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Hao W, Liang B, Chen J, Chen Y, Wang Z, Zhao X, Peng C, Tian M, Yang F. Secondary formation of oxygenated and nitrated polycyclic aromatic compounds under stagnant weather conditions: Drivers and seasonal variation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172487. [PMID: 38631623 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Severe air pollution tends to occur under stagnant weather conditions. This study focused on the occurrence and formation of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) under stagnant weather conditions, in consideration of their adverse human health effect and ecological toxicity. The concentrations of PACs were higher under stagnant weather conditions than in other situations with averaged values of 46.0 ng/m3 versus 12.3-39.9 ng/m3 for total PACs. Secondary formation contributed to over half of the oxygenated and nitrated polycyclic aromatic compounds (OPAHs and NPAHs). Further analyses revealed different formation mechanisms for secondary OPAHs and NPAHs. Secondary production of OPAHs was sensitive to the variations of both temperature (T) and O3 concentration at T < 22 °C but sustained at a high level despite the fluctuation of temperature and O3 concentration at T > 22 °C. Elevated NO2 concentrations favored the formation of inorganic nitrogen-containing products over NPAHs under lower temperature and higher humidity. Stagnant weather events, accompanied by raised PAC levels occurred in all seasons, but their effects on secondary processes differed among seasons. The elevated temperature, lowered humidity, and increased NO2 level facilitated the secondary formation of OPAHs and/or NPAHs during the stagnant weather events in spring and summer. While under the temperature and humidity conditions in autumn and winter, increased NO2 levels during stagnant weather events promoted the production of secondary inorganic nitrogen-containing compounds over organic products. This study raised concern about the toxic organic pollutants in the atmosphere under stagnant weather conditions and revealed different formation mechanisms between secondary oxygenated and nitrated pollutants as well as among different seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Hao
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Bo Liang
- Materials Quality Supervision & Inspection Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Chongqing 401123, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Ziqian Wang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Xinquan Zhao
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Chao Peng
- Chongqing Academy of Eco-Environmental Science, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Mi Tian
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Fumo Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Flue Gas Desulfurization, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Poblano-Bata J, Zaragoza-Ojeda M, De Vizcaya-Ruiz A, Arenas-Huertero F, Amador-Muñoz O. Toxicological effects of solvent-extracted organic matter associated with PM 2.5 on human bronchial epithelial cell line NL-20. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142622. [PMID: 38880264 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The heterogeneity and complexity of solvent-extracted organic matter associated with PM2.5 (SEOM-PM2.5) is well known; however, there is scarce information on its biological effects in human cells. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of SEOM-PM2.5 collected in northern Mexico City during the cold-dry season (November 2017) on NL-20 cells, a human bronchial epithelial cell line. The SEOM obtained accounted for 15.5% of the PM2.5 mass and contained 21 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The cell viability decreased following exposure to SEOM-PM2.5, and there were noticeable morphological changes such as increased cell size and the presence of cytoplasmic vesicles in cells treated with 5-40 μg/mL SEOM-PM2.5. Exposure to 5 μg/mL SEOM-PM2.5 led to several alterations compared with the control cells, including the induction of double-stranded DNA breaks based (p < 0.001); nuclear fragmentation and an increased mitotic index (p < 0.05); 53BP1 staining, a marker of DNA repair by non-homologous end-joining (p < 0.001); increased BiP protein expression; and reduced ATF6, IRE1α, and PERK gene expression. Conversely, when exposed to 40 μg/mL SEOM-PM2.5, the cells showed an increase in reactive oxygen species formation (p < 0.001), BiP protein expression (p < 0.05), and PERK gene expression (p < 0.05), indicating endoplasmic reticulum stress. Our data suggest concentration-dependent toxicological effects of SEOM-PM2.5 on NL-20 cells, including genotoxicity, genomic instability, and endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefina Poblano-Bata
- Especiación Química de Aerosoles Orgánicos Atmosféricos, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Investigación Científica s/n, C.U., Coyoacán, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico; Centro de Investigación en Biomedicina y Bioseguridad, Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, 06720, Mexico.
| | - Montserrat Zaragoza-Ojeda
- Centro de Investigación en Biomedicina y Bioseguridad, Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, 06720, Mexico.
| | - Andrea De Vizcaya-Ruiz
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados-IPN, Ciudad de México, 07360, Mexico.
| | - Francisco Arenas-Huertero
- Centro de Investigación en Biomedicina y Bioseguridad, Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, 06720, Mexico.
| | - Omar Amador-Muñoz
- Especiación Química de Aerosoles Orgánicos Atmosféricos, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Investigación Científica s/n, C.U., Coyoacán, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
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3
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Nawsherwan, Khan SA, Mubarik S, Le Z, Akbar F, Wang Y. Epidemiological trends and age-period-cohort effects on cardiovascular diseases burden attributable to ambient air pollution across BRICS. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11464. [PMID: 38769093 PMCID: PMC11106240 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution raises the risk of deaths and morbidity worldwide. From 1990 to 2019, we observed the epidemiological trends and age-period-cohort effects on the cardiovascular diseases (CVD) burden attributable to ambient air pollution across Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS). The number of CVD deaths related to ambient particulate matter (PM) pollution increased nearly fivefold in China [5.0% (95% CI 4.7, 5.2)] and India [5.7% (95% CI 5.1, 6.3)] during the study period. The age-standardized CVD deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to ambient PM pollution significantly increased in India and China but decreased in Brazil and Russia. Due to air pollution, the relative risk (RR) of premature CVD mortality (< 70 years) was higher in Russia [RR 12.6 (95% CI 8.7, 17.30)] and India [RR 9.2 (95% CI 7.6, 11.20)]. A higher period risk (2015-2019) for CVD deaths was found in India [RR 1.4 (95% CI 1.4, 1.4)] followed by South Africa [RR 1.3 (95% CI 1.3, 1.3)]. Across the BRICS countries, the RR of CVD mortality markedly decreased from the old birth cohort to young birth cohorts. In conclusion, China and India showed an increasing trend of CVD mortality and morbidity due to ambient PM pollution and higher risk of premature CVD deaths were observed in Russia and India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawsherwan
- School of Medicine, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen, China.
| | - Shahzad Ali Khan
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Mubarik
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhang Le
- School of Medicine, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen, China
| | - Fazli Akbar
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Medicine, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen, China.
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Xiong C, Pan Y, Fan J, Li Y, Wang J, Nie Z. Accurate and High-Resolution Particle Mass Measurement Using a Peak Filtering Algorithm. Anal Chem 2024; 96:6511-6516. [PMID: 38634936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Charge detection quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry (CD-QIT MS) is an effective way of achieving the mass analysis of microparticles with ultrahigh mass. However, its mass accuracy and resolution are still poor. To enhance the performance of CD-QIT MS, the resolution Rpeak of each peak in the mass spectra resulting from an individual particle was assessed, and a peak filtering algorithm that can filter out particle adducts and clusters with a lower Rpeak was proposed. By using this strategy, more accurate mass information about the analyzed particles could be obtained, and the mass resolution of CD-QIT MS was improved by nearly 2-fold, which was demonstrated by using the polystyrene (PS) particle size standards and red blood cells (RBCs). Benefiting from these advantages of the peak filtering algorithm, the baseline separation and relative quantification of 3 and 4 μm PS particles were achieved. To prove the application value of this algorithm in a biological system, the mass of yeast cells harvested at different times was measured, and it was found that the mixed unbudded and budded yeast cells, which otherwise would not be differentiable, were distinguished and quantified with the algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqiao Xiong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yixin Pan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinghan Fan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuze Li
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Jiyun Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zongxiu Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Kong L, Song M, Li X, Liu Y, Lu S, Zeng L, Zhang Y. Analysis of China's PM 2.5 and ozone coordinated control strategy based on the observation data from 2015 to 2020. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:385-394. [PMID: 38135404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The coordinated control of PM2.5 and ozone has become the strategic goal of national air pollution control. Considering the gradual decline in PM2.5 concentration and the aggravation of ozone pollution, a better understanding of the coordinated control of PM2.5 and ozone is urgently needed. Here, we collected and sorted air pollutant data for 337 cities from 2015 to 2020 to explore the characteristics of PM2.5 and ozone pollution based on China's five major air pollution regions. The results show that it is necessary to continue to strengthen the emission reduction in PM2.5 and ozone precursors, and control NOx and VOCs while promoting a dramatic emission reduction in PM2.5. The primary method of curbing ozone pollution is to strengthen the emission control of VOCs, with a long-term strategy of achieving substantial emission reductions in NOx, because VOCs and NOx are also precursors to PM2.5; hence, their reductions also contribute to the reduction in PM2.5. Therefore, the implementation of a multipollutant emission reduction control strategy aimed at the prevention and control of PM2.5 and ozone pollution is the only means to realize the coordinated control of PM2.5 and ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuwei Kong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mengdi Song
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sihua Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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6
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Christodoulou A, Bezantakos S, Bourtsoukidis E, Stavroulas I, Pikridas M, Oikonomou K, Iakovides M, Hassan SK, Boraiy M, El-Nazer M, Wheida A, Abdelwahab M, Sarda-Estève R, Rigler M, Biskos G, Afif C, Borbon A, Vrekoussis M, Mihalopoulos N, Sauvage S, Sciare J. Submicron aerosol pollution in Greater Cairo (Egypt): A new type of urban haze? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 186:108610. [PMID: 38626495 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Greater Cairo, the largest megacity of the Middle East North Africa (MENA) region, is currently suffering from major aerosol pollution, posing a significant threat to public health. However, the main sources of pollution remain insufficiently characterized due to limited atmospheric observations. To bridge this knowledge gap, we conducted a continuous 2-month field study during the winter of 2019-2020 at an urban background site, documenting for the first time the chemical and physical properties of submicron (PM1) aerosols. Crustal material from both desert dust and road traffic dust resuspension contributed as much as 24 % of the total PM1 mass (rising to 66 % during desert dust events), a figure not commonly observed in urban environments. Our observations showed significant decreases in black carbon concentrations and ammonium sulfate compared to data from 15 years ago, indicating an important reduction in both local and regional emissions as a result of effective mitigation measures. The diurnal variability of carbonaceous aerosols was attributed to emissions emanating from local traffic at rush hours and nighttime open biomass burning. Surprisingly, semi-volatile ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) originating from local open biomass and waste burning was found to be the main chemical species in PM1 over Cairo. Its nighttime formation contributed to aerosol water uptake during morning hours, thereby playing a major role in the build-up of urban haze. While our results confirm the persistence of a significant dust reservoir over Cairo, they also unveil an additional source of highly hygroscopic (semi-volatile) inorganic salts, leading to a unique type of urban haze. This haze, with dominant contributors present in both submicron (primarily as NH4Cl) and supermicron (largely as dust) modes, underscores the potential implications of heterogeneous chemical transformation of air pollutants in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliki Christodoulou
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), the Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 2121, Cyprus; IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Spyros Bezantakos
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), the Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 2121, Cyprus
| | | | - Iasonas Stavroulas
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), the Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 2121, Cyprus; Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Pikridas
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), the Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 2121, Cyprus
| | - Konstantina Oikonomou
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), the Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 2121, Cyprus
| | - Minas Iakovides
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), the Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 2121, Cyprus
| | - Salwa K Hassan
- Air Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National, Research Centre, El Behooth Str., Giza 12622 Dokki, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Boraiy
- Physics and Mathematical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Mostafa El-Nazer
- Theoretical Physics Department, Physics Institute, National Research Centre, El Behooth Str., Giza 12622 Dokki, Egypt
| | - Ali Wheida
- Theoretical Physics Department, Physics Institute, National Research Centre, El Behooth Str., Giza 12622 Dokki, Egypt
| | - Magdy Abdelwahab
- Astronomy and Meteorology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Roland Sarda-Estève
- Laboratoire Des Sciences Du Climat Et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Martin Rigler
- Research and Development Department, Aerosol D.o.o., Ljubjana, Slovenia
| | - Giorgos Biskos
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), the Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 2121, Cyprus
| | - Charbel Afif
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), the Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 2121, Cyprus; Emissions, Measurements, and Modeling of the Atmosphere (EMMA) Laboratory, CAR, Faculty of Science, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Agnes Borbon
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, UMR6016, Université Clermont Auvergne, OPGC, CNRS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mihalis Vrekoussis
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), the Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 2121, Cyprus; University of Bremen, Institute of Environmental Physics and Remote Sensing (IUP), Germany; Center of Marine Environmental Sciences (MARUM), University of Bremen, Germany
| | - Nikos Mihalopoulos
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), the Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 2121, Cyprus; Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stéphane Sauvage
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean Sciare
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), the Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 2121, Cyprus
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Moonwiriyakit A, Dinsuwannakol S, Sontikun J, Timpratueang K, Muanprasat C, Khemawoot P. Fine particulate matter PM2.5 and its constituent, hexavalent chromium induce acute cytotoxicity in human airway epithelial cells via inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 107:104416. [PMID: 38492761 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
PM2.5-induced airway injury contributes to an increased rate of respiratory morbidity. However, the relationship between PM2.5 toxicants and acute cytotoxic effects remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of PM2.5- and its constituent-induced cytotoxicity in human airway epithelial cells. Exposure to PM2.5 resulted in dose-dependent cytotoxicity within 24 h. Among the PM2.5 constituents examined, Cr(VI) at the dose found in PM2.5 exhibited cytotoxic effects. Both PM2.5 and Cr(VI) cause necrosis while also upregulating the expression of proinflammatory cytokine transcripts. Interestingly, exposure to the conditioned PM, obtained from adsorption in the Cr(VI)-reducing agents, FeSO4 and EDTA, showed a decrease in cytotoxicity. Furthermore, PM2.5 mechanistically enhances programmed pyroptosis through the activation of NLRP3/caspase-1/Gasdermin D pathway and increase of IL-1β. These pyroptosis markers were reduced when exposure to conditioned PM. These findings provide a deeper understanding of mechanisms underlying PM2.5 and Cr(VI) in acute airway toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aekkacha Moonwiriyakit
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan 10540, Thailand.
