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Gomes J, Begum M, Kumarathasan P. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposure and adverse maternal and infant health outcomes: Systematic review. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 347:140367. [PMID: 37890790 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants found in ambient environment and are measured in humans. There are reports on general PBDE toxicity, including endocrine disrupting properties. Studies on adverse maternal and infant outcomes and underlying toxicity mechanisms needs to be understood. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review to examine the state of science on the relationship between PBDE and adverse maternal/infant health outcomes and related maternal biomarker changes. This literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science for published articles from January 2005-February 2022. Article quality was assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Of the 1518 articles, only 54 human observational studies were screened in for this review. A second reviewer examined the validity of these articles. Reports on associations between PBDE and maternal health outcomes included gestational hypertension/preeclampsia (N = 2) and gestational diabetes mellitus/glycemic index (N = 6). Meanwhile, reports on PBDE and infant outcomes (N=32) included effects on infant birth weight, birth length and cephalic perimeter, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction and APGAR scores. Although findings on PBDE exposure and adverse infant outcomes showed inconsistencies across studies, in general, negative correlations between maternal PBDEs and infant birth weight, birth length and cephalic perimeter were seen, in few cases, after stratification by sex. Association between maternal PBDE and maternal biomarkers (N=18) suggested negative impact of PBDE exposure on markers relevant to neuro-endocrine system and inflammatory processes. The review findings identified potential associations between maternal PBDE and adverse maternal/infant health outcomes. Furthermore, PBDE-related biomarker changes suggest disturbances in maternal mechanisms relevant to endocrine disrupting properties of PBDEs. The observed study heterogeneity can be attributed to factors namely, sample size, study design and statistical analysis. Overall review findings imply the necessity for further research to validate PBDE exposure-related adverse maternal/infant health effects and to validate underlying toxicity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gomes
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - M Begum
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - P Kumarathasan
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, HECS, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Chbihi K, Menouni A, Hardy E, Creta M, Grova N, Van Nieuwenhuyse A, Godderis L, El Jaafari S, Duca RC. Exposure of children to brominated flame retardants and heavy metals in Morocco: Urine and blood levels in association with global cytosine and adenine methylation. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 183:108409. [PMID: 38185044 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Persistent pollutants, namely brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and heavy metals, are compounds that are added to a wide range of products and materials for preventing ignition, increasing the functionality of materials or improving their performance, e.g. electric conductivity. The exposure of children might consequently be inferred, through indoor dust and hand-to-mouth or toy-chewing behaviors. The current study is aimed at assessing the exposure of Moroccan children to BFRs and heavy metal elements, and evaluating their associations with global DNA methylation. First, parents responded to a questionnaire pertaining to children's lifestyle, then blood and urine samples were collected from (n = 93) children aged between 5 and 11 years for biomonitoring and DNA methylation analysis. BFRs were detected in 54.84% of samples with a median concentration of 0.01 nmol/mL (range: 0.004-0.051 nmol/mL) while metal elements were detected in more than 90% of samples. BFRs showed no variations with global DNA methylation, unlike metal elements, which revealed significant associations with global DNA methylation markers, namely 5-mC, 5-hmC and N⁶-mA levels. Moroccan children may be exposed to flame retardants and heavy metals through several routes. Further research is required to assess the exposure and the health impacts of environmental pollutants and ultimately protect the Moroccan population by the prevention of adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoutar Chbihi
- Cluster of Competences on Health & Environment, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco; Center for Environment & Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Unit of Environmental Hygiene and Human Biological Monitoring, Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), Dudelange L-3555, Luxembourg.
| | - Aziza Menouni
- Cluster of Competences on Health & Environment, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco; Center for Environment & Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Emilie Hardy
- Unit of Environmental Hygiene and Human Biological Monitoring, Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), Dudelange L-3555, Luxembourg
| | - Matteo Creta
- Center for Environment & Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Unit of Environmental Hygiene and Human Biological Monitoring, Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), Dudelange L-3555, Luxembourg
| | - Nathalie Grova
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity-Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-Sur-Alzette L-4354, Luxembourg; UMR Inserm 1256 nGERE, Nutrition-Génétique et exposition aux risques environnementaux, Institute of Medical Research (Pôle BMS) - University of Lorraine, B.P. 184, Nancy 54511, France
| | - An Van Nieuwenhuyse
- Center for Environment & Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), Dudelange L-3555, Luxembourg
| | - Lode Godderis
- Center for Environment & Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, Heverlee 3001, Belgium
| | - Samir El Jaafari
- Cluster of Competences on Health & Environment, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco
| | - Radu-Corneliu Duca
- Center for Environment & Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Unit of Environmental Hygiene and Human Biological Monitoring, Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), Dudelange L-3555, Luxembourg.
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Sussman TJ, Baker BH, Wakhloo AJ, Gillet V, Abdelouahab N, Whittingstall K, Lepage JF, St-Cyr L, Boivin A, Gagnon A, Baccarelli AA, Takser L, Posner J. The relationship between persistent organic pollutants and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder phenotypes: Evidence from task-based neural activity in an observational study of a community sample of Canadian mother-child dyads. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112593. [PMID: 34951987 PMCID: PMC9004716 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), widespread in North America, is associated with increased Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms and may be a modifiable risk for ADHD phenotypes. However, the effects of moderate exposure to POPs on task-based inhibitory control performance, related brain function, and ADHD-related symptoms remain unknown, limiting our ability to develop interventions targeting the neural impact of common levels of exposure. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to examine the association between prenatal POP exposure and inhibitory control performance, neural correlates of inhibitory control and ADHD-related symptoms. METHODS Prospective data was gathered in an observational study of Canadian mother-child dyads, with moderate exposure to POPs, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), as part of the GESTation and the Environment (GESTE) cohort in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada. The sample included 87 eligible children, 46 with maternal plasma samples, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data of Simon task performance at 9-11 years, and parental report of clinical symptoms via the Behavioral Assessment System for Children 3 (BASC-3). Simon task performance was probed via drift diffusion modeling, and parameter estimates were related to POP exposure. Simon task-based fMRI data was modeled to examine the difference in incongruent vs congruent trials in regions of interest (ROIs) identified by meta analysis. RESULTS Of the 46 participants with complete data, 29 were male, and mean age was 10.42 ± 0.55 years. Increased POP exposure was associated with reduced accuracy (e.g. PCB molar sum rate ratio = 0.95; 95% CI [0.90, 0.99]), drift rate (e.g. for PCB molar sum β = -0.42; 95% CI [-0.77, -0.07]), and task-related brain activity (e.g. in inferior frontal cortex for PCB molar sum β = -0.35; 95% CI [-0.69, -0.02]), and increased ADHD symptoms (e.g. hyperactivity PCB molar sum β = 2.35; 95%CI [0.17, 4.53]), supporting the possibility that prenatal exposure to POPs is a modifiable risk for ADHD phenotypes. DISCUSSION We showed that exposure to POPs is related to task-based changes in neural activity in brain regions important for inhibitory control, suggesting a biological mechanism underlying previously documented associations between POPs and neurobehavioral deficits found in ADHD phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara J Sussman
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brennan H Baker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Virginie Gillet
- Departement de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de La Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Nadia Abdelouahab
- Departement de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de La Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Kevin Whittingstall
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-François Lepage
- Departement de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de La Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Lindsay St-Cyr
- Departement de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de La Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Amélie Boivin
- Departement de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de La Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Anthony Gagnon
- Departement de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de La Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Larissa Takser
- Departement de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de La Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Departement de Psychiatrie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de La Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
| | - Jonathan Posner
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Wallace H, Benford D, Fürst P, Rose M, Ioannidou S, Nikolič M, Bordajandi LR, Vleminckx C. Update of the risk assessment of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in food. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06421. [PMID: 33732387 PMCID: PMC7938899 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to update its 2011 risk assessment on hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in food. HBCDDs, predominantly mixtures of the stereoisomers α-, β- and γ-HBCDD, were widely used additive flame retardants. Concern has been raised because of the occurrence of HBCDDs in the environment, food and in humans. Main targets for toxicity are neurodevelopment, the liver, thyroid hormone homeostasis and the reproductive and immune systems. The CONTAM Panel concluded that the neurodevelopmental effects on behaviour in mice can be considered the critical effects. Based on effects on spontaneous behaviour in mice, the Panel identified a lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) of 0.9 mg/kg body weight (bw) as the Reference Point, corresponding to a body burden of 0.75 mg/kg bw. The chronic intake that would lead to the same body burden in humans was calculated to be 2.35 μg/kg bw per day. The derivation of a health-based guidance value (HBGV) was not considered appropriate. Instead, the margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied to assess possible health concerns. Over 6,000 analytical results for HBCDDs in food were used to estimate the exposure across dietary surveys and age groups of the European population. The most important contributors to the chronic dietary LB exposure to HBCDDs were fish meat, eggs, livestock meat and poultry. The CONTAM Panel concluded that the resulting MOE values support the conclusion that current dietary exposure to HBCDDs across European countries does not raise a health concern. An exception is breastfed infants with high milk consumption, for which the lowest MOE values may raise a health concern.
