSEs demonstrate chemically stable against Li and high interface energy (>43.08 meV Å-2), effectively restraining Li dendrite growth and the self-degradation at electrode interfaces. Furthermore, improved thermodynamic oxidation stability of ONSEs (>3 V vs Li+/Li, 0.45 V for pure Li3N), arising from the increased ionicity of Li─N bonds, contributes to the stability in ASSLMBs. As a proof-of-concept, the optimized ONSEs possess high ionic conductivity of 0.52 mS cm-1 and achieve long-term cycling of Li||Li symmetric cell for over 500 h. When coupled with the Li3InCl6 SSE for high-voltage cathodes, the bilayer oxyhalide-nitride/Li3InCl6 electrolyte imparts 90% capacity retention over 500 cycles for Li||1 mAh cm-2 LiCoO2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baochen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ruhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Haotian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ling Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Haikuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shuoqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Polytechnic Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jinze Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xuezhang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tao Deng
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Lixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Applications for Batteries of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Xiulin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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2
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Petla RK, Lindsey I, Li J, Meng X. Interface Modifications of Lithium Metal Anode for Lithium Metal Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400281. [PMID: 38573033 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) enable much higher energy density than lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and thus hold great promise for future transportation electrification. However, the adoption of lithium metal (Li) as an anode poses serious concerns about cell safety and performance, which has been hindering LMBs from commercialization. To this end, extensive effort has been invested in understanding the underlying mechanisms theoretically and experimentally and developing technical solutions. In this review, we devote to providing a comprehensive review of the challenges, characterizations, and interfacial engineering of Li anodes in both liquid and solid LMBs. We expect that this work will stimulate new efforts and help peer researchers find new solutions for the commercialization of LMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Petla
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Ian Lindsey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Jianlin Li
- Applied Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Xiangbo Meng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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3
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Lee K, Sakamoto J. Effect of depth of discharge (DOD) on cycling in situ formed Li anodes. Faraday Discuss 2024; 248:250-265. [PMID: 37743819 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00079f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-metal solid-state batteries (LMSSBs) have garnered immense interest due to their potential to enhance safety and energy density compared to traditional Li-ion batteries. The anode-free approach to manufacturing Li-metal anodes could provide the additional benefit of reducing cost. However, a lack of understanding of the mechano-electrochemical behavior related to the cycling of in situ formed Li anodes remains a significant challenge. To bridge this knowledge gap, this work aims to understand the cycling behavior of in situ formed Li anodes on garnet Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) solid-electrolyte as a function of the depth of discharge (DOD). The results of this study show that cycling in situ formed Li of 3 mA h cm-2 with a DOD of 66% leads to unstable cycling, while cycling with a DOD of 33% exhibits stable cycling. Furthermore, we observed interfacial deterioration and inhomogeneity of in situ formed Li anodes during cycling with a DOD of 66%. This study provides mechanistic insight into the factors that affect stable cycling that can help guide approaches to improve the cycling behavior of in situ formed Li anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwoong Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Jeff Sakamoto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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4
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Larson K, Carmona EA, Albertus P. Reference Electrode Reveals Insights on Sodium Metal/Solid Electrolyte Interface Cycling and Voiding Behaviors at High Current Densities and Areal Capacities. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:49213-49222. [PMID: 37830543 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Plating and stripping processes at solid metal electrode/solid electrolyte interfaces are of great significance for high-energy, solid-state batteries. Here, we introduce a Na metal reference electrode to a symmetric Na metal/sodium β″ alumina/Na metal cell and study both cycling and unidirectional protocols with a focus on high current density and areal capacity. For example, in a current ramp test at 5 mAh cm-2 we find a shift from stable to unstable interfacial polarization during stripping at ≳3 mA cm-2, and at 7.5 mA cm-2 we measure 100s of mV of voltage magnitude rise at the stripping electrode and 10s of mV of voltage changes at the plating electrode. In unidirectional testing (i.e., passing current in a single direction until cell failure), at 1.2 mA cm-2 we find only ∼40% of the initial Na foil could be transferred through the solid electrolyte and again observe 100s of mV (and larger) voltage magnitude rise at the stripping electrode and 10s of mV of voltage change at the plating electrode. This test also shows that the 100s of mV of interfacial polarization can be sustained for hours (at 1.2 mA cm-2) to tens of hours (in a test at 0.3 mA cm-2). Hence, across several test protocols we find a Na metal reference electrode provides quantitative insights on electrochemical interfacial behavior that are not revealed in two-electrode testing. We also built a two-dimensional model of our three-electrode symmetric cell to quantify the link between the measured interfacial potentials in our testing and changes in electrochemically active interfacial contact and find that 100s of mV of interfacial potential rise indicates loss of electrochemically active contact area of >80%. Our work provides a promising approach to clarify the coupled interfacial electrochemical and contact mechanics processes at solid metal electrode/solid electrolyte interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Larson
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, University of Maryland, 8136 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Eric A Carmona
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, University of Maryland, 8136 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Paul Albertus
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, University of Maryland, 8136 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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5
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Yoon G, Kim S, Kim J. Design Strategies for Anodes and Interfaces Toward Practical Solid-State Li-Metal Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302263. [PMID: 37544910 PMCID: PMC10520671 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state Li-metal batteries (based on solid-state electrolytes) offer excellent safety and exhibit high potential to overcome the energy-density limitations of current Li-ion batteries, making them suitable candidates for the rapidly developing fields of electric vehicles and energy-storage systems. However, establishing close solid-solid contact is challenging, and Li-dendrite formation in solid-state electrolytes at high current densities causes fatal technical problems (due to high interfacial resistance and short-circuit failure). The Li metal/solid electrolyte interfacial properties significantly influence the kinetics of Li-metal batteries and short-circuit formation. This review discusses various strategies for introducing anode interlayers, from the perspective of reducing the interfacial resistance and preventing short-circuit formation. In addition, 3D anode structural-design strategies are discussed to alleviate the stress caused by volume changes during charging and discharging. This review highlights the importance of comprehensive anode/electrolyte interface control and anode design strategies that reduce the interfacial resistance, hinder short-circuit formation, and facilitate stress relief for developing Li-metal batteries with commercial-level performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabin Yoon