| | - Sasiwimol Dinsuwannakol
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan 10540, Thailand
| | - Jenjira Sontikun
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan 10540, Thailand
| | - Kanokphorn Timpratueang
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan 10540, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Muanprasat
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan 10540, Thailand
| | - Phisit Khemawoot
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan 10540, Thailand
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8
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Popovicheva O, Diapouli E, Chichaeva M, Kosheleva N, Kovach R, Bitukova V, Eleftheriadis K, Kasimov N. Aerosol characterization and peculiarities of source apportionment in Moscow, the largest and northernmost European megacity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170315. [PMID: 38278235 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
High population and a wide range of activities in a megacity lead to large-scale ecological consequences which require the assessment with respect to distinct characteristics of climate, location, fuel consumption, and emission sources. In-depth study of aerosol characteristics was carried out in Moscow, the largest megacity in Europe, during the cold period (autumn and winter) and in spring. PM10 chemical speciation based on carbonaceous matter, water-soluble ions, and elements was carried out to reconstruct the PM mass and evaluate the primary and secondary aerosol contribution. For the whole study period organic matter, mineral dust, and secondary inorganic/organic accounted for 34, 24, and 16 % of PM10 mass, respectively. PM10, OC, and EC approached a maximum in spring and decreased in winter. Mineral dust seasonal fraction increased from spring (17 %) to autumn (32 %), and then decreased in winter (22 %). Secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) in opposite showed the maximum 27 % in winter. K+ marked the residential biomass burning in the region surrounding a megacity in spring and autumn, agriculture fires in spring. In winter primary aerosol contribution dropped down 56 % while secondary approached practically equal 44 %. Source factors with the relative contributions are quantified, namely city dust (26 %), traffic (23 %), industrial (20 %), biomass burning (12 %), secondary (12 %), and de-icing salt (7 %); they were significantly varying between the cold heating period and springtime. The relevance of sources to meteorological parameters and mass transportation is investigated by using both bivariate polar plots and Lagrangian integrated trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. Trajectory clustering demonstrates regional sources being crucial contributors to PM10 pollution. Aerosol speciation and source apportion factors identify the differences of the Moscow urban background among large European and Asian cities due to northern climate conditions, fast construction, long-range transport from industrial-developing area surrounding a city, regional biomass burning preferably in spring and autumn, and winter road management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Popovicheva
- Scobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Evangelia Diapouli
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Marina Chichaeva
- Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Natalia Kosheleva
- Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Roman Kovach
- Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Viktoria Bitukova
- Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Nikolay Kasimov
- Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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9
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Oh J, Lim YH, Han C, Lee DW, Myung J, Hong YC, Kim S, Bae HJ. Mortality Burden Due to Short-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter in Korea. J Prev Med Public Health 2024; 57:185-196. [PMID: 38576202 PMCID: PMC10999307 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.23.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Excess mortality associated with long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been documented. However, research on the disease burden following short-term exposure is scarce. We investigated the cause-specific mortality burden of short-term exposure to PM2.5 by considering the potential non-linear concentration-response relationship in Korea. METHODS Daily cause-specific mortality rates and PM2.5 exposure levels from 2010 to 2019 were collected for 8 Korean cities and 9 provinces. A generalized additive mixed model was employed to estimate the non-linear relationship between PM2.5 exposure and cause-specific mortality levels. We assumed no detrimental health effects of PM2.5 concentrations below 15 μg/m3. Overall deaths attributable to short-term PM2.5 exposure were estimated by summing the daily numbers of excess deaths associated with ambient PM2.5 exposure. RESULTS Of the 2 749 704 recorded deaths, 2 453 686 (89.2%) were non-accidental, 591 267 (21.5%) were cardiovascular, and 141 066 (5.1%) were respiratory in nature. A non-linear relationship was observed between all-cause mortality and exposure to PM2.5 at lag0, whereas linear associations were evident for cause-specific mortalities. Overall, 10 814 all-cause, 7855 non-accidental, 1642 cardiovascular, and 708 respiratory deaths were attributed to short-term exposure to PM2.5. The estimated number of all-cause excess deaths due to short-term PM2.5 exposure in 2019 was 1039 (95% confidence interval, 604 to 1472). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate an association between short-term PM2.5 exposure and various mortality rates (all-cause, non-accidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory) in Korea over the period from 2010 to 2019. Consequently, action plans should be developed to reduce deaths attributable to short-term exposure to PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmin Oh
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Ewha-SCL for Environmental Health (IESEH), Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Human Systems Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Integrated Major in Innovative Medical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn-Hee Lim
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Changwoo Han
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jisun Myung
- Inha Research Institute for Medical Science, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- Department of Human Systems Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soontae Kim
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo Bae
- Division of Environmental Health, Korea Environment Institute, Sejong, Korea
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10
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Zhuang Z, Li D, Zhang S, Hu Z, Deng W, Lin H. Short-Term Exposure to PM 2.5 Chemical Components and Depression Outpatient Visits: A Case-Crossover Analysis in Three Chinese Cities. TOXICS 2024; 12:136. [PMID: 38393231 PMCID: PMC10892610 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between specific chemical components of PM2.5 and depression remains largely unknown. METHODS We conducted a time-stratified case-crossover analysis with a distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) to evaluate the relationship of PM2.5 and its chemical components, including black carbon (BC), organic matter (OM), sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), and ammonium (NH4+), with the depression incidence. Daily depression outpatients were enrolled from Huizhou, Shenzhen, and Zhaoqing. RESULTS Among 247,281 outpatients, we found the strongest cumulative effects of PM2.5 and its chemical components with the odd ratios (ORs) of 1.607 (95% CI: 1.321, 1.956) and 1.417 (95% CI: 1.245, 1.612) at the 50th percentile of PM2.5 and OM at lag 21, respectively. Furthermore, the ORs with SO42- and NH4+ at the 75th percentile on the same lag day were 1.418 (95% CI: 1.247, 1.613) and 1.025 (95% CI: 1.009, 1.140). Relatively stronger associations were observed among females and the elderly. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that PM2.5 and its chemical components might be important risk factors for depression. Reducing PM2.5 emissions, with a particular focus on the major sources of SO42- and OM, might potentially alleviate the burden of depression in South China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Zhuang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhaoyang Hu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenfeng Deng
- Huizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 10 Jiangbei Fumin Road, Huizhou 516003, China;
| | - Hualiang Lin
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
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11
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Wang L, Zhao Y, Liu X, Shi J. Enhancement of atmospheric oxidation capacity induced co-pollution of the O 3 and PM 2.5 in Lanzhou, northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122951. [PMID: 37977361 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the co-pollution of surface ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has emerged as a critical concern within specific regions of China's atmospheric environment. This study employed a comprehensive approach by integrating statistical analysis with the interpretable ensemble machine learning model. Delving deeply into the intricate mechanisms behind O3 and PM2.5 co-pollution in Lanzhou city from 2019 to 2022, the research synthesized and analyzed an array of data sources, including ground observations, a multi-parameter lidar system, and meteorological data. Our findings, derived from ground observations to vertical distribution, unequivocally confirm that the enhancement of atmospheric oxidation capacity serves as a critical driver in the genesis of secondary particles, playing a substantial role in the augmented levels of O3 and PM2.5 experienced during the warm season. Moreover, the impact of local weather patterns is indispensable as it precipitates a relatively stable mid-level atmosphere, culminating in elevated surface concentrations of both PM2.5 and O3. Overall, this study emphatically underscores the importance of adopting a comprehensive approach to address these environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Xiaoyue Liu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jinsen Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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12
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Zhang J, Chen Z, Shan D, Wu Y, Zhao Y, Li C, Shu Y, Linghu X, Wang B. Adverse effects of exposure to fine particles and ultrafine particles in the environment on different organs of organisms. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 135:449-473. [PMID: 37778818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Particulate pollution is a global risk factor that seriously threatens human health. Fine particles (FPs) and ultrafine particles (UFPs) have small particle diameters and large specific surface areas, which can easily adsorb metals, microorganisms and other pollutants. FPs and UFPs can enter the human body in multiple ways and can be easily and quickly absorbed by the cells, tissues and organs. In the body, the particles can induce oxidative stress, inflammatory response and apoptosis, furthermore causing great adverse effects. Epidemiological studies mainly take the population as the research object to study the distribution of diseases and health conditions in a specific population and to focus on the identification of influencing factors. However, the mechanism by which a substance harms the health of organisms is mainly demonstrated through toxicological studies. Combining epidemiological studies with toxicological studies will provide a more systematic and comprehensive understanding of the impact of PM on the health of organisms. In this review, the sources, compositions, and morphologies of FPs and UFPs are briefly introduced in the first part. The effects and action mechanisms of exposure to FPs and UFPs on the heart, lungs, brain, liver, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, joints and reproductive system are systematically summarized. In addition, challenges are further pointed out at the end of the paper. This work provides useful theoretical guidance and a strong experimental foundation for investigating and preventing the adverse effects of FPs and UFPs on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Dan Shan
- Department of Medical, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300041, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Preventive Medicine Education (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yue Shu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xiaoyu Linghu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Baiqi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Preventive Medicine Education (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin 300070, China.
