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Liu S, Dong R, Wang Y, Yang Z, He G, Chen B. Twenty-four-hour temporal trend of melamine and its derivatives in urine in association with meal consumption: a panel study in Shanghai, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:120225-120235. [PMID: 37936050 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Timing of sampling is important for the exposure assessment of melamine (MEL) and its derivatives. This study aimed to investigate whether MEL and its derivatives in spot urine can effectively represent individual exposure levels throughout the day in adults and to explore their temporal trend before and after meal consumption for helping understand the timing of sampling and for assessing the potential exposure risk. This is a 2-day panel study with 43 college students being enrolled to provide urine specimens in 24 h (from the morning of the first day to the second day) and to answer a questionnaire on demographic characteristics, physical measurements, and time of having meal. Spearman correlation and Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used to examine the associations of the urinary concentrations of MEL and its derivatives in different sampled times and compare the concentrations' differences before and after meal consumption. Urinary concentrations of MEL and its derivatives (ammeline (AMN), ammelide (AMD), and cyanuric acid (CYA)) in the first-morning urine at the second day and randomly selected spot urine were positively associated with the average concentrations in the previous 24-h urine (all P ≤ 0.002). Urinary MEL concentration increased rapidly after meal consumption, reaching a maximum at approximately 3 h and then decreased gradually towards baseline (P = 0.006). Two subjects (4.65%) had a cumulative daily intake exceeding the severest tolerable daily intake. MEL and its three derivatives in spot urine can effectively represent the average concentrations in the previous 24-h urine in adults. Meal consumption is still a notable source of exposure to MEL for humans. These findings are important for choosing a better sampling strategy of performing exposure assessment. Meanwhile, the acute elevation in urinary MEL concentration following meal consumption may pose a potential health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Liu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, China
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ruihua Dong
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhiping Yang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, China
| | - Gengsheng He
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bo Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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2
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Zhang S, Chen J, Wang Z, Chen C, Chen A, Jing Q, Liu J. Dynamic Source Distribution and Emission Inventory of a Persistent, Mobile, and Toxic (PMT) Substance, Melamine, in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14694-14706. [PMID: 37734035 PMCID: PMC11017250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Persistent, mobile, and toxic (PMT) substances are affecting the safety of drinking water and are threatening the environment and human health. Many PMT substances are used in industrial processing or consumer products, but their sources and emissions mostly remain unclear. This study presents a long-term source distribution and emission estimation of melamine, a high-production-volume PMT substance of emerging global concern. The results indicate that in China, approximately 1858.7 kilotonnes (kt) of melamine were released into the water (∼58.9%), air (∼27.0%), and soil systems (∼14.1%) between 1995 and 2020, mainly from its production and use in the decorative panels, textiles, and paper industries. The textile and paper industries have the highest emission-to-consumption ratios, with more than 90% emissions per unit consumption. Sewage treatment plants are the largest source of melamine in the environment for the time being, but in-use products and their wastes will serve as significant melamine sources in the future. The study prompts priority action to control the risk of PMT substances internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxuan Zhang
- State
Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiazhe Chen
- State
Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Empa
− Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology,
Technology and Society Laboratory, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Chengkang Chen
- State
Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Anna Chen
- State
Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiaonan Jing
- State
Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- State
Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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3
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Fröhlich AC, Mazur LP, da Silva A, de Andrade Maranhão T, Parize AL. Development of hydrogels based on xylan and poly (acrylic acid) for melamine adsorption in batch and continuous mode: experimental design, kinetics, isotherms, recyclability, and fixed-bed column. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:107970-107992. [PMID: 37749464 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29891-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Two hydrogels were synthesized, characterized, and applied as alternative materials to remove melamine (MEL) from aqueous media by adsorption. For the first time, a complete study of MEL adsorption is presented, including optimization, kinetics, isotherm, reuse, and column studies with these new materials. One hydrogel is based on xylan and poly (acrylic acid) and was named HXy, and the other is based on the same components functionalized with activated carbon and was named HXy-AC. The materials were synthesized by free radical polymerization and characterized by FTIR, XRD, TGA, DSC, SEM, zeta potential, point of zero charge, N2 adsorption isotherms (BET), helium gas pycnometry, Archimedes method, swelling analysis, and stability tests. The characterization results confirmed the intended synthesis and showed the thermal, morphological, textural, structural, and compositional profile, as well as the adsorption characteristics of the materials. The adsorption studies in batch process included experimental design, kinetics, isotherms, and recyclability, and in continuous mode, the studies included fixed-bed column experiments. The full factorial design showed that adsorbent dosage, pH, and ionic strength are significant for adsorption capacity and removal percentage responses. Doehlert design enabled the definition of the values of adsorbent dosage and pH that were most suitable for MEL adsorption into the materials, indicating the optimal adsorption conditions. The kinetics were well described by the pseudo-first-order model, with R2 above 0.9920 for both materials at all concentrations tested. The isotherm obeyed the Langmuir model, with R2 above 0.9939 for both materials at all temperatures tested. Equilibrium was attained at 180 min, and the maximum experimental adsorption capacity was up to 132.46 and 118.96 mg g-1 at pH 7, with adsorbent dosage of 0.5 g L-1, and 298 K for HXy and HXy-AC, respectively. Furthermore, HXy and HXy-AC materials maintained about 58 and 70% of their initial adsorption capacity at the end of five adsorption/desorption cycles, respectively. Breakthrough curves were described by the Yan model and presented a maximum adsorption capacity of 30.2 and 30.4 mg g-1, treating 3.4 and 6.1 L of influent until the breakthrough point of 0.5 mg L-1 with HXy-AC using 2.0 and 4.0 g of material, respectively. These findings show that the hydrogels produced present the potential to be applied in the adsorption of basic molecules, such as MEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Cristiana Fröhlich
- POLIMAT, Grupo de Estudos em Materiais Poliméricos, Chemistry Department-Federal University of Santa Catarina-UFSC, Campus Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, s/n-Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Luciana Prazeres Mazur
- BIOMAT, Laboratório de Biomateriais, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering and Bioprocess, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-852, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano da Silva
- LABMASSA, Laboratório de Transferência de Massa, Chemical Engineering Department-Federal University of Santa Catarina-UFSC, Campus Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, s/n-Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiane de Andrade Maranhão
- LEMA/LARES, Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massas e Atômica/Laboratório de Análises de Resíduos, Chemistry Department-Federal University of Santa Catarina-UFSC, Campus Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, s/n-Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Luis Parize
- POLIMAT, Grupo de Estudos em Materiais Poliméricos, Chemistry Department-Federal University of Santa Catarina-UFSC, Campus Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, s/n-Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
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4
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Wang H, Liu Z, Liu S, Yang R, Wang Y, Gu Y, Wu M, Dong R, Chen B. The Therapeutic Effect of Catechin on Nephrolithiasis Induced by Co-Exposure to Melamine and Cyanuric Acid in Sprague-Dawley Rats. TOXICS 2023; 11:799. [PMID: 37755809 PMCID: PMC10536173 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of catechin against experimentally induced kidney stones resulting from co-exposure to melamine (MEL) and cyanuric acid (CYA) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. To induce nephrolithiasis, a combination of MEL and CYA (1:1 ratio, each at a dose of 31.5 mg/kg bw/day) was administered to the rats for 28 consecutive days. After nephrolithiasis was successfully induced, the rats were randomly divided into two groups: a treatment group and a sham group. The treatment group was given a daily oral dose of 50 mg/kg of catechin for 28 days, while the sham group received no intervention. Urine and blood samples were collected throughout the treatment period, and kidney samples were taken on day 28. Our findings demonstrated that treatment with catechin significantly reduced crystal deposition and pathological damage in the rats from nephrolithiasis. Additionally, renal injury markers were significantly decreased in the treatment group compared to the sham group. These findings suggest that catechin has potential therapeutic benefits in treating nephrolithiasis induced by co-exposure to MEL and CYA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bo Chen
- Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (H.W.); (Z.L.); (S.L.); (R.Y.); (Y.W.); (Y.G.); (M.W.); (R.D.)
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5
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Li SS, Chen JJ, Su MW, Lin CW, Chen CC, Wang YH, Liu CC, Tsai YC, Hsieh TJ, Wu MT, Wu CF. Sex-specific interactive effect of melamine and DEHP on a marker of early kidney damage in Taiwanese adults: A national population-based study from the Taiwan Biobank. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115208. [PMID: 37413945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Taiwan had the high incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) worldwide. Our objective was to examine associations between daily exposure of phthalates and melamine, two common nephrotoxins, and kidney damage risk in a well-established nationwide cohort. Study subjects were from Taiwan Biobank (TWB) with existing data of questionnaire and biochemical examinations. Average daily intake (ADI) levels of melamine and seven parental phthalates, including DEHP (di-2-ethylhexylphthalate), DiBP (Dibutyl phthalate), DnBP (Di-n-butyl phthalate), BBzP (Butyl benzyl phthalate), DEP (Diethyl phthalate), and DMP (Dimethyl phthalate) were estimated using a creatinine excretion-based model from urine melamine and 10 phthalate metabolites. Urine microalbumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) was used to represent for the outcome of kidney damage. Two statistical strategies were used: First, a weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression model to select the most important exposure variables of ADI levels of phthalates and melamine associated with ACR; Second, to examine effects of those most important exposure variables on ACR in multivariable linear regression models. In total, 1153 eligible adults were left for analyses. Of them, 591 (51.3%) and 562 (48.7%) were men and women, respectively, with a median age of 49 years old. By WQS, a significant and positive association was found between ADI of melamine and phthalates and ACR (β = 0.14, p = 0.002). ADI levels of melamine had the highest weight (0.57), followed by DEHP (0.13). Next, examining the two most important exposures in association with ACR, we found that the higher the melamine and DEHP intakes, the higher the ACR levels were found. An interaction effect was also found between melamine and DEHP intakes on urine ACR (p = 0.015). This result was more prominent in men (p = 0.008) than in women (p = 0.651). Environmental co-exposure of melamine and DEHP can potentially affect ACR in the community-dwelling Taiwanese adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sih-Syuan Li
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Jia-Jen Chen
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Wei Su
- Taiwan Biobank, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | - Chu-Chih Chen
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan.
| | - Yin-Han Wang
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Chu Liu
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chun Tsai
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Tusty-Jiuan Hsieh
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Fang Wu
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; International Master Program of Translational Medicine, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan.