- Battery Material TUSamsung Advanced Institute of Technology130, Samsung‐ro, Yeongtong‐guSuwon‐siGyeonggi‐do443‐803Republic of Korea
| | - Sewon Kim
- Battery Material TUSamsung Advanced Institute of Technology130, Samsung‐ro, Yeongtong‐guSuwon‐siGyeonggi‐do443‐803Republic of Korea
| | - Ju‐Sik Kim
- Battery Material TUSamsung Advanced Institute of Technology130, Samsung‐ro, Yeongtong‐guSuwon‐siGyeonggi‐do443‐803Republic of Korea
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6
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Zaman W, Zhao L, Martin T, Zhang X, Wang Z, Wang QJ, Harris S, Hatzell KB. Temperature and Pressure Effects on Unrecoverable Voids in Li Metal Solid-State Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:37401-37409. [PMID: 37490287 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
All-solid-state batteries (ASSB) can potentially achieve high gravimetric and volumetric energy densities (900 Wh/L) if paired with a lithium metal anode and solid electrolyte. However, there is a lack in critical understanding about how to operate lithium metal cells at high capacities and minimize unwanted degradation mechanisms such as dendrites and voids. Herein, we investigate how pressure and temperature influence the formation and annihilation of unrecoverable voids in lithium metal upon stripping. Stack pressure and temperature are effective means to initiate creep-induced void filling and decrease charge transfer resistances. Applying stack pressure enables lithium to deform and creep below the yield stress during stripping at high current densities. Lithium creep is not sufficient to prevent cell shorting during plating. Three-electrode experiments were employed to probe the kinetic and morphological limitations that occur at the anode-solid electrolyte during high-capacity stripping (5 mAh/cm2). The role of cathode-LLZO interface, which dictates cyclability and capacity retention in full cells, was also studied. This work elucidates the important role that temperature (external or in situ generated) has on reversible operation of solid-state batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahid Zaman
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Le Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute of Tribology Research, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Tobias Martin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhanjiang Wang
- Institute of Tribology Research, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Q Jane Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stephen Harris
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kelsey B Hatzell
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
- Andlinger Center for Energy and Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 37240, United States
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7
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Huang J, Wu K, Xu G, Wu M, Dou S, Wu C. Recent progress and strategic perspectives of inorganic solid electrolytes: fundamentals, modifications, and applications in sodium metal batteries. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37365900 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs01029a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state electrolytes (SEs) have attracted overwhelming attention as a promising alternative to traditional organic liquid electrolytes (OLEs) for high-energy-density sodium-metal batteries (SMBs), owing to their intrinsic incombustibility, wider electrochemical stability window (ESW), and better thermal stability. Among various kinds of SEs, inorganic solid-state electrolytes (ISEs) stand out because of their high ionic conductivity, excellent oxidative stability, and good mechanical strength, rendering potential utilization in safe and dendrite-free SMBs at room temperature. However, the development of Na-ion ISEs still remains challenging, that a perfect solution has yet to be achieved. Herein, we provide a comprehensive and in-depth inspection of the state-of-the-art ISEs, aiming at revealing the underlying Na+ conduction mechanisms at different length scales, and interpreting their compatibility with the Na metal anode from multiple aspects. A thorough material screening will include nearly all ISEs developed to date, i.e., oxides, chalcogenides, halides, antiperovskites, and borohydrides, followed by an overview of the modification strategies for enhancing their ionic conductivity and interfacial compatibility with Na metal, including synthesis, doping and interfacial engineering. By discussing the remaining challenges in ISE research, we propose rational and strategic perspectives that can serve as guidelines for future development of desirable ISEs and practical implementation of high-performance SMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Kuan Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
- Institute of Energy Materials Science (IEMS), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Gang Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Minghong Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shixue Dou
- Institute of Energy Materials Science (IEMS), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Chao Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
- Institute of Energy Materials Science (IEMS), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
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8
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Seymour ID, Quérel E, Brugge RH, Pesci FM, Aguadero A. Understanding and Engineering Interfacial Adhesion in Solid-State Batteries with Metallic Anodes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202215. [PMID: 36892133 PMCID: PMC10962603 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High performance alkali metal anode solid-state batteries require solid/solid interfaces with fast ion transfer that are morphologically and chemically stable upon electrochemical cycling. Void formation at the alkali metal/solid-state electrolyte interface during alkali metal stripping is responsible for constriction resistances and hotspots that can facilitate dendrite propagation and failure. Both externally applied pressures (35-400 MPa) and temperatures above the melting point of the alkali metal have been shown to improve the interfacial contact with the solid electrolyte, preventing the formation of voids. However, the extreme pressure and temperature conditions required can be difficult to meet for commercial solid-state battery applications. In this review, we highlight the importance of interfacial adhesion or 'wetting' at alkali metal/solid electrolyte interfaces for achieving solid-state batteries that can withstand high current densities without cell failure. The intrinsically poor adhesion at metal/ceramic interfaces poses fundamental limitations on many inorganics solid-state electrolyte systems in the absence of applied pressure. Suppression of alkali metal voids can only be achieved for systems with high interfacial adhesion (i. e. 'perfect wetting') where the contact angle between the alkali metal and the solid-state electrolyte surface goes to θ=0°. We identify key strategies to improve interfacial adhesion and suppress void formation including the adoption of interlayers, alloy anodes and 3D scaffolds. Computational modeling techniques have been invaluable for understanding the structure, stability and adhesion of solid-state battery interfaces and we provide an overview of key techniques. Although focused on alkali metal solid-state batteries, the fundamental understanding of interfacial adhesion discussed in this review has broader applications across the field of chemistry and material science from corrosion to biomaterials development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieuan D. Seymour
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonExhibition RoadSW7 2AZLondonUK
| | - Edouard Quérel
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonExhibition RoadSW7 2AZLondonUK
| | - Rowena H. Brugge
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonExhibition RoadSW7 2AZLondonUK
| | - Federico M. Pesci
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonExhibition RoadSW7 2AZLondonUK
| | - Ainara Aguadero
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonExhibition RoadSW7 2AZLondonUK
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de MadridCSIC, Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
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9