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13
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Li J, Zhang N, Tian P, Zhang M, Shi J, Chang Y, Zhang L, Liu Z, Wang Y. Significant roles of aged dust aerosols on rapid nitrate formation under dry conditions in a semi-arid city. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122395. [PMID: 37595735 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Mineral dust can accelerate secondary aerosol formation under humid conditions. However, it is unclear whether it can promote secondary aerosol formation under dry conditions. To investigate this issue, two years of comprehensive observations was conducted at a semi-arid site, near the dust source regions. Three types of episodes were selected: dust, anthropogenic-dominated, and mixed (mixed with dust and anthropogenic aerosols). Compared to anthropogenic-dominated episodes under humid conditions, rapid nitrate formation was still observed in mixed episodes under dry conditions, suggesting that active metallic oxides in dust, such as titanium dioxide, could promote photochemical reactions of nitrogen dioxide. The detailed evolutionary processes are further illustrated by a typical dust-to-mixed episode. After the arrival of the dust, titanium sharply increased ten-fold and rapid nitrate formation was observed, together with a rapid increase in the two most important photochemical pollutants, ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate. The increased secondary organic carbon further illustrated that the suspended dust particles accelerated the atmospheric oxidative capacity, thereby enhancing secondary aerosol formation and eventually leading to haze pollution. These results differ from those in humid regions and therefore expand the scientific understanding of the impact of dust aerosols on haze pollution under dry conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Li
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Naiyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Pengfei Tian
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jinsen Shi
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yi Chang
- Gansu Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
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14
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Jiang W, Wang C, Zhang Q, Zeng X, Kan H, Zhang J. Residential greenspace counteracts PM 2.5 on the risks of preterm birth subtypes: A multicenter study. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139917. [PMID: 37611762 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between residential greenspace and preterm birth (PTB) risk remained inconclusive. The PTB subtypes have been ignored and the effect of co-exposure of PM2.5 on PTB risk is still unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the independent, interactive, and mixed effects of residential greenspace and PM2.5 on the risk of PTB subtypes. METHODS A total of 19,900 singleton births from 20 hospitals in Shanghai, China, from 2015 to 2017 were included. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) within 500 m and 1000 m buffers of the maternal residence and a combined geoscience-statistical model-derived PM2.5 and its six components were used as the exposure measures. PTB (<37 completed weeks of gestation) were divided into early PTB (24-33 weeks) vs. late PTB (34-36 weeks) and into spontaneous PTB (sPTB), preterm premature rupture of the fetal membranes (PPROM), and iatrogenic PTB. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to assess the independent and interactive effects of NDVI and PM2.5 on PTB in each trimester. The quantile g-computation approach was employed to explore the mixture effect of PM2.5 components and greenspace across the pregnancy and to determine the main contributors. RESULTS Levels of PM2.5 and greenspace were associated with increased [aOR (95%CI) ranging from 1.18 (1.07, 1.30) to 3.36 (2.45, 4.64)] and decreased risks [aORs (95%CI) ranging from 0.64 (0.53, 0.78) to 0.86 (0.73, 0.99)] of PTB subtypes, respectively. At the same PM2.5 level, higher residential greenspace was associated with lower risks, and vice versa. All these associations were more pronounced in late pregnancy. Early PTB and PPROM were the main affected subtypes, and the main drivers in PM2.5 were black carbon and ammonium. CONCLUSIONS Residential greenspace may mitigate the PTB risks due to PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Cuiping Wang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qingli Zhang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China; School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaojing Zeng
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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15
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Zhou Q, Nizamani MM, Zhang HY, Zhang HL. The air we breathe: An In-depth analysis of PM 2.5 pollution in 1312 cities from 2000 to 2020. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:93900-93915. [PMID: 37523083 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the phenomenon of rapid urbanization in various parts of the world has led to a significant increase in PM2.5 concentration, which has emerged as a growing social concern. In order to achieve the objective of sustainable development, the United Nations Global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have established the goal of creating inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable cities and human habitats (SDG 11). Goal 11.6 aims to decrease the negative environmental impact per capita in cities, with an emphasis on urban air quality and waste management. However, the global distribution of PM2.5 pollution varies due to disparities in urbanization development in different regions. The purpose of this paper is to explore the global spatial distribution and temporal variation of PM2.5 in cities with populations greater than 300,000 from 2000 to 2020, to gain insight into the issue. The findings indicate that PM2.5 concentrations are expected to continue increasing as urbanization progresses, but the rate of evolution of PM2.5 concentration varies depending on the continent, country, and city. From 2000 to 2020, PM2.5 concentration increased significantly in Asia and Africa, with the majority of the increased concentrations located in Asian countries and some African countries. On the other hand, most European and American countries had lower PM2.5 concentrations. The results of this study have the potential to inform urbanization policy formulation by providing knowledge about the spatial distribution of PM2.5 pollution during global urbanization. Addressing the issue of PM2.5 pollution is critical in achieving SDG 11.6 and promoting sustainable and coordinated development in cities worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhou
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Mir Muhammad Nizamani
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Hai-Yang Zhang
- College of International Studies, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hai-Li Zhang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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16
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He C, Li B, Gong X, Liu L, Li H, Zhang L, Jin J. Spatial-temporal evolution patterns and drivers of PM 2.5 chemical fraction concentrations in China over the past 20 years. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:91839-91852. [PMID: 37481498 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28913-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
The quantitative assessment of the spatial and temporal variability and drivers of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) fraction concentrations are important for pollution control and public health preservation in China. In this study, we investigated the spatial temporal variation of PM2.5 chemical component based on the PM2.5 chemical component datasets from 2000 to 2019 and revealed the driving forces of the differences in the spatial distribution using geodetector model (GD), multi-scale geographically weighted regression model (MGWR), and a two-step clustering approach. The results show that: the PM2.5 chemical fraction concentrations show a trend of first increasing (2000-2007) and then decreasing (2007-2019). From 2000 to 2019, the change rates of PM2.5, organic matter (OM), black carbon (BC), sulfates (SO2- 4), ammonium (NH+ 4), and nitrates (NO- 3) were -0.59, -0.23, -0.07, -0.15, -0.02, and 0.04μg/m3/yr in the entirety of China. The secondary aerosol (i.e., SO2- 4, NO- 3, and NH+ 4; SNA) had the highest fraction in PM2.5 concentrations (55.6-68.1% in different provinces), followed by OM and BC. Spatially, North, Central, and East China are the regions with the highest PM2.5 chemical component concentrations in China; meanwhile, they are also the regions with the most significant decrease in PM2.5 chemical fraction concentrations. The GD and MGWR model shows that among all variables, the number of enterprises, disposable income, private car ownership, and the share of secondary industry non-linearly enhance the differences in the spatial distribution of PM2.5 component concentrations. Electricity consumption has the strongest influence on NH+ 4 emissions in Northwest China and BC and OM emissions in Northeast China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan, 430100, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan, 430100, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan, 430100, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan, 430100, China
| | - Xusheng Gong
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan, 430100, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan, 430100, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Shanghai Environmental Protection Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Jiming Jin
- College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan, 430100, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan, 430100, China
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17
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Kang YH, Son K, Kim BU, Chang Y, Kim HC, Schwarz JP, Kim S. Adjusting elemental carbon emissions in Northeast Asia using observed surface concentrations of downwind area and simulated contributions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108069. [PMID: 37419059 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a practical approach to augment elemental carbon (EC) emissions to improve the reproducibility of the most recent air quality with photochemical grid modeling in support of source-receptor relationship analysis. We demonstrated the usefulness of this approach with a series of simulations for EC concentrations over Northeast Asia during the 2016 Korea-United States Air Quality study. Considering the difficulty of acquiring EC observational data in foreign countries, our approach takes two steps: (1) augmenting upwind EC emissions based on simulated upwind contributions and observational data at a downwind EC monitor considered as the most representative monitor for upwind influences and (2) adjusting downwind EC emissions based on simulated downwind contributions, including the effects of updated upwind emissions from the first step and observational data at the downwind EC monitors. The emission adjustment approach resulted in EC emissions 2.5 times higher than the original emissions in the modeling domain. The EC concentration in the downwind area was observed to be 1.0 μg m-3 during the study period, while the simulated EC concentration was 0.5 μg m-3 before the emission adjustment. After the adjustment, the normalized mean error of the daily mean EC concentration decreased from 48 % to 22 % at ground monitor locations. We found that the EC simulation results were improved at high altitudes, and the contribution of the upwind areas was greater than that of the downwind areas for EC concentrations downwind with or without emission adjustment. This implies that collaborating with upwind regions is essential to alleviate high EC concentrations in downwind areas. The developed emission adjustment approach can be used for any upwind or downwind area when transboundary air pollution mitigation is needed because it provides better reproducibility of the most recent air quality through modeling with improved emission data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Hee Kang
- Environmental Research Institute, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuwon Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Uk Kim
- Georgia Environmental Protection Division, Atlanta, GA 30354, United States
| | - YuWoon Chang
- Department of Air Quality Research, Climate and Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Cheol Kim
- Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, University of Maryland, MD 20742, United States; Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, United States
| | - Joshua P Schwarz
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305, United States
| | - Soontae Kim
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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Sun G, Wu X, Zhu H, Yuan K, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Deng Z, Zhou M, Zhang Z, Yang G, Chu H. Reactive Oxygen Species-Triggered Curcumin Release from Hollow Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for PM 2.5-Induced Acute Lung Injury Treatment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37411033 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter with a diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) can result in serious inflammation and oxidative stress in lung tissue. However, there is presently very few effective treatments for PM2.5-induced many pulmonary diseases, such as acute lung injury (ALI). Herein, curcumin-loaded reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Cur@HMSN-BSA) are proposed for scavenging the intracellular ROS and suppressing inflammatory responses against PM2.5-induced ALI. The prepared nanoparticles were coated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) via an ROS-sensitive thioketal (TK)-containing linker, in which the TK-containing linker would be cleaved by the excessive amounts of ROS in inflammatory sites to induce the detachment of BSA from the nanoparticles surface and thus triggering release of loaded curcumin. The Cur@HMSN-BSA nanoparticles could be used as ROS scavengers because of their excellent ROS-responsiveness, which were able to efficiently consume high concentrations of intracellular ROS. Furthermore, it was also found that Cur@HMSN-BSA downregulated the secretion of several important pro-inflammatory cytokines and promoted the polarization from M1 phenotypic macrophages to M2 phenotypic macrophages for eliminating PM2.5-induced inflammatory activation. Therefore, this work provided a promising strategy to synergistically scavenge intracellular ROS and suppress the inflammation responses, which may serve as an ideal therapeutic platform for pneumonia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanting Sun
- Department of Environmental Genomics, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center of Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Xirui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Huanhuan Zhu
- Department of Environmental Genomics, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center of Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Kangzhi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Zheng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Meiyu Zhou
- Department of Environmental Genomics, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center of Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- Department of Environmental Genomics, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center of Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Guangbao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Haiyan Chu
- Department of Environmental Genomics, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center of Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
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Vilcassim R, Thurston GD. Gaps and future directions in research on health effects of air pollution. EBioMedicine 2023; 93:104668. [PMID: 37357089 PMCID: PMC10363432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in many countries, air pollution, and especially fine particulate matter air pollution (PM2.5) remains a global health threat: over 6 million premature cardiovascular and respiratory deaths/yr. have been attributed to household and outdoor air pollution. In this viewpoint, we identify present gaps in air pollution monitoring and regulation, and how they could be strengthened in future mitigation policies to more optimally reduce health impacts. We conclude that there is a need to move beyond simply regulating PM2.5 particulate matter mass concentrations at central site stations. A greater emphasis is needed on: new portable and affordable technologies to measure personal exposures to particle mass; the consideration of a submicron (PM1) mass air quality standard; and further evaluations of effects by particle composition and source. We emphasize the need to enable further studies on exposure-health relationships in underserved populations that are disproportionately impacted by air pollution, but not sufficiently represented in current studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruzmyn Vilcassim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Public Health, USA.
