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Olisah C, Malloum A, Adegoke KA, Ighalo JO, Conradie J, Ohoro CR, Amaku JF, Oyedotun KO, Maxakato NW, Akpomie KG, Sunday Okeke E. Scientometric trends and knowledge maps of global polychlorinated naphthalenes research over the past four decades. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 357:124407. [PMID: 38908679 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were included in the banned list of the Stockholm Convention due to their potential to provoke a wide range of adverse effects on living organisms and the environment. Many reviews have been written to clarify the state of knowledge and identify the research needs of this pollutant class. However, studies have yet to analyse the scientometric complexities of PCN literature. In this study, we used bibliometric R and vosviewer programs as a scientometric tool to fill this gap by focusing on articles indexed on Web of Science and Scopus databases and those published between 1973 and 2022. A total of 707 articles were published within this period with a publication/author, author/publication, and co-authors/publication ratios of 0.45, 2.19, and 4.86, respectively. Developed countries dominated most scientometric indices (number of publications, citations, and collaboration networks) in the survey period. Lotka's inverse square rule of author productivity showed that Lotka's laws do not fit PCN literature. An annual percentage growth rate of 7.46% and a Kolmogorov-Smirnoff goodness-of-fit of 0.88 suggests that more output on PCNs is likely in years to come. More research is needed from scholars from developing countries to measure the supremacy of the developed nations and to effectively comply with the Stockholm Convention agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chijioke Olisah
- Institute for Coastal and Marine Research (CMR), Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Gqeberha, 6031, South Africa; Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/753, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Alhadji Malloum
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon; Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Kayode A Adegoke
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, First Technical University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Joshua O Ighalo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria; Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Chinemerem R Ohoro
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - James F Amaku
- Department of Chemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria; Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science Engineering and Technology, Walter Sisulu University, Potsdam Site, East London, 5200, South Africa
| | - Kabir O Oyedotun
- College of Science, Engineering and Technology (CSET), University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Johannesburg, 1710, South Africa
| | - Nobanathi W Maxakato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Kovo G Akpomie
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Department of Pure & Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Sunday Okeke
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Natural Science Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety, Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
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Kumari K, Singh A, Marathe D. Cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (D4, D5, and D6) as the emerging pollutants in environment: environmental distribution, fate, and toxicological assessments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:38681-38709. [PMID: 36809612 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25568-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMS) have now become a subject of environmental contamination and risk assessment due to their widespread use and occurrence in different environmental matrices. Due to their exceptional physio-chemical properties, these compounds are diversely used for formulations of consumer products and others implying their continuous and significant release to environmental compartments. This has captured the major attention of the concerned communities on the grounds of potential health hazards to human and biota. The present study aims at comprehensively reviewing its occurrence in air, water, soil, sediments, sludge, dusts, biogas, biosolids, and biota and their environmental behavior as well. Concentrations of cVMS in indoor air and biosolids were higher; however, no significant concentrations were observed in water, soil, and sediments except for wastewaters. No threat to the aquatic organisms has been identified as their concentrations do not exceed the NOEC (maximum no observed effect concentration) thresholds. Mammalian (rodents) toxicity hazards were not very evident except for the occurrence of uterine tumors in very rare cases under long-term chronic and repeated dose exposures in laboratory conditions. Human relevancy to rodents were also not strongly enough established. Therefore, more careful examinations are required to develop stringent weight of evidences in scientific domain and ease the policy making with respect to their production and use so as to combat any environmental consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Kumari
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Kolkata Zonal Centre, 700 107, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Uttar Pradesh, Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
| | - Anshika Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Uttar Pradesh, Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Marathe
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Uttar Pradesh, Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, 440020, Maharashtra, India
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Xing Y, Ge Y, Lu S, Yang T, Peng X. Dimethylcyclosiloxanes in Mobile Smart Terminal Devices: Concentrations, Distributions, Profiles, and Environmental Emissions. TOXICS 2024; 12:287. [PMID: 38668510 PMCID: PMC11053745 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Dimethylcyclosiloxanes (DMCs) are utilized as vital monomers in the synthesis of organosilicon compounds, integral to the manufacture of mobile smart terminal devices. Toxicological studies have revealed potential endocrine-disrupting activity, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, and other toxicities of the DMCs. This study investigated the concentrations and composition profiles of seven DMCs, including hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6), and tetradecamethylcycloheptasiloxane (D7), hexadecamethylcyclooctasiloxane (D8), and octadecamethylcyclononasiloxane (D9) in three types of mobile smart terminal device components (silicone rubber, adhesive, and plastics). Environmental emissions of DMCs from silicone rubber materials were also estimated to improve the recognition of their potential fate within the environment. D5-D9 were widely present in silicone rubber and adhesives with detection rates ranging from 91-95.5% and 50-100%, respectively, while D3 and D4 were more frequently detected in plastics, both showing a detection rate of 61.1%. Silicone rubber had the highest total DMCs (∑7DMCs) and a concentration of 802.2 mg/kg, which were dominated by D7, D8, and D9. DMCs detected in adhesives were dominated by D4, D5, and D6. The estimated emission of ∑DMCs released into the environment in China from silicone rubber used in mobile smart terminal devices exceeds 5000 tons per year. Further studies are needed on the presence of DMCs in various commodities and environmental media to assess their ecological and human health impacts, as well as the toxicological effects of D7-D9 for the appropriate regulation of these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanna Xing
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.X.); (T.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiming Ge
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Tao Yang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.X.); (T.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xianzhi Peng
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.X.); (T.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Falandysz J, Hart A, Rose M, Anastassiadou M, Eskes C, Gergelova P, Innocenti M, Rovesti E, Whitty B, Nielsen E. Risks for animal and human health related to the presence of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in feed and food. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8640. [PMID: 38476320 PMCID: PMC10928787 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
EFSA was asked for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in feed and food. The assessment focused on hexaCNs due to very limited data on other PCN congeners. For hexaCNs in feed, 217 analytical results were used to estimate dietary exposures for food-producing and non-food-producing animals; however, a risk characterisation could not be performed because none of the toxicological studies allowed identification of reference points. The oral repeated dose toxicity studies performed in rats with a hexaCN mixture containing all 10 hexaCNs indicated that the critical target was the haematological system. A BMDL20 of 0.05 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day was identified for a considerable decrease in the platelet count. For hexaCNs in food, 2317 analytical results were used to estimate dietary exposures across dietary surveys and age groups. The highest exposure ranged from 0.91 to 29.8 pg/kg bw per day in general population and from 220 to 559 pg/kg bw per day for breast-fed infants with the highest consumption of breast milk. Applying a margin of exposure (MOE) approach, the estimated MOEs for the high dietary exposures ranged from 1,700,000 to 55,000,000 for the general population and from 90,000 to 230,000 for breast-fed infants with the highest consumption of breast milk. These MOEs are far above the minimum MOE of 2000 that does not raise a health concern. Taking account of the uncertainties affecting the assessment, the Panel concluded with at least 99% certainty that dietary exposure to hexaCNs does not raise a health concern for any of the population groups considered. Due to major limitations in the available data, no assessment was possible for genotoxic effects or for health risks of PCNs other than hexaCNs.
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He Y, Cheng J, Lyu Y, Tang Z. Uptake and elimination of methylsiloxanes in hens after oral exposure: Implication for risk estimation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168838. [PMID: 38030011 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Methylsiloxanes are accumulated easily in aquatic organisms and may pose potential risks. However, available information on their uptake and accumulation in terrestrial species remains scarce. This study investigated the uptake, elimination and accumulation of eight typical methylsiloxanes in hens after a single oral exposure. At 1440 min after oral exposure, methylsiloxanes were mainly accumulated in kidney, liver and ovary, representing for 29.5 %, 20.4 % and 17.4 % of the summed methylsiloxanes in all tissues, respectively; all investigated chemicals were also detected in brains and unformed yolks. We found much higher mass uptake fractions (MUFs) of cyclic (27.5-66.5 %) than linear chemicals (9.9-17.3 %) by hens via this exposure, and the observed MUFs of individual cyclic congeners were comparable to the higher values of those reported for rats or fish previously. However, the metabolic half-life (t1/2) of these chemicals in hen tissues were in the range of 1.04-57.5 h based on kinetic analyses, indicating higher clearances in comparison with those reported for fish and rats. More research is needed on the metabolic mechanism of these chemicals in hens. Our findings provide important information for further understanding of transportation and transformation of these chemicals in terrestrial organisms and the associated potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying He
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jiali Cheng
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yang Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Zhenwu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
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Bao J, Ren H, Han J, Yang X, Li Y, Jin J. Levels, tissue distribution and isomer stereoselectivity of Dechlorane Plus in humans: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166156. [PMID: 37572901 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of human tissues to Dechlorane Plus (DP) has raised public concern because of the multiple health threats it may pose to humans. Therefore, it is important to summarize the main findings of previous studies on DP in human tissues and to provide potential guidance for future studies. In this paper, DP levels in different populations and human tissues worldwide since 2009 were systematically reviewed. DP levels in human tissues of workers in e-waste dismantling sites in Guangdong Province, China (median 190 ng·g-1 lw in serum) and DP manufacturing plants in Jiangsu Province, China (mean 857 ng·g-1 lw in whole-blood) are the highest reported worldwide. DP levels in tissues of the general population in recent studies are close to those of residents near e-waste dismantling sites, which should be of concern. DP levels in different human tissues were found to be positively correlated with a pattern of blood > breast milk > adipose tissue. The distribution of DP in different human tissues is mainly lipid-driven and may also be influenced by the interaction of DP with proteins such as human serum albumin. Most of the past studies determined the isomer stereoselectivity of DP in human tissues only by comparing the composition of DP in commercial DP products and human tissues, which lacks evidence of mechanism. Recently, a significantly different affinity of DP isomers for proteins was found, which seems to confirm the isomer selectivity of DP in human tissues. We simulated the binding of DP to human serum albumin and DP to thyroid hormone receptor β by molecular docking and found differences in the binding behavior of syn-DP and anti-DP to the selected proteins. Molecular docking seems to be a feasible approach for future studies to predict and reveal the mechanisms of DP behavior and health effects in human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hongmin Ren
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Petroleum University of Technology, 2 Xueyuanlu Street, Shuangqiao District, Chengde 067000, China
| | - Jiali Han
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinrui Yang
- Hainan Ecological Environmental Monitoring Center, 98 Baiju Avenue, Haikou 571126, China
| | - Yingxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China.