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Reisecker V, Flatscher F, Porz L, Fincher C, Todt J, Hanghofer I, Hennige V, Linares-Moreau M, Falcaro P, Ganschow S, Wenner S, Chiang YM, Keckes J, Fleig J, Rettenwander D. Effect of pulse-current-based protocols on the lithium dendrite formation and evolution in all-solid-state batteries. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2432. [PMID: 37105952 PMCID: PMC10140044 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37476-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the cause of lithium dendrites formation and propagation is essential for developing practical all-solid-state batteries. Li dendrites are associated with mechanical stress accumulation and can cause cell failure at current densities below the threshold suggested by industry research (i.e., >5 mA/cm2). Here, we apply a MHz-pulse-current protocol to circumvent low-current cell failure for developing all-solid-state Li metal cells operating up to a current density of 6.5 mA/cm2. Additionally, we propose a mechanistic analysis of the experimental results to prove that lithium activity near solid-state electrolyte defect tips is critical for reliable cell cycling. It is demonstrated that when lithium is geometrically constrained and local current plating rates exceed the exchange current density, the electrolyte region close to the defect releases the accumulated elastic energy favouring fracturing. As the build-up of this critical activity requires a certain period, applying current pulses of shorter duration can thus improve the cycling performance of all-solid-solid-state lithium batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Reisecker
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Solid-State Batteries, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - F Flatscher
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Solid-State Batteries, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - L Porz
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - C Fincher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J Todt
- Department of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben and Erich Schmid Institute for Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | | | | | - M Linares-Moreau
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - P Falcaro
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - S Ganschow
- Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Wenner
- Sintef Industry, Department of Materials and Nanotechnology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Y-M Chiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J Keckes
- Department of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben and Erich Schmid Institute for Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - J Fleig
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - D Rettenwander
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Solid-State Batteries, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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10
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Chalise D, Jonson R, Schaadt J, Barai P, Zeng Y, Kaur S, Lubner SD, Srinivasan V, Tucker MC, Prasher RS. Using Thermal Interface Resistance for Noninvasive Operando Mapping of Buried Interfacial Lithium Morphology in Solid-State Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:17344-17352. [PMID: 36951807 PMCID: PMC10080538 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c23038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The lithium metal-solid-state electrolyte interface plays a critical role in the performance of solid-state batteries. However, operando characterization of the buried interface morphology in solid-state cells is particularly difficult because of the lack of direct optical access. Destructive techniques that require isolating the interface inadvertently modify the interface and cannot be used for operando monitoring. In this work, we introduce the concept of thermal wave sensing using modified 3ω sensors that are attached to the outside of the lithium metal-solid-state cells to noninvasively probe the morphology of the lithium metal-electrolyte interface. We show that the thermal interface resistance measured by the 3ω sensors relates directly to the physical morphology of the interface and demonstrates that 3ω thermal wave sensing can be used for noninvasive operando monitoring the morphology evolution of the lithium metal-solid-state electrolyte interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Chalise
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy
Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National
Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Robert Jonson
- Energy
Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National
Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Joseph Schaadt
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Pallab Barai
- Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yuqiang Zeng
- Energy
Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National
Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sumanjeet Kaur
- Energy
Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National
Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sean D. Lubner
- Energy
Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National
Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | | | - Michael C. Tucker
- Energy
Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National
Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ravi S. Prasher
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy
Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National
Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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11
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Qian L, Zheng Y, Or T, Park HW, Gao R, Park M, Ma Q, Luo D, Yu A, Chen Z. Advanced Material Engineering to Tailor Nucleation and Growth towards Uniform Deposition for Anode-Less Lithium Metal Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2205233. [PMID: 36319473 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Anode-less lithium metal batteries (ALMBs), whether employing liquid or solid electrolytes, have significant advantages such as lowered costs and increased energy density over lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Among many issues, dendrite growth and non-uniform plating which results in poor coulombic efficiency are the key issues that viciously decrease the longevity of the ALMBs. As a result, lowering the nucleation barrier and facilitating lithium growth towards uniform plating is even more critical in ALMBs. While extensive reviews have focused to describe strategies to achieve high performance in LMBs and ALMBs, this review focuses on strategies designed to directly facilitate nucleation and growth of dendrite-free ALMBs. The review begins with a discussion of the primary components of ALMBs, followed by a brief theoretical analysis of the nucleation and growth mechanism for ALMBs. The review then emphasizes key examples for each strategy in order to highlight the mechanisms and rationale that facilitate lithium plating. By comparing the structure and mechanisms of key materials, the review discusses their benefits and drawbacks. Finally, major trends and key findings are summarized, as well as an outlook on the scientific and economic gaps in ALMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanting Qian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yun Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Tyler Or
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Hey Woong Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Moon Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Qianyi Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Aiping Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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12
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Lu Y, Zhao CZ, Hu JK, Sun S, Yuan H, Fu ZH, Chen X, Huang JQ, Ouyang M, Zhang Q. The void formation behaviors in working solid-state Li metal batteries. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd0510. [PMID: 36351020 PMCID: PMC9645723 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental understanding of the elusive evolution behavior of the buried solid-solid interfaces is the major barrier to exploring solid-state electrochemical devices. Here, we uncover the interfacial void evolution principles in solid-state batteries, build a solid-state void nucleation and growth model, and make an analogy with the bubble formation in liquid phases. In solid-state lithium metal batteries, the lithium stripping-induced interfacial void formation determines the morphological instabilities that result in battery failure. The void-induced contact loss processes are quantified in a phase diagram under wide current densities ranging from 1.0 to 10.0 milliamperes per square centimeter by rational electrochemistry calculations. The in situ-visualized morphological evolutions reveal the microscopic features of void defects under different stripping circumstances. The electrochemical-morphological relationship helps to elucidate the current density- and areal capacity-dependent void nucleation and growth mechanisms, which affords fresh insights on understanding and designing solid-solid interfaces for advanced solid-state batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chen-Zi Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiang-Kui Hu