| | - George D Thurston
- Departments of Medicine and Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, USA
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20
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Honda A, Inoue KI, Higashihara M, Ichinose T, Ueda K, Takano H. Differential Pattern of Cell Death and ROS Production in Human Airway Epithelial Cells Exposed to Quinones Combined with Heated-PM2.5 and/or Asian Sand Dust. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10544. [PMID: 37445720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The combined toxicological effects of airborne particulate matter (PM), such as PM2.5, and Asian sand dust (ASD), with surrounding chemicals, particularly quinones, on human airway epithelial cells remain underexplored. In this study, we established an in vitro combination exposure model using 1,2-naphthoquinones (NQ) and 9,10-phenanthroquinones (PQ) along with heated PM (h-PM2.5 and h-ASD) to investigate their potential synergistic effects. The impacts of quinones and heated PM on tetrazolium dye (WST-1) reduction, cell death, and cytokine and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were examined. Results revealed that exposure to 9,10-PQ with h-PM2.5 and/or h-ASD dose-dependently increased WST-1 reduction at 1 μM compared to the corresponding control while markedly decreasing it at 10 μM. Higher early apoptotic, late apoptotic, or necrotic cell numbers were detected in 9,10-PQ + h-PM2.5 exposure than in 9,10-PQ + h-ASD or 9,10-PQ + h-PM2.5 + h-ASD. Additionally, 1,2-NQ + h-PM2.5 exposure also resulted in an increase in cell death compared to 1,2-NQ + h-ASD and 1,2-NQ + h-PM2.5 + h-ASD. Quinones with or without h-PM2.5, h-ASD, or h-PM2.5 + h-ASD significantly increased ROS production, especially with h-PM2.5. Our findings suggest that quinones, at relatively low concentrations, induce cell death synergistically in the presence of h-PM2.5 rather than h-ASD and h-PM2.5 + h-ASD, partially through the induction of apoptosis with increased ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Honda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Inoue
- School of Nursing, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | | | - Takamichi Ichinose
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
- Department of Health Science, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Oita 870-1201, Japan
| | - Kayo Ueda
- Department of Hygiene, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Takano
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
- Institute for International Academic Research, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto 615-8577, Japan
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21
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Azmi S, Sharma M. Global PM 2.5 and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) levels with sectorial contribution to anthropogenic and biogenic SOA formation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139195. [PMID: 37331667 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
This study estimates global PM2.5 and anthropogenic and biogenic Secondary Organic Aerosols (a-SOA and b-SOA) and sources contributing to their formation. The global landscape was divided into eleven domains (North America (NAM); South America (SAM); Europe (EUR); North Africa and Middle East (NAF); Equatorial Africa (EAF); South of Africa (SAF); Russia and Central Asia (RUS); Eastern Asia (EAS); South Asia (SAS); Southeast Asia (SEA) and Australia (AUS)) and 46 cities based on varying populations. Three inventories for global emissions were considered: Community Emissions Data System, Model of Emission of Gases and Aerosol, and Global Fire Emissions Database. WRF-Chem model coupled with atmospheric reactions and the secondary organic aerosol model was employed for estimating PM2.5, a-SOA, and b-SOA for 2018. No city attained WHO's annual PM2.5 guideline of 5 μg/m3. Delhi, Dhaka, and Kolkata (63-92 μg/m3) in south Asia were the most polluted, and seven cities (mostly in EUR and NAM) met the WHO target IV (10 μg/m3). The highest SOA levels (2-9 μg/m3) were in the cities of SAS and Africa, but with a low SOA contribution to PM2.5 (3-22%). However, the low levels of SOA (1-3 μg/m3) in EUR and NAM had a higher contribution of SOA to PM2.5 (20-33%). b-SOA were consistent with the region's vegetation and forest cover. The SOA contribution was dominated by residential emissions in all domains (except in the NAF and AUS) (maximum in SAS). The non-coal industry was the second highest contributor (except in EAF, NAF, and AUS) and EUR had the maximum contribution from agriculture and transport. Globally, residential and industry (non-coal and coal) sectors showed the maximum contribution to SOA, with a-SOA and b-SOA being nearly equal. Ridding of biomass and residential burning of solid fuel is the single most action benefiting the PM2.5 and SOA concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahir Azmi
- Department of Civil Engineering and Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
| | - Mukesh Sharma
- Department of Civil Engineering and Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India.
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22
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Manojkumar N, Srimuruganandam B. Spatio-temporal health benefits attributable to PM 2.5 reduction in an Indian city. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2023; 33:552-562. [PMID: 35187985 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2040959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is linked with a wide spectrum of human health effects and has the highest contribution to total air pollution mortality. This study aims to quantify health benefits of reducing PM2.5 concentration to World Health Organization standard (annual mean = 10 µg m-3) for various health endpoints during 2011-2019 period using AirQ+ and BenMAP-CE software packages. Intraurban assessment in Vellore city, India was done by estimating health benefits at ward level. Both software packages estimated annual average all-cause, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease health benefits in the range of 919-945, 175-234, 70-152, and 99-175 cases at city level and 15-16, 3-4, 1-3, and 2-3 cases at ward level, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that relative risk had a large influence on health benefit estimates. Present study results will play a crucial role in the future air quality and public health policies of Vellore city.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Manojkumar
- School of Civil Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - B Srimuruganandam
- School of Civil Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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23
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Moyebi OD, Fatmi Z, Carpenter DO, Santoso M, Siddique A, Khan K, Zeb J, Hussain MM, Khwaja HA. Fine particulate matter and its chemical constituents' levels: A troubling environmental and human health situation in Karachi, Pakistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161474. [PMID: 36646217 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Like many urban centers in developing countries, the effect of air pollution in Karachi is understudied. The goal of this study was to determine the chemical characterization, temporal and seasonal variability, sources, and health impacts of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Karachi, Pakistan. Daily samples of PM2.5 were collected using a low-volume air sampler at two different sites (Makro and Karachi University) over the four seasons between October 2009 and August 2010. Samples were analyzed for black carbon (BC), trace metals, and water-soluble ions. Results showed that the annual average concentrations of PM2.5 at Makro and Karachi University were 114 ± 115 and 71.7 ± 56.4 μg m-3, respectively, about 22.8 and 14.3-fold higher than the World Health Organization annual guideline of 5 μg m-3. BC concentrations were 3.39 ± 1.97 and 2.70 ± 2.06 μg m-3, respectively. The concentrations of PM2.5, BC, trace metals, and ions at the two sites showed clear seasonal trends, with higher concentrations in winter and lower concentrations in summer. The trace metals and ionic species with the highest concentrations were Pb, S, Zn, Ca, Si, Cl, Fe, and SO42-. The air quality index in the fall and winter at both sites was about 68 %, which is "unhealthy" for the general population. Positive Matrix Factorization revealed the overall contribution to PM2.5 at the Makro site came from three major sources - industrial emissions (13.3 %), vehicular emissions (59.1 %), and oil combustion (23.3 %). The estimates of expected number of deaths due to short-term exposure to PM2.5 were high in the fall and winter at both sites, with an annual mean estimate of 3592 expected number of deaths at the Makro site. Attention should be paid to the reduction of inorganic pollutants from industrial facilities, vehicular traffic, and fossil fuel combustion, due to their extremely high contribution to PM2.5 mass and health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omosehin D Moyebi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - Zafar Fatmi
- Environmental-Occupational Health & Climate Change Section, Department of Community Health Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - David O Carpenter
- Institute for the Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Azhar Siddique
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kamran Khan
- Chemistry Department, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Jahan Zeb
- Department of Environmental and Health Research, The Custodian of the Holy Two Mosques Institute for Hajj and Umrah Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mirza M Hussain
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Haider A Khwaja
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sommerlad
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Kathy Y Liu
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
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25
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Lu QO, Jung CC, Chao HR, Chen PS, Lee CW, Thi Phuong Tran Q, Ciou JY, Chang WH. Investigating the associations between organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and fine particles in paired indoor and outdoor air: A probabilistic prediction model for deriving OPFRs in indoor environments. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 174:107871. [PMID: 36931197 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants of emerging concern such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are associated with atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5), which pose the greatest health risk in the world. However, few surveys have explored the interaction between PM2.5 and OPFRs in residential paired indoor/outdoor environments. 11 priority OPFRs and PM2.5 were investigated across 178 paired indoor and outdoor air samples taken from 89 children's households in southern Taiwan, across cold and warm seasons. This involved exploring their associations with building characteristics, interior materials, and human activities. We developed a probabilistic predictive model for indoor OPFRs based on the indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio of contaminants and an air quality index. The significant associations of paired indoor/outdoor OPFRs and PM2.5 were explored. The indoor level of OPFRs was greater than that of outdoor households, contrasting with PM2.5. The I/O OPFRs ratio was higher than 1 (except for TEHP, EHDPP, and TCP), which suggests that the sources of OPFRs were primarily emitted from indoors. Indoor TCEP was significantly positively associated with indoor and outdoor PM2.5. The OPFR level detected in apartments was higher than in houses due to the greater decoration, furniture and electronic devices. However, this was not the case for PM2.5. TCIPP was the dominant compound in paired indoor and outdoor air. The indoor OPFR predictive model obtained a high accuracy with an R2 value of 0.87. The material used in mattresses, the use of purifiers and heaters, and the total material area were the main influencing factors for indoor OPFRs in households. These findings could provide important evidence of the interaction between paired indoor/outdoor OPFRs and PM2.5 and interior equipment in different building types. In addition, it could prevent the potential risks posed by indoor/outdoor air pollutants and eliminate OPFR emissions through the selection of better construction and building materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang-Oai Lu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Cheng Jung
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan
| | - How-Ran Chao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung County 912, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shih Chen
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Lee
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Quynh Thi Phuong Tran
- Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Jyun-Yi Ciou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan.
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26
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Zhao H, Zhang X, Wang W, Shi J, Lai W, Li Y, Zhang C, Guo L, Gong J, Li L, Lu C. Global, regional, and national burden of ambient and household PM 2.5-related neonatal disorders, 1990-2019. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 252:114560. [PMID: 36696729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown a relationship between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure and an increased risk of neonatal disorders. Considering the huge burden of neonatal disorders, we assessed spatiotemporal trends of neonatal disorders burden caused by ambient and household PM2.5 at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2019. The number, rate, and population attributable fraction (PAF) of ambient and household PM2.5-related neonatal disorders disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 to measure the related neonatal disorders burden by age, sex, subtype, and region. Estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was estimated to quantify temporal trends. In 2019, approximately a fifth of the global neonatal disorders burden was attributable to PM2.5 exposure, with 7.54% for ambient PM2.5 and 13.23% for household PM2.5. Although the global neonatal disorders burden attributable to household PM2.5 has decreased substantially in the past 30 years, that attributable to ambient PM2.5 has increased, especially in lower sociodemographic index (SDI) regions. The highest rate and PAF of ambient PM2.5-related neonatal disorders DALYs in 2019 were in South Asia and East Asia, respectively, and the fastest increases were in Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa (for rate: EAPC = 2.55, 95% CI: 2.37-2.73) and South Asia (for PAF: EAPC = 3.88, 95% CI: 3.68-4.08). In addition, we found an inverted V-shaped between rates and PAFs of ambient PM2.5-related neonatal disorders DALYs in 2019, as well as corresponding EAPCs, and SDI, while rates and PAFs of household PM2.5-related neonatal disorders DALYs in 2019 were highly negatively correlated with SDI. In the past three decades, the global ambient PM2.5-related neonatal disorders burden largely increased, especially in lower SDI regions. Comparatively, the household PM2.5-related neonatal disorders burden decreased but still accounted for about two-thirds of the PM2.5-related neonatal disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhao
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xuening Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250102, China
| | - Wanxin Wang
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jingman Shi
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenjian Lai
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yanzhi Li
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Caiyun Zhang
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lan Guo
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jianhua Gong
- Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital of Luohu District, Shenzhen 518019, China
| | - Li Li
- Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital of Luohu District, Shenzhen 518019, China.
| | - Ciyong Lu
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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27
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Wang J, Jia J, Wang D, Pan X, Xiong H, Li C, Jiang Y, Yan B. Zn 2+ loading as a critical contributor to the circ_0008553-mediated oxidative stress and inflammation in response to PM 2.5 exposures. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:451-461. [PMID: 36182153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a major adverse outcome induced by inhaled particulate matter with a diameter of ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5), and a critical trigger of most PM2.5 exposure-associated diseases. However, the key molecular events regulating the PM2.5-induced airway inflammation are yet to be elucidated. Considering the critical role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in regulating inflammation, we predicted 11 circRNAs that may be involved in the PM2.5-induced airway inflammation using three previously reported miRNAs through the starBase website. A novel circRNA circ_0008553 was identified to be responsible for the PM2.5-activated inflammatory response in human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) via inducing oxidative stress. Using a combinatorial model PM2.5 library, we found that the synergistic effect of the insoluble core and loaded Zn2+ ions at environmentally relevant concentrations was the major contributor to the upregulation of circ_0008553 and subsequent induction of oxidative stress and inflammation in response to PM2.5 exposures. Our findings provided new insight into the intervention of PM2.5-induced adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhou Wang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianbo Jia
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Dujia Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiujiao Pan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haiyan Xiong
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chengjun Li
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yiguo Jiang
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China.