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Guan X, Zhang G, Meng L, Liu M, Zhang L, Zhao C, Li Y, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Novel biomonitoring method for determining five classes of legacy and alternative flame retardants in human serum samples. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 131:111-122. [PMID: 37225373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs) are ubiquitous in environment and biota and may pose harm to human health. In recent years, concern regarding legacy and alternative FRs has been intensified due to their widespread production and increasing contamination in environmental and human matrices. In this study, we developed and validated a novel analytical method for simultaneous determination of legacy and alternative FRs, including polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), short- and middle-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), and organophosphate esters (OPEs) in human serum. Serum samples were prepared by liquid-liquid extraction using ethyl acetate, and purified with Oasis® HLB cartridge and Florisil-silica gel columns. Instrumental analyses were carried out using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, high-resolution gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, respectively. The proposed method was validated for linearity, sensitivity, precision, accuracy, and matrix effects. Method detection limits for NBFRs, OPEs, PCNs, SCCPs, and MCCPs were 4.6 × 10-4-8.6 × 10-2, 4.3 × 10-3-1.3, 1.1 × 10-5-1.0 × 10-4, 1.5, and 9.0 × 10-1 ng/mL, respectively. Matrix spike recoveries ranged from 73%-122%, 71%-124%, 75%-129%, 92%-126%, and 94%-126% for NBFRs, OPEs, PCNs, SCCPs, and MCCPs, respectively. The analytical method was applied for detection of real human serum. CPs were the dominant FRs in serum, indicating CPs were widely presented in human serum and should be pay more attention for their health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Gaoxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lingling Meng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Chuxuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Lee HH, Lee S, Lee M, Moon HB. Spatial and temporal trends in polychlorinated naphthalenes in sediment from Ulsan and Onsan Bays of Korea: Potential sources and ecotoxicological concerns. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:6793-6806. [PMID: 36151356 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have been conducted on spatial and temporal trends in polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in coastal environments. Here, we describe 18 PCN congeners found in surface and dated sediment samples collected from highly industrialized bays of Korea. Measurable levels of PCN congeners were detected in all sediment samples, suggesting concurrent and historical contamination. The highest PCN concentrations were observed in sediment from rivers, streams, and the inner portions of the bays, which are surrounded by industrial complexes and commercial harbors. CNs 73, 66/67, and 52 were dominant in surface and dated sediment samples. Congener patterns and diagnostic ratios revealed that PCN contamination is originated from combustion processes and the use of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) technical mixtures. PCN concentrations in dated sediment increased from the 1980s to the mid-2000s and then decreased to 2015. Although the toxic equivalent (TEQ) levels of PCNs in our study did not exceed sediment quality guidelines proposed by international authorities, the cumulative risks from the TEQ concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, furans, PCBs, and PCNs can be expected for benthic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Hyun Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Lee
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonjin Lee
- Maritime Safety and Environmental Research Division, Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
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Chen D, Lou X, Bao J, Wang Y, Fan Y, Chen Q, Jin J, Chen L. Polychlorinated naphthalene concentrations and temporal trends in serum from the general Chinese adult population and effects of polychlorinated naphthalenes on thyroid function. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023:116309. [PMID: 37301498 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) have stopped being produced and used but have been detected in human serum around the world. Investigating temporal trends in PCN concentrations in human serum will improve our understanding of human exposure to PCNs and the risks posed. We determined the PCN concentrations in serum collected from 32 adults in five consecutive years (2012-2016). The total PCN concentrations in the serum samples were 0.00-5443 pg/g lipid weight. We found no significant decreases in the total PCN concentrations in human serum and even found that the concentrations of some PCN congeners (e.g., CN20) increased over time. We found differences in the PCN concentrations in serum from males and females, the CN75 concentration being significantly higher in serum from females than males, meaning CN75 poses more serious risks to females than males. We found, using molecular docking techniques, that CN75 interferes with thyroid hormone transport in vivo and that CN20 affects thyroid hormone binding to receptors. These two effects are synergistic and can cause hypothyroidism-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xinyu Lou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junsong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuhao Fan
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qianhui Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Limei Chen
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China; Research Base for Environment and Health in Wuxi, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China.
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Rawn DFK, Quade SC, Corrigan C, Ménard C, Sun WF, Breton F, Arbuckle TE, Fraser WD. Differences in mirex [dechlorane] and dechlorane plus [syn- and anti-] concentrations observed in Canadian human milk. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 316:137784. [PMID: 36623597 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As part of the pan-Canadian Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study, human milk samples were collected between 2008 and 2011, and analyzed for mirex, an organochlorine insecticide and flame retardant, in addition to dechlorane plus (syn- and anti-DDC-CO), the flame retardant replacement for mirex. Mirex was analyzed separately, using a method for the analysis of existing organochlorine insecticides, while the presence of DDC-CO isomers was determined using a method developed for the detection of emerging flame retardants. Mirex was detected in all samples analyzed (n = 298), while syn- and anti-DDC-CO were present in 61.0% and 79.5% of the samples, respectively (n = 541). Mirex concentrations have declined in human milk since the 1990s. Since this is the first pan-Canadian dataset reporting DDC-CO concentrations in human milk, no temporal comparisons can be made. Maternal age was correlated with concentrations of both compounds although parity did not impact concentrations of either analyte. Given the presence of this relatively recently identified flame retardant (DDC-CO) in human milk from women across Canada, studies to identify dominant sources of this compound are critical. Despite low concentrations of environmental chemicals in human milk from Canadian women, Health Canada supports breastfeeding of infants because of the important health benefits to both the mothers and their infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea F K Rawn
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Sir Frederick Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Address Locator: 2203C, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Sue C Quade
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Sir Frederick Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Address Locator: 2203C, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Catherine Corrigan
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Sir Frederick Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Address Locator: 2203C, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Cathie Ménard
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Sir Frederick Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Address Locator: 2203C, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Wing-Fung Sun
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Sir Frederick Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Address Locator: 2203C, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - François Breton
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Sir Frederick Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Address Locator: 2203C, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada; Generic Drugs Division, Bureau of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 101 Tunney's Pasture Driveway, Address Locator: 0201D, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Tye E Arbuckle
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Address Locator: 0801A, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - William D Fraser
- CHU Sainte-Justine, Centre de Recherche, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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11
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Molinier B, Arata C, Katz EF, Lunderberg DM, Liu Y, Misztal PK, Nazaroff WW, Goldstein AH. Volatile Methyl Siloxanes and Other Organosilicon Compounds in Residential Air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15427-15436. [PMID: 36327170 PMCID: PMC9670844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Volatile methyl siloxanes (VMS) are ubiquitous in indoor environments due to their use in personal care products. This paper builds on previous work identifying sources of VMS by synthesizing time-resolved proton-transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer VMS concentration measurements from four multiweek indoor air campaigns to elucidate emission sources and removal processes. Temporal patterns of VMS emissions display both continuous and episodic behavior, with the relative importance varying among species. We find that the cyclic siloxane D5 is consistently the most abundant VMS species, mainly attributable to personal care product use. Two other cyclic siloxanes, D3 and D4, are emitted from oven and personal care product use, with continuous sources also apparent. Two linear siloxanes, L4 and L5, are also emitted from personal care product use, with apparent additional continuous sources. We report measurements for three other organosilicon compounds found in personal care products. The primary air removal pathway of the species examined in this paper is ventilation to the outdoors, which has implications for atmospheric chemistry. The net removal rate is slower for linear siloxanes, which persist for days indoors after episodic release events. This work highlights the diversity in sources of organosilicon species and their persistence indoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Molinier
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Erin F. Katz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David M. Lunderberg
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- College
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pawel K. Misztal
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Civil,
Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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12