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6
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Habotta OA, Abdeen A, Roomi AB, Elgndy AI, Sorour SM, Morsi MH, Kamal KM, Ibrahim SF, Abdelrahaman D, Fericean L, Banatean-Dunea I, Ghamry HI, El-Nablaway M, Atawia RT, Abdelhady D. Nootkatone Mitigated Melamine-Evoked Hepatotoxicity by Featuring Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Interconnected Mechanisms: In Vivo and In Silico Approaches. TOXICS 2023; 11:784. [PMID: 37755794 PMCID: PMC10535958 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Melamine (ML) is a common environmental contaminant, commonly used in food fraud, representing a serious health hazard and jeopardizing human and animal health. Recently, nootkatone (NK), a naturally occurring sesquiterpenoid, has garnered considerable attention due to its potential therapeutic advantages. We investigated the potential mechanisms underlying the protective effects of NK against ML-induced liver injury in rats. Five groups were utilized: control, ML, NK10, ML-NK5, and ML-NK10. ML induced substantial hepatotoxicity, including considerable alterations in biochemical parameters and histology. The oxidative distress triggered by ML increased the generation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) and decreased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. In addition, decreased expression of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and increased nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) expression levels were observed in hepatocytes, which indicated the occurrence of inflammatory changes following ML exposure. These alterations were alleviated by NK supplementation in a dose-dependent manner. The data revealed that the favorable effects of NK were attributed, at least in part, to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, our results were supported by molecular docking studies that revealed a good fit and interactions between NK and antioxidant enzymes. Thus, the current study demonstrated that NK is a potential new food additive for the prevention or treatment of ML-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola A. Habotta
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdeen
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Ali B. Roomi
- Department of Quality Assurance, University of Thi-Qar, Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah 64001, Iraq
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Health and Medical Technology, National University of Science and Technology, Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah 64001, Iraq
| | - Afnan I. Elgndy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Safwa M. Sorour
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Maha H. Morsi
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Technology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza 3236101, Egypt
| | - Kamal M. Kamal
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Samah F. Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Doaa Abdelrahaman
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11751, Egypt
| | - Liana Fericean
- Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences “King Michael I” from Timișoara, Calea Aradului 119, CUI 3487181, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioan Banatean-Dunea
- Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences “King Michael I” from Timișoara, Calea Aradului 119, CUI 3487181, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Heba I. Ghamry
- Nutrition and Food Sciences, Department of Home Economics, Faculty of Home Economics, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 960, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad El-Nablaway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, P.O. Box 71666, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem T. Atawia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - Dania Abdelhady
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
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7
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Pérez-Calabuig AM, Pradana-López S, Lopez-Ortega S, Otero L, Cancilla JC, Torrecilla JS. Residual neural networks to quantify traces of melamine in yogurts through image deconvolution. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Yan M, Zhu H, Shi Y, Xu K, Chen S, Zou Q, Sun H, Kannan K. Profiling of multiple classes of flame retardants in house dust in China: Pattern analysis and human exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:120012. [PMID: 36007786 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Legacy [e.g., brominated- (BFRs)] and alternative [e.g., organophosphate- (OPFRs) and nitrogenous- (NFRs)] flame retardants have a propensity to migrate out of consumer products, and thus are dispersed in indoor microenvironments. In this study, simultaneous presence of 11 BFRs, 18 OPFRs and 11 NFRs were measured in house dust collected from Tianjin, China. OPFRs were found at the highest concentrations, with a median value of 3200 ng/g, followed by NFRs (2600) and BFRs (1600). Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (median: 1800 ng/g), melamine (1100), and BDE-209 (870) were the top three most abundant chemicals in the respective groups. Location-specific patterns of flame retardant concentrations were found with 30%, 20% and 10% of samples were predominated by OPFRs, NFRs and BFRs, respectively, and the remaining samples contained by two or more of the chemical groups occurring concurrently. Network and cluster analysis results indicated the existence of multiple sources of flame retardants in the indoor microenvironment. Estimated human daily intakes via indoor dust ingestion were approximately several tens of ng/kg bw/day and were below their respective reference dose values. Our results indicate widespread occurrence of multiple flame retardant families in indoor dust and suggest need for continued monitoring and efforts to reduce exposures through dust ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Yumeng Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ke Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Shucong Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qiang Zou
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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9
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Liu S, Zhao Q, Huang F, Yang Q, Wang Y, Wang H, Sun Y, Yan Y, He G, Zhao G, Dong R, Chen B. Exposure to melamine and its derivatives in Chinese adults: The cumulative risk assessment and the effect on routine blood parameters. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113714. [PMID: 35660378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Melamine (MEL) and its derivatives, ammeline (AMN), ammelide (AMD), cyanuric acid (CYA) are widely existed in environmental media. Animal studies have reported the cumulative risk assessment (CRA) of simultaneous exposure to MEL and its derivatives and explored the associations between exposure and routine blood parameters. Such information is largely unknown in human studies. In this study, we detected the urinary concentrations of MEL and its derivatives in 239 Chinese adults to conduct the CRA by evaluating their hazard quotients (HQ) and hazard Index (HI), and also explored the possible associations between exposure and measured routine blood parameters in study population. The detectable frequencies of MEL, AMN, AMD and CYA were 96.65%, 41.00%, 97.91% and 97.07%, respectively. The median values of creatinine (Cr)-adjusted MEL, AMN, AMD, CYA and the total concentrations of MEL and its derivatives (∑MEL) were 11.41 μg/g Cr, not detected (ND), 2.64 μg/g Cr, 15.30 μg/g Cr, 35.02 μg/g Cr, respectively. There were 9 (3.77%) participants with estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of CYA exceeding the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 2500 ng/kg bw/day, and 12 (5.02%) participants with HI of ∑MEL exposure exceeding 1 based on the strictest TDI value. Urinary concentrations of MEL and its derivatives were positively associated with specific routine blood parameters, including hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, white blood cell, neutrophil count (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, exposure to MEL and its derivatives increased the risk of red blood cell abnormality (P < 0.05). Our study is the first study to provide evidence-based data on the CRA of exposure to MEL and its derivatives in Chinese adults, and to propose a possible association between such exposure and routine blood parameters in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShaoJie Liu
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - FeiFei Huang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - QiFan Yang
- Chemical Laboratory, Jing'an District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200041, China
| | - YiFei Wang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - HangWei Wang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - YongYun Sun
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - YuJia Yan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - GengSheng He
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - GenMing Zhao
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - RuiHua Dong
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Bo Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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10
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Huang F, Long Q, Liu S, Chen Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Dong R, Guo J, Chen B. Urinary Excretion of Cyanuric Acid in Association with Urolithiasis: A Matched Case-Control Study in Shanghai Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148726. [PMID: 35886578 PMCID: PMC9317901 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Melamine (MEL) has raised human concern since the 2008 milk scandal. Co-exposure to MEL and one of its analogues, cyanuric acid (CYA), has been reported to have a synergistic effect on promoting urolithiasis. However, few epidemiological studies have reported urolithiasis in association with exposure to CYA based on our knowledge. We therefore conducted a case-control study to investigate whether cases of urolithiasis had higher excretion of urinary CYA than the controls. Spot urine samples from 70 adult cases and first-morning urine samples from 70 controls (matched by age and sex) were collected for the measurement of MEL, CYA, and other two analogues in urine. The case group also had 2.81-fold higher concentration of urinary CYA than the control group (34.87 versus 12.43 ng/mL, p-value < 0.001). Multivariate conditional logistic regression models adjusting potential confounders of personal characteristics identified the risk factor of urinary CYA as a continuous variable with odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval, 95%CI) of 1.11 (1.02−1.21) (p-value = 0.021) and having meals at restaurants with OR of 5.71 (1.01−32.31) (p-value = 0.049). Compared to the participants having the lowest quartile of CYA concentration in urine, participants at the second, third, and fourth quartile groups had ORs of 13.94, 83.69, and 118.65 with p-values of 0.004, <0.001, and <0.001, respectively. The high excretion of urinary CYA in urolithiasis cases might be the sign of stones in patients consisting of CYA, then proving the attribution of CYA exposure in the etiology of urolithiasis. These findings are important since CYA is a degraded by-product of chlorinated isocyanuric acid disinfectants, which are widely used in daily life not only in swimming pool water but also in other scenarios, such as serving as anti-pandemic disinfectants. Risk assessment of CYA serving as a by-product of disinfectants needs to be conducted in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Huang
- Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (F.H.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (H.W.); (R.D.)
| | - Qilai Long
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (Q.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Shaojie Liu
- Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (F.H.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (H.W.); (R.D.)
| | - Yanyun Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (Q.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yifei Wang
- Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (F.H.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (H.W.); (R.D.)
| | - Hangwei Wang
- Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (F.H.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (H.W.); (R.D.)
| | - Ruihua Dong
- Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (F.H.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (H.W.); (R.D.)
| | - Jianming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (Q.L.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (B.C.)
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (F.H.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (H.W.); (R.D.)