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Shetaya WH, Bailey EH, Young SD, Mohamed EF, Antoniadis V, Rinklebe J, Shaheen SM, Marzouk ER. Soil and plant contamination by potentially toxic and emerging elements and the associated human health risk in some Egyptian environments. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:359-379. [PMID: 34676511 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess the origins, mobility, bioavailability and potential health risks of V, Cr, Co, As, Se, Mo, Cd, Sn and Sb, which are not sufficiently studied in the terrestrial environment of Egypt. This has been carried out by employing a combination of chemical fractionation, plants uptake, mathematical modeling and risk assessment approaches on a wide range of soils and plants sampled from industrial, urban and agricultural locations across Egypt. The contents of As, Cd, Sn and Sb were elevated in the soils of some urban and industrial locations within Cairo, although their soil geo-accumulation (Igeo) indices remained ≤ 2, indicating only moderate contamination. Selenium showed moderate to heavy contamination levels (Igeo up to 4.7) in all sampling locations, and Sb was highly elevated (Igeo = 7.1; extreme contamination) in one industrial location. Therefore, Se was the most important contributor to the pollution load followed by Sb and Cd. Both principle component analysis (of total content) and geochemical fractionation (by sequential extraction) suggested that V, Cr and Co are mostly of geogenic origin, while Se and Sb contents appear to be highly influenced by anthropogenic inputs. The most mobile and bioavailable element was Cd with a large non-residual fraction in all soils (76% of total Cd). The bio-concentration factors of Cd in leafy and fruiting plants were 50 times larger than other elements (except Mo) indicating preferential systematic plant uptake of Cd. Risk assessment models showed an overall low noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to the population of Egypt due to the studied elements with only a few anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed H Shetaya
- Air Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Elizabeth H Bailey
- Division of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Scott D Young
- Division of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Elham F Mohamed
- Air Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Vasileios Antoniadis
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, University of Wuppertal, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285, Wuppertal, Germany
- Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
- International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173212, India
| | - Sabry M Shaheen
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, University of Wuppertal, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285, Wuppertal, Germany.
- Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, University of Kafrelsheikh, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33 516, Egypt.
| | - Ezzat R Marzouk
- Division of Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, North Sinai, 45516, Egypt.
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Shi J, Liu S, Qu Y, Zhang T, Dai W, Zhang P, Li R, Zhu C, Cao J. Variations of the urban PM 2.5 chemical components and corresponding light extinction for three heating seasons in the Guanzhong Plain, China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 327:116821. [PMID: 36442450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the variations of PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) chemical components responding to the pollution control strategy and their effect on light extinction (bext) in the Guanzhong Plain (GZP), the comparisons of urban atmospheric chemical components during the heating seasons were extensively conducted for three years. The average concentration of PM2.5 decreased significantly from 117.9 ± 57.3 μg m-3 in the heating season 1 (HS1) to 53.5 ± 31.3 μg m-3 in the heating season 3 (HS3), which implied that the effective strategies were implemented in recent years. The greatest contribution to PM2.5 (∼30%) was from Organic matter (OM). The heightened contributions of the secondary inorganic ions (SNA, including NO3-, SO42-, and NH4+) to PM2.5 were observed with the values of 34% (HS1), 41% (HS2), and 42% (HS3), respectively. The increased percentages of NO3- contributions indicated that the emission of NOx should be received special attention in the GZP. The comparison of PM2.5 chemical compositions and implications across major regions of China and the globe were investigated. NH4NO3 was the most important contributor to bext in three heating seasons. The average bext was decreased from 694.3 ± 399.1 Mm-1 (HS1) to 359.3 ± 202.3 Mm-1 (HS3). PM2.5 had a threshold concentration of 75 μg m-3, 64 μg m-3, and 57 μg m-3 corresponding to the visual range (VR) < 10 km in HS1, HS2, and HS3, respectively. The enhanced impacts of the oxidant on PM2.5 and O3 were observed based on the long-term variations in PM2.5 and OX (Oxidant, the sum of O3 and NO2 mixing ratios) over the five heating seasons and PM2.5 and O3 over six summers from 2016 to 2021. The importance of coordinated control of PM2.5 and O3 was also investigated in the GZP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Shi
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, KLACP, and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an, 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710499, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, KLACP, and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710499, China
| | - Yao Qu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, KLACP, and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710499, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, KLACP, and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710499, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, KLACP, and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710499, China
| | - Peiyun Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, KLACP, and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710499, China
| | - Rui Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, KLACP, and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an, 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710499, China
| | - Chongshu Zhu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, KLACP, and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710499, China.
| | - Junji Cao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, KLACP, and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710499, China
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Chen D, Sandler DP, Keil AP, Heiss G, Whitsel EA, Pratt GC, Stewart PA, Stenzel MR, Groth CP, Banerjee S, Huynh TB, Edwards JK, Jackson WB, Engeda J, Kwok RK, Werder EJ, Lawrence KG, Engel LS. Fine particulate matter and incident coronary heart disease events up to 10 years of follow-up among Deepwater Horizon oil spill workers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 217:114841. [PMID: 36403648 PMCID: PMC9825646 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) disaster, in-situ burning and flaring were conducted to remove oil from the water. Workers near combustion sites were potentially exposed to burning-related fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Exposure to PM2.5 has been linked to increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), but no study has examined the relationship among oil spill workers. OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between estimated PM2.5 from burning/flaring of oil/gas and CHD risk among the DWH oil spill workers. METHODS We included workers who participated in response and cleanup activities on the water during the DWH disaster (N = 9091). PM2.5 exposures were estimated using a job-exposure matrix that linked modelled PM2.5 concentrations to detailed DWH spill work histories provided by participants. We ascertained CHD events as the first self-reported physician-diagnosed CHD or a fatal CHD event that occurred after each worker's last day of burning exposure. We estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for the associations between categories of average or cumulative daily maximum PM2.5 exposure (versus a referent category of water workers not near controlled burning) and subsequent CHD. We assessed exposure-response trends by examining continuous exposure parameters in models. RESULTS We observed increased CHD hazard among workers with higher levels of average daily maximum exposure (low vs. referent: HR = 1.26, 95% CI: 0.93, 1.70; high vs. referent: HR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.08, 4.12; per 10 μg/m3 increase: HR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.19). We also observed suggestively elevated HRs among workers with higher cumulative daily maximum exposure (low vs. referent: HR = 1.19, 95% CI: 0.68, 2.08; medium vs. referent: HR = 1.38, 95% CI: 0.88, 2.16; high vs. referent: HR = 1.44, 95% CI: 0.96, 2.14; per 100 μg/m3-d increase: HR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.05). CONCLUSIONS Among oil spill workers, exposure to PM2.5 from flaring/burning of oil/gas was associated with increased risk of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhe Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Dale P Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Alexander P Keil
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gerardo Heiss
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric A Whitsel
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gregory C Pratt
- Division of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Mark R Stenzel
- Exposure Assessment Applications, LLC, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Caroline P Groth
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Sudipto Banerjee
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tran B Huynh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessie K Edwards
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - W Braxton Jackson
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc, a DLH Holdings Company, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joseph Engeda
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc, a DLH Holdings Company, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Richard K Kwok
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Office of the Director, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily J Werder
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kaitlyn G Lawrence
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Lawrence S Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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31
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Tian P, Zhang N, Li J, Fan X, Guan X, Lu Y, Shi J, Chang Y, Zhang L. Potential influence of fine aerosol chemistry on the optical properties in a semi-arid region. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114678. [PMID: 36341796 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The current understanding regarding the potential influence of aerosol chemistry on the optical properties does not satisfy accurate evaluation of aerosol radiative effects and precise determination of aerosol sources. We conducted a comprehensive study of the potential influence of aerosol chemistry on the optical properties in a semi-arid region based on various observations. Organic matter was the main contributor to the scattering coefficients followed by secondary inorganic aerosols in all seasons. We further related aerosol absorption to elemental carbon, organic matter, and mineral dust. Results showed that organic matter and mineral dust contributed to >40% of the aerosol absorption in the ultraviolet wavelengths. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the absorption of organic matter and mineral dust in addition to that of elemental carbon. We further investigated the potential influence of chemical composition, especially of organic matter and mineral dust on the optical parameters. Mineral dust contributed to higher absorption efficiency and lower scattering efficiency in winter. The absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) was mostly sensitive to organic matter and mineral dust in winter and spring, respectively; it was relatively high (i.e., 1.68) in winter and moderate (i.e., 1.42) in spring. Unlike in the other seasons, mineral dust contributed to higher mass absorption efficiency in winter. This work reveals the complexity of the relationship between aerosol chemistry and optical properties, and especially the influence of organic matter and mineral dust on aerosol absorption. The results are highly important regarding both regional air pollution and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Tian
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Naiyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jiayun Li
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Xiaolu Fan
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xu Guan
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuting Lu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jinsen Shi
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yi Chang
- Gansu Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Song J, An Z, Zhu J, Li J, Qu R, Tian G, Wang G, Zhang Y, Li H, Jiang J, Wu H, Wang Y, Wu W. Subclinical cardiovascular outcomes of acute exposure to fine particulate matter and its constituents: A glutathione S-transferase polymorphism-based longitudinal study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157469. [PMID: 35868381 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To explore the acute subclinical cardiovascular effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its constituents, a longitudinal study with 61 healthy young volunteers was conducted in Xinxiang, China. Linear mixed-effect models were used to analyze the association of PM2.5 and its constituents with cardiovascular outcomes, respectively, including blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), and platelet-monocyte aggregation (PMA). Additionally, the modifying effects of glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1) and glutathione S-transferase theta 1 (GSTT1) polymorphisms were examined. A 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 was associated with -1.04 (95 % CI: -1.86 to -0.22) mmHg and -0.90 (95 % CI: -1.69 to -0.11) mmHg decreases in diastolic BP (DBP) and mean arterial BP (MABP) along with 1.83 % (95 % CI: 0.59-3.08 %), 5.93 % (95 % CI: 0.70-11.16 %) increases in 8-OHdG and hs-CRP, respectively. Ni content was positively associated with the 8-OHdG levels whereas several other metals presented negative association with 8-OHdG and HR. Intriguingly, GSTT1+/GSTTM1+ subjects showed higher susceptibility to PM2.5-induced alterations of DBP and PMA, and GSTT1-/GSTM1+ subjects showed higher alteration on t-PA. Taken together, our findings indicated that short-term PM2.5 exposure induced oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, autonomic alterations, and fibrinolysis in healthy young subjects. Among multiple examined metal components Ni appeared to positively associated with systematic oxidative stress. In addition, GST-sufficient subjects might be more prone to PM2.5-induced autonomic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Zhen An
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Jingfang Zhu
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Juan Li
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Rongrong Qu
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Ge Tian
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Gui Wang
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Yange Zhang
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Huijun Li
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Yinbiao Wang
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China.
