1
|
Pan K, Jia H, Chen R, Su C, Wang H, Zhang T, Wu Z. Sex-specific, non-linear and congener-specific association between mixed exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and diabetes in U.S. adults. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 272:116091. [PMID: 38340600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether and to what extent the impact of exposure to various polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners on diabetes, as well as the important contributors, have remained unclear. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the association patterns between PCBs mixture and diabetes, identify the critical congeners, and explore the potential modifiers. METHODS The present study included 5900 U.S. adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2007 and 2016. Weighted logistic regression, restricted cubic spline regression, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were applied to estimate the linear and non-linear associations of single and mixed PCB exposure with diabetes. Subgroup analyses were also conducted to explore potential sex differences. RESULTS In the weighted logistic regression model, total PCBs were positively associated with diabetes (OR = 1.33, P < 0.025), and significant non-linear associations were observed using RCS analyses. The non-linear positive association between PCBs mixed exposure and diabetes was likewise found in the WQS and BKMR results. PCB180, PCB194, PCB196, and PCB167 were with the highest weights in the WQS, and PCB209 and PCB66 were with the highest posterior inclusion probabilities in the BKMR. Additionally, exposure to total PCBs and most of individual PCB congeners were significantly associated with elevated risk of in females (OR = 1.74; P for trend < 0.001), while fewer significant associations were observed in males. CONCLUSION The present study highlighted the importance of the long-term surveillance of PCBs and the need to enhance protective measures against them. Notably, these associations were non-linear, congener-specific, and significantly stronger in females than males, especially at relatively high levels of PCBs exposure. Further prospective and mechanistic studies were warranted to ascertain the causal effects between PCBs mixture and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Pan
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.; Institute for Medical Dataology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Huixun Jia
- National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Diseases; Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chang Su
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Huijun Wang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.; Institute for Medical Dataology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; Clinical Research Center of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Zhenyu Wu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Duffel MW, Lehmler HJ. Complex roles for sulfation in the toxicities of polychlorinated biphenyls. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:92-122. [PMID: 38363552 PMCID: PMC11067068 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2311270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic toxicants derived from legacy pollution sources and their formation as inadvertent byproducts of some current manufacturing processes. Metabolism of PCBs is often a critical component in their toxicity, and relevant metabolic pathways usually include their initial oxidation to form hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs). Subsequent sulfation of OH-PCBs was originally thought to be primarily a means of detoxication; however, there is strong evidence that it may also contribute to toxicities associated with PCBs and OH-PCBs. These contributions include either the direct interaction of PCB sulfates with receptors or their serving as a localized precursor for OH-PCBs. The formation of PCB sulfates is catalyzed by cytosolic sulfotransferases, and, when transported into the serum, these metabolites may be retained, taken up by other tissues, and subjected to hydrolysis catalyzed by intracellular sulfatase(s) to regenerate OH-PCBs. Dynamic cycling between PCB sulfates and OH-PCBs may lead to further metabolic activation of the resulting OH-PCBs. Ultimate toxic endpoints of such processes may include endocrine disruption, neurotoxicities, and many others that are associated with exposures to PCBs and OH-PCBs. This review highlights the current understanding of the complex roles that PCB sulfates can have in the toxicities of PCBs and OH-PCBs and research on the varied mechanisms that control these roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Duffel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ganneru S, Seetha BS, Mudiam MKR. A green deep eutectic solvent based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the quantitative analysis of 21 polychlorinated biphenyl metabolites in food of animal origin using injector port silylation-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464338. [PMID: 37703765 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method was developed for the quantitative determination of 21 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) metabolites (17 were -OH, 1 -MeO, and 3 were MeSO2) in foods of animal origin using deep eutectic solvent (DES) based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by injector port silylation-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The type of DES (thymol: camphor, 1:1 molar ratio) and optimum volume of DES (300 µL), pH (7.0), and disperser solvent (acetonitrile) were optimized to attain the maximum extraction efficiency. The limit of detection, limit of quantification, and percent recovery were found to be in the range of 0.12-0.23 ng/mL, 0.40-0.76 ng/mL, and 80.1-111.4%, respectively. The expanded uncertainty was observed to be in the range of 7.2-22.8% for the targeted analytes. The proposed method was applied to real food samples (milk, meat, fish, and egg) and the levels were found to be in the range of 0.64-32.14 ng/g. This is first of its kind method using green solvent based method for the analysis of PCB metabolites (-OH, MeO, and MeSO2) and will find extensive application in routine testing for foods of animal origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sireesha Ganneru
- Analytical and Structural Chemistry Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Bala Subrahanyam Seetha
- Analytical and Structural Chemistry Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Mohana Krishna Reddy Mudiam