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (B.C.)
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11
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Zamora-Camacho FJ, Zambrano-Fernández S, Aragón P. Carryover effects of chronic exposure to ammonium during the larval stage on post-metamorphic frogs. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 248:106196. [PMID: 35598377 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Water contamination poses an important challenge to aquatic fauna, including well-documented effects on amphibian larvae. However, little is known about how contamination during the larval stages may affect post-metamorphic phases, or whether resistance may have evolved in some populations. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that chronic exposure to ammonium (a common contaminant in agroecosystems with confirmed effects on anuran tadpoles) during the larval stage of Pelophylax perezi frogs would affect growth and locomotor performance of metamorph, juvenile, subadult and adult stages. We also predicted that the effects of ammonium would be milder in offspring originated from parental agroecosystem frogs than those originating from forests. We compared tadpoles from both habitats either reared in untreated water or chronically exposed to ammonium. We found that exposure to ammonium during the larval stage inflicted effects on morphology (different measures of body size) and swimming speed after metamorphosis until adulthood. However, these effects were not always consistent through post-metamorphic stages and the effects differed as a function of treatment and habitat. In adults, body size and condition were greater in non-ammonium and ammonium exposed individuals, respectively. These differences were not detectable in metamorphs, for which only ammonium-exposed individuals from agroecosystem showed reduced body size in intermediate post-metamorphic stages. In turn, treatment reduced jumping distance only in agroecosystem adults, subadults and juveniles, which was opposite to the trend observed just after metamorphosis. These changes of patterns throughout the ontogeny of P. perezi could be due to processes such as compensatory growth, delayed energy costs derived from it, or early sexual differences that could be present even before they can be accounted for. In summary, this study suggests that exposure to ammonium during larval stages can result in diverse biological and long-term outcomes in later life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Zamora-Camacho
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, (MNCN-CSIC), C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid 28006, Spain; Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/José Antonio Novais 2, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | | | - Pedro Aragón
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, (MNCN-CSIC), C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid 28006, Spain; Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/José Antonio Novais 2, Madrid 28040, Spain
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12
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Li J, Gao X, He Y, Wang L, Wang Y, Zeng L. Elevated emissions of melamine and its derivatives in the indoor environments of typical e-waste recycling facilities and adjacent communities and implications for human exposure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 432:128652. [PMID: 35286931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Melamine and its derivatives are used as additives in flame retardants. Moreover, melamine-containing consumables such as laminates, adhesives, glues, and plastics are extensively used in electronic products. Nevertheless, there is no information concerning the identification of melamine and its derivatives during e-waste recycling. In the present study, the occurrence of melamine and three of its derivatives (cyanuric acid, ammelide, and ammeline) was identified for the first time in indoor dust from typical e-waste recycling areas and adjacent rural communities. Urban communities situated about 80 kilometers away were used as a control. The target analytes were detected in almost all the dust samples, which were dominated by melamine and cyanuric acid. The total concentrations of melamine and its derivatives varied among sampling locations in the following order: e-waste workshops (geometric mean: 15,018 ng/g) > urban houses (9060 ng/g) > local rural houses (6204 ng/g) > local streets (201 ng/g). This suggested that e-waste dismantling/recycling activities mainly contributed to the abundant emission of melamine and its derivatives in e-waste dust. Correlation analysis indicated that melamine and its derivatives were similarly applied in electronic products and e-waste recycling resulted in common emissions. The combined toxicity of melamine and its derivatives on human bladder cancer cells was observed. Importantly, Monte Carlo analysis was used to determine that the estimated daily intakes of these chemicals via dust ingestion for occupational e-waste recycling workers were 2.5-9 times higher than the estimated daily intakes for adult residents in both adjacent local communities and urban areas. These results are the first to demonstrate that e-waste dismantling workers are more vulnerable to the exposure risk posed by the presence of melamine and its derivatives in e-waste dust, which deserves more research attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xiaoming Gao
- Quality Management Center, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Yuqing He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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13
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Melough MM, Day DB, Fretts AM, Wang S, Flynn JT, de Boer IH, Zhu H, Kannan K, Sathyanarayana S. Associations of Dietary Intake with Urinary Melamine and Derivative Concentrations among Children in the GAPPS Cohort. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:4964. [PMID: 35564358 PMCID: PMC9102103 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19094964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Melamine is a nephrotoxic industrial chemical. Diet is one source of melamine exposure, yet little work has examined the main dietary contributors, particularly among children. We evaluated associations of diet with urinary melamine and derivative concentrations among 123 children aged 4-6 years in the Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth cohort. Children's diets on the day preceding urine collection were assessed using 24-h dietary recalls. Associations of meat, fruit, and grain intakes with melamine exposure were examined using multiple linear regression. Remaining food groups were examined in secondary analyses. Mean (SD) melamine, ammelide, and cyanuric acid concentrations were 6.1 (12.4), 1.9 (2.1), and 60.6 (221.2) ng/mL, respectively. The second tertile of red meat consumers had 98% (95% CI: 15%, 241%) greater melamine exposure than non-consumers, yet the highest consumers did not have increased exposure. Greater consumption of certain fruits was associated with lower urinary ammelide. The top yogurt consumers had 112% (95% CI: 29%, 247%) greater melamine exposure than non-consumers. Consumption of starchy vegetables excluding potatoes was associated with 139% (95% CI: 6%, 437%) greater urinary ammelide. These observed associations should be confirmed in future studies using larger samples and increased monitoring of non-dietary routes of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M. Melough
- Department of Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; (D.B.D.); (S.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Drew B. Day
- Department of Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; (D.B.D.); (S.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Amanda M. Fretts
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Sarah Wang
- Department of Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; (D.B.D.); (S.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Joseph T. Flynn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
- Division of Nephrology, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Ian H. de Boer
- Division of Medicine, Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA;
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; (H.Z.); (K.K.)
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; (H.Z.); (K.K.)
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; (D.B.D.); (S.W.); (S.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
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14
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Liu CC, Wu CF, Lee YC, Huang TY, Huang ST, Wang HS, Jhan JH, Huang SP, Li CC, Juan YS, Hsieh TJ, Tsai YC, Chen CC, Wu MT. Genetic Polymorphisms of MnSOD Modify the Impacts of Environmental Melamine on Oxidative Stress and Early Kidney Injury in Calcium Urolithiasis Patients. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11010152. [PMID: 35052656 PMCID: PMC8773063 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental melamine exposure increases the risks of oxidative stress and early kidney injury. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), glutathione peroxidase, and catalase can protect the kidneys against oxidative stress and maintain normal function. We evaluated whether their single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) could modify melamine’s effects. A total of 302 patients diagnosed with calcium urolithiasis were enrolled. All patients provided one-spot overnight urine samples to measure their melamine levels, urinary biomarkers of oxidative stress and renal tubular injury. Median values were used to dichotomize levels into high and low. Subjects carrying the T allele of rs4880 and high melamine levels had 3.60 times greater risk of high malondialdehyde levels than those carrying the C allele of rs4880 and low melamine levels after adjustment. Subjects carrying the G allele of rs5746136 and high melamine levels had 1.73 times greater risk of high N-Acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase levels than those carrying the A allele of rs5746136 and low melamine levels. In conclusion, the SNPs of MnSOD, rs4880 and rs5746136, influence the risk of oxidative stress and renal tubular injury, respectively, in calcium urolithiasis patients. In the context of high urinary melamine levels, their effects on oxidative stress and renal tubular injury were further increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chu Liu
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (C.-F.W.); (S.-T.H.); (T.-J.H.); (Y.-C.T.); (C.-C.C.)
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (T.-Y.H.); (S.-P.H.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-S.J.)
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Pingtung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Pingtung City 900, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fang Wu
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (C.-F.W.); (S.-T.H.); (T.-J.H.); (Y.-C.T.); (C.-C.C.)
- International Master Program of Translational Medicine, National United University, Miaoli 360, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chin Lee
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (T.-Y.H.); (S.-P.H.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-S.J.)
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung City 812, Taiwan; (H.-S.W.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - Tsung-Yi Huang
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (T.-Y.H.); (S.-P.H.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-S.J.)
| | - Shih-Ting Huang
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (C.-F.W.); (S.-T.H.); (T.-J.H.); (Y.-C.T.); (C.-C.C.)
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Shuan Wang
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung City 812, Taiwan; (H.-S.W.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - Jhen-Hao Jhan
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung City 812, Taiwan; (H.-S.W.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - Shu-Pin Huang
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (T.-Y.H.); (S.-P.H.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-S.J.)
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chia Li
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (T.-Y.H.); (S.-P.H.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-S.J.)
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Shun Juan
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (T.-Y.H.); (S.-P.H.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-S.J.)
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Tusty-Jiuan Hsieh
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (C.-F.W.); (S.-T.H.); (T.-J.H.); (Y.-C.T.); (C.-C.C.)
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Tsai
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (C.-F.W.); (S.-T.H.); (T.-J.H.); (Y.-C.T.); (C.-C.C.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Divisions of Nephrology and General Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chih Chen
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (C.-F.W.); (S.-T.H.); (T.-J.H.); (Y.-C.T.); (C.-C.C.)
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (C.-F.W.); (S.-T.H.); (T.-J.H.); (Y.-C.T.); (C.-C.C.)