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Fernandes AR, Kilanowicz A, Stragierowicz J, Klimczak M, Falandysz J. The toxicological profile of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 837:155764. [PMID: 35545163 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The legacy of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) manufactured during the last century continues to persist in the environment, food and humans. Metrological advances have improved characterisation of these occurrences, enabling studies on the effects of exposure to focus on congener groups and individual PCNs. Liver and adipose tissue show the highest retention but significant levels of PCNs are also retained by the brain and nervous system. Molecular configuration appears to influence tissue disposition as well as retention, favouring the higher chlorinated (≥ four chlorines) PCNs while most lower chlorinated molecules readily undergo hydroxylation and excretion through the renal system. Exposure to PCNs reportedly provokes a wide spectrum of adverse effects that range from hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity and immune response suppression along with endocrine disruption leading to reproductive disorders and embryotoxicity. A number of PCNs, particularly hexachloronaphthalene congeners, elicit AhR mediated responses that are similar to, and occur within similar potency ranges as most dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and some chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), suggesting a relationship based on molecular size and configuration between these contaminants. Most toxicological responses generally appear to be associated with higher chlorinated PCNs. The most profound effects such as serious and sometimes fatal liver disease, chloracne, and wasting syndrome resulted either from earlier episodes of occupational exposure in humans or from acute experimental dosing of animals at levels that reflected these exposures. However, since the restriction of manufacture and controls on inadvertent production (during combustion processes), the principal route of human and animal exposure is likely to be dietary intake. Therefore, further investigations should include the effects of chronic lower level intake of higher chlorinated PCN congeners that persist in the human diet and subsequently in human and animal tissues. PCNs in the diet should be evaluated cumulatively with other similarly occurring dioxin-like contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alwyn R Fernandes
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Anna Kilanowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-15 Łódź, Poland
| | - Joanna Stragierowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-15 Łódź, Poland
| | - Michał Klimczak
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-15 Łódź, Poland
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-15 Łódź, Poland
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13
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Wielsøe M, Long M, Bossi R, Vorkamp K, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC. Persistent organic pollutant exposures among Greenlandic adults in relation to lifestyle and diet: New data from the ACCEPT cohort. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154270. [PMID: 35245549 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in blood of the Greenlandic population are well known. The exposure is mainly through traditional food intake, including marine mammals and seabirds. The present study aimed to follow up on POP concentrations (organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and halogenated flame retardants (HFRs)) and relations to lifestyle and diet of the mothers included in the Greenlandic ACCEPT cohort (3-5 years after inclusion in 2013-15) and to include the children's fathers. This new data collection in 2019-20 included blood samples for measurement of POP concentrations and lifestyle and food frequency questionnaires from 101 mothers and 76 fathers aged 24-55 years living in Nuuk, Sisimiut, and Ilulissat, Greenland. The mothers' intra-individual median percentage decrease in POP concentrations from inclusion to this follow-up (3-5 years later) was 16-58%, except for mirex (0% change). Median concentrations of POPs were 1.4-4.6 times higher in fathers than in mothers. The POPs differed by residential town with generally higher concentrations in Ilulissat compared to Sisimiut and Nuuk. We report, for the first time, novel HFRs in human samples from Greenland. However, concentrations were low and only dechlorane plus (with its anti-isomer) was detected in >50% of the samples. Most POPs correlated positively with age and n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio. The lipophilic POPs correlated positively with the percentage of life lived in Greenland, whereas few POPs correlated positively with BMI, income (personal and household), education, and alcohol intake. The POPs generally associated positively with the intake of marine mammals, seabirds, and dried fish, while few POPs associated positively with Greenlandic fish intake. In contrast, POPs generally associated negatively with imported meat products intake. The study findings may be of interest for future dietary recommendations in Greenland. We discuss the potential explanations for the findings and suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wielsøe
- Centre for Arctic Health & Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Manhai Long
- Centre for Arctic Health & Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rossana Bossi
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Eva Cecilie Bonefeld-Jørgensen
- Centre for Arctic Health & Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Greenland Centre for Health Research, University of Greenland, Manutooq 1, 3905 Nuussuaq, Greenland.
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14
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Li C, Zhang L, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zheng M, Yang L, Lyu B, Liu X, Jin R, Sun Y, Chen C, Yang Y, Qin L, Lin B, Li D, Li J, Liu G. Comprehensive Evaluation of Dietary Exposure and Health Risk of Polychlorinated Naphthalenes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5520-5529. [PMID: 35417140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intake from food is considered an important route of human exposure to polychlorinated naphthalenes. To our knowledge, several studies have quantified dietary exposure but only in European countries and measuring only a few of the 75 congeners. In addition, the influence of source diversity on human exposure has seldom been assessed. We analyzed 192 composite food samples composed of 17,280 subsamples from 24 provinces in China to measure the concentrations of polychlorinated naphthalenes and estimate their daily intake and potential health risks on a national scale. The estimated cancer risk was in the range of 6.8 × 10-8 to 4.6 × 10-7. We compared our findings for 75 congeners with reports in the literature that quantified only 12 congeners. We estimate that these 12 congeners contribute only approximately 4% to the total mass daily intake of polychlorinated naphthalenes and 70% to the total toxic equivalent quantity, indicating underestimation of dietary exposure. The contributions of combustion-associated congeners to the total concentrations of polychlorinated naphthalenes were in the range of 31-52%, suggesting that the ongoing unintentional release of these compounds from industrial thermal processes is an important factor in polychlorinated naphthalene contamination and human exposure in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, P. R. China
| | - Qiuting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yongning Wu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, P. R. China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Bing Lyu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Rong Jin
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Changzhi Chen
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Yujue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Linjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Bingcheng Lin
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Da Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
| | - Jingguang Li
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, P. R. China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
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15
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Liu S, Wu Y, Xu Z, Lu S, Li X. Study on characteristics of organic components in condensable particulate matter before and after wet flue gas desulfurization system of coal-fired power plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133668. [PMID: 35063556 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) in coal-fired power plants has a great impact on the emission of particulate matter, including filterable particulate matter (FPM) and condensable particulate matter (CPM). In this paper, CPM and FPM in flue gas before and after WFGD in coal-fired power plants were sampled in parallel. FPM was tested according to ISO standard 23210-2009, and CPM was tested according to U.S. EPA Method 202. A method for quantitatively analyzing fatty acid methyl esters in CPM was established, and the removal capacity of fatty acid methyl esters and phthalate esters by WFGD in a typical coal-fired unit was compared. Results show that WFGD has a significant effect on particle size distribution, concentration, and chemical composition. WFGD has a high removal efficiency of inorganic components in CPM, up to 54.74%. CPM contains a variety of organic compounds, including hydrocarbons, esters, siloxanes, halogenated hydrocarbons, and so on. In particular, esters are an important component in CPM, whose concentration tends to decrease after WFGD. Furthermore, a total of 11 fatty acid methyl esters and 5 phthalate esters were detected in CPM before and after WFGD. Noted that fatty acid methyl esters account for 13.38% of CPM, which make a higher contribution to the concentration of particulate matter than phthalate esters, while WFGD has a stronger control effect on the removal of phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yujia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zhenyao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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16
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Wang S, Jin J, Guo C, Li Z, Xu T, Wen X, Hu J, Wang Y, Wei Y, Jin J. Polychlorinated naphthalene concentrations in human serum caused by unintentional production and emissions, and potential effects of polychlorinated naphthalenes on thyroid hormones. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150546. [PMID: 34582862 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 75 polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) congeners in 95 human serum samples from the Fengjiang electronic waste dismantling area and Huangyan District in Taizhou City (Zhejiang Province, China) were determined. Thyroid hormone (FT3, FT4, TSH, and TRH) concentrations in the samples were also determined. The total PCN concentrations in the samples from Fengjiang and Huangyan were 1.29 × 104-4.28 × 105 and 8.29 × 102-6.45 × 105 pg/g lipid, respectively. The less-chlorinated (Cl1-3) PCN concentrations were relatively high in all of the samples, and the concentrations in the samples from the two areas were not significantly different. The sums of the combustion-related PCN congener concentrations were significantly higher in the samples from Fengjiang than in the samples from Huangyan, and the sums of the more-chlorinated (Cl4-8) PCNs were slightly higher in the samples from Fengjiang than in the samples from Huangyan. The relationship between the PCN concentration and age indicated that electronic waste controls have decreased human exposure to PCNs but that attention should still be paid to exposure to less-chlorinated PCNs. The main PCN congeners that contributed to the toxic equivalent concentrations were markedly different for the samples from Fengjiang and Huangyan. CN-66/67 was dominant for the Fengjiang samples and CN-10 was dominant for the Huangyan samples. Attention should be paid to the risks posed by less-chlorinated PCNs to human health. CN-1, CN-2, and CN-20 concentrations are related to human thyroid hormone levels, and the relationships between less-chlorinated PCN concentrations and thyroid hormone concentrations should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jingxi Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chen Guo
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Tong Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinyu Wen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongjie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, China.