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Zhao X, Yang X, Du Y, Li R, Zhou T, Wang Y, Chen T, Wang D, Shi Z. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in serum from residents living in a brominated flame retardant production area: Occurrence, influencing factors, and relationships with thyroid and liver function. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116046. [PMID: 33333402 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used as flame retardants (FRs) in China for decades, even after they were identified as persistent organic pollutants. In this study, serum samples were collected from 172 adults without occupational exposure who were residents of a well-known FR production region (Laizhou Bay, north China), and PBDE congeners were measured to assess their occurrence, congener profile and influencing factors in serum. Moreover, the relationships between serum concentrations of PBDEs and thyroid/liver function indicators were analyzed to evaluate whether human exposure to PBDEs would lead to thyroid/liver injury. All 8 PBDE congeners were detected at higher frequencies and serum concentrations than those found in general populations. The median levels of ∑PBDEs, BDE-209 and ∑3-7PBDEs (sum of tri-to hepta-BDEs) were 64.5, 56.9 and 7.2 ng/g lw (lipid weight), respectively, which indicated that deca-BDE was the primarily produced PBDE in Laizhou Bay and that the lower brominated BDEs were still ubiquitous in the environment. Gender was a primary influencing factor for some BDE congeners in serum; their levels in female serum samples were significantly lower than those in male serum samples. Serum PBDE levels showed a downward trend with increased body mass index (BMI), which might reflect the increasing serum lipid contents. Serum levels of some BDE congeners were significantly positively correlated with certain thyroid hormones and antibodies, including free triiodothyronine (fT3), total triiodothyronine (tT3), total thyroxine (tT4) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab). Levels of some congeners were significantly negatively correlated with some types of serum lipid, including cholesterol (CHOL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and total triglyceride (TG). Other than serum lipids, only two liver function indicators, total protein (TP) and direct bilirubin (DBIL), were significantly correlated with certain BDE congeners (BDE-100 and BDE-154). Our results provide new evidence on the thyroid-disrupting and hepatotoxic effects of PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhen Zhao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yinglin Du
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Renbo Li
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Tian Chen
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Dejun Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Fillol C, Oleko A, Saoudi A, Zeghnoun A, Balicco A, Gane J, Rambaud L, Leblanc A, Gaudreau É, Marchand P, Le Bizec B, Bouchart V, Le Gléau F, Durand G, Denys S. Exposure of the French population to bisphenols, phthalates, parabens, glycol ethers, brominated flame retardants, and perfluorinated compounds in 2014-2016: Results from the Esteban study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 147:106340. [PMID: 33422968 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As part of the French Human Biomonitoring (HBM) programme, the Esteban study described, among other things, biomarkers levels of various chemicals in adults (18-74 years old) and children (6-17 years old). This paper describes the design of the study and provides, for the first time, data on the biological exposure of the general French population to a wide range of contaminants posing a threat to human health which are currently found in domestic environments. METHODS Esteban is a cross-sectional study conducted on a nationwide sample of the French general population. Exposure biomarkers of six families of contaminants deemed detrimental to adults' and children's health were measured in biological samples collected either at participants' homes by a nurse, or brought to a National Health Insurance examination centre. All participants were randomly selected (2503 adults and 1104 children). The geometric mean and percentiles of the distribution of levels were estimated for each biomarker. Most of the descriptive statistical analyses were performed taking into account the sampling design. RESULTS Results provided a nationwide description of biomarker levels. Bisphenols (A, S and F), and some metabolites of phthalates and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) (specifically, PFOS and PFOA) were quantified in almost all the biological samples analysed. Higher levels were observed in children (except for PFCs). Levels were coherent with international studies, except for bisphenols S and F, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and parabens (with higher levels reported in the USA than in France). CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES This study is the first to provide a representative assessment of biological exposure to domestic contaminants at the French population level. Our results show that the French general population was exposed to a wide variety of pollutants in 2014-2016, and identify the determinants of exposure. These findings will be useful to stakeholders who wish to advocate an overall reduction in the French population's exposure to harmful substances. Similar future studies in France will help to measure temporal trends, and enable public policies focused on the reduction of those chemicals in the environment to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Fillol
- Santé publique France, 12 rue du Val d'Osne, 94415 Saint Maurice Cedex, France.
| | - Amivi Oleko
- Santé publique France, 12 rue du Val d'Osne, 94415 Saint Maurice Cedex, France
| | - Abdesattar Saoudi
- Santé publique France, 12 rue du Val d'Osne, 94415 Saint Maurice Cedex, France
| | - Abdelkrim Zeghnoun
- Santé publique France, 12 rue du Val d'Osne, 94415 Saint Maurice Cedex, France
| | - Alexis Balicco
- Santé publique France, 12 rue du Val d'Osne, 94415 Saint Maurice Cedex, France
| | - Jessica Gane
- Santé publique France, 12 rue du Val d'Osne, 94415 Saint Maurice Cedex, France
| | - Loïc Rambaud
- Santé publique France, 12 rue du Val d'Osne, 94415 Saint Maurice Cedex, France
| | - Alain Leblanc
- Centre de Toxicologie du Québec (CTQ), Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (INSPQ), Canada
| | - Éric Gaudreau
- Centre de Toxicologie du Québec (CTQ), Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (INSPQ), Canada
| | - Philippe Marchand
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA Route de Gachet, Site de la Chantrerie, CS 50707, 44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA Route de Gachet, Site de la Chantrerie, CS 50707, 44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Valérie Bouchart
- LABEO, 1 Route de Rosel, Saint Contest, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France
| | | | - Gaël Durand
- LABOCEA, 120 avenue de Rochon, CS10052, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Sébastien Denys
- Santé publique France, 12 rue du Val d'Osne, 94415 Saint Maurice Cedex, France
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Tang B, Xiong SM, Zheng J, Wang MH, Cai FS, Luo WK, Xu RF, Yu YJ. Analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hexabromocyclododecanes, and legacy and emerging phosphorus flame retardants in human hair. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127807. [PMID: 32763577 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human hair has been identified as a non-invasive alternative matrix for assessing the human exposure to specific organic contaminants. In the present study, a solvent-saving analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 8 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 3 hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs), 12 phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs), and 4 emerging PFRs (ePFRs) has been developed and validated for the first time. Hair sample preparation protocols include precleaning with Milli-Q water, digestion with HNO3/H2O2 (1:1, v/v), liquid-liquid extraction with hexane:dichloromethane (4:1, v/v), and fractionation and cleanup on a Florisil cartridge. The method was validated by using two levels of spiked hair samples of 3 replicates for each spiking group. Limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.12-22.4 ng/g for all analytes, average values of accuracies were ranging between 88 and 115%, 82-117%, 81-128%, and 81-95% for PBDEs, HBCDDs, PFRs, and ePFRs, respectively; and precision was also acceptable (RSD < 20%) for all analytes. Eventually, this method was applied to measure the levels of the targeted analytes in hair samples of e-waste dismantling workers (n = 14) from Qingyuan, South China. Median values ranged between 3.00 and 18.1 ng/g for PBDEs, 0.84-4.04 ng/g for HBCDDs, 2.13-131 ng/g PFRs, and 1.49-29.4 ng/g for ePFRs, respectively. PFRs/ePFRs constitute the major compounds in human hair samples, implying the wide use of PFRs/ePFRs as replacements of PBDEs and HBCDDs, as well the potential high human exposure risks of PFRs/ePFRs. Overall, this work will allow to a comprehensive assessment of human exposure to multiple groups of FRs using hair as a non-invasive bioindicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China
| | - Shi-Mao Xiong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China; School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Disease Monitoring of Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, PR China
| | - Jing Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China; School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Disease Monitoring of Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, PR China.
| | - Mei-Huan Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China
| | - Feng-Shan Cai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China
| | - Wei-Keng Luo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China
| | - Rong-Fa Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China
| | - Yun-Jiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China.
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Arvaniti OS, Kalantzi OI. Determinants of flame retardants in non-occupationally exposed individuals - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127923. [PMID: 32835974 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs) constitute a large group of different substances, some of which have been phased out of the market due to health concerns, while others are still used in many common consumer products to prevent fire hazards. This review addressed the determinants of FRs in non-occupationally exposed individuals based on surveys and questionnaire data. For this literature review, three databases (Scopus, Pubmed and Web of Knowledge) were searched by applying suitable terms, inclusion and exclusion criteria, producing a final selection of 78 articles for review. Based on these surveys there is epidemiological evidence for a significant association (p < 0.05) among human exposure and demographic factors, as well as a significant correlation between exposure to FRs and behavioural and environmental factors. Age, gender, housing characteristics, electrical and electronic equipment and mouthing behaviour (in children) play a leading role in human exposure to FRs as published studies demonstrated. However, the methodological differences among studies such as population size, questionnaire design and statistical analysis did not reveal a complete pattern of human exposure routes. Risk perception and communication are also discussed based on limited available data. Knowledge gaps and future perspectives relating to standardized protocols, elucidation of contamination sources, and risk response of health information from different target groups were also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S Arvaniti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR-26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Olga-Ioanna Kalantzi
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, Mytilene, 81100, Greece.