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-3121101 (ext. 2315)
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15
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Liu SS, Cai QS, Li C, Cheng S, Wang Z, Yang Y, Ying GG, Sweetman AJ, Chen CE. In situ measurement of an emerging persistent, mobile and toxic (PMT) substance - Melamine and related triazines in waters by diffusive gradient in thin-films. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 206:117752. [PMID: 34695670 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Melamine has received increasing public attention as a persistent, mobile and toxic (PMT) substance. To better assess environmental exposure and risks of melamine and related triazines (cyromazine, ammeline, and atrazine), a new passive sampling method based on the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique has been developed and validated in this study. The studied triazines were adsorbed quickly and strongly by the selected mixed cation exchange (MCX) binding gels. This MCX-DGT can linearly accumulate these chemicals over at least 5 days, with neither significant individual influence from pH (6-8), ionic strength (0.01-0.5 M) or dissolved organic matter (0-10 M), or interaction effects. Field applications in Southern China showed that DGT performed well in both sewage treatment plant (STP) and river samples. Melamine was found to be the dominant triazine with the concentrations at μg·L-1 in the STP and receiving river. Surprisingly, much higher concentration of melanine was found in the STP effluent than influent, and appeared to be some of the highest concentrations reported in STPs worldwide to date. Comparable melamine and atrazine concentraions in the STP effluent and receiving river suggested other sources to the river. The MCX-DGT sampler developed here was demonstrated to be reliable and robust for measuring the triazines in waters, and is promising as an in situ tool in understanding the occurrence, sources, and fate of the emerging PMT substances in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Si Liu
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety and MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Qi-Si Cai
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety and MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Cailin Li
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety and MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shengming Cheng
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety and MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety and MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety and MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Andy J Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Center, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Chang-Er Chen
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety and MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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16
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Abu-Zeid EH, Abdel Fattah DM, Arisha AH, Ismail TA, Alsadek DM, Metwally MMM, El-Sayed AA, Khalil AT. Protective prospects of eco-friendly synthesized selenium nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera or Moringa oleifera leaf extract against melamine induced nephrotoxicity in male rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 221:112424. [PMID: 34174736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is used in a wide range of applications, including medical therapies that precisely target disease prevention and treatment. The current study aimed firstly, to synthesize selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) in an eco-friendly manner using Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MOLE). Secondly, to compare the protective effects of green-synthesized MOLE-SeNPs conjugate and MOLE ethanolic extract as remedies for melamine (MEL) induced nephrotoxicity in male rats. One hundred and five male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into seven groups (n = 15), including 1st control, 2nd MOLE (800 mg/kg BW), 3rd SeNPs (0.5 mg/kg BW), 4th MOLE-SeNPs (200 μg/kg BW), 5th MEL (700 mg/kg BW), 6th MEL+MOLE, and 7th MEL+MOLE SeNPs. All groups were orally gavaged day after day for 28 days. SeNPs and the colloidal SeNPs were characterized by TEM, SEM, and DLS particle size. SeNPs showed an absorption peak at a wavelength of 530 nm, spherical shape, and an average size between 3.2 and 20 nm. Colloidal SeNPs absorption spectra were recorded between 400 and 700 nm with an average size of 3.3-17 nm. MEL-induced nephropathic alterations represented by a significant increase in serum creatinine, urea, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), renal TNFα, oxidative stress-related indices, and altered the relative mRNA expression of apoptosis-related genes Bax, Caspase-3, Bcl2, Fas, and FasL. MEL-induced array of nephrotoxic morphological changes, and up-regulated immune-expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and proliferation-associated nuclear antigen Ki-67. Administration of MOLE or MOLE-SeNPs significantly reversed MEL-induced renal function impairments, oxidative stress, histological alterations, modulation in the relative mRNA expression of apoptosis-related genes, and the immune-expression of renal PCNA and Ki-67. Conclusively, the green-synthesized MOLE-SeNPs and MOLE display nephron-protective properties against MEL-induced murine nephropathy. This study is the first to report these effects which were more pronounced in the MOLE group than the green biosynthesized MOLE-SeNPs conjugate group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan H Abu-Zeid
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, El-Sharkia Province 44511, Egypt.
| | - Doaaa M Abdel Fattah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H Arisha
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Tamer A Ismail
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Turabah University College, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dina M Alsadek
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M M Metwally
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A El-Sayed
- Department of Photochemistry, Industrial Chemical Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL Bohouthst., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Amany T Khalil
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, El-Sharkia Province 44511, Egypt
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17
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Melough MM, Foster D, Sathyanarayana S. Dietary Sources of Melamine Exposure among US Children and Adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123844. [PMID: 33339272 PMCID: PMC7767253 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Melamine is a high-production-volume chemical and a kidney toxicant. Diet is a key source of melamine exposure, yet little is known about which foods in the US diet may be contaminated. This study evaluated the associations of foods and dietary patterns with melamine exposure using data from 478 US adults and children from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004. Melamine concentrations were measured in spot urine samples. Dietary recalls were used to collect dietary data from the day preceding urine collection. Melamine was detectable (>0.09 ng/mL) in 76.2% of the participants’ urine. The geometric mean urinary melamine was 11.563 µg/g of creatinine (standard error (SE): 1.235). In adjusted linear regression models, each additional ounce of processed meats or whole grains was associated with 10.6% (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.7, 19.0; p = 0.007) or 17.4% (95% CI: 4.7, 31.7; p = 0.006) greater creatinine-adjusted melamine concentrations, respectively. A dietary pattern characterized by high fruit, whole grain, milk, and yogurt intake was positively associated with melamine exposure. In conclusion, processed meats, whole grains, and possibly other plant-based foods may be important melamine sources in the US. Future research should confirm these findings using more recent data and examine the potential health risks of chronic low-level melamine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M. Melough
- Department of Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Deborah Foster
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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18
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Iheanacho SC, Igberi C, Amadi-Eke A, Chinonyerem D, Iheanacho A, Avwemoya F. Biomarkers of neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, hepatotoxicity and lipid peroxidation in Clarias gariepinus exposed to melamine and polyvinyl chloride. Biomarkers 2020; 25:603-610. [PMID: 32962424 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2020.1821777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Plastic particulates and chemicals are emerging environmental pollutants with significant impact on aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the effects of oral uptake of melamine, melamine formaldehyde, and polyvinyl chloride on serum biochemical profiles, antioxidant enzymes activities, lipid peroxidation levels and brain acetyl cholinesterase activities in Clarias gariepinus juveniles were investigated. METHODS Fish specimens were fed diets spiked with melamine, melamine formaldehyde and poly vinyl chloride at 0.3% (3.0 g Kg-1) dietary inclusion for 45 days. Toxicity effect of these plastic chemicals was estimated by assaying relevant biomarkers. RESULTS After 45 days exposure, Serum glucose was significantly elevated, whereas plasma protein levels were substantially reduced in the exposed fish groups. Serum transaminases were significantly elevated in the exposed groups. Brain acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant enzyme activities declined significantly, while malondialdehyde levels were elevated in the exposed groups. CONCLUSION C. gariepinus is an important bioindicator to monitor the ecotoxicological impact of plastic chemicals such as melamine, and polyvinyl chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Chidi Iheanacho
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu Alike, Ikwo, Nigeria.,Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Christiana Igberi
- Department of Agriculture, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu Alike, Ikwo, Nigeria
| | - Akunna Amadi-Eke
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
| | - Delight Chinonyerem
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu Alike, Ikwo, Nigeria
| | - Angus Iheanacho
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Fred Avwemoya
- Department of Fisheries, Nigerian Maritime University, Okerenkoko Warri, Nigeria
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19
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Liu CC, Hsieh TJ, Wu CF, Lee CH, Tsai YC, Huang TY, Wen SC, Lee CH, Chien TM, Lee YC, Huang SP, Li CC, Chou YH, Wu WJ, Wu MT. Interrelationship of environmental melamine exposure, biomarkers of oxidative stress and early kidney injury. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 396:122726. [PMID: 32348942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Melamine contamination has remained pervasive in the environment even after the 2008 toxic milk scandal. Exposure to chronic low dosages of melamine is known to induce renal tubular damage, increasing the risk of stone formation and early kidney injury. This damage may come about via increased oxidative stress, but no studies of this possibility have been performed in humans. We conducted two human studies in 80 workers from melamine tableware factories (melamine workers) and 309 adult patients with calcium urolithiasis (stone patients) to evaluate the relationships between urinary melamine levels and two urinary biomarkers of oxidative stress, 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Both human studies showed urinary melamine levels to be significantly and positively correlated with urinary 8-OHdG and MDA, indicating melamine exposure can increase oxidative stress. Additionally, we used structure equation modeling to evaluate relative contribution of type of melamine-induced oxidative stress on renal tubular injury and found that MDA mediated 36 %-53 % of the total effect of melamine on a biomarker of renal tubular injury, N-Acetyl-β-d Glucosaminidase (NAG). In conclusion, our findings suggest exposure to low-dose melamine can increase oxidative stress and increase the risk of early damage to kidneys in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chu Liu
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Pingtung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Pingtung City, Taiwan.