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Hassan SK, Alghamdi MA, Khoder MI. Effect of restricted emissions during COVID-19 on atmospheric aerosol chemistry in a Greater Cairo suburb: Characterization and enhancement of secondary inorganic aerosol production. ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 13:101587. [PMID: 36340245 PMCID: PMC9627639 DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2022.101587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To prevent the rapid spreading of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Egyptian government had imposed partial lockdown restrictions which led emissions reduction. This served as ideal conditions for a natural experiment, for study the effect of partial lockdown on the atmospheric aerosol chemistry and the enhanced secondary inorganic aerosol production in a semi-desert climate area like Egypt. To achieve this objective, SO2, NO2, and PM2.5 and their chemical compositions were measured during the pre-COVID, COVID partial lockdown, and post-COVID periods in 2020 in a suburb of Greater Cairo, Egypt. Our results show that the SO2, NO2, PM2.5 and anthropogenic elements concentrations follow the pattern pre-COVID > post-COVID > COVID partial lockdown. SO2 and NO2 reductions were high compared with their secondary products during the COVID partial lockdown compared with pre-COVID. Although, PM2.5, anthropogenic elements, NO2, SO2, SO4 2-, NO3 -, and NH4 + decreased by 39%, 38-55%, 38%, 32.9%. 9%, 14%, and 4.3%, respectively, during the COVID partial lockdown compared with pre-COVID, with the secondary inorganic ions (SO4 2-, NO3 -, and NH4 +) being the dominant components in PM2.5 during the COVID partial lockdown. Moreover, the enhancement of NO3 - and SO4 2- formation during the COVID partial lockdown was high compared with pre-COVID. SO4 2- and NO3 - formation enhancements were significantly positive correlated with PM2.5 concentration. Chemical forms of SO4 2- and NO3 - were identified in PM2.5 based on their NH4 +/SO4 2- molar ratio and correlation between NH4 + and both NO3 - and SO4 2-. The particles during the COVID partial lockdown were more acidic than those in pre-COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa K Hassan
- Air Pollution Research Department, Environmental and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Behooth Str., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Mansour A Alghamdi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamdouh I Khoder
- Air Pollution Research Department, Environmental and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Behooth Str., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
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Young LH, Hsiao TC, Griffith SM, Huang YH, Hsieh HG, Lin TH, Tsay SC, Lin YJ, Lai KL, Lin NH, Lin WY. Secondary inorganic aerosol chemistry and its impact on atmospheric visibility over an ammonia-rich urban area in Central Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 312:119951. [PMID: 36002097 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the hourly inorganic aerosol chemistry and its impact on atmospheric visibility over an urban area in Central Taiwan, by relying on measurements of aerosol light extinction, inorganic gases, and PM2.5 water-soluble ions (WSIs), and simulations from a thermodynamic equilibrium model. On average, the sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), and ammonium (NH4+) components (SNA) contributed ∼90% of WSI concentrations, which in turn made up about 50% of the PM2.5 mass. During the entire observation period, PM2.5 and SNA concentrations, aerosol pH, aerosol liquid water content (ALWC), and sulfur and nitrogen conversion ratios all increased with decreasing visibility. In particular, the NO3- contribution to PM2.5 increased, whereas the SO42- contribution decreased, with decreasing visibility. The diurnal variations of the above parameters indicate that the interaction and likely mutual promotion between NO3- and ALWC enhanced the hygroscopicity and aqueous-phase reactions conducive for NO3- formation, thus led to severely impaired visibility. The high relative humidity (RH) at the study area (average 70.7%) was a necessary but not sole factor leading to enhanced NO3- formation, which was more directly associated with elevated ALWC and aerosol pH. Simulations from the thermodynamic model depict that the inorganic aerosol system in the study area was characterized by fully neutralized SO42- (i.e. a saturated factor in visibility reduction) and excess NH4+ amidst a NH3-rich environment. As a result, PM2.5 composition was most sensitive to gas-phase HNO3, and hence NOx, and relatively insensitive to NH3. Consequently, a reduction of NOx would result in instantaneous cuts of NO3-, PM2.5, and ALWC, and hence improved visibility. On the other hand, a substantial amount of NH3 reduction (>70%) would be required to lower the aerosol pH, driving more than 50% of the particulate phase NO3- to the gas phase, thereby making NH3 a limiting factor in shifting PM2.5 composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hao Young
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung, 406040, Taiwan.
| | - Ta-Chih Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Stephen M Griffith
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan, 320317, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hsin Huang
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Gang Hsieh
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Tang-Huang Lin
- Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University, 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan, 320317, Taiwan
| | - Si-Chee Tsay
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - Yu-Jung Lin
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Lin Lai
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Neng-Huei Lin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan, 320317, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yinn Lin
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao E. Rd., Taipei, 106344, Taiwan
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Singh J, Payra S, Mishra MK, Verma S. An analysis of particulate pollution using urban aerosol pollution island intensity over Delhi, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:874. [PMID: 36227379 PMCID: PMC9557043 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10573-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The accent of the present study is determination of Urban Aerosol Pollution Island (UAPI) intensity and spatial variability in particulate matter concentration (PM10 and PM2.5) over Delhi. For analysis, the hourly concentration dataset of PM2.5 and PM10 from January 2019 to December 2020 was obtained from ten air quality monitoring stations of Delhi. Additionally, UAPI Index has been calculated to assess the intensity of particulate pollution. The daily, monthly, and annual variations in the trends of PM10, PM2.5, and UAPI index along with related meteorological parameters have been analyzed. Particulate pollution peaked majorly during two seasons, i.e., summer and winter. The highest concentration of PM10 was observed to be 426.77 µg/m3 while that of PM2.5 was observed to be 301.91 µg/m3 in January 2019 for traffic-affected regions. During winters, higher PM2.5 concentration was observed which can be ascribed to increased local emissions and enhanced secondary particle formations. While the increase in PM10 concentrations led to an increment in pollution episodes during summers over most of the sites in Delhi. The UAPI index was found to be declining in 2020 over traffic affected regions (77.92 and 27.22 for 2019 and 2020, respectively) as well as in the background regions (64.91 and 19.80 for 2019 and 2020, respectively) of Delhi. Low traffic intensity and reduced pollutant emission could have been responsible for the reduction of UAPI intensity in the year 2020. The result indicates that lockdown implemented to control the COVID-19 outbreak led to an unexpected decrease in the PM10 pollution over Delhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janhavi Singh
- Department of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, 221105, India
| | - Swagata Payra
- Department of Remote Sensing, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi - 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Manoj K Mishra
- Space Application Centre, Indian Satellite Research Organisation (ISRO), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Sunita Verma
- Department of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, 221105, India.
- DST-Mahamana Centre of Excellence in Climate Change Research, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, India.
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Zhang L, Wilson JP, Zhao N, Zhang W, Wu Y. The dynamics of cardiovascular and respiratory deaths attributed to long-term PM 2.5 exposures in global megacities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156951. [PMID: 35753463 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution is a significant driver of premature deaths. We estimate the number of cardiovascular and respiratory (CR) premature deaths attributed to long-term exposure to PM2.5 in 33 global megacities based on long-term remotely sensed observations from 2000 to 2019. Our analysis uses high-resolution (0.01 degree) PM2.5 concentration data and cause-specific integrated exposure-response (IER) functions developed for the Global Burden of Disease Project. From 2000 to 2019, PM2.5-related CR death rates per 1000 people increased in 6 of 33 megacities, decreased in 9, and remained constant in 18 megacities. The increase in PM2.5-related CR mortality in 11 megacities located in South and East Asia during the period 2000-2019 can be attributed to the increases in PM2.5 concentrations. All 33 megacities could avoid 30,248 (9 %), 62,989 (20 %), 128,457 (40 %), 198,462 (62 %) and all of the estimated 322,515 CR deaths attributed to PM2.5 pollution in 2019 if they were to attain the World Health Organization's four interim PM2.5 targets (IT-1, IT-2, IT-3, and IT-4) and the new air quality guideline (AQG), respectively. Major improvements in air quality are needed to reduce the number of CR deaths attributed to PM2.5 in South and East Asia, in addition to ny reductions that would likely follow shifts in the population structures of these megacities moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0374, USA; State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Zhongke Langfang Institute of Spatial Information Applications, Langfang, Hebei 065001, China
| | - John P Wilson
- Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0374, USA; State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Na Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang, Hebei 065000, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Bhardwaj A, Sunder Raman R. Evaluation of organic aerosol filter sampling artefacts and implications to gravimetric PM 2.5 mass at a COALESCE network site - Bhopal, India. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 319:115749. [PMID: 35982559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Filter based PM2.5 samples are typically used to measure its chemical constituents. Such measurements are made in dense sampling networks to assess regulatory compliance and for source apportionment. Thus, quantifying sampling artefacts is crucial. In this study, 24-h integrated PM2.5 samples collected over Bhopal, India a COALESCE (CarbOnaceous AerosoL Emissions, Source apportionment and ClimatE impacts) site during 2019 and 2020, were used to estimate particulate organic carbon (OC) artefacts. Total OC and its thermal fractions (OC1, OC2, OC3, and OC4) measured on 349 bare quartz (Q) and QbQ filters each, were used to determine OC positive artefacts on quartz filters. 50 QbT (Quartz behind Teflon) filters in conjunction with the simultaneous QbQ samples (a subset of the total QbQ) were used to estimate OC volatilization from Teflon filters. On average, adsorbed gaseous OC contributed 17% and 11% to the measured total OC during 2019 and 2020, respectively. Further, the volatilization loss of organics from Teflon filter (used to quantify PM2.5 mass) ranged between 7% and 9%, and 5% and 6% of the PM2.5 mass during 2019 and 2020, respectively. The results of this study provide the first systematic long-term evaluation of thermal carbon fraction-wise sampling artefacts, estimates of organic volatilization losses from Teflon filters and their implications to PM2.5 mass closure, over a regionally representative location in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Bhardwaj
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ramya Sunder Raman
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Dao X, Ji D, Zhang X, He J, Sun J, Hu J, Liu Y, Wang L, Xu X, Tang G, Wang Y. Significant reduction in atmospheric organic and elemental carbon in PM 2.5 in 2+26 cities in northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113055. [PMID: 35257685 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the change characteristics and reduction in organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in particulate matter (PM) with a diameter of ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) driven by the most stringent clean air policies and pandemic-related lockdown measures in China, a comprehensive field campaign was performed to measure the carbonaceous components in PM2.5 on an hourly basis via harmonized analytical methods in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding region (including 2 + 26 cities) from January 1 to December 31, 2020. The results indicated that the annual average concentrations of OC and EC reached as low as 6.6 ± 5.7 and 1.8 ± 1.9 μg/m3, respectively, lower than those obtained in previous studies, which could be attributed to the effectiveness of the Clean Air Action Plan and the impact of the COVID-19-related lockdown measures implemented in China. Marked seasonal and diurnal variations in OC and EC were observed in the 2 + 26 cities. Significant correlations (p < 0.001) between OC and EC were found. The annual average secondary OC levels level ranged from 1.8-5.4 μg/m3, accounting for 37.7-73.0% of the OC concentration in the 2 + 26 cities estimated with the minimum R squared method. Based on Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) algorithms, the light extinction contribution of carbonaceous PM to the total amount reached 21.1% and 26.0% on average, suggesting that carbonaceous PM played a less important role in visibility impairment than did the other chemical components in PM2.5. This study is expected to provide an important real-time dataset and in-depth analysis of the significant reduction in OC and EC in PM2.5 driven by both the Clean Air Action Plan and COVID-19-related lockdown policies over the past few years, which could represent an insightful comparative case study for other developing countries/regions facing similar carbonaceous PM pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Dao
- China National Environmental Monitoring Station, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Atmosphere Sub-Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Xian Zhang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Station, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jun He
- Natural Resources and Environment Research Group, International Doctoral Innovation Centre, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China; Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, Ningbo, 315101, China
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- China National Environmental Monitoring Station, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Atmosphere Sub-Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Atmosphere Sub-Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- Atmosphere Sub-Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Guigang Tang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Station, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Atmosphere Sub-Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China
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Combustion Performance and Emission Characteristics of Marine Engine Burning with Different Biodiesel. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15145177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ship emissions are one of the main sources of air pollution in port cities. The prosperous maritime trade has brought great harm to the air quality of port cities while promoting the development of the world economy. During the berthing process, ship auxiliary machines emit a large amount of air pollutants, which have a great impact on air quality and public health. Alternative marine fuels are being studied and used frequently to reduce ship emissions. This research was carried out to investigate the gaseous and particles emission characteristics of a marine diesel engine during the application of experimental biodiesel fuels. To study the influence of mixed fuels on engine performance, measurements were made at different engine loads and speeds. Different diesel fuels were tested using various ratios between biodiesel and BD0 (ultra-low sulfur diesel) of 0%, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 90%, and 100%. The results indicated the use of biodiesel has little influence on the combustion performance but has a certain impact on exhaust emissions. The octane number and laminar flame speed of biodiesel are higher than those of BD0, so the combustion time of the test diesel engine is shortened under the mixed mode of biodiesel. In addition, a high ratio of biodiesel leads to a decrease of the instantaneous peak heat release rate, causing the crank angle to advance. As the biodiesel blending ratio increased, most of the gaseous pollutants decreased, especially for CO, but it led to an increase of particle numbers. The particle size distribution exhibits a unimodal distribution under various conditions, with the peak value appearing at 30–75 nm. The use of biodiesel has no effect on this phenomenon. The peak positions strongly depend on fuel types and engine conditions. The particulate matter (PM) emitted from the test engine included large amounts of organic carbon (OC), which accounted for between 30% and 40% of PM. Whereas the elemental carbon (EC) accounted for between 10% and 20%, the water-soluble ions components accounted for 6–15%. Elemental components, which accounted for 3–8% of PM emissions, mainly consisted of Si, Fe, Sn, Ba, Al, Zn, V, and Ni. Generally, biodiesel could be a reliable alternative fuel to reduce ship auxiliary engine emissions at berth and improve port air quality.