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing 100081, China.
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17
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Liu X, Yang L, Wang M, Zheng M, Li C, Qin L, Liu G. Insights into the Formation and Profile of Chlorinated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons during Chlorobenzene and Chloroethylene Manufacturing Processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15929-15939. [PMID: 34812043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons including chlorinated naphthalenes and congeners with three to five rings are ubiquitous atmospheric pollutants. Congener profiles and formation mechanisms from typical chemical manufacturing have not been researched extensively. We measured the concentrations of 75 chlorinated naphthalenes and 18 chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in raw materials, intermediates, products, and bottom residues from chemical plants producing monochlorobenzene and chloroethylene by different techniques. The findings confirmed that these chemical manufacturing processes are newly identified sources of atmospheric emissions of these compounds. More-chlorinated naphthalenes were formed from chloroethylene production than from monochlorobenzene production, which could be explained by the higher temperatures in the former process. Successive chlorination appeared to be an important formation pathway of polychlorinated naphthalenes according to their congener profiles and was supported by quantum chemical calculations of electrophilic chlorination on various positions of naphthalene. Chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were more likely to be formed during the production of monochlorobenzene than chloroethylene. Moreover, we suggested that ring rearrangement and ring coupling are important transformation reactions between polychlorinated naphthalenes and chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of the Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Linjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of the Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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18
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Dvorakova D, Pulkrabova J, Gramblicka T, Polachova A, Buresova M, López ME, Castaño A, Nübler S, Haji-Abbas-Zarrabi K, Klausner N, Göen T, Mol H, Koch HM, Vaccher V, Antignac JP, Haug LS, Vorkamp K, Hajslova J. Interlaboratory comparison investigations (ICIs) and external quality assurance schemes (EQUASs) for flame retardant analysis in biological matrices: Results from the HBM4EU project. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 202:111705. [PMID: 34297934 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU) is coordinating and advancing human biomonitoring (HBM). For this purpose, a network of laboratories delivering reliable analytical data on human exposure is fundamental. The analytical comparability and accuracy of laboratories analysing flame retardants (FRs) in serum and urine were investigated by a quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) scheme comprising interlaboratory comparison investigations (ICIs) and external quality assurance schemes (EQUASs). This paper presents the evaluation process and discusses the results of four ICI/EQUAS rounds performed from 2018 to 2020 for the determination of ten halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) represented by three congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-47, BDE-153 and BDE-209), two isomers of hexabromocyclododecane (α-HBCD and γ-HBCD), two dechloranes (anti-DP and syn-DP), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP) in serum, and four metabolites of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in urine, at two concentration levels. The number of satisfactory results reported by laboratories increased during the four rounds. In the case of HFRs, the scope of the participating laboratories varied substantially (from two to ten) and in most cases did not cover the entire target spectrum of chemicals. The highest participation rate was reached for BDE-47 and BDE-153. The majority of participants achieved more than 70% satisfactory results for these two compounds over all rounds. For other HFRs, the percentage of successful laboratories varied from 44 to 100%. The evaluation of TBBPA, DBDPE, and 2,4,6-TBP was not possible because the number of participating laboratories was too small. Only seven laboratories participated in the ICI/EQUAS scheme for OPFR metabolites and five of them were successful for at least two biomarkers. Nevertheless, the evaluation of laboratory performance using Z-scores in the first three rounds required an alternative approach compared to HFRs because of the small number of participants and the high variability of experts' results. The obtained results within the ICI/EQUAS programme showed a significant core network of comparable European laboratories for HBM of BDE-47, BDE-153, BDE-209, α-HBCD, γ-HBCD, anti-DP, and syn-DP. On the other hand, the data revealed a critically low analytical capacity in Europe for HBM of TBBPA, DBDPE, and 2,4,6-TBP as well as for the OPFR biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darina Dvorakova
- University of Chemistry and Technology (UCT), Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Pulkrabova
- University of Chemistry and Technology (UCT), Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Gramblicka
- University of Chemistry and Technology (UCT), Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Polachova
- University of Chemistry and Technology (UCT), Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Buresova
- University of Chemistry and Technology (UCT), Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Esteban López
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Argelia Castaño
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefanie Nübler
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine (IPASUM), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karin Haji-Abbas-Zarrabi
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine (IPASUM), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nadine Klausner
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine (IPASUM), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine (IPASUM), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans Mol
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Vincent Vaccher
- Oniris, INRAE, UMR 1329 Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), F-44307, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Antignac
- Oniris, INRAE, UMR 1329 Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), F-44307, Nantes, France
| | - Line Småstuen Haug
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jana Hajslova
- University of Chemistry and Technology (UCT), Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
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19
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Martinez G, Niu J, Takser L, Bellenger JP, Zhu J. A review on the analytical procedures of halogenated flame retardants by gas chromatography coupled with single quadrupole mass spectrometry and their levels in human samples. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117476. [PMID: 34082369 PMCID: PMC8355089 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) market is continuously evolving and have moved from the extensive use of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) to more recent introduced mixtures such as Firemaster 550, Firemaster 680, DP-25, DP-35, and DP-515. These substitutes are mainly composed of non-PBDEs HFRs such as 2-ethyl-hexyl tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE). Other HFRs commonly being monitored include Dechlorane Plus (DP), Dechlorane 602 (Dec602), Dechlorane 603 (Dec603), Dechlorane 604 (Dec604), 5,6-dibromo-1,10, 11, 12,13,13-hexachloro- 11-tricyclo[8.2.1.02,9]tridecane (HCDBCO) and 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1,1,3-trimethyl-3-(2,3,4,5-tetrabromophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene (OBTMPI). This review aims at highlighting the advances in the past decade (2010-2020) on both the analytical procedures of HFRs in human bio-specimens using gas chromatography coupled with single quadrupole mass spectrometry and synthesizing the information on the levels of these HFRs in human samples. Human specimen included in this review are blood, milk, stool/meconium, hair and nail. The review summarizes the analytical methods, including extraction and clean-up techniques, used for measuring HFRs in biological samples, which are largely adopted from those for analysing PBDEs. In addition, new challenges in the analysis to include both PBDEs and a wide range of other HFRs are also discussed in this review. Review of the levels of HFRs in human samples shows that PBDEs are still the most predominant HFRs in many cases, followed by DP. However, emerging HFRs are also being detected in human despite of the fact that both their detection frequencies and levels are lower than PBDEs and DP. It is clearly demonstrated in this review that people working in the industry or living close to the industrial areas have higher HFR levels in their bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Martinez
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jianjun Niu
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Larissa Takser
- Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Phillipe Bellenger
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jiping Zhu
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Bajard L, Negi CK, Mustieles V, Melymuk L, Jomini S, Barthelemy-Berneron J, Fernandez MF, Blaha L. Endocrine disrupting potential of replacement flame retardants - Review of current knowledge for nuclear receptors associated with reproductive outcomes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 153:106550. [PMID: 33848905 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) constitute a major public health concern because they can induce a large spectrum of adverse effects by interfering with the hormonal system. Rapid identification of potential EDCs using in vitro screenings is therefore critical, particularly for chemicals of emerging concerns such as replacement flame retardants (FRs). The review aimed at identifying (1) data gaps and research needs regarding endocrine disrupting (ED) properties of replacement FRs and (2) potential EDCs among these emerging chemicals. METHODS A systematic search was performed from open literature and ToxCast/Tox21 programs, and results from in vitro tests on the activities of 52 replacement FRs towards five hormone nuclear receptors (NRs) associated with reproductive outcomes (estrogen, androgen, glucocorticoid, progesterone, and aryl hydrocarbon receptors) were compiled and organized into tables. Findings were complemented with information from structure-based in silico model predictions and in vivo information when relevant. RESULTS For the majority of the 52 replacement FRs, experimental in vitro data on activities towards these five NRs were either incomplete (15 FRs) or not found (24 FRs). Within the replacement FRs for which effect data were found, some appeared as candidate EDCs, such as triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) and tris(1,3-dichloropropyl)phosphate (TDCIPP). The search also revealed shared ED profiles. For example, anti-androgenic activity was reported for 19 FRs and predicted for another 21 FRs. DISCUSSION This comprehensive review points to critical gaps in knowledge on ED potential for many replacement FRs, including chemicals to which the general population is likely exposed. Although this review does not cover all possible characteristics of ED, it allowed the identification of potential EDCs associated with reproductive outcomes, calling for deeper evaluation and possibly future regulation of these chemicals. By identifying shared ED profiles, this work also raises concerns for mixture effects since the population is co-exposed to several FRs and other chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola Bajard
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 5, CZ62500 Brno, Czechia
| | - Chander K Negi
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 5, CZ62500 Brno, Czechia
| | - Vicente Mustieles
- University of Granada, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Granada, Spain; Ciber de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigacion Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs. GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 5, CZ62500 Brno, Czechia
| | - Stéphane Jomini
- ANSES, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail, Direction de l'Evaluation des Risques, Unité Evaluation des Substances Chimiques, 14 rue Pierre Marie Curie. 94701 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Johanna Barthelemy-Berneron
- ANSES, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail, Direction de l'Evaluation des Risques, Unité Evaluation des Substances Chimiques, 14 rue Pierre Marie Curie. 94701 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Mariana F Fernandez
- University of Granada, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Granada, Spain; Ciber de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigacion Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs. GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Ludek Blaha
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 5, CZ62500 Brno, Czechia.