| | - Tusty-Jiuan Hsieh
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Fang Wu
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Hung Lee
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chun Tsai
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Divisions of Nephrology and General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Tsung-Yi Huang
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Chen Wen
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Hsueh Lee
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Tsu-Ming Chien
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Chin Lee
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Pin Huang
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Chia Li
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Yii-Her Chou
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Jeng Wu
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; PhD Program of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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20
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Abd-Elhakim YM, Mohamed WAM, El Bohi KM, Ali HA, Mahmoud FA, Saber TM. Prevention of melamine-induced hepatorenal impairment by an ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera: Changes in KIM-1, TIMP-1, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation-related genes. Gene 2020; 764:145083. [PMID: 32860902 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Melamine (ML) is a common food adulterant and contaminant. Moringa oleifera is a well-known medicinal plant with many beneficial biological properties. This study investigated the possible prophylactic and therapeutic activity of an ethanolic extract of M. oleifera (MEE) against ML-induced hepatorenal damage. METHOD Fifty male Sprague Dawley rats were orally administered distilled water, MEE (800 mg/kg bw), ML (700 mg/kg bw), MEE/ML (prophylactically) or MEE+ML (therapeutically). Hepatic aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphate (ALP) in serum were measured. Serum total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, protein, albumin, and globulin contents were also assayed, and urea and creatinine levels were determined. Moreover, antioxidant enzyme activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) in serum levels were quantified. Complementary histological and histochemical evaluation of renal and hepatic tissues was conducted, and expression of oxidative stress (GPx and CAT) and apoptosis-related genes, p53 and Bcl-2, in hepatic tissue were assessed. In parallel, transcriptional expression of inflammation and renal injury-related genes, including kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP1), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the kidney tissue were determined. RESULTS ML caused significant increases in serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, urea, and creatinine. Further, ML treated rats showed significant reductions in serum levels of protein, albumin, globulin, GPx, and CAT. Distinct histopathological damage and disturbances in glycogen and DNA content in hepatic and renal tissues of ML treated rats were observed. KIM-1, TIMP-1, and TNF-α gene expression was significantly upregulated in kidney tissue. Also, GPx, CAT, and Bcl-2 genes were significantly downregulated, and p53 was significantly upregulated in liver tissue after ML treatment. MEE significantly counteracted the ML-induced hepatorenal damage primarily for co-exposed rats. CONCLUSION MEE could be an effective therapeutic supplement for treatment of ML-induced hepato-renal damage, probably via modulating oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina M Abd-Elhakim
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Wafaa A M Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Khlood M El Bohi
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Haytham A Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Collage of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fagr A Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Taghred M Saber
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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21
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Guo J, Wu C, Zhang J, Chang X, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Zhou Z. Associations of melamine and cyanuric acid exposure with markers of kidney function in adults: Results from NHANES 2003-2004. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 141:105815. [PMID: 32480140 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Higher melamine exposure may increase the risk of kidney stone formation and kidney injury in infants, but little is known about the potential nephrotoxic effects of environmental low-dose melamine and its derivative exposure on kidney function of adults in the general population. Our objective was to assess associations between urinary concentrations of melamine and its derivative, cyanuric acid, and kidney function through analyzing the data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004. Information on 298 participants aged ≥20 years was utilized. Urinary melamine and cyanuric acid levels were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) were calculated to reflect kidney function. Covariate-adjusted creatinine standardization concentrations accounting for sex, race, age, race/ethically, and body mass index, was employed to control potential confounding of kidney function. Multivariable linear regression models were conducted to estimate associations of covariate-adjusted creatinine standardization urinary melamine and cyanuric acid concentrations with eGFR and UACR. Log-binomial regression models were performed to estimate risks of impaired kidney function and hypertension associated with urinary melamine and cyanuric acid levels. The geometric mean values of urinary melamine and cyanuric acid concentrations were 1.51 μg/L [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21 μg/L, 1.89 μg/L] and 5.86 μg/L (95% CI: 5.34 μg/L, 6.44 μg/L), respectively. The median value of estimated daily intake (EDI) for melamine was 0.06 (ranging from undetectable to 1.11) μg/kg body weight/day calculated by urinary concentration and creatinine excretion accounting for sex and body weight. Adults in the fourth quartile of melamine and cyanuric acid exposure had 0.142 mL/min/1.73 m2 (95% CI: -0.271, -0.014) and 0.106 mL/min/1.73 m2 (95% CI: -0.020, 0.006) lower eGFR for melamine and cyanuric acid, respectively, compared to participants in the first quartile of exposure with adjustment for potential confounders. To our best knowledge, this is the first study to report associations between melamine and its derivative and kidney function of the U.S. adults from NHANES 2003-2004. The suggestive evidence revealed that individuals with high melamine exposure had lower eGFR than those with low melamine exposure, although no significant association between melamine and cyanuric acid exposure and markers of kidney function was observed. These findings should be interpreted with caution regarding the possible reverse causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiu Guo
- School of Public Health/ Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/ Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, No. 130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chunhua Wu
- School of Public Health/ Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/ Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, No. 130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jiming Zhang
- School of Public Health/ Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/ Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, No. 130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiuli Chang
- School of Public Health/ Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/ Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, No. 130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- School of Public Health/ Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/ Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, No. 130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro 70182, Sweden
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- School of Public Health/ Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/ Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, No. 130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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22
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Chen J, Shi X, Zhou X, Dong R, Yuan Y, Wu M, Chen W, Liu X, Jia F, Li S, Yang Q, Chen B. Renal function and the exposure to melamine and phthalates in Shanghai adults. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125820. [PMID: 31918111 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
[Background] Melamine and phthalates have been reported to damage renal function in children. This association is scarce in general adults. [Method] A cross-sectional subsample population of 611 adults participating in the 2012 Shanghai Food Consumption Survey (SHFCS) was analyzed for urinary biomarkers of melamine, metabolites of phthalates, and renal function parameters. The correlations between renal function parameters and chemical exposure (either independently or interactively) were explored by linear regression models. To simplify the analysis, phthalate metabolites were dimensionally reduced using principal component analysis (PCA) method. [Result] Urinary melamine was positively associated with renal function parameters of both albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) and β2-microglobulin (B2M) in multivariate linear regression models (P < 0.05). A PCA pattern characterized by high-molecular-weight phthalates (HMWP) was positively associated with all three parameters of renal function (ACR, B2M, and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG)). The co-exposure to melamine and HMWP presented an additive effect on increasing these parameters (ACR, B2M, and NAG). [Conclusion] Impaired renal function in Shanghai adults was associated with exposure to both melamine and HMWP.
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Affiliation(s)
- JingSi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - XinLi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - XiaoFeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - RuiHua Dong
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - YaQun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Min Wu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - WeiHua Chen
- Community Health Service Center of Nanjing (E) Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - XiaoHong Liu
- Community Health Service Center of Nanjing (E) Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - FuHuai Jia
- Ningbo Yu Fang Tang Biological Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo, 315012, China
| | - ShuGuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - QiFan Yang
- Shanghai Jingan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200072, China.
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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23
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Zheng G, Boor BE, Schreder E, Salamova A. Exposure to melamine and its derivatives in childcare facilities. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125505. [PMID: 32050329 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Melamine (MEL) and its derivatives are widely used in many consumer products, including furniture, kitchenware, and plastics. However, very limited knowledge exists on human exposure to MEL and its derivatives, especially in the indoor environment. Here, we determined the occurrence and distribution of 11 MEL derivatives in childcare facilities and estimated children's exposure through dust ingestion and dermal absorption. We analyzed dust and samples of nap mats, a commonly used item in many childcares, from eight facilities located in the United States. Eight MEL-based compounds were detected in dust, and total MEL concentrations ranged from 429 to 117,000 ng/g. The most abundant compounds found in the dust samples were MEL, cyanuric acid (CYA), ammeline (AMN), and ammelide (AMD), with median concentrations of 1620, 585, 1060, and 299 ng/g, respectively. MEL, CYA, AMN and 2,4,6-tris[bis(methoxymethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazine (TBMMAT) were also detected in nap mats with median concentrations of 45.6, 19.8, 1510 and 2.5 ng/g, respectively. ΣMEL concentrations in mat covers (median 709 ng/g) were significantly higher than those in mat foam (median 15.1 ng/g). Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of MEL and its derivatives via dust ingestion were two orders of magnitude higher than the EDIs through dermal absorption, but both were below the established tolerable daily intake levels. This is the first report on exposure to MEL and its derivatives in the childcare environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomao Zheng
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, 177 South Russell Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Erika Schreder
- Toxic Free Future, 4649, Sunnyside Ave N., Suite 540, Seattle, WA, 98103, USA
| | - Amina Salamova
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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24
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Zhu H, Kannan K. Occurrence and distribution of melamine and its derivatives in surface water, drinking water, precipitation, wastewater, and swimming pool water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113743. [PMID: 31838396 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of melamine and its three derivatives (i.e., ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid) resulted in their widespread occurrence in the environment. Nevertheless, limited information is available on their distribution in the aquatic environment. In this study, concentrations and profiles of melamine and its derivatives were determined in 223 water samples, comprising river water, lake water, seawater, tap water, bottled water, rain water, wastewater, and swimming pool water, collected from New York State, USA. The sum concentrations of melamine and its derivatives (∑4MELs) decreased in the following order: swimming pool water (median: 1.5 × 107 ng/L) ≫ wastewater (1240) > precipitation (739) > tap water (512) > river water (370) > lake water (347) > seawater (186) > bottled water (98). Cyanuric acid was the major compound, accounting for 60-100% of ∑4MELs concentrations in swimming pool water, wastewater, precipitation, tap water, seawater, and bottled water, whereas melamine dominated in river and lake water (54-64% of ∑4MELs). Significant positive correlations (0.499 < R < 0.703, p < 0.002) were found between the concentrations of melamine and atrazine (a triazine herbicide) in surface waters. The geographic distribution in the concentrations of ∑4MELs in river, lake, and tap water corresponded with the degree of urbanization, suggesting that human activities contribute to the sources melamine and cyanuric acid in the aquatic environments. A preliminary hazard assessment of melamine and cyanuric acid in waters suggested that their ecological or human health risks were minimal. This is the first study to document the occurrence and spatial distribution of melamine and its derivatives in waters from the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 22254, Saudi Arabia.