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Gravel S, Lavoué J, Bakhiyi B, Lavoie J, Roberge B, Patry L, Bouchard MF, Verner MA, Zayed J, Labrèche F. Multi-exposures to suspected endocrine disruptors in electronic waste recycling workers: Associations with thyroid and reproductive hormones. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 225:113445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Li L, Hoang C, Arnot JA, Wania F. Clarifying Temporal Trend Variability in Human Biomonitoring of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers through Mechanistic Modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:166-175. [PMID: 31779308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring data collected from individuals of the same age sampled in different years provide within-age temporal trends, which are often employed to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical regulatory policies. For polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), this within-age temporal trend has been observed to vary between congeners and age groups. We systematically explore the mechanisms responsible for such variability through simulating human exposure via multiple exposure pathways to PBDEs released from multiple lifecycle stages. Our simulation indicates that, after new use of PBDEs is banned, emissions to the outdoor environment from use and waste disposal outlast those to the indoor environment from the indoor use phase, leading to slower decline rates in the contamination of food items sourced from the outdoor environment than that from indoors. Compared with indoor exposure pathways, the consumption of contaminated food contributes more to the exposure (i) to more hydrophobic, recalcitrant congeners, and (ii) of adults than children, which results in slower rates of decline in the within-age temporal trend of those congeners and in adults. The within-age temporal trend is influenced to a lesser extent by the elimination of PBDEs from the human body, e.g., differences in biotransformation potential of congeners, growth dilution, and pre- and postnatal exposures by children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Christopher Hoang
- Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jon A Arnot
- Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
- ARC Arnot Research & Consulting, Toronto, Ontario M4M 1W4, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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11
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Li B, Lan Z, Wang L, Sun H, Yao Y, Zhang K, Zhu L. The release and earthworm bioaccumulation of endogenous hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) from expanded polystyrene foam microparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113163. [PMID: 31542672 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) are common chemical additives in expanded polystyrene foam (EPS). To evaluate the bioaccumulation potential of endogenous HBCDDs in EPS microparticles by earthworms, two ecologically different species of earthworms (Eisenia fetida and Metaphire guillelmi) were exposed to soil added with EPS microparticles of different particle sizes (EPS2000, 830-2000 μm and EPS830, <830 μm). To clarify the accumulation mechanisms, leaching experiments using EPS microparticles in different solutions were conducted. After exposure to EPS microparticles-amended soils (S-EPS) for 28 d, the total concentrations of HBCDDs reached 307-371 ng g-1 dw in E. fetida and 90-133 ng g-1 dw in M. guillelmi, which were higher than those in earthworms exposed to the soil that was artificially contaminated with a similar level of HBCDDs directly (ACS). The accumulation of HBCDDs in earthworms was significantly influenced by EPS microparticles' size and earthworms' species. The total concentrations of HBCDDs in earthworms' cast were significantly higher than the theoretical concentration of HBCDDs in S-EPS, which suggested that EPS microparticles can be ingested by earthworms. The release rate of HBCDDs from EPS5000 (2000-5000 μm) into water-based solutions (<1%) after a 3.5-h incubation was far lower than that into earthworm digestive fluid (7%). These results illustrated that the ingestion of EPS microparticles and consequent solubilization of HBCDDs by digestive fluid play an important role in the accumulation of HBCDDs contained in EPS microparticles in earthworms. After a 28-d incubation with the soil solution, 4.9% of the HBCDDs was accumulatively leached from the EPS5000, which indicated that HBCDDs can be released from EPS microparticles to soil environment, and then accumulated by earthworms. Moreover, similar to those exposed to ACS, the diastereoisomer- and enantiomer-specific accumulation of HBCDDs in earthworms occurred when exposed to S-EPS. This study provides more evidence for the risk of microplastics to the soil ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Zhonghui Lan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
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12
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Turgeon O'Brien H, Gagné D, Lauzière J, Blanchet R, Vézina C, Ayotte P. Temporal trends of legacy and emerging persistent organic pollutants in inuit preschoolers from Northern Quebec (Canada). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2019; 29:643-656. [PMID: 30636437 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2018.1560396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the temporal trends of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in 181 preschool Inuit children from Nunavik and the influence of confounding factors on blood contaminant levels. From 2006 to 2010, no significant trends were detected in Σpolychlorinated biphenyls (ΣPCBs), Σorganochlorine pesticides (ΣOPs), Σtoxaphene, and Σper- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (ΣPFASs). On the contrary, significant downward trends ranging from 9.3% to 14.3% per year were found for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Breastfeeding was significantly associated with increased levels of POPs. Age was positively and significantly related to ΣPCBs, ΣOPs and Σtoxaphene. Compared with girls, boys had significantly higher concentrations of ΣPBDEs, but lower concentrations of ΣPFASs. Weight-for-height or body mass index z-scores were negatively and significantly related to ΣPCBs and ΣOPs. Passive smoking was positively and significantly associated with ΣOPs and Σtoxaphene. In conclusion, continued efforts to reduce contaminant exposure are needed to protect children's health and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huguette Turgeon O'Brien
- School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Laval University , Québec City , QC , Canada
| | | | - Julie Lauzière
- Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, University of Sherbrooke , Longueuil , QC , Canada
| | - Rosanne Blanchet
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada
| | - Carole Vézina
- Inuulitsivik Health and Social Services Centre , Puvirnituq , QC , Canada
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Department of social and preventive medicine, Laval University and INSPQ , Québec City , QC , Canada
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13
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Blum A, Behl M, Birnbaum L, Diamond ML, Phillips A, Singla V, Sipes NS, Stapleton HM, Venier M. Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardants: Are They a Regrettable Substitution for Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2019; 6:638-649. [PMID: 32494578 PMCID: PMC7269169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
As the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and the entire class of organohalogen flame retardants, is declining, the use of organophosphate esters flame retardants (OPFRs) is increasing. In this paper, we ask whether OPFRs are a better choice than PBDEs. To address this question, we compared OPFRs with PBDEs for a wide range of properties. OPFRs exposure is ubiquitous in people and in outdoor and indoor environments, and are now often found at higher levels compared to PBDE peak exposure levels. Furthermore, data from toxicity testing, epidemiological studies, and risk assessments all suggest that there are health concerns at current exposure levels for both halogenated and non-halogenated OPFRs. Obtaining the scientific evidence needed for regulation of OPFRs can take many years. Given the large number of OPFRs in use, manufacturers can move towards healthier and safer products by developing innovative ways to reduce fire hazard for electronics enclosures, upholstered furniture, building materials and other consumer products without adding flame retardant chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene Blum
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94709, and Department of Chemistry, UC Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94705
| | - Mamta Behl
- National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Linda Birnbaum
- National Cancer Institute at NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Miriam L. Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Toronto, Canada M5S 3B1
| | - Allison Phillips
- Risk Assessment and Natural Resource Sciences Inc., Arcadis, Raleigh, NC 27607
| | - Veena Singla
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Nisha S Sipes
- National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | | | - Marta Venier
- O’ Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47401
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14
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Moreau M, Nong A. Evaluating hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) toxicokinetics in humans and rodents by physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 133:110785. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Drage DS, Heffernan AL, Cunningham TK, Aylward LL, Mueller JF, Sathyapalan T, Atkin SL. Serum measures of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in reproductive-aged women in the United Kingdom. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 177:108631. [PMID: 31404810 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the serum concentrations of two brominated flame retardants (BFRs) - polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) -in 59 women aged between 23 and 42 from the United Kingdom. We also collected demographic data, including age, bodyweight and height in order to test for associations with BFR levels. Temporal and global differences were also assessed using previously published data. HBCDD was detected in 68% of samples with a mean concentration of 2.2 ng/g lipid (range = <0.3-13 ng/g lipid). The dominant stereoisomer was α-HBCDD with an average contribution of 82% (0-100%) towards ΣHBCDD, was followed by γ-HBCDD (average contribution = 17%). PBDEs were detected in 95% of samples with a mean ∑PBDE (sum of BDEs -28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154 and -183) concentration of 2.4 ng/g lipid (range = <0.4-15 ng/g lipid). BDEs -153 and -47 were the dominant congeners, contributing an average of 40% and 37% respectively, to the average ΣPBDE congener profile. Data from this study suggests that HBCDD levels decrease with age, it also suggests a positive association between bodyweight and HBCDD levels, which likewise requires a large-scale study to confirm this. The data also show that 10 years after their European ban, PBDE body burden has begun to decrease in the UK. Whilst it is too early to draw any firm conclusions for HBCDDs, they appear to be following a similar pattern to PBDEs, with levels decreasing by a factor of >2.5 since 2010. Whilst the human body burden appear to be decreasing, both PBDEs and HBCDD are still consistently detected in human serum, despite legislative action limiting their production and use. This highlights the need to continuously assess human exposure and the effectiveness of policy aimed at reducing exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Drage
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Qld, 4108, Australia.