- Analytical and Structural Chemistry Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Analytical Division, Institute of Pesticide Formulation Technology (IPFT), Sector-20, Udyog Vihar, Gurugram 122016, Haryana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rengelshausen J, Randerath I, Schettgen T, Esser A, Kaifie A, Lang J, Kraus T, Ziegler P. Ten years after: findings from the medical surveillance program on Health Effects in High-Level Exposure to PCB (HELPcB). Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2609-2623. [PMID: 37594590 PMCID: PMC10474999 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
After the detection of high environmental and occupational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a German recycling company for transformers and capacitors in 2010, the multidisciplinary medical surveillance program "HELPcB" (Health Effects in High-Level Exposure to PCB) was established for former PCB-exposed workers of the company, their family members, employees of surrounding companies, and area residents to investigate potential adverse health effects by PCB exposure in a longitudinal study approach with up to seven examination time points between 2010 and 2019. More than 300 individuals were enrolled into the program. Assessments particularly included plasma and urine concentrations of PCB congeners and their metabolites, clinical laboratory parameters, Comet assay, analysis of telomere length, neuropsychological examinations, psychological screening, abdominal and thyroid ultrasound examination. This review summarizes the main results of the studies conducted in the HELPcB program yielding relevant new data on potential adverse effects of PCB exposure in humans and potential mechanisms that underlie these effects. Even larger studies in PCB-exposed individuals are warranted to confirm the results of this program and to further establish causality between PCB exposure and clinical effects in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Rengelshausen
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Isabella Randerath
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schettgen
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andre Esser
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrea Kaifie
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jessica Lang
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Patrick Ziegler
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ziegler P, Quinete N, Bertram J, Randerath I, Kraus T, Schettgen T. Correspondence on "Machine Learning-Assisted Identification and Quantification of Hydroxylated Metabolites of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Animal Samples". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6248-6250. [PMID: 37017335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Ziegler
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - N Quinete
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, Florida 33181, United States
| | - J Bertram
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - I Randerath
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - T Kraus
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - T Schettgen
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao W, Cui N, Huang Y, Wang Z, Wang P, Liang H, Wang R, Su X. Development of an Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Hydroxylated Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Animal-Derived Food. Molecules 2022; 27:7247. [PMID: 36364074 PMCID: PMC9656064 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) are a group of metabolites biotransformed from polychlorinated biphenyls by animals with higher toxicities than their parent compounds. The present work developed and validated an analytical method for determinating penta-, hexa-, and hepta-chlorine substituted OH-PCBs in animal-derived food based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) with isotope-dilution. The target analytes were extracted with a 50% n-hexane/dichloromethane (v/v), purified by sulfuric acid-silica gel, and separated by 5% hydrated silica gel, achieving a final concentration of 100 times before injection to LC-MS/MS. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for target OH-PCBs were within the ranges of 0.003-0.010 μg/kg and 0.009-0.030 μg/kg, respectively. Average recoveries ranged between 76.7% and 116.5%, with relative standard deviations of less than 18.4%. The proposed method is simple, time-saving, sensitive, and accurate, making it a powerful tool for risk monitoring of OH-PCBs in animal-derived food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Na Cui
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peilong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haijun Liang
- CHINA FEED Magazine Agency, Beijing 100710, China
| | - Ruiguo Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoou Su
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kaifie A, Esser A, Ziegler P, Kraus T, Rauchfuss K, Schettgen T. Environmental release of non-Aroclor polychlorinated biphenyls by a silicone rubber production site did not lead to elevated plasma levels in the nearby population. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2022; 245:114028. [PMID: 36041276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, high concentrations of the non-Aroclor PCB congeners 47, 51, and 68 were released by a silicone rubber production site in North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany. Local authorities announced a consumption alert for home-grown fruits and vegetables for the affected area which led to a great level of insecurity among the population regarding potential health effects. The aim of study was to determine the plasma levels of the non-Aroclor congeners and the six ndl-indicator congeners (PCB 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) in children and women with child-bearing potential living close to the production site. Altogether n = 111 participants, with n = 73 female adults and n = 38 children were included in this analysis. For the non-Aroclor-PCBs as well as the lower-clorinated ndl-indicator PCBs 28, 52, and 101, the median plasma concentrations were below the LOQ. Only one adult showed an elevated PCB 47 value. In conclusion, no elevated plasma levels could be detected for PCB 47, 51, or 68 in the nearby population of the silicone-rubber production site. However, our study was highly important for risk characterisation as well as risk communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kaifie
- Institute for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany.