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25
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Abd El-Hakim YM, El-Houseiny W, El-Murr AE, Ebraheim LLM, Moustafa AA, Rahman Mohamed AA. Melamine and curcumin enriched diets modulate the haemato-immune response, growth performance, oxidative stress, disease resistance, and cytokine production in oreochromis niloticus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 220:105406. [PMID: 31945653 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Currently, feed adulteration and contamination with melamine (MEL) are considered one of the serious issues in the aquatic industry. With the limited studies of MEL exposure alone in fish, its adverse impacts on fish cannot be evaluated well. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the effects of MEL containing diets on the immune response, disease resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila, growth performance, chemical composition, immune-related genes expression, and histopathology of both spleen and head kidneys. Also, the efficacy of curcumin (CUR) dietary supplementation to alleviate MEL negative impacts were evaluated. A total of 180 apparently healthy Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus) were divided into four groups with three replicates fed the basal diet only, basal diet fortified with 200 mg/kg CUR, basal diet containing 1 % MEL, or a basal diet containing CUR + MEL. The results displayed that MEL significantly reduced growth performance indices and body crude lipid contents. Anemic, leukopenic, lymphocytopenic, heterocytopenic, esonipenic, hypoproteinemic and hypoalbuminic conditions were apparent. Moreover, depleted immune and antioxidant indicators including lysozyme activity, nitric oxide, immunoglobulin M, complement 3, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity were recorded. Also, MEL reduced the disease resistance of O. niloticus to bacterial infection. Furthermore, MEL induced downregulation of mRNA levels of interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor α in the spleen together with obvious pathological perturbations in both spleen and head kidneys. The CUR addition resulted in a significant enhancement in most indices. These results may conclude that MEL could alter both innate and adaptive immune responses via the negative transcriptional effect on immune-related genes together with the oxidative damage of the immune organs. Furthermore, CUR dietary supplements could be advantageous for mitigating MEL negative impacts, thus offering a favorable aquafeed additive for O. niloticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina M Abd El-Hakim
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 4511, Egypt.
| | - Walaa El-Houseiny
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 4511, Egypt
| | - Abd Elhakeem El-Murr
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 4511, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa L M Ebraheim
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 4511, Egypt
| | - Amr A Moustafa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 4511, Egypt
| | - Amany Abdel Rahman Mohamed
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 4511, Egypt.
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Zhu H, Kannan K. Melamine and cyanuric acid in foodstuffs from the United States and their implications for human exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 130:104950. [PMID: 31252165 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We determined the concentrations of melamine, ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid in meat, fish and seafood, cereal products, beverages, cooking oil, and vegetables (n = 121) collected from Albany, New York, United States. In addition, food packaging (n = 24) and animal feed (n = 12) were analyzed to determine the sources of melamine and its derivatives in foods. Among the six categories of foods analyzed, median concentrations of ∑melamine (sum of melamine and its three derivatives) in meat (23.6 ng/g fresh weight; fw) and cereal products (20.9 ng/g fw) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those in other food categories (<5.03 ng/g fw). Cyanuric acid and melamine were the major compounds, accounting for 51% and 26% of the total ∑melamine concentrations, respectively. ∑melamine was found ubiquitously in food packaging (median: 36.2 ng/g fw) and animal feed (56.5 ng/g fw), which are two important sources of melamine found in foodstuffs. The median estimated daily dietary intakes (including concentrations reported for dairy products in our previous study) of melamine and cyanuric acid were in the ranges of 13.4-72.7 and 75.4-347 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively, for various age groups. Dairy products, cereal products, and meat were major sources of dietary melamine (~76%) and cyanuric acid (~95%) exposure. The calculated hazard quotients for dietary exposure to melamine and cyanuric acid were well below 1.0, which suggested minimal risk from current exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Zhu H, Lee S, Moon HB, Kannan K. Spatial and temporal trends of melamine and its derivatives in sediment from Lake Shihwa, South Korea. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 373:671-677. [PMID: 30954869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence, spatial distribution, and temporal trends of melamine and its derivatives (ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid) were investigated in surface sediment and two sediment cores collected from Lake Shihwa, South Korea. ∑Melamine (sum of melamine and its three derivatives) was found in all surface sediment samples at concentrations that ranged from 16.6 to 4390 ng/g dry weight (dw), with an average value of 202 ng/g dw. ∑Melamine concentrations exhibited a clear spatial gradient, in decreasing order, as: creeks (mean: 577 ng/g dw) > inshore locations (41.9 ng/g dw) > offshore locations (24.3 ng/g dw). ∑Melamine concentrations were notably high in sediment collected near wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) outfalls. Melamine was the most prevalent compound in sediment collected from creeks (87%) and WWTP outfall locations (48%), whereas cyanuric acid was the dominant compound in sediment from inshore (51%) and offshore (63%) locations. The historical profiles of ∑Melamine in sediment cores corresponded with coastal development and environmental changes in this region. This is the first study to document the occurrence and temporal distribution of melamine in sediment cores, and this information is useful in understanding the fate of these relatively less-studied chemicals in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Zhu H, Kannan K. Occurrence of Melamine and Its Derivatives in Breast Milk from the United States and Its Implications for Exposure in Infants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7859-7865. [PMID: 31180207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Melamine received public and regulatory attention in 2008 following a scandal that involved the adulteration of milk and infant formula in China that affected tens of thousands of infants. Little is known about human exposure and the food chain transfer of melamine and its derivatives. In this study, melamine, cyanuric acid, ammeline, and ammelide were analyzed in 100 human milk samples collected from the United States during the period of 2009-2012. ∑Melamine (sum of melamine and its three derivatives) was found in breast milk at concentrations that ranged from 0.176 to 10.0 ng/mL (median: 1.40 ng/mL). Cyanuric acid was the major derivative, accounting for 73% of the total concentrations, followed by melamine (21%). No remarkable associations were noted between melamine and cyanuric acid concentrations and maternal/infant characteristics. The cumulative daily intakes of melamine (16.9-30.6 ng/kg bw/day) and cyanuric acid (88.8-161 ng/kg bw/day) were calculated for breast-fed infants and were found to be 1-2 orders of magnitude below the current tolerable daily intake. This is the first study to report the distribution of melamine and its derivatives in breast milk from the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509 , Albany , New York 12201-0509 , United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509 , Albany , New York 12201-0509 , United States
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
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Zhu H, Loganathan BG, Kannan K. Occurrence and Profiles of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid in Bovine Feed and Urine from China, India, and the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7029-7035. [PMID: 31063362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Melamine and cyanuric acid have been reported to occur in animal products. Nevertheless, information that pertains to the occurrence of melamine and cyanuric acid in cattle feed and urine is lacking. In this study, the occurrence of melamine and its three derivatives (i.e., cyanuric acid, ammeline, and ammelide) was determined in 183 bovine urine and 29 matched feed samples collected from China, India, and the United States. ∑Melamine (sum of four target compounds) was found in all urine samples at concentrations that ranged from 4.2 to 5280 ng/mL (median: 370 ng/mL); cyanuric acid was the major derivative, accounting for 97% of the total concentrations, followed by melamine (2.2%). The ubiquitous occurrence of ∑Melamine in feed (21-6230 ng/g) suggests that it is the major source of melamine and its derivatives in bovines. Urinary concentrations of melamine and cyanuric acid varied significantly among the three countries, with samples from China as having the highest concentrations, followed by the United States and India. The calculated cumulative daily intakes of melamine and cyanuric acid were at least 10-fold below the current tolerable daily intake recommended for humans. Our study provides evidence-based data on exposure patterns and sources of melamine and cyanuric acid in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509 , Albany , New York 12201-0509 , United States
| | - Bommanna G Loganathan
- Department of Chemistry and Watershed Studies Institute , Murray State University , 1201 Jesse D. Jones Hall , Murray , Kentucky 42071-3300 , United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509 , Albany , New York 12201-0509 , United States
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
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Zhu H, Halden RU, Kannan K. A nationwide survey of the occurrence of melamine and its derivatives in archived sewage sludge from the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:994-999. [PMID: 30682756 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Melamine-based resins are used extensively in laminates, plastics, coatings, glues, and dinnerware. Little is known, however, about the occurrence of melamine and its derivatives in the environment. In this study, a nationwide survey of melamine and its derivatives, namely ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid, was conducted, using archived sewage sludge samples collected from 68 wastewater treatment plants in the United States (U.S.). The sum concentrations of four target compounds in sludge ranged from 34 to 1800 ng/g dry weight (dw), with a mean concentration of 240 ng/g dw; melamine (46%) and cyanuric acid (40%) collectively accounted for 86% of the total mass of analytes. No significant geographical variation in the concentrations of melamine and its derivatives in sewage sludge was found. The estimated emission of melamine and its derivatives via land-application of sludge was approximately 1600 kg/yr in the U.S. The hazard quotient values for melamine in sludge-amended soils ranged from 2.2 × 10-5 to 4.4 × 10-3, indicating that the current levels of melamine in sludge pose a minimal risk to the soil environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - Rolf U Halden
- Center for Environmental Health Engineering, The Biodesign Institute and School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 22254, Saudi Arabia.