| | - Amy L Heffernan
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Qld, 4108, Australia
| | - Thomas K Cunningham
- Academic Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Hull/Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull IVF Unit. The Women and Children's Hospital, Hull Royal Infirmary, Anlaby Road, Hull, HU3 2JZ, UK
| | - Lesa L Aylward
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Qld, 4108, Australia; Summit Toxicology, LLP, Falls Church, VA 22044, USA
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Qld, 4108, Australia
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Academic Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Hull/Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull IVF Unit. The Women and Children's Hospital, Hull Royal Infirmary, Anlaby Road, Hull, HU3 2JZ, UK
| | - Stephen L Atkin
- Academic Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Hull/Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull IVF Unit. The Women and Children's Hospital, Hull Royal Infirmary, Anlaby Road, Hull, HU3 2JZ, UK; Royal College of Surgeons Bahrain, Manama, Bahrain
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16
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Zhong X, Kang J, Qiu J, Yang W, Wu J, Ji D, Yu Y, Ke W, Shi X, Wei Y. Developmental exposure to BDE-99 hinders cerebrovascular growth and disturbs vascular barrier formation in zebrafish larvae. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 214:105224. [PMID: 31255847 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are distributed throughout the environment. Despite a moratorium on their use, concentrations of PBDEs in the atmosphere and in residential environments remain high due to their persistence. The environmental health risks remain concerning and one of the major adverse effects is neurodevelopmental toxicity. However, the early response and effects of PBDEs exposure on the developing brain remain unknown. In the present study, we investigated the impacts of 2,2',4,4',5-pentabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-99) on vascular growth and vascular barrier function with an emphasis on cerebral blood vessels, in the early life stages, using a zebrafish model. No general toxicity was observed in exposing zebrafish larvae to 0-0.5 μM BDE-99 at 72 hpf. BDE-99 exposure resulted in neither general toxicity nor pronounced developmental impairment in somatic blood vessels, including intersegmental vessels (ISV) and common cardinal veins (CCV). Meanwhile, both 0.05 μM and 0.5 μM of BDE-99 reduced cerebrovascular density as well as down-regulation of VEGFA and VEGFR2 in the head. In addition, BDE-99 exposure increased vascular leakage, both in cerebral and truncal vasculature at 72 hpf. The accentuated vascular permeability was observed in the head. The mRNA levels of genes encoding tight junction molecules decreased in the BDE-99-exposed larvae, and more robust reductions in Cldn5, Zo1 and Jam were detected in the head than in the trunk. Moreover, proinflammatory factors including TNF-α, IL-1β and ICAM-1 were induced, and the expression of neurodevelopment-related genes was suppressed in the head following BDE-99 exposure. Taken together, these results reveal that developmental exposure to BDE-99 impedes cerebrovascular growth and disturbs vascular barrier formation. The cerebral vasculature in developing zebrafish, a more sensitive target for BDE-99, may be a promising tool for the assessment of the early neurodevelopmental effects due to PBDEs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiali Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jianmeng Kang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jiahuang Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenhan Yang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jingwei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Di Ji
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuejin Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Weijian Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiongjie Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yanhong Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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17
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Kim J, Staedelin L, Takser L, Abdelouahab N, Zhu J. Assessment of selected chlorinated and brominated flame retardants in human plasma samples among co-residing family members. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:1035-1041. [PMID: 31252100 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Three hexachloronorbornene-based flame retardants and five polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in 414 human plasma samples, (169 from children, 167 from mothers, and 78 from fathers), collected from 200 families between 2014 and 2016. The median concentration of ∑PBDEs (sum of BDE-47, -99, -100, -153 and -183) was 13.2 ng/g lipid for child, 9.03 ng/g lipid for mother and 12.7 ng/g lipid for father, respectively. Among the hexachloronorbornene-based flame retardants, Dec 602 was the most frequently detected chemical. Significant and positive correlations between the concentrations of PBDE congeners as well as between Dec 602 and Dec 603 were observed. Concentrations of PBDE congeners also showed significant and positive correlations in paired samples from family members (child-mother-father), while Dec 602 was the only hexachloronorbornene-based flame retardant whose concentrations correlated between family members, and only in mother-father paired samples. This is the largest study to date focusing on measuring and correlating HRFs in children and their parents living in the same household. The results convey important information on human exposure to measured HFRs, which can help researchers and regulators more clearly understand the influence of diet and the home environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongchul Kim
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyojadong, Namgu, Pohang, Kyungbuk, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Luc Staedelin
- Department de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Larissa Takser
- Department de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Nadia Abdelouahab
- Research Center of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jiping Zhu
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD): A case study applying tiered testing for human health risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Rat strain response differences upon exposure to technical or alpha hexabromocyclododecane. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 130:284-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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20
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Johansson HK, Boberg J, Dybdahl M, Axelstad M, Vinggaard AM. Chemical risk assessment based on in vitro and human biomonitoring data: A case study on thyroid toxicants. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Drage DS, Harden FA, Jeffery T, Mueller JF, Hobson P, Toms LML. Human biomonitoring in Australian children: Brominated flame retardants decrease from 2006 to 2015. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 122:363-368. [PMID: 30497797 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) were used intensively as flame retardants, worldwide. They have been detected in human serum samples and PBDEs have been found to be elevated in young children. Commercial Penta- and Octa-PBDE mixtures were banned in Australia in 2005, while HBCDD was banned worldwide in 2013. We investigated PBDE and HBCDD concentrations in serum collected from young children. We also investigated temporal trends in PBDE concentration 10 years after their Australian ban. Surplus human blood serum samples were collected through a pathology clinic (n = 800), in 2014/15, stratified by age (0-6, 6-12, 12-18, 18-24, 24-30, 30-36, 36-42, 42-48, 48-54 and 54-60 months) and sex and pooled for analysis of PBDEs (BDEs -28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183) and HBCDD. In 2014/15, the geometric mean concentration of the sum of all PBDEs measured (ΣPBDEs) was 4.5 ng/g lipid (median: 4.6 ng/g lipid, range: 0.88-26 ng/g lipid). A positive association between BDE-47 concentration and age was observed (R = 0.41, p = 0.008), however there were no trends between other PBDE congeners or HBCDD and age. There were no significant differences between genders for PBDEs (t-test, p = 0.802) or HBCDD (t-test, p = 0.740).The highest concentrations observed were in pools from the females 30-36 month (26 ng/g lipid) and Males 6-12 month (21 ng/g lipid) categories. BDEs -47 and -99 were the predominant congeners with a combined average contribution of 75% of ΣPBDEs. PBDEs showed a significant reduction in children aged 0-4 years over an eight year period. In 2014/15, the mean (range) concentration of BDE-47 is 2.8 (0.23 to 11) ng/g lipid compared to pools in 2006/07 at 19 (3-55) ng/g lipid (p < 0.0001) and for BDE-153 is 0.73 (<0.1 = -2.9) ng/g lipid compared to pools in 2006/07 at 4.7 (2-10) ng/g lipid (p < 0.0001). HBCDD concentrations were lower than PBDEs with a mean concentration of 0.45 ng/g lipid. There were no temporal trends observed for HBCDD when compared to samples collected in 2012. The dominant stereoisomer was α-HBCDD (mean = 0.38 ng/g lipid) with an average contribution of 65% towards ΣHBCDD. Levels of PBDEs in young Australian children have significantly decreased since the bans of commercial Penta- and Octa-BDE in 2005. There has been no observed decrease in HBCDD levels in Australian children since its ban in 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Drage
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK; Queensland Alliance of Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Australia.