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Lyu Y, Zhou J, Li J, Li J, Hu G, Wang L, Wang L, Han J, Wang D. Alterations of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha expression in RAW264.7 cell damage induced by two samples of PM 2.5 with different compositions. Sci Prog 2022; 105:368504221113709. [PMID: 35833342 PMCID: PMC10450461 DOI: 10.1177/00368504221113709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) has been demonstrated by previous studies to be associated with cell damage. To explore the impact of the composition of PM2.5 on PM2.5-mediated inflammation, this study investigated the composition of PM2.5 collected during the wintertime indoor heating season and observed its inflammatory effect. Samples were collected during the heating season from December 5, 2017, to January 8, 2018, in Xi'an. Compositions of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water-soluble ions were analysed. Two representative samples (sample 1 and 2) were selected with significant differences in compositions. They were configured into four concentrations (0.1 μg/mL, 1 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL, 20 μg/mL) and used as interventions on RAW264.7 cells for 4 h and 24 h separately. Cell viability was detected by CCK-8. Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) gene and protein expression levels were detected by real-time quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting. The results showed that the cell viability of sample 1 intervened cells at 4 h and 24 h was lower than that of sample 2. IL-1β gene in most PM2.5 intervention groups was lower than in the control group. Protein expression was higher at 4 h than at 24 h. In conclusion, PM2.5 components influence cell viability and expression of IL-1β and TNF-α, while high concentrations of NO3-, Cl-, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and others in the PM2.5 composition have a significant harmful effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Lyu
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jieting Zhou
- Shaanxi Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Guocheng Hu
- Ministry of Environmental Protection, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Liyun Wang
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Liang Wang
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jing Han
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China
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Sang S, Chu C, Zhang T, Chen H, Yang X. The global burden of disease attributable to ambient fine particulate matter in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: A systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 238:113588. [PMID: 35525115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the spatio-temporal patterns of the disease burden attributable to ambient PM2.5 across the world is essential for the prevention of related diseases, as well as ambient PM2.5 control. Following the framework and methodology of the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) in 2019, the global, regional, and national data on ambient PM2.5-attributable death and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and the age-standardized rates of mortality (ASMR) and disability-adjusted life years (ASDR) were summarized based on age, gender, year, location and specific diseases. We calculated the average annual percentage change (AAPC) to depict the secular trends of ASMR and ASDR from 1990 to 2019. In 2019, the global ambient PM2.5-related deaths and DALYs were 4,140,970 and 118.2 million, respectively, with 1,702,150 deaths and 47.5 million DALYs for females and 2,438,820 deaths and 70.7 million DALYs for male. In the 13 level-three causes, ischemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive and pulmonary disease (COPD) were the leading three causes of deaths and DALYs attributable to ambient PM2.5. The number of global deaths and DALYs attributable to ambient PM2.5 has increased by 102.3% and 67.7% from 1990 to 2019, respectively. However, ASMR and ASDR showed little change. In the 13 level-three diseases, ischemic heart disease, stroke, COPD, diabetes mellitus, and lung cancer were the top five contributors to the increase of global deaths or DALYs, among which diabetes mellitus had the fastest increase of ASMR and ASDR, with AAPC of 1.5 (95% CI: 1.43, 1.58) and 2.21 (95% CI: 2.15, 2.27), respectively. The population attributable fractions (PAF) of causes in ASMR or ASDR varied significantly across regions, of which PAF of COPD, stroke and lung cancer were the top three. Regarding the GBD region, high PAF mainly occurred in North Africa and Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia. The age-specific PAFs of ischemic heart disease and stroke deaths and DALYs due to ambient PM2.5 were negatively correlated with age. ASMR and ASDR of overall PM2.5 related-burden showed an inverted "V/U" relationship with the socio-demographic index (SDI). The AAPC of ASMR and ASDR of the overall causes showed a strong negative correlation with SDI in 2019, especially at the SDI larger than 0.5. The deaths and DALYs attributable to ambient PM2.5 continued to increase under the context of population growth and aging. Decision-makers should consider controlling the PM2.5 emission when developing the economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Sang
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Clinical Research Center of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Chu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tongchao Zhang
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Clinical Research Center of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Chen
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Clinical Research Center of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Clinical Research Center of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Mookherjee N, Ryu MH, Hemshekhar M, Orach J, Spicer V, Carlsten C. Defining the effects of traffic-related air pollution on the human plasma proteome using an aptamer proteomic array: A dose-dependent increase in atherosclerosis-related proteins. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112803. [PMID: 35120890 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is a critical risk factor and major contributor to respiratory and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The effects of TRAP beyond the lungs can be related to changes in circulatory proteins. However, such TRAP-mediated changes have not been defined in an unbiased manner using a controlled human model. OBJECTIVE To detail global protein changes (the proteome) in plasma following exposure to inhaled diesel exhaust (DE), a paradigm of TRAP, using controlled human exposures. METHODS In one protocol, ex-smokers and never-smokers were exposed to filtered air (FA) and DE (300 μg PM2.5/m3), on order-randomized days, for 2 h. In a second protocol, independent never-smoking participants were exposed to lower concentrations of DE (20, 50 or 150 μg PM2.5/m3) and FA, for 4 h, on order-randomized days. Each exposure was separated by 4 weeks of washout. Plasma samples obtained 24 h post-exposure from ex-smokers (n = 6) were first probed using Slow off-rate modified aptamer proteomic array. Plasma from never-smokers (n = 11) was used for independent assessment of proteins selected from the proteomics study by immunoblotting. RESULTS Proteomics analyses revealed that DE significantly altered 342 proteins in plasma of ex-smokers (n = 6). The top 20 proteins therein were primarily associated with inflammation and CVD. Plasma from never-smokers (n = 11) was used for independent assessment of 6 proteins, amongst the top 10 proteins increased by DE in the proteomics study, for immunoblotting. The abundance of all six proteins (fractalkine, apolipoproteins (APOB and APOM), IL18R1, MIP-3 and MMP-12) was significantly increased by DE in plasma of these never-smokers. DE-mediated increase was shown to be concentration-dependent for fractalkine, APOB and MMP-12, all biomarkers of atherosclerosis, which correlated with plasma levels of IL-6, a subclinical marker of CVD, in independent participants. CONCLUSION This investigation details changes in the human plasma proteome due to TRAP. We identify specific atherosclerosis-related proteins that increase concentration-dependently across a range of TRAP levels applicable worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeloffer Mookherjee
- Manitoba Center for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; The Canadian Respiratory Research Network, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Min Hyung Ryu
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; The Canadian Respiratory Research Network, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mahadevappa Hemshekhar
- Manitoba Center for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Juma Orach
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Victor Spicer
- Manitoba Center for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; The Canadian Respiratory Research Network, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Dai H, Huang G, Wang J, Zeng H, Zhou F. Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of PM2.5 Concentrations in China Based on Multiple Sources of Data and LUR-GBM during 2016–2021. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106292. [PMID: 35627828 PMCID: PMC9141263 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has a continuing impact on the environment, climate change and human health. In order to improve the accuracy of PM2.5 estimation and obtain a continuous spatial distribution of PM2.5 concentration, this paper proposes a LUR-GBM model based on land-use regression (LUR), the Kriging method and LightGBM (light gradient boosting machine). Firstly, this study modelled the spatial distribution of PM2.5 in the Chinese region by obtaining PM2.5 concentration data from monitoring stations in the Chinese study region and established a PM2.5 mass concentration estimation method based on the LUR-GBM model by combining data on land use type, meteorology, topography, vegetation index, population density, traffic and pollution sources. Secondly, the performance of the LUR-GBM model was evaluated by a ten-fold cross-validation method based on samples, stations and time. Finally, the results of the model proposed in this paper are compared with those of the back propagation neural network (BPNN), deep neural network (DNN), random forest (RF), XGBoost and LightGBM models. The results show that the prediction accuracy of the LUR-GBM model is better than other models, with the R2 of the model reaching 0.964 (spring), 0.91 (summer), 0.967 (autumn), 0.98 (winter) and 0.976 (average for 2016–2021) for each season and annual average, respectively. It can be seen that the LUR-GBM model has good applicability in simulating the spatial distribution of PM2.5 concentrations in China. The spatial distribution of PM2.5 concentrations in the Chinese region shows a clear characteristic of high in the east and low in the west, and the spatial distribution is strongly influenced by topographical factors. The seasonal variation in mean concentration values is marked by low summer and high winter values. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of regional PM2.5 pollution in China and can also provide new ideas for the acquisition of data on the spatial distribution of PM2.5 concentrations within cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Dai
- School of Management, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China; (G.H.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence: (H.D.); (J.W.); Tel.: +86-152-7710-7077 (H.D.)
| | - Guangqiu Huang
- School of Management, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China; (G.H.); (H.Z.)
| | - Jingjing Wang
- College of Vocational and Technical Education, Guangxi Science & Technology of Normal University, Laibin 546199, China
- Correspondence: (H.D.); (J.W.); Tel.: +86-152-7710-7077 (H.D.)
| | - Huibin Zeng
- School of Management, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China; (G.H.); (H.Z.)
| | - Fangyu Zhou
- Chengdu Institute, School of Applied English, Sichuan International Studies University, Chengdu 611844, China;
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Khan A, Sharma S, Chowdhury KR, Sharma P. A novel seasonal index-based machine learning approach for air pollution forecasting. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:429. [PMID: 35556182 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Novel machine learning models (MLMs) using the seasonal indexing approach that captures the variation in air quality caused due to meteorological changes have been used to provide short-term, real-time forecasts of PM2.5 concentration for one of the most polluted air quality control regions (AQCR) in the capital city of Delhi. Two MLMs-multi-linear regression and random forest-have been developed for using time series data for 1-h and 24-h average PM2.5 concentration. Short-term, real-time forecasts have been made using the developed models. Various model performance evaluation indices indicate satisfactory model performance. R2 values for the hourly and daily models varied between 0.95 and 0.72 and between 0.76 and 0.68 for the 1st to 5th h/day, respectively. The lagged values of PM2.5 concentration (persistence) and the hourly and daily indices are the most influential variables for the forecasts for immediate time steps. In contrast, seasonal indices become more important with the forecasting time horizon. The developed models can be used for making short-term, real-time air quality forecasts and issuing a warning when the pollution levels go beyond acceptable limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Khan
- Council On Energy, Environment and Water, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sumit Sharma
- TERI, The Energy and Resources Institute, IHC Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi, 110003, India.