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhong-Heng Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jia-Qi Huang
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Minggao Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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13
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Naik KG, Chatterjee D, Mukherjee PP. Solid Electrolyte-Cathode Interface Dictates Reaction Heterogeneity and Anode Stability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:45308-45319. [PMID: 36170575 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state batteries (SSBs) employing a lithium metal anode are a promising candidate for next-generation energy storage systems, delivering higher power and energy densities. Interfacial instabilities due to non-uniform electrodeposition at the anode-solid electrolyte (SE) interface pose major constraints on the safety and endurance of SSBs. In this regard, non-uniform kinetic interactions at the anode-SE interface which are derived from cathode microstructural heterogeneity can have significant impact on anode stability. In this work, we present a comprehensive insight into microstructural heterogeneity-driven cathode-anode cross-talk and delineate the role of cathode architecture and SE separator design in dictating reaction heterogeneity at the anode-SE interface. We show that intrinsic and extrinsic parameters, such as cathode loading, separator thickness, particle morphologies of active material and SE, and temperature can have significant impact on reaction heterogeneity at the anode-SE interface and thus govern anode stability. Tradeoff between energy density and anode stability while achieving higher cathode loading and thinner SE separators is highlighted, and potential strategies to mitigate this problem are discussed. This work provides fundamental insights into cathode-anode cross-talk involving interfacial heterogeneities and enhancement in energy densities of SSBs via electrode engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustubh G Naik
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Debanjali Chatterjee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Partha P Mukherjee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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14
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Müller M, Schmieg J, Dierickx S, Joos J, Weber A, Gerthsen D, Ivers-Tiffée E. Reducing Impedance at a Li-Metal Anode/Garnet-Type Electrolyte Interface Implementing Chemically Resolvable In Layers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:14739-14752. [PMID: 35298130 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c25257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) is a potential electrolyte material for all-solid-state Li-ion batteries mainly because of its reported excellent chemical stability in contact with Li metal. But good wettability of LLZO and 100% surface coverage of lithium are still a challenge. This study elucidated the suitability of magnetron-sputtered indium in Li(In)/LLZO/Li(In) symmetrical model cells as one of the promising interfacial modifications reported in the literature. Importance was given to the impact of preparation parameters on the surface coverage of Li(In)/LLZO interfaces and the consequences of impedance, cycling stability, and critical current density. SEM and EDXS analyses of In layers of thickness 100 nm to 1 μm revealed complete dissolution of indium in the lithium anode after annealing; 300 nm In layers annealed at 220 °C/10 h provided a surface coverage of >80%, best reproducibility, and a supreme interface resistance Rint of 12.4 Ω·cm2. Presuming a surface coverage of 100%, an ultimate interface resistance close to 1 Ω·cm2 can be expected. The critical current density was determined as 200-500 μA/cm2 at a charge of 100-250 μAh, whereas 500 μA/cm2 and above affected cell stability. The increasing voltage plateau was assigned to the increase of the interface resistance Rint and the electrolyte resistance RG+GB. SEM, EDXS, and X-ray microtomography analyses after voltage breakdown confirmed Li-dendrite growth along grain boundaries into LLZO, often curved parallel to the interface, indicating short-circuiting of the solid electrolyte. Grain boundary characteristics are supposed to be decisive for lithium deposition in and failure of garnet-type solid electrolytes after cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Müller
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM-ET), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Johannes Schmieg
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM-ET), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy (LEM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dierickx
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM-ET), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jochen Joos
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM-ET), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - André Weber
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM-ET), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dagmar Gerthsen
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy (LEM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ellen Ivers-Tiffée
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM-ET), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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15
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Yoon K, Lee S, Oh K, Kang K. Challenges and Strategies towards Practically Feasible Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104666. [PMID: 34747060 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Remarkable improvement of the ionic conductivity of inorganic solid electrolytes (SEs) exceeding 10 mS cm-1 at room temperature has opened up the opportunities to realize the commercialization of solid-state batteries (SSBs). The transition to the intrinsically inflammable SEs also promises that SSBs would successfully utilize lithium metal anode thus achieving the high-energy-density lithium metal batteries without the risk of a safety hazard. However, the practical operation of solid-state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs) still faces the challenges of the poor cycle stability and the low energy efficiency, which are coupled with the interface stability and even with the dendrite growth of lithium metal. This article overviews current understandings regarding the underlying origins of the issues in employing the lithium metal anode in SSLMBs from the five main standpoints: i) the chemical/electrochemical interfacial stability, ii) the microscopic evolution of interfacial morphology, iii) the intrinsic diffusivity of lithium atom/vacancy at the interface, iv) imperfections (defect/pores), and v) non-negligible electronic conductivity of SEs. The discussions are followed on the state-of-the-art efforts and strategies to overcome these respective challenges. Finally, the authors provide their perspectives for the future research directions toward achieving the commercial level of high-energy SSLMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungho Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungbae Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kisuk Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research at Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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16
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Xu R, Liu F, Ye Y, Chen H, Yang RR, Ma Y, Huang W, Wan J, Cui Y. A Morphologically Stable Li/Electrolyte Interface for All-Solid-State Batteries Enabled by 3D-Micropatterned Garnet. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104009. [PMID: 34632638 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Morphological degradation at the Li/solid-state electrolyte (SSE) interface is a prevalent issue causing performance fading of all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs). To maintain the interfacial integrity, most ASSBs are operated under low current density with considerable stack pressure, which significantly limits their widespread usage. Herein, a novel 3D-micropatterned SSE (3D-SSE) that can stabilize the morphology of the Li/SSE interface even under relatively high current density and limited stack pressure is reported. Under the pressure of 1.0 MPa, the Li symmetric cell using a garnet-type 3D-SSE fabricated by laser machining shows a high critical current density of 0.7 mA cm-2 and stable cycling over 500 h under 0.5 mA cm-2 . This excellent performance is attributed to the reduced local current density and amplified mechanical stress at the Li/3D-SSE interface. These two effects can benefit the flux balance between Li stripping and creep at the interface, thereby preventing interfacial degradation such as void formation and dendrite growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yusheng Ye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Rachel Rae Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- The College Preparatory School, Oakland, CA, 94618, USA