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21
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Li C, Li J, Lyu B, Wu Y, Yang L, Zheng M, Min Y, Zhang L, Liu G. Burden and Risk of Polychlorinated Naphthalenes in Chinese Human Milk and a Global Comparison of Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6804-6813. [PMID: 33929821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are carcinogenic contaminants. Residues from historical production and ongoing unintentional releases from industrial thermal sources have led to the ubiquitous presence of PCNs in the environment. Our previous study has revealed that unintentional releases may be the main sources of PCNs in human milk from China. However, an assessment of PCN burden in human milk and exposure differences between historical residues and unintentional release exposure has not been conducted. In this study, we performed the first comparison of human exposure to PCNs and evaluated the differences between the estimated health risks from historical residues and unintentional releases. Three characteristic PCN congener patterns found in Chinese human milk specimens collected from 100 cities/counties can be considered characteristic of PCN exposures in regions with unintentional industrial releases as the main PCN sources. The health risk assessment suggested potential noncarcinogenic health effects in infants aged 0-6 months. The hazard index calculated for infants in Sweden indicates a strong impact of historical residues that nonetheless decreases over time, and a comparison of the hazard indices calculated for China and Ireland suggests that ongoing unintentional formation and release of PCNs from industrial processes should be a matter of public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jingguang Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Bing Lyu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Yihao Min
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
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22
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Pan HY, Li JFT, Li XH, Yang YL, Qin ZF, Li JB, Li YY. Transfer of dechlorane plus between human breast milk and adipose tissue and comparison with legacy lipophilic compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:115096. [PMID: 32806402 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, levels of dechlorane plus (DP) in breast milk and matched adipose tissue samples were measured from 54 women living in Wenling, China. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured simultaneously for comparison. The levels of ∑DPs/∑PBDEs varied from less than one to several dozens of ng g-1 lipid weight (lw) in matrices and the levels of ∑PCBs varied between several to hundreds of ng g-1 lw. In the same matrix, ∑DPs and ∑PCBs/∑PBDEs showed a significant relationship (p < 0.05), indicating that they shared common sources. Accordingly, there was a strong association of lipid-adjusted concentrations of individual compounds (BDE-209 excluded) between matrices (p < 0.001), suggesting that breast milk could be a proxy for adipose tissue in human bioburden monitoring of these compounds. The predicted lipid-adjusted milk/adipose ratios varied from 0.62 to 1.5 but showed significant differences (p<0.001) between compounds, suggesting a compound-specific transfer between milk lipids and adipose tissue lipids. Specifically, the milk/adipose ratios for syn-DP and anti-DP (-1.40 and 1.3, respectively) were significantly higher than those of CB congeners and hexa/hepta-BDE congeners (p < 0.05). In addition, unlike PCBs/PBDEs (excluding BDE-209), DP's hydrophobicity might not be responsible for its preferable distribution in milk lipids. Instead, the interaction with nonlipid factors played a key role. The fraction of anti-DP between the two kinds of matrices was not significantly different, suggesting that the biochemical transfer processes may not be efficient enough to distinguish DP isomers. Nevertheless, the congener patterns of PCBs/PBDEs gave a clue about the compound-specific transfer between milk and adipose tissue. To our knowledge, this is the first to report the relationships of DP between adipose tissue and breast milk. These results could provide useful and in-depth information on biomonitoring of DP and facilitate the understanding of the accumulation and excretion potentials of DP and its distribution-related mechanism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Pan
- Taizhou Vocational & Technical College, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Ji-Fang-Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Xing-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - You-Lin Yang
- The First People's Hospital of Wenling, 333 Chuang'annan Road, Chengxi Street, Taizhou, 317500, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Zhan-Fen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Jin-Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, PR China
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23
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Fromme H, Thomsen C, Aschenbrenner B, Haug LS, Weber T, Kolossa-Gehring M, Völkel W, Schober W. Time trend of exposure to dechloranes: Plasma samples of German young adults from the environmental specimen bank collected from 1995 to 2017. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 229:113593. [PMID: 32801111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dechloranes, like Dechlorane Plus® are commonly used flame retardants identified by the EU as substances of very high concern (SVHC) because of their persistence and bioaccumulation potential. To characterize the dechlorane exposure of Germans in the last two decades, 180 archived blood plasma samples of the German Environmental Specimen Bank (students aged 20-29 years) collected at six time points between 1995 and 2017 were analyzed for four dechloranes; namely Dechlorane Plus® (syn- and anti-DDC-CO), dechlorane 602 (DDC-DBF), and dechlorane 603 (DDC-Ant). These were quantified using a GC-MS/MS method. Overall, anti- and syn-DDC-CO were detected in 88% and 98% of the samples, whereas DDC-DBF and DDC-Ant were found in 40% and 37% of the samples, respectively. The median (95th percentile) values were 1.0 ng/g lipid weight (l.w.) (3.0 ng/g l.w.). for anti-DDC-CO, 0.6 ng/g l.w (1.9 ng/g l.w.). for syn-DDC-CO, 0.1 ng/g l.w (0.6 ng/g l.w.). for DDC-DBF, and 0.1 ng/g l.w (0.2 ng/g l.w.). for DDC-Ant. The 95th percentile concentrations of the sum of syn- and anti-DDC-CO decreased from 4.2 ng/g l.w. in 1995, to 2.9 ng/g l.w. in 1999, and subsequently increased to 3.7 ng/g l.w. in 2008, and up to 5.9 ng/g l.w. in 2017. A statistically significant decrease with time was observed for DDC-DBF and DDC-Ant, but not for DDC-CO. Our medians found in blood samples in 2017 are similar to those observed in Germany in 2013/14, but higher compared to values reported in other European countries. Overall, more toxicological and monitoring data is needed to better characterize the potential impact on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Fromme
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Cathrine Thomsen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O.Box 222 Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bettina Aschenbrenner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Pfarrstrasse 3, D-80538, Munich, Germany
| | - Line Småstuen Haug
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O.Box 222 Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway
| | - Till Weber
- German Environment Agency, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Völkel
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Pfarrstrasse 3, D-80538, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schober
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Pfarrstrasse 3, D-80538, Munich, Germany
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24
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Krenczkowska D, Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska K, Wielgomas B, Bazar D, Jankowski Z. Ex Vivo Human Skin is not a Barrier for Cyclic Siloxanes (Cyclic Silicones): Evidence of Diffusion, Bioaccumulation, and Risk of Dermal Absorption Using a New Validated GC-FID Procedure. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E586. [PMID: 32599732 PMCID: PMC7355424 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic methylsiloxanes D4, D5, D6 (also called cyclic silicones) are widely used in various dermatological products and cosmetics, both for children and adults. As a result of their unique physicochemical properties, the production of cyclic methylsiloxanes has greatly increased over the last few years, which has resulted in increased exposure to mankind. The validated quantitative for gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis with using the transdermal diffusion system with vertical Franz cells demonstrated that ex vivo human skin is not a barrier to cyclic siloxanes. D4, D5, and D6 have a specific affinity to stratum corneum (SC) (especially D6), and can even diffuse into the deeper layers of the skin (epidermis (E) and dermis (D)), or into the receptor fluid as well. An important achievement of this work was the observation of the characteristic ratio partitioning D4, D5, and D6 in skin layers and receptor fluid (RF). The studies have shown that, in order to thoroughly understand the mechanism, it is important to determine not only the differences in the amounts of cumulated doses in total in all skin layers and receptor fluid, but also the mutual ratios of analyte concentrations existing between matrices. For example, in the case of the stratum corneum, the cumulative doses of D4, D5, and D6 were 27.5, 63.9, and 67.2 µg/cm2/24 h, respectively, and in the epidermis, they were 6.9, 29.9, and 10.7 µg/cm2/24 h, respectively, which confirmed the highest affinity of D6 to stratum corneum as the amount diffused into the epidermis was 2.8 times smaller compared to D5. The calculated epidermis-to-stratum corneum ratios of analyte concentrations also confirm this. The largest ratio was identified for D5 (E/SC = 47), followed by D4 (E/SC = 25), and finally by D6 (E/SC = 16). The analysis of the next stage of diffusion from epidermis to dermis revealed that in dermis the highest cumulative dose was observed for D5 (13.9 µg/cm2/24 h), while the doses of D4 and D6 were similar (5.1 and 5.3 µg/cm2/24 h). Considering the concentration gradient, it can be concluded that the diffusion of D5 and D6 occurs at a similar level, while D4 diffuses at a much higher level. These observations were also confirmed by the dermis-to-epidermis concentration ratios. The final stage of diffusion from dermis to the receptor fluid indicated that D4 was able to permeate easily, while D5 exhibited a difficult diffusion and the diffusion of D6 was limited. The receptor fluid-to-dermis concentration ratios (RF/D) were calculated for D4, D5, and D6: 80, 53, and 17, respectively. Our results also revealed the increased risk of D4 and D5 absorption into the blood and lymphatic systems, whereas D6 demonstrated the lowest risk. Therefore, we can argue that, among the three tested compounds, D6 is the safest one that can be used in dermatological, cosmetic, and personal care products. This study demonstrates that the stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis can be also considered reservoirs of cyclic methylsiloxanes. Therefore, these compounds can demonstrate potential long-term bioaccumulation, and can be absorbed to the bloodstream in a long-term and uncontrolled process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Krenczkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (D.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Krystyna Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (D.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Bartosz Wielgomas