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Wei H, Leng W, Song J, Liu C, Willner MR, Huang Q, Zhou W, Vikesland PJ. Real-Time Monitoring of Ligand Exchange Kinetics on Gold Nanoparticle Surfaces Enabled by Hot Spot-Normalized Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:575-585. [PMID: 30525495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle surface coatings dictate their fate, transport, and bioavailability. We used a gold nanoparticle-bacterial cellulose substrate and "hot spot"-normalized surface-enhanced Raman scattering (HSNSERS) to achieve in situ and real-time monitoring of ligand exchange reactions on the gold surface. This approach enables semiquantitative determination of citrate surface coverage. Following exposure of the citrate-coated nanoparticles to a suite of guest ligands (thiolates, amines, carboxylates, inorganic ions, and proteins), the guest ligand signal exhibited first-order growth kinetics, while the desorption mediated decay of the citrate signal followed a first-order model. Guest ligand functional group chemistry dictated the kinetics of citrate desorption, while the guest ligand concentration played only a minor role. Thiolates and BSA were more efficient at ligand exchange than amine-containing chemicals, carboxylate-containing chemicals, and inorganic salts due to their higher binding energies with the AuNP surface. Amine-containing molecules overcoated rather than displaced the citrate layer via electrostatic interaction. Citrate exhibited low resistance to replacement at high surface coverages, but higher resistance at lower coverage, thus suggesting a transformation of the citrate-binding mode during desorption. High resistance to replacement in streamwater suggests that the role of surface-adsorbed citrate in nanomaterial fate and transport must be better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wei
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
- Virginia Tech Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS) Sustainable Nanotechnology Center (VTSuN) , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
- Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (CEINT), Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | - Weinan Leng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
- Virginia Tech Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS) Sustainable Nanotechnology Center (VTSuN) , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
- Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (CEINT), Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | - Junyeob Song
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
- Virginia Tech Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS) Sustainable Nanotechnology Center (VTSuN) , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
- Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (CEINT), Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | - Marjorie R Willner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
- Virginia Tech Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS) Sustainable Nanotechnology Center (VTSuN) , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
- Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (CEINT), Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | - Qishen Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
- Virginia Tech Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS) Sustainable Nanotechnology Center (VTSuN) , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
- Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (CEINT), Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
| | - Peter J Vikesland
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
- Virginia Tech Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS) Sustainable Nanotechnology Center (VTSuN) , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
- Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (CEINT), Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
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Dong W, Zhang Y, Hu P, Xu H, Fan J, Su J, Li F, Chen Y, Li P, Wang S, Coe FL, Wu Q. Rate-controlled nano-layered assembly mechanism of melamine-induced melamine–uric acid stones and its inhibition and elimination methods. J Mater Chem B 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00688e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The formation of kidney stones induced by melamine is a rate-controlled nano-scale supramolecular layered assembly process.
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Zhu H, Kannan K. Distribution Profiles of Melamine and Its Derivatives in Indoor Dust from 12 Countries and the Implications for Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12801-12808. [PMID: 30274520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Melamine and its derivatives (i.e., ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid) are extensively used in household products, such as furniture, dinnerware, and food utensils. Nevertheless, limited information is available on human exposures, other than dietary sources, to melamine and its derivatives. In this study, the occurrence of melamine and its derivatives was determined, for the first time, in 341 samples of indoor dust, collected from 12 countries. All of the dust samples contained target analytes, with global median concentrations of 1800, 1100, 48, and 45 ng/g for melamine, cyanuric acid, ammelide, and ammeline, respectively. The total concentrations of melamine and its derivatives varied among countries in the following decreasing order: United States (median: 17 000 ng/g) > Japan (8400) > China (8000) > South Korea (7300) > Saudi Arabia (4400) > Romania (4300) > Greece (3400) > Kuwait (2400) > Vietnam (2300) > Colombia (1300) > Pakistan (820) > India (430). Correlation analysis indicated the existence of multiple and varied sources for melamine and cyanuric acid. Estimated daily intakes of melamine via indoor dust ingestion were at least 2 orders of magnitude below the current tolerable daily intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza , P.O. Box 509, Albany , New York 12201-0509 , United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza , P.O. Box 509, Albany , New York 12201-0509 , United States
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
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Schulze S, Sättler D, Neumann M, Arp HPH, Reemtsma T, Berger U. Using REACH registration data to rank the environmental emission potential of persistent and mobile organic chemicals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:1122-1128. [PMID: 29996409 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic chemicals that are persistent and mobile in the aquatic environment exhibit a hazard to contaminate drinking water resources. In this study an emission score model was developed to rank the potential of substances registered under the REACH legislation to be emitted into the environment. It was applied to a list of 2167 REACH registered substances that were previously identified to be persistent and mobile organic chemicals (PMOCs) in groundwater or to be hydrolyzed to form transformation products fulfilling the PMOC criteria. The emission score model is based on the tonnage placed on the European market and on seven emission-related use characteristics (high release to environment, wide dispersive use, intermediate use, closed system use, professional use, consumer use, and substance in article), reported in the companies' registrations under REACH. Applying the model resulted in a list of 1110 substances (936 PMOCs and 174 precursors to PMOCs) that were estimated to be released into the environment, while 1054 substances had indicators of negligible environmental emissions and 3 substances could not be evaluated due to severe data gaps. The 936 PMOCs and the 174 precursors were ranked in two lists with regard to their emission potential. The model was shown to be fit for purpose in terms of suggesting and prioritizing substances for scientific investigations with a focus on environmental water quality. Though targeted for PMOCs, the presented scoring system is illustrative of how REACH registration data can be used to assess the emission potential of various substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schulze
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Sättler
- Section IV 2.3 Chemicals, German Environment Agency - UBA, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Michael Neumann
- Section IV 2.3 Chemicals, German Environment Agency - UBA, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute - NGI, Postboks 3930 Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Urs Berger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Salas D, Borrull F, Fontanals N, Marcé RM. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry-based detection to determine emerging organic contaminants in environmental samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Melamine, beyond the kidney: A ubiquitous endocrine disruptor and neurotoxicant? Toxicol Lett 2017; 280:181-189. [PMID: 28751210 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Melamine is commonly used in a variety of consumer products such as furniture, dining ware, and food utensils. The chemical infamously gained worldwide attention by its illegal addition to a variety of foodstuffs in order to falsify protein content, which led to serious, sometimes fatal, health impacts in children and pets. This resulted in a large amount of published primary studies and reviews of the impacts of melamine exposure on kidney function. However, a growing body of literature suggests that melamine may have impacts beyond renal dysfunction. We conducted a scoping review of this literature which yielded more than 40 studies with human, animal, and in vitro findings. Neurological impacts, reproductive function, and anthropometric outcomes were identified as possible candidates for systematic review based on evidence stream and replication of endpoints. The results of this analysis provide a basis for prioritizing future research on health impacts associated with melamine exposure.
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An H, Li X, Yang Q, Wang D, Xie T, Zhao J, Xu Q, Chen F, Zhong Y, Yuan Y, Zeng G. The behavior of melamine in biological wastewater treatment system. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 322:445-453. [PMID: 27773438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Melamine (MA) is a significant raw material for industry and home furnishing, and an intermediate for pharmacy. However it is also a hazardous material when being added to food as a protein substitute due to the high nitrogen content. In this study, the behavior of MA in activated sludge was investigated. Experiments showed that MA was removed during biological wastewater treatment process, and the removal was mainly achieved by activated sludge adsorption instead of biodegradation. Low levels of MA (0.001-0.10mg/L) in wastewater had negligible influence on the performance of activated sludge, but high levels of MA deteriorated biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The presence of MA (1.00 and 5.00mg/L) decreased total nitrogen removal efficiency from 94.15% to 79.47% and 68.04%, respectively. The corresponding concentration of effluent phosphorus increased from 0.11 to 1.45 and 2.06mg/L, respectively. It was also observed that MA inhibited the enzyme activities of nitrite oxidoreductase, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase and exopolyphosphatase, which were closely relevant to nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Further investigation showed that the presence of high MA concentrations promoted the consumption and synthesis of glycogen, thereby providing the advantage for the growth of glycogen accumulating organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxue An
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Qi Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Dongbo Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Ting Xie
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jianwei Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Qiuxiang Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Fei Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yu Zhong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yujie Yuan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
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Anadón A. Perspectives in Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:82. [PMID: 27679801 PMCID: PMC5020047 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Anadón
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
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Hatakeyama T, Takagi K. Bacterial biodegradation of melamine-contaminated aged soil: influence of different pre-culture media or addition of activation material. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:14997-15002. [PMID: 27080407 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6616-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the biodegrading potential of Arthrobacter sp. MCO, Arthrobacter sp. CSP, and Nocardioides sp. ATD6 in melamine-contaminated upland soil (melamine: approx. 10.5 mg/kg dry weight) after 30 days of incubation. The soil sample used in this study had undergone annual treatment of lime nitrogen, which included melamine; it was aged for more than 10 years in field. When R2A broth was used as the pre-culture medium, Arthrobacter sp. MCO could degrade 55 % of melamine after 30 days of incubation, but the other strains could hardly degrade melamine (approximately 25 %). The addition of trimethylglycine (betaine) in soil as an activation material enhanced the degradation rate of melamine by each strain; more than 50 % of melamine was degraded by all strains after 30 days of incubation. In particular, strain MCO could degrade 72 % of melamine. When the strains were pre-cultured in R2A broth containing melamine, the degradation rate of melamine in soil increased remarkably. The highest (72 %) melamine degradation rate was noted when strain MCO was used with betaine addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hatakeyama
- Organochemicals Division, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takagi
- Organochemicals Division, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604, Japan.