| | | | - Tomas Jeffery
- School of Public Health and Social Work and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance of Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | - Peter Hobson
- Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Australia
| | - Leisa-Maree L Toms
- School of Public Health and Social Work and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Cao H, Wu S, He M. Quantum chemical study on isomerization and transformation of hexabromocyclododecanes. Struct Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-018-1244-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Oulhote Y, Tremblay É, Arbuckle TE, Fraser WD, Lemelin JP, Séguin JR, Ouellet E, Forget-Dubois N, Ayotte P, Boivin M, Dionne G, Lanphear BP, Muckle G. Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and predisposition to frustration at 7 months: Results from the MIREC study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 119:79-88. [PMID: 29940431 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) has been associated with cognitive deficits and behavioral problems in children. To date, no study has examined this exposure in association with neurobehavioral development in infants younger than 12 months assessed with observational tasks. OBJECTIVES This study examined the relation between prenatal PBDE concentrations and predisposition to frustration, assessed by the arm restraint task (ART), in Canadian infants. METHODS In a prospective longitudinal study conducted in Canada, exposure to nine PBDE congeners was measured in maternal plasma during the first trimester of pregnancy. The ART was used to measure predisposition to frustration in infancy (N = 333; mean age = 6.9 months), as assessed by negative vocalizations (crying and screaming) and physical reactivity (discomfort movements). RESULTS Maternal plasma PBDE-47 concentrations collected during pregnancy were associated with negative vocalizations using the ART (adjusted Relative Risk [aRR] = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.09). Prenatal PBDE-99 concentrations during pregnancy were also related to a shift to the left in the tail of the distribution of onset of negative vocalizations as measured by a decrease of 38 s (95% CI: -78.1, 1.3) in the 75th quantile of the distribution for infants whose mothers had detectable levels of PBDE-99 compared to infants of mothers with undetectable levels. Similarly, infants whose mothers had detectable levels of PBDE-100 showed an increase of 24.1 s (95% CI: 4.1, 44.1) in the 75th quantile of the distribution of proportion of time in negative vocalizations compared with infants of mothers with undetectable levels. Finally, the association between PBDE-47 and PBDE-153, and physical reactivity was significantly modified by sex (p < 0.1), with opposite patterns in girls and boys. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exposure to PBDEs was associated with increased incidence of crying and screaming with delayed onset of discomfort movement, which may indicate a predisposition to frustration and lack of habituation in infants younger than 12 months from the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Oulhote
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada; École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Émilie Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada; École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
| | - Tye E Arbuckle
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - William D Fraser
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mère-Enfant, Montréal, Qc, Canada; Département d'Obstétrique et Gynécologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Qc, Canada
| | - Jean-Pascal Lemelin
- Département de psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Qc, Canada
| | - Jean R Séguin
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mère-Enfant, Montréal, Qc, Canada; Département de psychiatrie et addictologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Ouellet
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
| | - Nadine Forget-Dubois
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada; École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada; Centre de Toxicologie du Québec, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Québec, Qc, Canada
| | - Michel Boivin
- École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
| | - Ginette Dionne
- École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's and Women's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gina Muckle
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada; École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
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Barghi M, Shin ES, Choi SD, Dahmardeh Behrooz R, Chang YS. HBCD and TBBPA in human scalp hair: Evidence of internal exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 207:70-77. [PMID: 29772426 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring is a reliable method for evaluating human exposure to specific contaminants. Although blood is an ideal matrix for monitoring purposes, it is regarded as an invasive matrix. Therefore, current developments in the field of human biomonitoring are based on introducing new methods that use non-invasive matrices, such as hair. In this study, we examined the efficiencies of several extraction methods for the analysis of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) in human hair. The selected pretreatment method was validated through a general QA/QC process that included spiking experiments, and then, the method was used for the determination of HBCD and TBBPA concentrations in scalp hair samples collected from individuals in Korea (n = 24) and Iran (n = 15). The HBCD and TBBPA concentrations in the collected hair samples ranged from ND to 3.24 ng g-1 and ND to 16.04 ng g-1, respectively. Significantly higher concentrations of TBBPA were found in hair samples from Korea than those in hair samples from Iran (p < 0.05), which is expected to be the result of the large market and higher exposure of TBBPA in Korea. HBCD was not detected in hair samples from Iran. According to our knowledge this is the first study demonstrating the presence of TBBPA in human hair with nonspecific exposure. Lastly, we investigated the important factors that influence the interpretation of the contributions of endogenous and exogenous contaminations in hair. Based on the information, the HBCD and TBBPA in the collected hair samples were most likely from endogenous exposure. Therefore, our study showed that hair is potentially a suitable indicator for the monitoring of internal exposure to HBCD and TBBPA in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Barghi
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Su Shin
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Reza Dahmardeh Behrooz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Chao YS, Wu CJ, Wu HC, Chen WC. Trend analysis for national surveys: Application to all variables from the Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 1 to 4. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200127. [PMID: 30092046 PMCID: PMC6084849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trend analysis summarizes patterns over time in the data to show the direction of change and can be used to investigate uncertainties in different time points and associations with other factors. However, this approach is not widely applied to national surveys and only selected outcomes are investigated. This study demonstrates a research framework to conduct trend analysis for all variables in a national survey, the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS). DATA AND METHODS The CHMS cycle 1 to 4 was implemented between 2007 and 2015. The characteristics of all variables were screened and associated to the weight variables. Missing values were identified and cleaned according to the User Guide. The characteristics of all variables were extracted and used to guide data cleaning. Trend analysis examined the statistical significance of candidate predictors: the cycles, age, sex, education, household income and body mass index (BMI). R (v3.2) and RStudio (v0.98.113) were used to develop the framework. RESULTS There were 26557 variables in 79 data files from four cycles. There were 1055 variables significantly associated with the CHMS cycles and 2154 associated with the BMI after controlling for other predictors. The trend of blood pressure was similar to those published. CONCLUSION Trend analysis for all variables in the CHMS is feasible and is a systematic approach to understand the data. Because of trend analysis, we have detected data errors and identified several environmental biomarkers with extreme rates of change across cycles. The impact of these biomarkers has not been well studied by Statistics Canada or others. This framework can be extended to other surveys, especially the Canadian Community Health Survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sheng Chao
- Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Chao-Jung Wu
- Département d'informatique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hsing-Chien Wu
- Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei city, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chih Chen
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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26
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Gravel S, Lavoué J, Labrèche F. Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in American and Canadian workers: Biomonitoring data from two national surveys. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 631-632:1465-1471. [PMID: 29727970 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants commonly found in many household and industrial products. They can be detected in the serum of the general population, and in even higher concentrations in workers of certain industries, due to an additional occupational exposure. The purpose of this analysis is to determine background exposure levels of PBDEs in the general working population, using national surveys where working status was self-reported. Participants aged 20-65 were selected from the 2003-2004 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n=1141) and the 2007-2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey (n=1337). Only four congeners were detected in at least 25% of samples for both surveys: BDE47, 99, 100 and 153. NHANES workers had a geometric mean (GM [95% C.I.]) BDE47 concentration of 20.9ng/g lipids [19.3, 22.7], and CHMS workers, 11.4ng/g lipids [10.8, 12.1]. PBDE levels were not statistically significantly different between workers and non-workers, except for BDE153 in CHMS. Among workers, women had a significantly lower concentration of BDE153 than men in both surveys (% change [95% C.I.] with 1ng/g lipid increase: -33.4% [-49.0, -12.9] in NHANES, -18.8% [-27.5, - 8.9] in CHMS), in regressions adjusted for age, body mass index, smoking status, ethnicity and education. CHMS workers in the Information, finance, real-estate, and education industry group had significantly higher BDE47 concentrations than non-workers. These results indicate a high exposure to PBDEs in two North American countries, compared to data from other national surveys. The heterogeneity of the data did not permit a clear-cut distinction between workers and non-workers. Sex differences noted with BDE153 are consistent with those reported in other human exposure assessments and animal studies. Overall, industry-specific concentrations showed no particular pattern across both surveys. Despite some limitations, these data provide a useful estimate of the background exposure to PBDEs in American and Canadian workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Gravel
- School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Jérôme Lavoué
- School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - France Labrèche
- School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail, Montreal, QC, Canada
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27
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Guo LC, Xiao J, Zhang Y, Yu S, Lin H, Su G, Liu T, Li X, Lv S, Rutherford S, Ma W. Association between serum polybrominated diphenyl ethers, new flame retardants and thyroid hormone levels for school students near a petrochemical complex, South China. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 202:476-482. [PMID: 29579682 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As surrogates of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), new flame retardants (NFRs) include a series of chlorinated and brominated flame retardants. Though the NFRs are thought to induce similar thyroid hormone (TH) disrupting effects as PBDEs, few studies have focused on them. Given the increasing levels of NFRs in the environment, more in depth investigation of the potential TH disrupting effects of NFRs is warranted. This research involved a health survey to collect data and examine the associations between PBDEs, NFRs and TH. 174 school students lived near a petrochemical complex in South China participated in the survey, completing questionnaires and providing blood samples. Thirteen congeners of PBDEs, eight species of NFRs, TH and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured. The median levels of ΣPBDE (sum of thirteen congeners of PBDEs) and ΣNFR (sum of eight species of NFRs) for students were 140 and 240 ng g-1 lipid, respectively. Nonmonotonic relationships were observed between quartile levels of PBDEs, NFRs and corresponding TH. In contrast to ΣPBDE that was positively associated with triidothyrine (T3) level, ΣNFR was not statistically associated with TH. ΣPBDE + NFR (sum of thirteen congeners of PBDEs and eight species of NFRs) was significantly associated with T3 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Chuan Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Jianpeng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China; School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
| | - Shengbing Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Hualiang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Guangning Su
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Xing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China; School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shaomin Lv
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Shannon Rutherford
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
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28
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Steves AN, Bradner JM, Fowler KL, Clarkson-Townsend D, Gill BJ, Turry AC, Caudle WM, Miller GW, Chan AWS, Easley CA. Ubiquitous Flame-Retardant Toxicants Impair Spermatogenesis in a Human Stem Cell Model. iScience 2018; 3:161-176. [PMID: 29901031 PMCID: PMC5994764 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm counts have rapidly declined in Western males over the past four decades. This rapid decline remains largely unexplained, but exposure to environmental toxicants provides one potential explanation for this decline. Flame retardants are highly prevalent and persistent in the environment, but many have not been assessed for their effects on human spermatogenesis. Using a human stem cell-based model of spermatogenesis, we evaluated two major flame retardants, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), under acute conditions simulating occupational-level exposures. Here we show that HBCDD and TBBPA are human male reproductive toxicants in vitro. Although these toxicants do not specifically affect the survival of haploid spermatids, they affect spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes through mitochondrial membrane potential perturbation and reactive oxygen species generation, ultimately causing apoptosis. Taken together, these results show that HBCDD and TBBPA affect human spermatogenesis in vitro and potentially implicate this highly prevalent class of toxicants in the decline of Western males' sperm counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyse N Steves
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Joshua M Bradner
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kristen L Fowler
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Danielle Clarkson-Townsend
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Brittany J Gill
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Adam C Turry
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - W Michael Caudle
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anthony W S Chan
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, GA 30322, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Charles A Easley
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, GA 30322, USA.