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Dagmara Bazar
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (D.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Zbigniew Jankowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębowa 23, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Waheed S, Khan MU, Sweetman AJ, Jones KC, Moon HB, Malik RN. Exposure of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) to Pakistani populations via non-dietary sources from neglected e-waste hubs: A problem of high health concern. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113838. [PMID: 32023785 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To date limited information's are available concerning unintentional productions, screening, profiling, and health risks of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in ambient environment and occupational environment. Literature reveals that dust is a neglected environmental matrix never measured for PCNs. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the concentrations and health risks of PCNs in indoor dust, air, and blood of major e-waste recycling hubs in Pakistan. Indoor air (n = 125), dust (n = 250), and serum (n = 250) samples were collected from five major e-waste hubs and their vicinity to measure 39 PCN congeners using GC-ECNI-MS. ∑39PCN concentrations in indoor air, dust, and serum (worker > resident > children) samples ranged from 7.0 to 9583 pg/m3, from 0.25 to 697 ng/g, and from 0.15 to 401 pg/g lipid weight, respectively. Predominant PCN congeners in indoor air and dust were tri- and tetra-CNs, while tetra- and penta-CNs were dominant in human serum samples. The higher PCNs contribution was recorded at the recycling units, while the lower was observed at the shops of the major e-waste hubs. Higher contribution of combustion origin CNs in air, dust and human samples showed combustion sources at the major e-waste hubs, while Halowax and Aroclor based technical mixture showed minor contribution in these samples. Mean toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations of PCNs were 2.79E+00 pg-TEQ/m3, 1.60E-02 ng-TEQ/g, 8.11E-01 pg-TEQ/g, 7.14E-01 pg-TEQ/g, and 6.37E-01 pg-TEQ/g for indoor air, dust, and serum samples from workers, residents, and children, respectively. In our study, CNs- 66/67 and -73 in indoor air, dust, and human serum were the great contributors to total TEQ concentrations of PCNs. This first base line data directs government and agencies to implement rules, regulation to avoid negative health outcomes and suggests further awareness in regard of provision of proper knowledge to the target population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Waheed
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Khan
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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Li C, Zhang L, Li J, Min Y, Yang L, Zheng M, Wu Y, Yang Y, Qin L, Liu G. Polychlorinated naphthalenes in human milk: Health risk assessment to nursing infants and source analysis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 136:105436. [PMID: 31887713 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes are teratogenic environmental contaminants. Mother milk is the most important food for nursing infants. The World Health Organization actively promotes breastfeeding for its immunological, psychological, and economic advantages. We firstly measured concentrations of polychlorinated naphthalenes in human milk from 19 provinces in China and estimated their potential health risks to nursing infants and their possible sources. Concentrations ranged from 211.07 to 2497.43 pg/g lipid. The high prevalence of highly toxic hexachlorinated naphthalenes (Hexa-CN66/67) in human milk samples indicated a higher health risk in the sampling areas. Cancer risk posed to nursing infants was not significant, but potential non-carcinogenic adverse health effects were suggested and should be emphasized in some sampling areas. Unintentional emission of polychlorinated naphthalenes from industries that employ thermal processes appears to be the main source for PCNs in human milk in most sampling areas. Correlation analysis also suggested PCNs as impurities in polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures as a previously unrecognized source of polychlorinated naphthalenes in human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, PR China
| | - Jingguang Li
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, PR China
| | - Yihao Min
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yongning Wu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, PR China
| | - Yuanping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Linjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, PR China.
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Salthammer T. Emerging indoor pollutants. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 224:113423. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Yin JF, Li JFT, Li XH, Yang YL, Qin ZF. Bioaccumulation and transfer characteristics of dechlorane plus in human adipose tissue and blood stream and the underlying mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 700:134391. [PMID: 31627044 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, bioaccumulation and transfer characteristics of dechlorane plus (DP) were examined between human adipose tissue and matched maternal serum, and the possible transfer mechanism between tissues was further discussed. The median level of total DP was 971 pg g-1 wet weight (ww) and 1.22 ng g-1 lipid weight (lw) in adipose tissue, respectively, and was 34.7 pg g-1 ww and 3.98 ng g-1 lw for serum, respectively. DP wet levels' positive association with fat contents of five types of human tissues indicated that DP distribution might be related to lipid-driven mechanism. However, the lipid-adjusted adipose-serum partitioning ratios were estimated to be 0.35 for syn-DP and 0.35 for anti-DP, accordingly, which implied that the DP distribution between serum and adipose tissues, was not only regulated by the tissue lipid contents. Both the internal mono-dechlorination of anti-DP, and stereo-selective behavior of DP isomers were not found in DP transfer from blood to adipose tissue. The marginal positive relationship was observed between serum levels and apolipoprotein A concentrations (p = 0.095 for total DP and 0.045 for syn-DP), and neither association was found between serum levels and thyroid hormone concentrations (THs). To our best knowledge, this is the first report about the accumulation relationship of DP between human adipose tissue and blood stream with the corresponding distribution-related mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Fa Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Ji-Fang-Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xing-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - You-Lin Yang
- The First People's Hospital of Wenling, 333 Chuang'annan Road, Chengxi Street, Taizhou 317500, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Zhan-Fen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, PR China
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Abdel Malak I, Cariou R, Guiffard I, Vénisseau A, Dervilly-Pinel G, Jaber F, Le Bizec B. Assessment of Dechlorane Plus and related compounds in foodstuffs and estimates of daily intake from Lebanese population. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:492-497. [PMID: 31276863 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dechlorane Related Compounds (DRCs), including Dechlorane Plus (syn/anti-DP or syn/anti-DDC-CO) and related compounds (Dec-601 or DDC-ID, Dec-602 or DDC-DBF, Dec-603 or DDC-Ant and Chlordene Plus or DDC-PDD), are a group of polychlorinated flame retardants of concern since they were first reported in various environmental and biota matrices about one decade ago. In this work, we investigated the dietary intake of the Lebanese population to these lipophilic environmental contaminants upon the evaluation of selected foodstuff contamination. Collected food samples (n = 58) were selected to be representative of the lipid fraction of the whole diet of the Beiruti population. The samples were analysed using pressurized liquid extraction, silica multilayer column followed by gel permeation chromatography for purification and GC-EI-HRMS for separation and detection. Detection frequency of at least one compound among Dechlorane Plus (syn-DP and anti-DP), Dechlorane 602, 603 and Chlordene Plus) was 91%. The mean concentrations of ∑6DRCs, by food group, ranged from 4.7 to 29.5 pg g-1 wet weight in lowerbound (LB) and from 6.7 to 76.9 pg g-1 wet weight in upperbound (UB). Based on food habits, the dietary intake of Beiruti adults was estimated to be between 3.71 (LB) and 5.61 (UB) ng day-1. Dechlorane Plus and Dechlorane 602 were the dominant compounds, contributing to 70 and 24% of the total intake (LB value), respectively. This study reports for the first time the occurrence of Dechloranes in Lebanese foods and proposes corresponding deterministic dietary exposure scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inas Abdel Malak
- LABERCA, Oniris, INRA, F-44307, Nantes, France; Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences I, Laboratory of Analysis of Organic Compounds (LACO), 508 Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | | | | | | | - Farouk Jaber
- Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences I, Laboratory of Analysis of Organic Compounds (LACO), 508 Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
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Krenczkowska D, Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska K, Wielgomas B, Cal K, Bartoszewski R, Bartoszewska S, Jankowski Z. The consequences of overcoming the human skin barrier by siloxanes (silicones) Part 1. Penetration and permeation depth study of cyclic methyl siloxanes. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 231:607-623. [PMID: 30292575 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic production of cyclic siloxanes: octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane D4, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane D5 and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane D6 increases their concentrations in environment. It is considered that both environmental pollution and the usage of personal care products and cosmetics containing cyclic siloxanes can be the main source of the human exposure by transdermal route. The aim of the study was to verify the possibility to overcome the skin barrier by cyclic siloxanes (ATR-FTIR and GC-FID), evaluation of diffusion pathway to stratum corneum SC (Fluorescence microscopy), and determination of depth of permeation to deeper skin layers: epidermis and dermis (ATR-FTIR) and also of potential interaction with SC lipids and proteins (Fluorescence microscopy, ATR-FTIR) and the cytotoxicity studies against HaCaT cells (MTT test). The results show that D4, D5 and D5 can penetrate to SC and permeate into the deeper layers of the skin: epidermis and dermis. The quantitative analysis (GC-FID) showed that total cumulative doses for D4, D5 and D6 were: 42.50; 95.37 and 77.19 μg/cm2/24 h, respectively. The microscopic analysis proved, transepidermal route through the lipid matrix as well as through the canyons (intercluster spaces) were a diffusion pathway to the SC as well as disruption of human SC lipid structure by: D4 (the most), D5 and D6 (the least). The cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that the tested range of concentrations of D5 and D6 (up to 300 mM, 111 300 mg and 133 500 mg respectively) did not impaired the HaCaT growth, while D4 had IC50 value of 40 098 mM ± 7.94 (10 906 ± 872,5 mg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Krenczkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krystyna Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Wielgomas