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Peris-Vicente J, Albiol-Chiva J, Roca-Genovés P, Esteve-Romero J. Advances on melamine determination by micellar liquid chromatography: A review. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2016.1152482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Peris-Vicente
- Química Bioanalítica, QFA, ESTCE, Campus del Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Jaume Albiol-Chiva
- Química Bioanalítica, QFA, ESTCE, Campus del Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Pasqual Roca-Genovés
- Química Bioanalítica, QFA, ESTCE, Campus del Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Josep Esteve-Romero
- Química Bioanalítica, QFA, ESTCE, Campus del Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
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Gabriels G, Lambert M, Smith P, Wiesner L, Hiss D. Melamine contamination in nutritional supplements--Is it an alarm bell for the general consumer, athletes, and 'Weekend Warriors'? Nutr J 2015; 14:69. [PMID: 26182916 PMCID: PMC4504043 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-015-0055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nutritional supplements are used or experimented with by consumers, notably these are; competitive and recreational athletes of all ages, and ‘weekend warriors’. As a consequence the supplement industry has grown to meet the increasing demand. A Global Industry Analysts Inc. report indicates that the herbal supplement market has not declined during the worldwide recession, but in fact exhibited steady growth over the period 2008 to 2009. It is anticipated that the market will reach US$93.15 billion by the year 2015. These supplements may contain adulterated substances that may potentially have harmful short - and long-term health consequences to the consumer. “Scrap Melamine” is such an example, which has been implicated in the kidney failure and death of several cats, dogs and pigs. In China in 2008, reports described very severe health effects in infants and young children. At the time over 294 000 infants were screened and diagnosed with urinary tract stones and sand-like calculi associated with melamine in milk products, of which 50 000 infants were hospitalised, and at least six associated deaths, recorded. The extent that melamine contamination occurs in nutritional supplements is not known. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether commercially available nutritional and traditional supplement products contain melamine, even though they are not declared by the manufacturer on the product label. Methods A total of 138 nutritional supplements products were obtained from (i) direct purchases from shops, pharmacies and outlets, (ii) directly from consumers, and (iii) from suppliers, manufacturers and distributors. The products were laboratory analysed for melamine, using Tandem Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Results Forty-seven % of all the products (n = 138) tested positive for melamine. Eight-two % of the South African produced products (n = 27) tested positive and 58 % of the products imported into South Africa (n = 50) tested positive. The median concentration estimate for melamine in the products tested were, 6.0 μg/g for the 138 supplements tested, 8.9 μg/g for South African produced products, and 6.9 μg/g for products imported into South Africa. Conclusion The melamine (undeclared on product label) levels detected in the nutritional supplements products investigated were within the Tolerable Daily intake (TDI) limit guidelines of 200 μg/g as set by WHO and others. Melamine over exposure within the context of the nutritional supplements consumption in the products investigated should not be of concern to the consumer provided the recommended guidelines of daily product use are adhered to. Further investigation is warranted to determine, (i) the link of melamine as (part) substitute for the perceived total declared protein content on the product label, (ii) cyanuric and uric acid presence in the supplement products that could form chemical-complex formation with melamine and/or analogues that could cause adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Gabriels
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.
| | - Mike Lambert
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Pete Smith
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.
| | - Donavon Hiss
- Department of Medical BioSciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Mineralization of melamine and cyanuric acid as sole nitrogen source by newly isolated Arthrobacter spp. using a soil-charcoal perfusion method. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:785-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1832-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Development and validation of a micellar liquid chromatography-based method to quantify melamine in swine kidney. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sarafraz Yazdi A, Raouf Yazdinezhad S, Heidari T. Determination of melamine in soil samples using surfactant-enhanced hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction followed by HPLC-UV using experimental design. J Adv Res 2014; 6:957-66. [PMID: 26644934 PMCID: PMC4642151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant-enhanced hollow fiber liquid phase (SE-HF-LPME) microextraction was applied for the extraction of melamine in conjunction with high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC–UV). Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was added firstly to the sample solution at pH 1.9 to form hydrophobic ion-pair with protonated melamine. Then the protonated melamine–dodecyl sulfate ion-pair (Mel–DS) was extracted from aqueous phase into organic phase immobilized in the pores and lumen of the hollow fiber. After extraction, the analyte-enriched 1-octanol was withdrawn into the syringe and injected into the HPLC. Preliminary, one variable at a time method was applied to select the type of extraction solvent. Then, in screening step, the other variables that may affect the extraction efficiency of the analyte were studied using a fractional factorial design. In the next step, a central composite design was applied for optimization of the significant factors having positive effects on extraction efficiency. The optimum operational conditions included: sample volume, 5 mL; surfactant concentration, 1.5 mM; pH 1.9; stirring rate, 1500 rpm and extraction time, 60 min. Using the optimum conditions, the method was analytically evaluated. The detection limit, relative standard deviation and linear range were 0.005 μg mL−1, 4.0% (3 μg mL−1, n = 5) and 0.01–8 μg mL−1, respectively. The performance of the procedure in extraction of melamine from the soil samples was good according to its relative recoveries in different spiking levels (95–109%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sarafraz Yazdi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Tahereh Heidari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
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Liu H, Xue M, Wang J, Qiu J, Wu X, Zheng Y, Li J, Qin Y. Tissue deposition and residue depletion in rainbow trout following continuous voluntary feeding with various levels of melamine or a blend of melamine and cyanuric acid. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 166:51-8. [PMID: 25038476 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the deposition and depletion in rainbow trout after continuous administration of melamine (MEL) alone or a blend of MEL and cyanuric acid (CYA). The plasma, muscles, kidneys, liver and gills were sampled at 0, 3, 7, 13, 21, 28 and 42d. After the final sampling at 42d, fish from the MEL0.05, MEL20 and MCA groups were fed the control diet (MEL0) for the depletion test. Co-administration with cyanuric acid accelerated the deposition time to the Css for melamine; during the withdrawal phrase, the melamine and CYA concentrations in the tissues decreased exponentially. Compared to the t(½) for single oral administration, the t(½) for melamine and cyanuric acid after 42d continuous feeding was prolonged. The presence of trace CYA in the plasma and kidneys of trout was detected in the MEL20 group, indicating that MEL can convert into CYA in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liu
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Station, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Min Xue
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Station, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jia Wang
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Station, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiufeng Wu
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Station, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinhua Zheng
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Station, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junguo Li
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Station, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchang Qin
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Station, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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Suchý P, Novák P, Zapletal D, Straková E. Effect of melamine-contaminated diet on tissue distribution of melamine and cyanuric acid, blood variables, and egg quality in laying hens. Br Poult Sci 2014; 55:375-9. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.911815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Characterization of a novel melamine-degrading bacterium isolated from a melamine-manufacturing factory in China. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:3287-93. [PMID: 24297478 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Melamine (2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine, C3H6N6), belonging to the s-triazine family, is an anthropogenic and versatile raw material for a large number of consumer products and its extensive use has resulted in the contamination of melamine in the environment. A novel melamine-degrading bacterium strain CY1 was isolated from a melamine-manufacturing factory in China. The strain is phylogenetically different from the known melamine-degrading bacteria. Approximately, 94 % melamine (initial melamine concentration 4.0 mM, initial cell OD 0.05) was degraded in 10 days without the addition of additional carbon source. High-performance liquid chromatography showed the production of degradation intermediates including ammeline, ammelide, cyanuric acid, biuret, and urea. Kinetic simulation analysis indicated that transformation of urea into ammonia was the rate-limiting step for the degradation process. The melamine-cyanurate complex was formed due to self-assembly of melamine and cyanuric acid during the degradation. The tracking experiment using CY1 cells and (13)C3-melamine showed that the CY1 could mineralize s-triazine ring carbon to CO2. The strain CY1 could also catalyze partial transformation of cyromazine, a cyclopropyl derivative of melamine, to 6-(cyclopropylamino)-[1,3,5]triazine-2,4-diol.
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Stine CB, Nochetto C, Gieseker CM, Evans ER, Hasbrouck NR, Mayer TD, Girard L, Reimschuessel R. Depletion of melamine and cyanuric acid in kidney of catfish Ictalurus punctatus and trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2013; 36:617-20. [PMID: 23682764 PMCID: PMC11421676 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
A risk assessment conducted in 2007 identified significant knowledge gaps about tissue residues of melamine and related triazine analogs such as cyanuric acid in animals that had eaten contaminated food. The USFDA subsequently designed studies to determine residue levels in muscle, serum, and kidneys of catfish and trout given a single gavage dose of 20 mg/kg body weight (BW) of melamine, cyanuric acid, or 20 mg/kg BW of both compounds simultaneously. Renal triazines were determined by LC-MS/MS at postdose days 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 (and day 42 for trout). When dosed individually, melamine and cyanuric acid kidney residues depleted much faster than those in fish given both compounds together. Combined dose residue depletion was punctuated by extreme outliers due to the formation of persistent renal melamine cyanurate crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Stine
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
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Phromkunthong W, Nuntapong N, Boonyaratpalin M, Kiron V. Toxicity of melamine, an adulterant in fish feeds: experimental assessment of its effects on tilapia. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2013; 36:555-568. [PMID: 23163521 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Unscrupulous inclusion of melamine in fish feeds can be harmful to fish and may be hazardous to human health. An eight-week feeding trial examined the effects of melamine (inclusion levels; 5-30 g kg⁻¹ feed) on the growth performance, feed efficiency, histopathological changes and melamine residues in sex-reversed red tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) × O.mossambicus (Peters). Fish which received melamine-containing feeds grew less, utilized feeds less efficiently and performed poorly, besides exhibiting defects such as fin erosion, anorexia, sluggish swimming behaviour, paling/darkening of skin and low survival. Melamine concentration in the fish reflected its inclusion level in the feeds, and the content was higher in the viscera than in the fish fillet or whole fish. Histopathological alterations were evident in the kidney, liver and gills of fish subjected to melamine treatment - the severity of lesions corresponded to its dosage. Enlargement of renal tubules was observed in the kidney of fish fed with ≥10 g melamine kg⁻¹ feed, although, crystals were not deposited. Fish subjected to melamine insult had more prominent lesions in liver than in kidney. Toxic effects on the gills manifested as epithelial hyperplasia of the primary and secondary lamellae. The anomalies were severe at higher intake levels of melamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Phromkunthong
- Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.
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Effect on morphology, oxidative stress and energy metabolism enzymes in the testes of mice after a 13-week oral administration of melamine and cyanuric acid combination. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 65:183-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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