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Parallel in vivo and in vitro transcriptomics analysis reveals calcium and zinc signalling in the brain as sensitive targets of HBCD neurotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:1189-1203. [PMID: 29177809 PMCID: PMC5866835 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2119-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a brominated flame retardant (BFR) that accumulates in humans and affects the nervous system. To elucidate the mechanisms of HBCD neurotoxicity, we used transcriptomic profiling in brains of female mice exposed through their diet to HBCD (199 mg/kg body weight per day) for 28 days and compared with those of neuronal N2A and NSC-19 cell lines exposed to 1 or 2 µM HBCD. Similar pathways and functions were affected both in vivo and in vitro, including Ca2+ and Zn2+ signalling, glutamatergic neuron activity, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Release of cytosolic free Zn2+ by HBCD was confirmed in N2A cells. This Zn2+ release was partially quenched by the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine indicating that, in accordance with transcriptomic analysis, free radical formation is involved in HBCD toxicity. To investigate the effects of HBCD in excitable cells, we isolated mouse hippocampal neurons and monitored Ca2+ signalling triggered by extracellular glutamate or zinc, which are co-released pre-synaptically to trigger postsynaptic signalling. In control cells application of zinc or glutamate triggered a rapid rise of intracellular [Ca2+]. Treatment of the cultures with 1 µM of HBCD was sufficient to reduce the glutamate-dependent Ca2+ signal by 50%. The effect of HBCD on zinc-dependent Ca2+ signalling was even more pronounced, resulting in the reduction of the Ca2+ signal with 86% inhibition at 1 µM HBCD. Our results show that low concentrations of HBCD affect neural signalling in mouse brain acting through dysregulation of Ca2+ and Zn2+ homeostasis.
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Barghi M, Shin ES, Kim JC, Choi SD, Chang YS. Human exposure to HBCD and TBBPA via indoor dust in Korea: Estimation of external exposure and body burden. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 593-594:779-786. [PMID: 28364612 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) mainly occurs through diet and dust ingestion. In this study, the BFR concentrations in 124 vacuum dust samples of six categories of indoor environments (homes, offices, kindergartens, cars, schools, and public indoor environments) and 32 surface dust samples were investigated. The median ΣHBCD concentrations ranged from 106.30ngg-1 in home dust to 496.13ngg-1 in office dust. The TBBPA concentrations in indoor dust (from 78.87 to 463.81ngg-1) were among the highest compared to other countries because of the high market demand for this flame retardant in Korea. The TBBPA concentrations in surface dust of living rooms were significantly higher (p<0.05) than sleeping rooms, due to the presence of more electrical equipment in living rooms. The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of ΣHBCD and TBBPA (dust+diet) for toddlers were 6.18ngkg-1bwd-1 and 2.54ngkg-1bwd-1, respectively. In general, the ΣHBCD estimated body burden of Korean adults showed good agreement with the reported ΣHBCD median concentrations in their sera. Since the developmental health effect of exposure to HBCD was categorized as "high hazard" by the US Environmental Protection Agency, the estimated high body burden of ΣHBCD in Korean toddlers (7.91ngg-1 lw) warns us of possible adverse effects on the development of essential systems in their bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Barghi
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Su Shin
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Chul Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M, Zaky AH, Covaci A. Levels and profiles of organohalogenated contaminants in human blood from Egypt. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 176:266-272. [PMID: 28273534 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and some organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were determined in serum of Egyptian colorectal cancer patients (n = 35) and compared to a healthy control group (n = 32). p,p'-DDE (the major metabolite of DDT) was the most frequently detected contaminant with the highest concentration (median = 131 ng/g lw) in all studied serum samples. BDE-209 was the least frequently detected contaminant with a median concentration <0.3 ng/g lw. The contamination profile in patients and controls was almost identical with p,p'-DDE showing the highest median contribution (77%) and oxychlordane the lowest (1%). The low p,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDE ratio (3.7%) in serum implies bioaccumulation and past exposure to DDT (c.f. recent and ongoing intake). Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences (P > 0.05) between the levels of target contaminants in serum of patients and the control group. Gender, age and body mass index (BMI) were investigated as potential factors influencing serum contaminant levels. ΣDDT, hexachlorobenzene and pentachlorophenol concentrations showed significant positive associations with age and/or BMI of the participants. Comparison with other countries revealed concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in Egyptian serum among the lowest reported worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 71526, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Amen Hamdy Zaky
- Medical Oncology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
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32
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Tung EWY, Kawata A, Rigden M, Bowers WJ, Caldwell D, Holloway AC, Robaire B, Hales BF, Wade MG. Gestational and Lactational Exposure to an Environmentally-Relevant Mixture of Brominated Flame Retardants: Effects on Neurodevelopment and Metabolism. Birth Defects Res 2017; 109:497-512. [PMID: 28398660 PMCID: PMC5434666 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental exposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), has been associated with impaired neurodevelopment and some symptoms of metabolic syndrome. However, there are inconsistencies in studies reporting neurodevelopmental effects with studies of pure substances more likely to report effects than studies of technical products. In addition, the influence of early BFR exposures on later development of metabolic disease-like symptoms has not been investigated. This study examined the effects of perinatal exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of BFRs based on relative levels observed in house dust, on several markers of neurodevelopment and metabolism in offspring. METHODS Sprague-Dawley female rats were fed a diet estimated to deliver daily doses of 0, 0.06, 20, or 60 mg/kg of a mixture of PBDEs and HBCDD from before mating to weaning. Offspring were weaned to control diet and subjected to neurobehavioral and metabolic assessments. RESULTS Exposure to BFRs decreased vertical movement in at postnatal day (PND) 32 and increased time to emerge to a lighted area on PND 105 in offspring of both sexes. Although early life exposure to the BFR mixture did not impact measures of glucose or insulin action, male offspring had significantly decreased fat pad weights at PND 46. Total cholesterol was increased in male and female offspring exposed to the highest dose at PND 21. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that gestational and lactational exposure to an environmentally relevant BFR mixture may induce changes in neurodevelopment and lipid metabolism in offspring. Birth Defects Research 109:497-512, 2017.© 2017 The Authors Birth Defects Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W Y Tung
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alice Kawata
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc Rigden
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wayne J Bowers
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Don Caldwell
- Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alison C Holloway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernard Robaire
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Barbara F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael G Wade
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Sochorová L, Hanzlíková L, Černá M, Drgáčová A, Fialová A, Švarcová A, Gramblička T, Pulkrabová J. Perfluorinated alkylated substances and brominated flame retardants in serum of the Czech adult population. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:235-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Drage DS, Mueller JF, Hobson P, Harden FA, Toms LML. Demographic and temporal trends of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDD) in an Australian population. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 152:192-198. [PMID: 27792943 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDD) were measured in 67 pooled serum samples collected between 2002 and 2015 in South East Queensland, Australia. These data are the first report of HBCDD in Australian human serum. Temporal and demographic (age and gender) trends were investigated. HBCDD were detected in measurable concentrations in 69% of samples. The average ∑HBCDD concentration was 3.1ng/g lipid, whilst the range was <0.5 to 36ng/g lipid. α-HBCDD was the dominant stereoisomer making up an average of 60% of ∑HBCDD. The remainder was made up by γ-HBCDD. In contrast to another group of brominated flame retardants (BFRs, (polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)), HBCDD were found in the lowest concentrations in pools from children aged 0-4 years. This could be attributed to differences in exposure, usage, and/ or the much lower half-life of HBCDD in the human body compared to PBDEs. HBCDD concentrations appear to be significantly higher in females than in males, however the reasons for this are unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Drage
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia.