| | - Yinxing Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Wenxiao Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jiayu Wan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
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17
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Chang W, May R, Wang M, Thorsteinsson G, Sakamoto J, Marbella L, Steingart D. Evolving contact mechanics and microstructure formation dynamics of the lithium metal-Li 7La 3Zr 2O 12 interface. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6369. [PMID: 34737263 PMCID: PMC8569160 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic behavior of the interface between the lithium metal electrode and a solid-state electrolyte plays a critical role in all-solid-state battery performance. The evolution of this interface throughout cycling involves multiscale mechanical and chemical heterogeneity at the micro- and nano-scale. These features are dependent on operating conditions such as current density and stack pressure. Here we report the coupling of operando acoustic transmission measurements with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging to correlate changes in interfacial mechanics (such as contact loss and crack formation) with the growth of lithium microstructures during cell cycling. Together, the techniques reveal the chemo-mechanical behavior that governs lithium metal and Li7La3Zr2O12 interfacial dynamics at various stack pressure regimes and with voltage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Chang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.,Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.,Columbia Electrochemical Energy Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Richard May
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.,Columbia Electrochemical Energy Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Michael Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Gunnar Thorsteinsson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Jeff Sakamoto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Lauren Marbella
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA. .,Columbia Electrochemical Energy Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Daniel Steingart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA. .,Columbia Electrochemical Energy Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA. .,Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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18
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Porz L, Knez D, Scherer M, Ganschow S, Kothleitner G, Rettenwander D. Dislocations in ceramic electrolytes for solid-state Li batteries. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8949. [PMID: 33903661 PMCID: PMC8076269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88370-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High power solid-state Li batteries (SSLB) are hindered by the formation of dendrite-like structures at high current rates. Hence, new design principles are needed to overcome this limitation. By introducing dislocations, we aim to tailor mechanical properties in order to withstand the mechanical stress leading to Li penetration and resulting in a short circuit by a crack-opening mechanism. Such defect engineering, furthermore, appears to enable whisker-like Li metal electrodes for high-rate Li plating. To reach these goals, the challenge of introducing dislocations into ceramic electrolytes needs to be addressed which requires to establish fundamental understanding of the mechanics of dislocations in the particular ceramics. Here we evaluate uniaxial deformation at elevated temperatures as one possible approach to introduce dislocations. By using hot-pressed pellets and single crystals grown by Czochralski method of Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 garnets as a model system the plastic deformation by more than 10% is demonstrated. While conclusions on the predominating deformation mechanism remain challenging, analysis of activation energy, activation volume, diffusion creep, and the defect structure potentially point to a deformation mechanism involving dislocations. These parameters allow identification of a process window and are a key step on the road of making dislocations available as a design element for SSLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Porz
- FG Nichtmetallisch-Anorganische Werkstoffe, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - D Knez
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - M Scherer
- FG Nichtmetallisch-Anorganische Werkstoffe, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - S Ganschow
- Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung (IKZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - G Kothleitner
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - D Rettenwander
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
- International Christian Doppler Laboratory for Solid-State Batteries, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.
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19
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Zou P, Sui Y, Zhan H, Wang C, Xin HL, Cheng HM, Kang F, Yang C. Polymorph Evolution Mechanisms and Regulation Strategies of Lithium Metal Anode under Multiphysical Fields. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5986-6056. [PMID: 33861070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lithium (Li) metal, a typical alkaline metal, has been hailed as the "holy grail" anode material for next generation batteries owing to its high theoretical capacity and low redox reaction potential. However, the uncontrolled Li plating/stripping issue of Li metal anodes, associated with polymorphous Li formation, "dead Li" accumulation, poor Coulombic efficiency, inferior cyclic stability, and hazardous safety risks (such as explosion), remains as one major roadblock for their practical applications. In principle, polymorphous Li deposits on Li metal anodes includes smooth Li (film-like Li) and a group of irregularly patterned Li (e.g., whisker-like Li (Li whiskers), moss-like Li (Li mosses), tree-like Li (Li dendrites), and their combinations). The nucleation and growth of these Li polymorphs are dominantly dependent on multiphysical fields, involving the ionic concentration field, electric field, stress field, and temperature field, etc. This review provides a clear picture and in-depth discussion on the classification and initiation/growth mechanisms of polymorphous Li from the new perspective of multiphysical fields, particularly for irregular Li patterns. Specifically, we discuss the impact of multiphysical fields' distribution and intensity on Li plating behavior as well as their connection with the electrochemical and metallurgical properties of Li metal and some other factors (e.g., electrolyte composition, solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, and initial nuclei states). Accordingly, the studies on the progress for delaying/suppressing/redirecting irregular Li evolution to enhance the stability and safety performance of Li metal batteries are reviewed, which are also categorized based on the multiphysical fields. Finally, an overview of the existing challenges and the future development directions of metal anodes are summarized and prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peichao Zou
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Yiming Sui
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Houchao Zhan
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chunyang Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Huolin L Xin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Sciences, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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20
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Grissa R, Payandeh S, Heinz M, Battaglia C. Impact of Protonation on the Electrochemical Performance of Li 7La 3Zr 2O 12 Garnets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:14700-14709. [PMID: 33729745 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c23144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Li7La3Zr 2O12 (LLZO) garnet ceramics are promising electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium-metal batteries with high energy density. However, these electrolytes are prone to Li+/H+ exchange, that is, protonation, resulting in degradation of their Li-ion conductivity. Here, we identify how common processing steps, such as surface cleaning in alcohol or acetone, trigger LLZO partial protonation. We deconvolute the contributions to the electrochemical impedance spectra of both the protonated LLZO phase (HLLZO) and its decomposition products forming upon annealing. While the mixed conduction of H+/Li+ ions in HLLZO decreases the contribution of the electrolyte to the overall impedance, it deteriorates the transport of Li+ ions across the LLZO/Li interface. This is also the case after thermal decomposition of HLLZO, which occurs at significantly lower temperature than that for pristine LLZO. As a result, symmetric Li/LLZO/Li cells suffer from inhomogeneous lithium electrodeposition within the first three cycles when stripping and plating a capacity of 1 mA·h/cm2 per half-cycle at 0.1 mA/cm2. We demonstrate that LLZO protonation is avoided when applying solvents with very low acidity, such as hexane. Such Li/LLZO/Li cells provide stable cycling over more than 300 h, demonstrating the importance of selecting an appropriate solvent for LLZO processing to prevent dendrites formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabeb Grissa