| | | | - Prateek Sharma
- TERI School of Advanced Studies, New Delhi, 110070, India
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Shu Z, Zhao T, Liu Y, Zhang L, Ma X, Kuang X, Li Y, Huo Z, Ding Q, Sun X, Shen L. Impact of deep basin terrain on PM 2.5 distribution and its seasonality over the Sichuan Basin, Southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 300:118944. [PMID: 35121013 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The terrain effect on atmospheric environment is poorly understood in particular for the polluted region with underlying complex topography. Therefore, this study targeted the Sichuan Basin (SCB), a deep basin with severe PM2.5 pollution enclosed by the eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP), Yunnan-Guizhou Plateaus (YGP) and mountains over Southwest China, and we investigated the terrain effect on seasonal PM2.5 distribution and the meteorological mechanism based on the WRF-Chem simulation with stuffing the basin topography. It is characterized that the three-dimensional distribution of topography-induced PM2.5 concentrations over the SCB with the seasonal shift of regional PM2.5 averages from approximately 30 μg m-3 in summer to 90 μg m-3 in winter at surface layer and from summertime 10 μg m-3 to wintertime 30 μg m-3 in the lower free troposphere. Such basin-forced PM2.5 changes presented the vertically monotonical declines concentrated within the lower troposphere below 3.6 km in spring, 2.3 km in summer, 2.6 km in autumn and 4.8 km in winter. Impacts of deep basin aggravated PM2.5 accumulation within the SCB and transport toward the surrounding plateaus contributing approximately 50-90% to PM2.5 levels over the regions of eastern TP and northern YGP. In the SCB, atmospheric thermal structure in the lower troposphere could build a vertical convergence layer between the boundary layer and free troposphere, acting as a lid inhibiting air diffusion, which was regulated by the terrain effects on interactions of westerlies and Asian monsoons, especially the wintertime strong warm lid deteriorating air pollution in the SCB. Furthermore, warm and humid air conditions within the basin prompted sulfur oxidation ratio by +0.02 and nitrogen oxidation ratio by +0.22 effectively producing the secondary PM2.5 in atmospheric environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuozhi Shu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Tianliang Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Yubao Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaodan Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xiang Kuang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yang Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Zhaoyang Huo
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - QiuJi Ding
- Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xiaoyun Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Lijuan Shen
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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Xu M, Liu Z, Hu B, Yan G, Zou J, Zhao S, Zhou J, Liu X, Zheng X, Zhang X, Cao J, Guan M, Lv Y, Zhang Y. Chemical characterization and source identification of PM 2.5 in Luoyang after the clean air actions. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 115:265-276. [PMID: 34969454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Luoyang is a typical heavy industrial city in China, with a coal-dominated energy structure and serious air pollution. Following the implementation of the clean air actions, the physicochemical characteristics and sources of PM2.5 have changed. A comprehensive study of PM2.5 was conducted from October 16, 2019 to January 23, 2020 to evaluate the effectiveness of previous control measures and further to provide theory basis for more effective policies in the future. Results showed that the aerosol pollution in Luoyang in autumn and winter is still serious with the average concentration of 91.1 μg/m3, although a large reduction (46.9%) since 2014. With the contribution of nitrate increased from 12.5% to 25.1% and sulfate decreased from 16.7% to 11.2%, aerosol pollution has changed from sulfate-dominate to nitrate-dominate. High NO3-/SO42- ratio and the increasing of NO3-/SO42- ratio with the aggravation of pollution indicating vehicle exhaust playing an increasingly important role in PM2.5 pollution in Luoyang, especially in the haze processes. Secondary inorganic ions contributed significantly to the enhancement of PM2.5 during the pollution period. The high value of Cl-/Na+ and EC concentration indicate coal combustion in Luoyang is still serious. The top three contributor sources were secondary inorganic aerosols (33.3%), coal combustion (13.6%), and industrial emissions (13.4%). Close-range transport from the western and northeastern directions were more important factors in air pollution in Luoyang during the sampling period. It is necessary to strengthen the control of coal combustion and reduce vehicle emissions in future policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guangxuan Yan
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jianan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuman Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingxiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xianhui Liu
- Luoyang Eco-Environmental Monitoring Center of Henan Province, Luoyang 471002, China
| | - Xueping Zheng
- Luoyang Radiation Environment Service Office, Luoyang 471002, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Luoyang Radiation Environment Service Office, Luoyang 471002, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Luoyang Eco-Environmental Monitoring Center of Henan Province, Luoyang 471002, China
| | | | - Yirong Lv
- 3Clear Science & Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanyun Zhang
- 3Clear Science & Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100029, China
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47
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Pozo-Antonio JS, Cardell C, Comite V, Fermo P. Characterization of black crusts developed on historic stones with diverse mineralogy under different air quality environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:29438-29454. [PMID: 34302602 PMCID: PMC9001199 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15514-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Black crusts (BCs) are one of the most critical alteration forms found on stones belonging to architectural heritage. Since they could be considered as passive samplers of atmospheric pollution, it would be plausible to establish relations between the air contamination and the BCs. With this aim, we have characterized BCs collected on historic buildings from two Spanish cities (Granada and Vigo) with different polluted atmospheres, as well as formed on stone substrates of varied mineralogy and texture. Likewise, in order to assess the impact of the atmospheric pollutants on the growth of BCs, quartz fiber filters were used as surrogate substrates and placed nearby the studied buildings to collect and analyze the aerosol particulate matter (PM). To this end, an array of complementary analytical techniques was used to evaluate the mineralogy, chemical composition, and texture of the BCs and to establish the correlation with the ions, OC (organic carbon), and EC (elemental carbon) detected in the PM on the quartz fiber filters. As result, BCs developed on carbonate substrates from Granada show more complex structure than those from Vigo, which are thinner because of frequent rain episodes. In both cities, NaCl, Pb-Cl, and Ca-Cl-rich particles, Ca-phosphate particles and clusters of Ba-sulfate-rich particles were detected. However, metal-rich rounded particles were more abundant in Granada's BCs, including soot particles. BCs from Granada were richer in carbonaceous components (OC and EC) than the Vigo's BCs. Although in the filters PM did not show EC-mainly due to traffic-, in the BCs from both locations OC and EC were detected. Therefore, this different composition was related to the mineralogy of the stones and the higher pollution of Granada in contrast to the industrial and sea-exposed city of Vigo.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Santiago Pozo-Antonio
- CINTECX, GESSMin group, Dpto. de Enxeñaría de Recursos Naturais e Medio Ambiente, Universidade de Enxeñaría de Minas e Enerxía, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Carolina Cardell
- Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Valeria Comite
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Via Golgi 19, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Fermo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Via Golgi 19, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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48
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Seasonal, Weekly, and Diurnal Black Carbon in Moscow Megacity Background under Impact of Urban and Regional Sources. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Moscow megacity has a big gap in assessment of air quality, resulting in severe aerosol pollution. Black carbon (BC) concentrations over different timescales, including weekly and diurnal, are studied during four seasons of 2019–2020 at urban background site. Seasonal BC varies from 0.9 to 25.5 μg/m3 with a mean of 1.7 ± 1.4 μg/m3. Maximum mean BC equal to 2.2 ± 1.8 μg/m3 was observed in spring. Diurnal trends of black carbon concentrations differ in spring/summer and autumn/winter periods, they exhibit morning and evening peaks corresponding to traffic combined with the boundary layer height effect. The weekly cycle of BC characterizes the highest amount of combustion-related pollution on working days and the characteristics of population migration from a city for weekend. Seasonal pollution roses show the direction of the highest BC contamination. For identification of BC sources relating to traffic, heat and power plants, and industry around the site, polar plots are used. The spectral dependence of the aerosol light attenuation provides the estimate for Absorption Angstrom Exponent (AAE). We use the AAE above 1.3 and high frequency of AAE observation above 1 in order to support the assessment for a contribution of biomass burning in the region around Moscow in autumn and winter as well as of agriculture fires and wildfires in warm seasons. Air masses arriving to a city from fire-affected regions in spring and summer impact urban air pollution.
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49
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Yan D, Ren X, Zhang W, Li Y, Miao Y. Exploring the real contribution of socioeconomic variation to urban PM 2.5 pollution: New evidence from spatial heteroscedasticity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150929. [PMID: 34655624 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Making cities safe, resilient and sustainable is one of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Health risk, productivity loss and climate change caused by air pollution obstacles the present urban sustainable development, especially people living in middle-and low-income countries areas are most affected. The spatial models (such as SAR and SEM) are often considered to examine the driven factors and the spatial spillover effect of PM2.5 concentrations. Given that these spatial models assume spatially dependent second-order moments of the dependent variable without considering the possible autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity. This present study empirically examines the heterogeneous effects of economic development, secondary industry, FDI, population density, number of buses and urbanization on PM2.5 concentrations in 269 Chinese cities using the SAR, spARCH and SARspARCH, respectively. This newly proposed Spatial ARCH model is the first attempt to be applied to environmental research. The empirical results indicate that an increasing spatial correlation with PM2.5 concentration was observed among 269 cities during 2004-2016, and the most influential cities in high-high clustering are mainly located in North China. Furthermore, except for population density, the effects of other factors are heterogeneous on the time scale. Among those socioeconomic factors, population density shows the largest contribution to urban PM2.5 pollution, the effects of secondary industry, GDP and FDI may be overestimated in the absence of spatial neighbouring effects in mean or variance. The comparative analysis could provide new enlightenments for a deeper understanding of the socioeconomic impact on PM2.5 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yan
- School of Public Administration, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; Zhejiang Center of Public Opinion and Research, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Xiaohang Ren
- School of Business, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Wanli Zhang
- School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester LE17RH, UK
| | - Yiying Li
- School of Business, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yang Miao
- School of Public Administration, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; Zhejiang Center of Public Opinion and Research, Hangzhou 310023, China
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50
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Cao Z, Wu X, Wang T, Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Wang D, Chang Y, Wei Y, Yan G, Fan Y, Yue C, Duan J, Xi B. Characteristics of airborne particles retained on conifer needles across China in winter and preliminary evaluation of the capacity of trees in haze mitigation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150704. [PMID: 34600981 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To fully understand the characteristics of particulate matter (PM) retained on plant leaves (PMR) and the effect of vegetation on haze on a large spatial scale, we investigated needle samples collected from 78 parks and campuses in 31 cities (30 provincial cities) of China and developed a comprehensive method to characterise PMR. Both the PMR load (including water-insoluble particulate matter (WIPM), water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIS) and water-soluble organic matter (WSOM)), with a mean value of 554 ± 345 mg m-2 leaf area, and component profiles of PMR showed obvious spatial variation across the cities. Though haze pollution levels vary greatly among the 31 cities, the PM retention capacity of needles does not depend on haze level because PMR generally reaches saturation before precipitation in winter. The water-soluble component (WSC, the sum of WSIS and WSOM) accounted for 52.3% of PMR on average, among which WSIS and WSOM contributed 21.4% and 30.9% to PMR, respectively. The dominant ions of WSIS in PMR in the cities were Ca2+, K+ and NO3-, indicating that raised dust, biomass combustion and traffic exhaust are significant sources of PM in China. Compared with previous reports, the particle size distributions of PMR and PM across China were consistent, with fine PM (PM2.5) constituting a substantial proportion (43.8 ± 17.0%) of PMR. These results prove that trees can effectively remove fine particles from the air, thereby reducing human exposure to inhalable PM. We proposed a method to estimate the annual amount of PMR on Cedrus deodara, with an average value of 11.9 ± 9.6 t km-2 canopy yr-1 in China. Compared with the load of dust fall (atmospheric particles naturally falling on the ground, average of 138 ± 164 t km-2 land area yr-1 in China), we conclude that trees play a significant role in mitigating haze pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Xinyuan Wu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yahui Zhao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Youhua Zhao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Danyang Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yu Chang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Ya Wei
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Guangxuan Yan
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yujuan Fan
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Chen Yue
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Duan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Benye Xi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
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