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Peter Hobson
- Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Australia
| | - Fiona A Harden
- School of Public Health and Social Work and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Leisa-Maree L Toms
- School of Public Health and Social Work and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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English K, Toms LML, Gallen C, Mueller JF. BDE-209 in the Australian Environment: Desktop review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 320:194-203. [PMID: 27544732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardant mixture c-decaBDE is now being considered for listing on the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. The aim of our study was to review the literature regarding the use and detection of BDE-209, a major component of c-decaBDE, in consumer products and provide a best estimate of goods that are likely to contain BDE-209 in Australia. This review is part of a larger study, which will include quantitative testing of items to assess for BDE-209. The findings of this desktop review will be used to determine which items should be prioritized for quantitative testing. We identified that electronics, particularly televisions, computers, small household appliances and power boards, were the items that were most likely to contain BDE-209 in Australia. Further testing of these items should include items of various ages. Several other items were identified as high priority for future testing, including transport vehicles, building materials and textiles in non-domestic settings. The findings from this study will aid in the development of appropriate policies, should listing of c-decaBDE on the Stockholm Convention and Australia's ratification of that listing proceed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin English
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Children's Health Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Leisa-Maree L Toms
- School of Public Health and Social Work, and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christie Gallen
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Brisbane, Australia
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Saini A, Rauert C, Simpson MJ, Harrad S, Diamond ML. Characterizing the sorption of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) to cotton and polyester fabrics under controlled conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 563-564:99-107. [PMID: 27135571 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cotton and polyester, physically and chemically different fabrics, were characterized for sorption of gas-phase polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images and BET specific surface area (BET-SSA) analysis showed cotton's high microsurface area; NMR analysis showed richness of hexose- and aromatic-carbon in cotton and polyester, respectively. Cotton and polyester sorbed similar concentrations of gas-phase PBDEs in chamber studies, when normalized to planar surface area. However, polyester concentrations were 20-50 times greater than cotton when normalized to BET-SSA, greater than the 10 times difference in BET-SSA. The difference in sorption between cotton and polyester is hypothesized to be due to 'dilution' due to cotton's large BET-SSA and/or greater affinity of PBDEs for aromatic-rich polyester. Similar fabric-air area normalized distribution coefficients (K'D, 10(3) to 10(4)m) for cotton and polyester support air-side controlled uptake under non-equilibrium conditions. K'D values imply that 1m(2) of cotton or polyester fabrics would sorb gas-phase PBDEs present in 10(3) to 10(4)m(3) of equivalent air volume at room temperature over one week, assuming similar air flow conditions. Sorption of PBDEs to fabrics has implications for their fate indoors and human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Saini
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Cassandra Rauert
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, 22 Russell Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B1, Canada; Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
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Haines DA, Saravanabhavan G, Werry K, Khoury C. An overview of human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals in the Canadian Health Measures Survey: 2007-2019. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 220:13-28. [PMID: 27601095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring (HBM) is used to indicate and quantify exposure by measuring environmental chemicals, their metabolites or reaction products in biological specimens. The biomonitoring component of the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) is the most comprehensive initiative providing general population HBM data in Canada. The CHMS is an ongoing cross-sectional direct measures survey implemented in 2-year cycles. It provides nationally-representative data on health, nutritional status, environmental exposures, and related risks and protective characteristics. The survey follows a robust planning, design and sampling protocol as well as a comprehensive quality assurance and quality control regime implemented for all aspect of the survey to ensure the validity of the HBM results. HBM blood and urine data are available for CHMS cycles 1 (2007-2009), 2 (2009-2011) and 3 (2012-2013). Field collection has been completed for cycle 4 (2014-2015), with cycle 5 (2016-2017) in progress and cycle 6 planning (2018-2019) being finalized. Biomonitoring results for 279 chemicals are expected over the six cycles of the CHMS (220 in individual blood, urine or hair samples, and 59 in pooled serum samples). The chemicals include metals and trace elements, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorines, flame retardants, perfluoroalkyl substances, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and metabolites, environmental phenols, triclocarban, acrylamide, pesticides (e.g., triazines, carbamates, organophosphates, phenoxy, pyrethroids) and/or their metabolites, chlorophenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites, phthalates and alternate plasticizer metabolites, and tobacco biomarkers. Approximately one half of the chemicals measured in individual blood and urine samples over the first three cycles were detected in more than 60% of samples. CHMS biomonitoring data have been used to establish baseline HBM concentrations in Canadians; inform public health, regulatory risk assessment and management decisions; and fulfil national and international reporting requirements. Concurrent efforts are underway in Canada to develop statistically- and risk-based concepts and tools to interpret biomonitoring data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Haines
- Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Kate Werry
- Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Cheryl Khoury
- Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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38
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Fromme H, Hilger B, Albrecht M, Gries W, Leng G, Völkel W. Occurrence of chlorinated and brominated dioxins/furans, PCBs, and brominated flame retardants in blood of German adults. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:380-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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39
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Butt CM, Miranda ML, Stapleton HM. Development of an analytical method to quantify PBDEs, OH-BDEs, HBCDs, 2,4,6-TBP, EH-TBB, and BEH-TEBP in human serum. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2449-59. [PMID: 26864867 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9340-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) flame retardants (FRs) were phased-out in the mid-2000s (penta- and octaBDE) and 2013 (decaBDE); however, their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-BDEs) are still commonly detected in human serum. Today, novel FRs such as Firemaster® 550, a mixture that contains two brominated compounds, EH-TBB and BEH-TEBP are used as replacements for PBDEs in some applications, and there is a need to develop a comprehensive analytical method to assess exposure to both legacy PBDEs and novel FRs. This study developed a solid-phase extraction (SPE)-based method to analyze PBDEs, OH-BDEs, 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP), hexabromocylcododecane isomers (HBCDs), EH-TBB, and BEH-TEBP in human serum. Briefly, serum proteins were first denatured with formic acid, and then the target analytes were isolated using a SPE column. Finally, the extract was cleaned and fractioned using a silica SPE column. Method performance was assessed by spiking fetal bovine serum with 1-2 ng of the target analytes, and method accuracy was quantified by comparison to a serum Standard Reference Material (SRM). The developed method showed good recovery and accuracy for all target analytes with the exception of the very low and very high molecular weight PBDE congeners. Using this method, 43 serum samples collected from the Healthy Pregnancy, Healthy Baby Study (HPHB) cohort in Durham, NC, USA were analyzed for FRs. A novel finding was the ubiquitous detection of 2,4,6-TBP, at levels greater than the individual PBDE congeners. Furthermore, 2,4,6-TBP was positively correlated with PBDEs, suggesting that they may have a similar source of exposure, or that 2,4,6-TBP may result from metabolism of PBDEs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Butt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Levine Science Research Center, Duke University, Room A220, Box 90328, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Marie Lynn Miranda
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, 6100 Main St. MS-138, Duncan Hall, Box 1892, Houston, TX, 77005-1827, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Levine Science Research Center, Duke University, Room A220, Box 90328, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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40
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Zhang J, Abdallah MAE, Williams TD, Harrad S, Chipman JK, Viant MR. Gene expression and metabolic responses of HepG2/C3A cells exposed to flame retardants and dust extracts at concentrations relevant to indoor environmental exposures. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:1996-2003. [PMID: 26551197 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Humans are routinely exposed to mixtures of flame retardants (FRs) from multiple sources including indoor dust. As a model to explore the potential effects of FR exposure from indoor dust on human health, the molecular responses of human hepatoma cells (HepG2/C3A cells) to a defined mixture of FRs and to a dust extract were investigated using multiple non-targeted omics approaches. A solvent extract of an indoor dust standard reference material SRM2585 was used as the surrogate dust sample, while a mixture of four FRs (TCEP, TCIPP, TDCIPP and HBCD) was used to mimic the FR mixture in the indoor dust. Cytotoxicity tests indicated there were no significant changes to cell viability or cell integrity after a 24- or 72-h exposure of HepG2/C3A cells to the FR mixture or to the dust extract. However, transcriptomics revealed changes in gene expression associated with the metabolism of xenobiotics (e.g. CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2B6) in the dust extract group but not in the FR mixture group after a 72-h exposure. Few metabolic or lipidomic changes were detected in response to either the FR mixture or to the dust extract group. Given that the dust extract contained components that elicited a biological response, in contrast to the lack of response induced by the FR mixture, our findings suggest that the most likely causes of the molecular responses to indoor dust exposure lie in components other than the four FRs investigated, e.g. caused by PAHs or PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkang Zhang