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Seyedhosein Payandeh
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Meike Heinz
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Corsin Battaglia
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
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21
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Yang M, Liu Y, Nolan AM, Mo Y. Interfacial Atomistic Mechanisms of Lithium Metal Stripping and Plating in Solid-State Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008081. [PMID: 33576149 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
All-solid-state batteries based on a Li metal anode represent a promising next-generation energy storage system, but are currently limited by low current density and short cycle life. Further research to improve the Li metal anode is impeded by the lack of understanding in its failure mechanisms at lithium-solid interfaces, in particular, the fundamental atomistic processes responsible for interface failure. Here, using large-scale molecular dynamics simulations, the first atomistic modeling study of lithium stripping and plating on a solid electrolyte is performed by explicitly considering key fundamental atomistic processes and interface atomistic structures. In the simulations, the interface failure initiated with the formation of nano-sized pores, and how interface structures, lithium diffusion, adhesion energy, and applied pressure affect interface failure during Li cycling are observed. By systematically varying the parameters of solid-state lithium cells in the simulations, the parameter space of applied pressures and interfacial adhesion energies that inhibit interface failure during cycling are mapped to guide selection of solid-state cells. This study establishes the atomistic modeling for Li stripping and plating, and predicts optimal solid interfaces and new strategies for the future research and development of solid-state Li-metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghao Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yunsheng Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Adelaide M Nolan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yifei Mo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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22
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Stackhouse CA, Abraham A, Yan S, Wang L, Sadique N, Singh G, Marschilok AC, Takeuchi ES, Takeuchi KJ. Self-healing, Improved Efficiency Solid State Rechargeable Li/I 2 Based Battery. JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021; 168:010519. [PMID: 37476027 PMCID: PMC10358488 DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/abd831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Solid state electrolytes are receiving significant interest due to the prospect of improved safety, however, addressing the incidence and consequence of internal short circuits remains an important issue. Herein, a battery based on a LiI-LiI(HPN)2 solid state electrolyte demonstrated self-healing after internal shorting where the cells recovered and continued to cycle effectively. The functional rechargeable electrochemistry of the self-forming Li/I2-based battery was investigated through interfacial modification by inclusion of Li metal (at the negative interface), and/or fabricated carbon nanotube substrates at the positive interface. A cell design with lithium metal at the negative and a carbon substrate at the positive interface produced Coulombic efficiencies > 90% over 60 cycles. Finally, the beneficial effects of moderately elevated temperature were established where a 10°C temperature increase led to ~5X lower resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alyson Abraham
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Shan Yan
- Energy and Photon Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY 11973
| | - Lei Wang
- Energy and Photon Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY 11973
| | - Nahian Sadique
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Amy C. Marschilok
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
- Energy and Photon Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY 11973
| | - Esther S. Takeuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
- Energy and Photon Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY 11973
| | - Kenneth J. Takeuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
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23
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Duan H, Oluwatemitope F, Wu S, Zheng H, Zou Y, Li G, Wu Y, Liu H. Li/Garnet Interface Optimization: An Overview. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:52271-52284. [PMID: 33176424 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state lithium batteries can improve the safety and energy density of the present liquid-electrolyte-based lithium-ion batteries. To achieve this goal, both solid electrolyte and lithium anode technology are the keys. Lithium garnet is a promising electrolyte to enable the next generation solid-state lithium batteries due to its high ionic conductivity, good chemical, and electrochemical stability, and easiness to scale up. It is relatively stable against Li metal but the poor contact area and the presence of resistive impurity or decomposition layers at the interface interfere with fast charge transfer, thereby, spiking the interfacial resistance, overpotential, local current density, and the propensity for dendrite growth. In this Review, we first summarize the recent understanding of the interfacial problems at the Li/garnet interface from both computational and experimental viewpoints while seizing the opportunity to shed light on the chemical/electrochemical stability of garnet against Li metal anode. Also, we highlight various interface optimization strategies that have been demonstrated to be effective in improving the interface performance. We conclude this Review with a few suggestions as guides for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Familoni Oluwatemitope
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Shaoping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Hongpeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Yidong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Guoyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Yongmin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Power Technology, Shanghai Institute of Space Power-Sources, Shanghai 200245, P.R. China
| | - Hezhou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
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24
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Enabling "lithium-free" manufacturing of pure lithium metal solid-state batteries through in situ plating. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5201. [PMID: 33060571 PMCID: PMC7567811 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The coupling of solid-state electrolytes with a Li-metal anode and state-of-the-art (SOA) cathode materials is a promising path to develop inherently safe batteries with high energy density (>1000 Wh L−1). However, integrating metallic Li with solid-electrolytes using scalable processes is not only challenging, but also adds extraneous volume since SOA cathodes are fully lithiated. Here we show the potential for “Li-free” battery manufacturing using the Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) electrolyte. We demonstrate that Li-metal anodes >20 μm can be electroplated onto a current collector in situ without LLZO degradation and we propose a model to relate electrochemical and nucleation behavior. A full cell consisting of in situ formed Li, LLZO, and NCA is demonstrated, which exhibits stable cycling over 50 cycles with high Coulombic efficiencies. These findings demonstrate the viability of “Li-free” configurations using LLZO which may guide the design and manufacturing of high energy density solid-state batteries. While the impetus to develop lithium metal solid-state batteries is clear, identifying a practical manufacturing process is challenging. Herewith, authors study the underlying mechanisms controlling in-situ anode formation that could enable viable lithium-free manufacturing.