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Cal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Rafał Bartoszewski
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Bartoszewska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Jankowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębowa 23, 80-204 Gdańsk. Poland
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Jin J, Wang S, Hu J, Wu J, Li M, Wang Y, Jin J. Polychlorinated naphthalenes in human serum samples from an industrial city in Eastern China: Levels, sources, and sex differences. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 177:86-92. [PMID: 30974247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the environment in China have been studied extensively. However, there have been no reports on PCNs in human serum samples from China. In this context, we collected 480 serum samples from an industrial city in Eastern China. The concentration range for the sum of the mono-to octa-CNs was 14300-50700 pg/g lipid. The most predominant congener was CN-5/7, which accounted for 21.6%-51.1% of the total PCN concentration. Further analysis indicated that residues of PCN industrial technical products in the local environment appear to be the main source of CN-5/7 in the serum samples. On the other hand, the sum of the tetra-to octa-CNs concentration was obviously higher in males (1390 ± 929 pg/g lipid) than in females (267 ± 25 pg/g lipid). Moreover, the concentrations of combustion-related PCNs in the male 20-24, 25-29 and 30-34 years groups were obviously higher than those in the female samples. Therefore, industrial thermal processes are important sources of PCNs in male serum in addition to PCN products. The toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations of PCNs in the pooled serum samples ranged from 0.12 to 0.40 pg/g lipid. CN-10 and CN-66/67 were the dominant TEQ congeners in male serum, and CN-10, CN-1, and CN-2 were the main TEQ congeners in female serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxi Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shijie Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Meihong Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, 100081, China
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Fromme H, Witte M, Fembacher L, Gruber L, Hagl T, Smolic S, Fiedler D, Sysoltseva M, Schober W. Siloxane in baking moulds, emission to indoor air and migration to food during baking with an electric oven. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 126:145-152. [PMID: 30798195 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Linear and cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (l-VMS and c-VMS) are man-made chemicals with no natural source. They have been widely used in cosmetics, personal care products, coatings and many other products. As a consequence of their wide use, VMS can be found in different environmental media, as well as in humans. We bought 14 new silicone baking moulds and 3 metallic moulds from the market and used them in different baking experiments. Four of the silicone baking moulds were produced in Germany, two in Italy, four in China, and for the other moulds were no information available. The metal forms were all produced in Germany. VMS were measured in the indoor air throughout the baking process and at the edge and in the center of the finished cakes using a GC/MS system. Additionally, the particle number concentration (PNC) and particle size distribution were measured in the indoor air. The highest median concentrations of VMS were observed immediately following baking: 301 μg/m3 of D7, 212 μg/m3 of D6, and 130 μg/m3 of D8. The silicone moulds containing the highest concentrations of c-VMS corresponded with distinctly higher concentrations of the compounds in indoor air. Using a mould for more than one baking cycle reduced the indoor air concentrations substantially. Samples collected from the edge of the cake had higher concentrations relative to samples from the center, with a mean initial concentration of 6.6 mg/kg of D15, 3.9 mg/kg of D9, 3.7 mg/kg of D12, and 4.8 mg/kg of D18. D3 to D5 were measured only at very low concentrations. Before starting the experiment, an average PNC of 7300 particles/cm3 was observed in the room's air, while a PNC of 140,000 particles/cm3 was observed around the electric stove while it was baking, but this PNC slowly decreased after the oven was switched off. Baking with 4 of the moulds exceeded the German indoor precaution guide value for c-VMS, but the health hazard guide value was not reached during every experiment. Compared to other exposure routes, c-VMS contamination of cake from silicone moulds seems to be low, as demonstrated by the low concentrations of D4 and D6 measured. For less volatile c-VMS > D6 the results of the study indicate that food might play a more important role for daily intake. As a general rule, silicone moulds should be used only after precleaning and while strictly following the temperature suggestions of the producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Fromme
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Pfarrstrasse 3, D-80538 Munich, Germany; Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Matthias Witte
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Pfarrstrasse 3, D-80538 Munich, Germany
| | - Ludwig Fembacher
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Pfarrstrasse 3, D-80538 Munich, Germany
| | - Ludwig Gruber
- Fraunhofer Institute Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Dept. Product Safety and Analysis, Giggenhauser Strasse 35, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Tanja Hagl
- Fraunhofer Institute Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Dept. Product Safety and Analysis, Giggenhauser Strasse 35, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Sonja Smolic
- Fraunhofer Institute Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Dept. Product Safety and Analysis, Giggenhauser Strasse 35, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Dominik Fiedler
- Fraunhofer Institute Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Dept. Product Safety and Analysis, Giggenhauser Strasse 35, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Marina Sysoltseva
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Pfarrstrasse 3, D-80538 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schober
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Pfarrstrasse 3, D-80538 Munich, Germany
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Salthammer T, Zhang Y, Mo J, Koch HM, Weschler CJ. Erfassung der Humanexposition mit organischen Verbindungen in Innenraumumgebungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Fachbereich Materialanalytik und Innenluftchemie; Fraunhofer WKI; 38108 Braunschweig Bienroder Weg 54E Deutschland
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Holger M. Koch
- Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (IPA); Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44789 Bochum Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1 Deutschland
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI); Rutgers University; 170 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
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Salthammer T, Zhang Y, Mo J, Koch HM, Weschler CJ. Assessing Human Exposure to Organic Pollutants in the Indoor Environment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry; Fraunhofer WKI; 38108 Braunschweig Bienroder Weg 54E Germany
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Holger M. Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA); Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum; 44789 Bochum Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1 Germany
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI); Rutgers University; 170 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
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35
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Guo LC, Xiao J, Zhang Y, Yu S, Lin H, Su G, Liu T, Li X, Lv S, Rutherford S, Ma W. Association between serum polybrominated diphenyl ethers, new flame retardants and thyroid hormone levels for school students near a petrochemical complex, South China. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 202:476-482. [PMID: 29579682 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As surrogates of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), new flame retardants (NFRs) include a series of chlorinated and brominated flame retardants. Though the NFRs are thought to induce similar thyroid hormone (TH) disrupting effects as PBDEs, few studies have focused on them. Given the increasing levels of NFRs in the environment, more in depth investigation of the potential TH disrupting effects of NFRs is warranted. This research involved a health survey to collect data and examine the associations between PBDEs, NFRs and TH. 174 school students lived near a petrochemical complex in South China participated in the survey, completing questionnaires and providing blood samples. Thirteen congeners of PBDEs, eight species of NFRs, TH and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured. The median levels of ΣPBDE (sum of thirteen congeners of PBDEs) and ΣNFR (sum of eight species of NFRs) for students were 140 and 240 ng g-1 lipid, respectively. Nonmonotonic relationships were observed between quartile levels of PBDEs, NFRs and corresponding TH. In contrast to ΣPBDE that was positively associated with triidothyrine (T3) level, ΣNFR was not statistically associated with TH. ΣPBDE + NFR (sum of thirteen congeners of PBDEs and eight species of NFRs) was significantly associated with T3 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Chuan Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Jianpeng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China; School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
| | - Shengbing Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Hualiang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Guangning Su
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Xing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China; School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shaomin Lv
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Shannon Rutherford
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
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36