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 71526, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Timothy D Williams
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - James K Chipman
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mark R Viant
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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41
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Fromme H, Becher G, Hilger B, Völkel W. Brominated flame retardants – Exposure and risk assessment for the general population. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:1-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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43
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Fromme H, Albrecht M, Appel M, Hilger B, Völkel W, Liebl B, Roscher E. PCBs, PCDD/Fs, and PBDEs in blood samples of a rural population in South Germany. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2015; 218:41-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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44
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Cequier E, Marcé RM, Becher G, Thomsen C. Comparing human exposure to emerging and legacy flame retardants from the indoor environment and diet with concentrations measured in serum. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 74:54-59. [PMID: 25454220 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates associations between serum concentrations of emerging and legacy halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in 46 Norwegian women and measured indoor air and dust concentrations of the HFRs as well as detailed information on diet and household factors. Hexabromobenzene (median 0.03ng/g lipid) and Dechlorane 602 (median 0.18ng/g lipid) were detected in about 50% of the samples and Dechlorane Plus syn (median 0.45ng/g lipid) and anti (median 0.85ng/g lipid) in more than 78%. The most abundant polybrominated diphenyl ethers were 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153; median 0.82ng/g lipid) and 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47; median 0.49ng/g lipid) detected in more than 70% of the samples. In the bivariate analysis, no consistent associations were observed between the biomonitoring data and measured concentrations in indoor air and dust. On the other hand, consumption of specific food items (mainly lamb/mutton and margarine) correlated significantly with more than two HFR serum concentrations, while this was not the case for household factors (electronic appliances). Only the significant bivariate associations with diet were confirmed by multivariate linear regression analyses, which might indicate a higher contribution from food compared to the indoor environment to the variation of the body burden of these HFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Cequier
- Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Rosa Maria Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Georg Becher
- Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine Thomsen
- Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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45
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Poon S, Wade MG, Aleksa K, Rawn DFK, Carnevale A, Gaertner DW, Sadler A, Breton F, Koren G, Ernest SR, Lalancette C, Robaire B, Hales BF, Goodyer CG. Hair as a biomarker of systemic exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:14650-14658. [PMID: 25387207 DOI: 10.1021/es502789h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of using hair as a biomarker for exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants was assessed in humans and an animal model. Paired human hair and serum samples were obtained from adult men and women (n = 50). In parallel, hair, serum, liver, and fat were collected from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to increasing doses of the PBDE mixture found in house dust for 70 days via the diet. All samples were analyzed by GC-MS for eight common PBDEs: BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183, and -209. Paired human hair and serum samples had five congeners (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, and -154) with significant individual correlations (0.345-0.566). In rat samples, BDE-28 and BDE-183 were frequently below the level of detection. Significant correlations were observed for BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, -154, and -209 in rat hair, serum, liver, and fat across doses, with r values ranging from 0.803 to 0.988; weaker correlations were observed between hair and other tissues when data from the lowest dose group or for BDE-209 were analyzed. Thus, human and rat hair PBDE measurements correlate strongly with those in alternative matrices, validating the use of hair as a noninvasive biomarker of long-term PBDE exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Poon
- Hospital for Sick Children , 555 University Avenue , Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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46
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Lebrun JD, Leroy D, Giusti A, Gourlay-Francé C, Thomé JP. Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Gammarus pulex: relative importance of different exposure routes and multipathway modeling. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 154:107-113. [PMID: 24879528 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the exposure routes of an organism and its ability to regulate accumulated contaminants is a crucial step toward developing a biomonitor. To date, very little data are available on the bioaccumulation kinetics of PBDEs in freshwater biota. This study aims at investigating the potential use of a litter-degrader widely distributed in European freshwaters, Gammarus pulex, as an indicator of exposure to PBDEs. In aquatic microcosms, gammarids were exposed to a mixture of brominated congeners (BDE-28, 47, 66, 85, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183) to assess their ability to bioconcentrate PBDEs. Results show that all tested congeners are highly internalized by G. pulex and uptake rates of PBDEs are closely related to their partition coefficients (Kow). The determination of the elimination rate of BDE-47, the congener most readily accumulated by gammarids, indicated that metabolism and excretion of this congener are low in G. pulex, which argues in favor of its use as a quantitative biomonitor. Finally, bioaccumulation experiments were performed using contaminated leaves to determine the relative importance of dietary uptake in the contamination of gammarids. Even though water is the preeminent exposure route, a significant uptake of BDE-47 through food was observed (27%). We propose a biodynamic model that takes into account both exposure routes to describe BDE-47 bioaccumulation. This study supports the use of this ubiquitous amphipod as an early warning monitor of the bioavailable contamination of freshwaters by PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie D Lebrun
- Irstea, UR HBAN - Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, 92761 Antony, France; FIRE FR-3020, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Delphine Leroy
- Liège University, Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Centre for Analytical Research and Technology (CART), 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Giusti
- Liège University, Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Centre for Analytical Research and Technology (CART), 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Catherine Gourlay-Francé
- Irstea, UR HBAN - Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, 92761 Antony, France; FIRE FR-3020, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Thomé
- Liège University, Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Centre for Analytical Research and Technology (CART), 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Ryan JJ, Rawn DFK. The brominated flame retardants, PBDEs and HBCD, in Canadian human milk samples collected from 1992 to 2005; concentrations and trends. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 70:1-8. [PMID: 24879366 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Human milk samples were collected from individuals residing in various regions across Canada mostly in the years 1992 to 2005. These included five large cities in southern Canada as well as samples from Nunavik in northern Quebec. Comparative samples were also collected from residents of Austin, Texas, USA in 2002 and 2004. More than 300 milk samples were analysed for the brominated flame retardants (BFRs), PBDEs and HBCD, by extraction, purification and quantification using either isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography-MS. The Canadian total PBDE values in the years 2002-2005 show median levels of about 20μg/kg on a lipid basis; a value significantly higher than in the 1980s and 1990s. Milk samples from Inuit donors in the northern region of Nunavik were slightly lower in PBDE concentrations than those from populated regions in the south of Quebec. Milk samples from Ontario contained slightly lower amounts of PBDEs in two time periods than those from Texas. HBCD levels in most milk samples were usually less than 1ppb milk lipid and dominated by the α-isomer. This large data set of BFRs in Canadian human milk demonstrates an increase in the last few decades in human exposure to BFRs which now appears to have stabilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jake Ryan
- Bureau Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Dorothea F K Rawn
- Bureau Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Zhou S, Buchar A, Siddique S, Takser L, Abdelouahab N, Zhu J. Measurements of selected brominated flame retardants in nursing women: implications for human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:8873-80. [PMID: 24992303 PMCID: PMC4124063 DOI: 10.1021/es5016839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We have examined several emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs) including 2-ethyl-1-hexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1,1,3-trimethyl-3-(2,3,4,5-tetrabromophenyl)-indane (OBIND), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in paired human maternal serum (n = 102) and breast milk (n = 105) collected in 2008-2009 in the Sherbrooke region in Canada. Three legacy BFRs were also included in the study for comparison: decabromobiphenyl (BB-209), 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153), and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ethers (BDE-153). TBB, BB-153, and BDE-153 had detection frequencies greater than 55% in both serum and milk samples. Their lipid weight (lw) adjusted median concentrations (ng g(-1) lw) in serum and milk were 1.6 and 0.41 for TBB, 0.48 and 0.31 for BB-153, and 1.5 and 4.4 for BDE-153, respectively. The detection frequencies for the other BFRs measured in serum and milk were 16.7% and 32.4% for TBPH, 3.9% and 0.0% for BTBPE, 2.0% and 0.0% for BB-209, 9.8% and 1.0% for OBIND, and 5.9% and 8.6% for DBDPE. The ratio of TBB over the sum of TBB and TBPH (fTBB) in serum (0.23) was lower than that in milk (0.46), indicating TBB has a larger tendency than TBPH to be redistributed from blood to milk. Overall, these data confirm the presence of non-PBDE BFRs in humans, and the need to better understand their sources, routes of exposure, and potential human health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon
Ningsun Zhou
- Exposure
and Biomonitoring Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Angelina Buchar
- Existing
Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Health
Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Shabana Siddique
- Exposure
and Biomonitoring Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Larissa Takser
- Département
de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Nadia Abdelouahab
- Département
de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Jiping Zhu
- Exposure
and Biomonitoring Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
- Phone: 1-613-946-0305; e-mail:
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