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25
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Krauskopf T, Richter FH, Zeier WG, Janek J. Physicochemical Concepts of the Lithium Metal Anode in Solid-State Batteries. Chem Rev 2020; 120:7745-7794. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Krauskopf
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Felix H. Richter
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang G. Zeier
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Correnstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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26
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Banerjee A, Wang X, Fang C, Wu EA, Meng YS. Interfaces and Interphases in All-Solid-State Batteries with Inorganic Solid Electrolytes. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6878-6933. [PMID: 32603100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) have attracted enormous attention as one of the critical future technologies for safe and high energy batteries. With the emergence of several highly conductive solid electrolytes in recent years, the bottleneck is no longer Li-ion diffusion within the electrolyte. Instead, many ASSBs are limited by their low Coulombic efficiency, poor power performance, and short cycling life due to the high resistance at the interfaces within ASSBs. Because of the diverse chemical/physical/mechanical properties of various solid components in ASSBs as well as the nature of solid-solid contact, many types of interfaces are present in ASSBs. These include loose physical contact, grain boundaries, and chemical and electrochemical reactions to name a few. All of these contribute to increasing resistance at the interface. Here, we present the distinctive features of the typical interfaces and interphases in ASSBs and summarize the recent work on identifying, probing, understanding, and engineering them. We highlight the complicated, but important, characteristics of interphases, namely the composition, distribution, and electronic and ionic properties of the cathode-electrolyte and electrolyte-anode interfaces; understanding these properties is the key to designing a stable interface. In addition, conformal coatings to prevent side reactions and their selection criteria are reviewed. We emphasize the significant role of the mechanical behavior of the interfaces as well as the mechanical properties of all ASSB components, especially when the soft Li metal anode is used under constant stack pressure. Finally, we provide full-scale (energy, spatial, and temporal) characterization methods to explore, diagnose, and understand the dynamic and buried interfaces and interphases. Thorough and in-depth understanding on the complex interfaces and interphases is essential to make a practical high-energy ASSB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhik Banerjee
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Research Institute for Sustainable Energy (RISE), TCG Centres for Research and Education in Science and Technology (TCG CREST), Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Laboratory for Advanced Materials & Electron Microscopy, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chengcheng Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Erik A Wu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ying Shirley Meng
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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27
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Kim A, Woo S, Kang M, Park H, Kang B. Research Progresses of Garnet-Type Solid Electrolytes for Developing All-Solid-State Li Batteries. Front Chem 2020; 8:468. [PMID: 32671016 PMCID: PMC7330169 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
All-Solid-State Batteries (ASSBs) that use oxide-based solid electrolytes (SEs) have been considered as a promising energy-storage platform to meet an increasing demand for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) with improved energy density and superior safety. However, high interfacial resistance between particles in the composite electrode and between electrodes and the use of Li metal in the ASBS hinder their practical utilization. Here, we review recent research progress on oxide-based SEs for the ASSBs with respect to the use of Li metal. We especially focus on research progress on garnet-type solid electrolytes (Li7La3Zr2O12) because they have high ionic conductivity, good chemical stability with Li metal, and a wide electrochemical potential window. This review will also discuss Li dendritic behavior in the oxide-based SEs and its relationship with critical current density (CCD). We close with remarks on prospects of ASSB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abin Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Gyeongbuk, South Korea
| | - Seungjun Woo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Gyeongbuk, South Korea
| | - Minseok Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Gyeongbuk, South Korea
| | - Heetaek Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Gyeongbuk, South Korea
| | - Byoungwoo Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Gyeongbuk, South Korea
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28
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Duan H, Chen W, Fan M, Wang W, Yu L, Tan S, Chen X, Zhang Q, Xin S, Wan L, Guo Y. Building an Air Stable and Lithium Deposition Regulable Garnet Interface from Moderate‐Temperature Conversion Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Wan‐Ping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Min Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Peng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Le Yu
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710127 P. R. China
| | - Shuang‐Jie Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Sen Xin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Li‐Jun Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yu‐Guo Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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29
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Deng T, Ji X, Zhao Y, Cao L, Li S, Hwang S, Luo C, Wang P, Jia H, Fan X, Lu X, Su D, Sun X, Wang C, Zhang JG. Tuning the Anode-Electrolyte Interface Chemistry for Garnet-Based Solid-State Li Metal Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2000030. [PMID: 32363768 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lithium (Li) metal is a promising candidate as the anode for high-energy-density solid-state batteries. However, interface issues, including large interfacial resistance and the generation of Li dendrites, have always frustrated the attempt to commercialize solid-state Li metal batteries (SSLBs). Here, it is reported that infusing garnet-type solid electrolytes (GSEs) with the air-stable electrolyte Li3 PO4 (LPO) dramatically reduces the interfacial resistance to ≈1 Ω cm2 and achieves a high critical current density of 2.2 mA cm-2 under ambient conditions due to the enhanced interfacial stability to the Li metal anode. The coated and infused LPO electrolytes not only improve the mechanical strength and Li-ion conductivity of the grain boundaries, but also form a stable Li-ion conductive but electron-insulating LPO-derived solid-electrolyte interphase between the Li metal and the GSE. Consequently, the growth of Li dendrites is eliminated and the direct reduction of the GSE by Li metal over a long cycle life is prevented. This interface engineering approach together with grain-boundary modification on GSEs represents a promising strategy to revolutionize the anode-electrolyte interface chemistry for SSLBs and provides a new design strategy for other types of solid-state batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Deng
- Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Xiao Ji
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Longsheng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Shuang Li
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Sooyeon Hwang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Chao Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Haiping Jia
- Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Xiulin Fan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Xiaochuan Lu
- Department of Applied Engineering Technology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, 27411, USA
| | - Dong Su
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Xueliang Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Ji-Guang Zhang
- Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
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30
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A Review on Anode Side Interface Stability Micromechanisms and Engineering for Garnet Electrolyte-based Solid-state Batteries. Chem Res Chin Univ 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-020-9110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Duan H, Chen WP, Fan M, Wang WP, Yu L, Tan SJ, Chen X, Zhang Q, Xin S, Wan LJ, Guo YG. Building an Air Stable and Lithium Deposition Regulable Garnet Interface from Moderate-Temperature Conversion Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12069-12075. [PMID: 32294296 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Garnet-type electrolytes suffer from unstable chemistry against air exposure, which generates contaminants on electrolyte surface and accounts for poor interfacial contact with the Li metal. Thermal treatment of the garnet at >700 °C could remove the surface contaminants, yet it regenerates the contaminants in the air, and aggravates the Li dendrite issue as more electron-conducting defective sites are exposed. In a departure from the removal approach, here we report a new surface chemistry that converts the contaminants into a fluorinated interface at moderate temperature <180 °C. The modified interface shows a high electron tunneling barrier and a low energy barrier for Li+ surface diffusion, so that it enables dendrite-proof Li plating/stripping at a high critical current density of 1.4 mA cm-2 . Moreover, the modified interface exhibits high chemical and electrochemical stability against air exposure, which prevents regeneration of contaminants and keeps high critical current density of 1.1 mA cm-2 . The new chemistry presents a practical solution for realization of high-energy solid-state Li metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wan-Ping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Min Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Peng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Le Yu
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Shuang-Jie Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Sen Xin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Li-Jun Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Guo Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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32
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Famprikis T, Canepa P, Dawson JA, Islam MS, Masquelier C. Fundamentals of inorganic solid-state electrolytes for batteries. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:1278-1291. [PMID: 31427742 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In the critical area of sustainable energy storage, solid-state batteries have attracted considerable attention due to their potential safety, energy-density and cycle-life benefits. This Review describes recent progress in the fundamental understanding of inorganic solid electrolytes, which lie at the heart of the solid-state battery concept, by addressing key issues in the areas of multiscale ion transport, electrochemical and mechanical properties, and current processing routes. The main electrolyte-related challenges for practical solid-state devices include utilization of metal anodes, stabilization of interfaces and the maintenance of physical contact, the solutions to which hinge on gaining greater knowledge of the underlying properties of solid electrolyte materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodosios Famprikis
- LRCS, UMR CNRS 7314, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
- ALISTORE European Research Institute, FR CNRS 3104, Amiens, France.