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Kang C, Bao S, Chen B, Zhong Y, Huang D, Wang Y, Xue H, Tian T. Photoconversion of 2-Chloronaphthalene in Water. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 99:415-421. [PMID: 28780636 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-017-2146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The photoconversion of 2-chloronaphthalene (CN-2) in water in a simulated sunlight system was investigated. The photoconversion efficiency, photoproducts and mechanisms were inspected, and the effects of inorganic ions (NO3-, NO2-) and fulvic acid (FA) were discussed. The results showed that CN-2 could be transformed in water under the irradiation. NO3- and NO2- promoted the photoconversion of CN-2 owing to ·OH generated by the photolysis of NO3- and NO2-; FA at a lower concentration promoted the photoconversion, but it had an inhibition effect at a higher concentration. It was demonstrated that the acidic conditions promoted the photoconversion of CN-2 by the active groups such as superoxide radical anion, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical produced in the system. Eight photoproducts of CN-2 were characterized by the GC-MS method and the possible photoconversion mechanisms were proposed accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Kang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Siqi Bao
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Baiyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yubo Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Dongmei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Honghai Xue
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Tao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
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37
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Fernandes A, Rose M, Falandysz J. Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in food and humans. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 104:1-13. [PMID: 28391007 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are legacy contaminants that are listed by the Stockholm convention, initially for reduction of inadvertent production and ultimately, for elimination. They originate through releases from older electrical equipment, inadvertent contamination in industrial chemicals and from combustion processes such as incineration. Recent advances in measurement techniques have allowed a greater characterisation of PCN occurrence, yielding more specific data including individual PCN congener concentrations. Emerging data on food shows widespread occurrence in most commonly consumed foods from different parts of the world. Concurrently, toxicological studies have also allowed a greater insight into the potencies of some congeners, a number of which are known to elicit potent, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediated responses, often referred to as dioxin-like toxicity. The dietary pathway is widely recognised as the most likely route to non-occupational human exposure. This paper reviews some of the more recent findings on PCN occurrence in food, biota, and human tissues, and discusses the use of relative potencies to express PCN toxicity in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Rose
- Fera Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry & Ecotoxicology, Gdańsk University, Gdańsk, Poland
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38
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Sales C, Poma G, Malarvannan G, Portolés T, Beltrán J, Covaci A. Simultaneous determination of dechloranes, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and novel brominated flame retardants in food and serum. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4507-4515. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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39
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Quantification of all 209 PCB congeners in blood—Can indicators be used to calculate the total PCB blood load? Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:201-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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40
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Brasseur C, Pirard C, L'homme B, De Pauw E, Focant JF. Measurement of emerging dechloranes in human serum using modulated gas chromatography coupled to electron capture negative ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:2545-2554. [PMID: 27654949 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Quite recently, the presence of significant amounts of several emerging Dechlorane (Dec) flame retardants (FRs) was reported in environmental and biota samples, principally from Canada and China, but also from Europe. Several molecules were identified, e.g. Dec 602, 603, 604, Dechlorane Plus (DP), and Chlordene Plus (CP). Gas chromatography (GC) coupled to electron ionization (EI) high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is typically used for their measurement in various matrices based on hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HCCPD) fragment ions at m/z 271.8102/273.8072. METHODS We investigated the use of GC with cryogenic zone compression and electron capture negative ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CZC-GC/ECNI-TOFMS) to measure Dechlorane compounds at low levels in human serum. The TOFMS instrument provided a resolving power of 5000 (FWHM) with an acquisition rate of 25 Hz and was equipped with a specific low thermal emission filament, which allowed it to perform reproducibly in ECNI mode at ion source temperatures as low as 140°C, thus yielding a signal for the molecular ion cluster. RESULTS The method provided comparable sensitivity to the GC/EI-SectorHRMS technique used in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode, and specificity for the target Dechlorane compounds. The method was applied on human serum samples and quantification was performed for Dec 602, Dec 603, and CP, ranging from 0.1 to 10 ng/g lipid weight levels. The main drawbacks of the method are the high instrument detection limits (IDLs) obtained for DP and Dec 604. The method would benefit from even softer ionization and better ion transmission. CONCLUSIONS The main advantages of the present method are the selectivity, as detection is based on the molecular ion signal, and the use of good mass accuracy combined with isotopic distribution calculation for molecular formulae investigation of halogenated compounds. This methodology should facilitate the monitoring of emerging Dechlorane contaminants in future studies, and possibly extend the scope to untargeted emerging analogues. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Brasseur
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Catherine Pirard
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Benjamin L'homme
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Focant
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
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41
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Farasani A, Darbre PD. Exposure to cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) causes anchorage-independent growth and reduction of BRCA1 in non-transformed human breast epithelial cells. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 37:454-461. [PMID: 27601420 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dermal absorption of components of personal care products (PCPs) may contribute to breast cancer development. Cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) are used widely in the formulation of PCPs, and their presence has been recently detected in human blood. The objectives of this study were to investigate any genotoxic effects after short- (1 week) or longer-term (30 weeks) exposure to hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) or decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) in MCF-10 A and MCF-10F immortalized non-transformed human breast epithelial cells. Genotoxic effects were assessed by an ability of cells to grow in suspension culture, from DNA damage measured by comet assays, and from a reduction in levels of DNA repair proteins measured by RT-PCR and western immunoblotting. Dose-dependent anchorage-independent growth in methocel culture was observed after exposure to D3 (10-13 M-10-5 M) and D4/D5 (10-9 M-10-5 M). DNA damage was measured by the comet assay after 1-h exposure to D3 (10-6 M-10-5 M) and D4 (10-5 M). BRCA1 mRNA and BRCA1 protein levels were reduced after 30-week exposure to 10-5 M D4 and D5 in both cell lines. Reduced levels of mRNAs for other DNA repair proteins (BRCA2, ATM, ATR, CHK1 and CHK2) were also observed after exposure to 10-5 M D5 in both cell lines, and some reductions after exposure to D3 and D4. If cVMS can not only enable anchorage-independent growth of non-transformed breast epithelial cells and damage DNA, but also compromise DNA repair systems, then there is the potential for them to impact on breast carcinogenesis. Further risk assessment now requires information concerning the extent to which cVMS may be present in human breast tissues. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Farasani
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6UB, UK
| | - Philippa D Darbre
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6UB, UK
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42
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Fromme H, Hilger B, Albrecht M, Gries W, Leng G, Völkel W. Occurrence of chlorinated and brominated dioxins/furans, PCBs, and brominated flame retardants in blood of German adults. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:380-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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43
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Zhu Q, Zhang X, Dong S, Gao L, Liu G, Zheng M. Gas and particle size distributions of polychlorinated naphthalenes in the atmosphere of Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 212:128-134. [PMID: 26840526 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were listed as persistent organic pollutants in the Stockholm Convention in 2015. Despite numerous studies on PCNs, little is known about their occurrence in atmospheric particulate matter of different sizes. In this study, 49 PCN congeners were investigated for their concentrations and size-specific distributions in an urban atmosphere, and preliminary exposure assessments were conducted. Ambient air samples were collected using a high-volume cascade impactor for division into a gas fraction and four particle size fractions. Samples were collected from October 2013 to June 2014 at an urban site in Beijing, China. The concentration range for PCNs in the atmosphere (gas + particle fractions) was 6.77-25.90 pg/m(3) (average 16.28 pg/m(3)). The particle-bound concentration range was 0.17-2.78 pg/m(3) (average 1.73 pg/m(3)). Therefore, PCNs were mainly found in the gas phase. The concentrations of PCNs in a fraction increased as the particle size decreased (dae > 10 μm, 10 μm ≥ dae > 2.5 μm, 2.5 μm ≥ dae > 1.0 μm and dae ≤ 1.0 μm). Consequently, PCNs were ubiquitous in inhalable fine particles, and the ΣPCNs associated with PM1.0 and PM2.5 reached 68.4% and 84.3%, respectively. Tetra-CNs and penta-CNs (the lower chlorinated homologues) predominated in the atmosphere. The homologue profiles in different size particles were almost similar, but the particulate profiles were different from those in the gas phase. Among the individual PCNs identified, CN38/40, CN52/60 and CN75 were the dominant compounds in the atmosphere. CN66/67 and CN73 collectively accounted for most of the total dioxin-like TEQ concentrations of the PCNs. Exposure to toxic compounds, such as PCNs present in PM1.0 or PM2.5, may affect human health. This work presents the first data on size-specific distributions of PCNs in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shujun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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