| | - Pieremanuele Canepa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- ALISTORE European Research Institute, FR CNRS 3104, Amiens, France
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - James A Dawson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- ALISTORE European Research Institute, FR CNRS 3104, Amiens, France
| | - M Saiful Islam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
- ALISTORE European Research Institute, FR CNRS 3104, Amiens, France.
| | - Christian Masquelier
- LRCS, UMR CNRS 7314, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.
- ALISTORE European Research Institute, FR CNRS 3104, Amiens, France.
- RS2E (Réseau Français sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie), FR CNRS 3459, Amiens, France.
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33
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Kasemchainan J, Zekoll S, Spencer Jolly D, Ning Z, Hartley GO, Marrow J, Bruce PG. Critical stripping current leads to dendrite formation on plating in lithium anode solid electrolyte cells. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:1105-1111. [PMID: 31358941 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A critical current density on stripping is identified that results in dendrite formation on plating and cell failure. When the stripping current density removes Li from the interface faster than it can be replenished, voids form in the Li at the interface and accumulate on cycling, increasing the local current density at the interface and ultimately leading to dendrite formation on plating, short circuit and cell death. This occurs even when the overall current density is considerably below the threshold for dendrite formation on plating. For the Li/Li6PS5Cl/Li cell, this is 0.2 and 1.0 mA cm-2 at 3 and 7 MPa pressure, respectively, compared with a critical current for plating of 2.0 mA cm-2 at both 3 and 7 MPa. The pressure dependence on stripping indicates that creep rather than Li diffusion is the dominant mechanism transporting Li to the interface. The critical stripping current is a major factor limiting the power density of Li anode solid-state cells. Considerable pressure may be required to achieve even modest power densities in solid-state cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitti Kasemchainan
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Faraday Institution, Harwell Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Stefanie Zekoll
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Faraday Institution, Harwell Campus, Didcot, UK
| | | | - Ziyang Ning
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - James Marrow
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter G Bruce
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- The Faraday Institution, Harwell Campus, Didcot, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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34
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Microstructural engineering in lithium garnets by hot isostatic press to cordon lithium dendrite growth and negate interfacial resistance for all solid state battery applications. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Krauskopf T, Hartmann H, Zeier WG, Janek J. Toward a Fundamental Understanding of the Lithium Metal Anode in Solid-State Batteries-An Electrochemo-Mechanical Study on the Garnet-Type Solid Electrolyte Li 6.25Al 0.25La 3Zr 2O 12. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:14463-14477. [PMID: 30892861 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b02537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
For the development of next-generation lithium batteries, major research effort is made to enable a reversible lithium metal anode by the use of solid electrolytes. However, the fundamentals of the solid-solid interface and especially the processes that take place under current load are still not well characterized. By measuring pressure-dependent electrode kinetics, we explore the electrochemo-mechanical behavior of the lithium metal anode on the garnet electrolyte Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12. Because of the stability against reduction in contact with the lithium metal, this serves as an optimal model system for kinetic studies without electrolyte degradation. We show that the interfacial resistance becomes negligibly small and converges to practically 0 Ω·cm2 at high external pressures of several 100 MPa. To the best of our knowledge, this is the smallest reported interfacial resistance in the literature without the need for any interlayer. We interpret this observation by the concept of constriction resistance and show that the contact geometry in combination with the ionic transport in the solid electrolyte dominates the interfacial contributions for a clean interface in equilibrium. Furthermore, we show that-under anodic operating conditions-the vacancy diffusion limitation in the lithium metal restricts the rate capability of the lithium metal anode because of contact loss caused by vacancy accumulation and the resulting pore formation near the interface. Results of a kinetic model show that the interface remains morphologically stable only when the anodic load does not exceed a critical value of approximately 100 μA·cm-2, which is not high enough for practical cell setups employing a planar geometry. We highlight that future research on lithium metal anodes on solid electrolytes needs to focus on the transport within and the morphological instability of the metal electrode. Overall, the results help to develop a deeper understanding of the lithium metal anode on solid electrolytes, and the major conclusions are not limited to the Li|Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12 interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Krauskopf
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , D-35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Hannah Hartmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , D-35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Wolfgang G Zeier
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , D-35392 Giessen , Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa) , Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , D-35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , D-35392 Giessen , Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa) , Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , D-35392 Giessen , Germany
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