| | - André Esser
- Institute for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Patrick Ziegler
- Institute for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Institute for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Knut Rauchfuss
- North Rhine-Westphalia State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection, Recklinghausen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schettgen
- Institute for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jalili V, Ghanbari Kakavandi M, Ghiasvand A, Barkhordari A. Microextraction techniques for sampling and determination of polychlorinated biphenyls: A comprehensive review. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
9
|
Li X, Hefti MM, Marek RF, Hornbuckle KC, Wang K, Lehmler HJ. Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Their Hydroxylated Metabolites in Postmortem Human Brain Samples: Age and Brain Region Differences. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9515-9526. [PMID: 35658127 PMCID: PMC9260965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs) has been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the distribution of PCBs and OH-PCBs in the human brain has not been characterized. This study investigated the age-, sex-, and brain region-specific distribution of all 209 PCBs using gaschromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) in neonatal (N = 7) and adult (N = 7) postmortem brain samples. OH-PCB analyses were performed by GC-MS/MS (as methylated derivatives) and, in a subset of samples, by nontarget liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (Nt-LCMS). Fourteen higher chlorinated PCB congeners were observed with a detection frequency >50%. Six lower chlorinated PCBs were detected with a detection frequency >10%. Higher chlorinated PCBs were observed with higher levels in samples from adult versus younger donors. PCB congener profiles from adult donors showed more similarities across brain regions and donors than younger donors. We also assess the potential neurotoxicity of the PCB residues in the human brain with neurotoxic equivalency (NEQ) approaches. The median ΣNEQs, calculated for the PCB homologues, were 40-fold higher in older versus younger donors. Importantly, lower chlorinated PCBs made considerable contributions to the neurotoxic potential of PCB residues in some donors. OH-PCBs were identified for the first time in a small number of human brain samples by GC-MS/MS and Nt-LCMS analyses, and all contained four or fewer chlorine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueshu Li
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Marco M. Hefti
- Department
of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospital
and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United
States
| | - Rachel F. Marek
- IIHR-Hydroscience
and Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Keri C. Hornbuckle
- IIHR-Hydroscience
and Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kai Wang
- Department
of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience
and Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- . Phone: (319) 335-4310. Fax: (319) 335-4290
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in the Environment: Occupational and Exposure Events, Effects on Human Health and Fertility. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10070365. [PMID: 35878270 PMCID: PMC9323099 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade or so, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) garnered renewed attention in the scientific community due to new evidence pointing at their continued presence in the environment and workplaces and the potential human risks related to their presence. PCBs move from the environment to humans through different routes; the dominant pathway is the ingestion of contaminated foods (fish, seafood and dairy products), followed by inhalation (both indoor and outdoor air), and, to a lesser extent, dust ingestion and dermal contact. Numerous studies reported the environmental and occupational exposure to these pollutants, deriving from building materials (flame-retardants, plasticizers, paints, caulking compounds, sealants, fluorescent light ballasts, etc.) and electrical equipment. The highest PCBs contaminations were detected in e-waste recycling sites, suggesting the need for the implementation of remediation strategies of such polluted areas to safeguard the health of workers and local populations. Furthermore, a significant correlation between PCB exposure and increased blood PCB concentrations was observed in people working in PCB-contaminated workplaces. Several epidemiological studies suggest that environmental and occupational exposure to high concentrations of PCBs is associated with different health outcomes, such as neuropsychological and neurobehavioral deficits, dementia, immune system dysfunctions, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. In addition, recent studies indicate that PCBs bioaccumulation can reduce fertility, with harmful effects on the reproductive system that can be passed to offspring. In the near future, further studies are needed to assess the real effects of PCBs exposure at low concentrations for prolonged exposure in workplaces and specific indoor environments.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kowalik K, Sechman A. In vitro effects of polychlorinated biphenyls and their hydroxylated metabolites on the synthesis and metabolism of iodothyronines in the chicken (Gallus domesticus) thyroid gland. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 318:113989. [PMID: 35151725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.113989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To assess the effect of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs) on thyroid hormone [TH: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)] secretion, the concentrations of iodothyronine deiodinases (DIO1, DIO2, DIO3), and mRNA expression of genes involved in TH synthesis (TSHR, NIS, TPO, TG), metabolism (DIO1, DIO2, DIO3), and transport (OATP1C1, MCT8, MCT10, LAT1), chicken thyroid explants were incubated in medium supplemented with TSH (250 mU/ml), PCB118, PCB153, 4-OH-PCB107, and 3-OH-PCB153 (0.5 × 10-8 M), and TSH together with each PCB and OH-PCB. The results of the in vitro experiment revealed that, except for 4-OH-PCB107, all applied PCBs and OH-PCBs inhibited basal and TSH-stimulated T4 secretion. Moreover, they increased basal and reduced TSH-stimulated T3 secretion. PCBs and OH-PCBs decreased the TSH-stimulated TSHR expression. Following PCB and OH-PCB exposure, significant changes in mRNA expression of NIS, TPO, and TG were observed. PCBs and OH-PCBs affected DIO1 and DIO3 transcript levels and protein abundances of each DIO. Furthermore, PCB-dependent effects on OATP1C1, MCT8, and MCT10 mRNA expression were found. In conclusion, both PCB118 and PCB153 and their OH-PCBs affect TH synthesis and deiodination processes in the chicken thyroid gland and influence TH transport across the thyrocyte membrane. In addition, the effects of PCBs and OH-PCBs depended mainly on the type of PCB congener and the exposure time. These results indicate that not only parental PCBs but also OH-PCBs are hazardous for the thyroid gland and may disrupt its endocrine function. Further studies are necessary to explain a mechanism of PCB and OH-PCB action in the avian thyroid gland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Kowalik
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Sechman
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tam N, Lai KP, Kong RYC. Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals reproductive impairments caused by PCBs and OH-PCBs through the dysregulation of ER and AR signaling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149913. [PMID: 34474298 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Reports have highlighted the presence of PCBs and their metabolites, OH-PCBs, in human serum as well as their endocrine-disrupting effects on reproductive function through direct interactions with the androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor (ER). However, the molecular mechanisms directly linking the actions of PCBs and OH-PCBs on the AR and ER to induce reproductive impairment remain poorly understood. In this study, we characterized the cellular response to PCBs and OH-PCBs acting on AR and ER transactivation at the transcriptome level coupled with bioinformatics analysis to identify the downstream pathways of androgen and estrogen signaling that leads to reproductive dysfunction. We first confirmed the agonistic and antagonistic effects of several PCBs and OH-PCBs on AR- and ER-mediated reporter gene activity using the androgen-responsive LNCaP and estrogen-responsive MCF-7 cell lines, respectively. Anti-estrogenic activity was not detected among the tested compounds; however, we found that in addition to anti-androgenic and estrogenic activity, PCB 28 and PCB 138 exhibited androgenic activity, while most of the tested OH-PCBs showed a synergistic effect on DHT-mediated transactivation of the AR. Bioinformatics analysis of transcriptome profiles from selected PCBs and OH-PCBs revealed various pathways that were dysregulated depending on their agonistic, antagonistic, or synergistic effects. The OH-PCBs with estrogenic activity affected pathways including vitamin metabolism and calcium transport. Other notable dysregulated pathways include cholesterol transport in response to androgenic PCBs, thyroid hormone metabolism in response to anti-androgenic PCBs, and antioxidant pathways in response to androgen-synergistic OH-PCBs. Our results demonstrate that PCBs and OH-PCBs directly alter specific pathways through androgen- or estrogen-mediated signaling, thereby providing additional insights into the mechanisms by which these compounds cause reproductive dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Tam
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Keng Po Lai
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, PR China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Richard Yuen Chong Kong
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hu X, Walker DI, Liang Y, Smith MR, Orr ML, Juran BD, Ma C, Uppal K, Koval M, Martin GS, Neujahr DC, Marsit CJ, Go YM, Pennell KD, Miller GW, Lazaridis KN, Jones DP. A scalable workflow to characterize the human exposome. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5575. [PMID: 34552080 PMCID: PMC8458492 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25840-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Complementing the genome with an understanding of the human exposome is an important challenge for contemporary science and technology. Tens of thousands of chemicals are used in commerce, yet cost for targeted environmental chemical analysis limits surveillance to a few hundred known hazards. To overcome limitations which prevent scaling to thousands of chemicals, we develop a single-step express liquid extraction and gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis to operationalize the human exposome. We show that the workflow supports quantification of environmental chemicals in human plasma (200 µL) and tissue (≤100 mg) samples. The method also provides high resolution, sensitivity and selectivity for exposome epidemiology of mass spectral features without a priori knowledge of chemical identity. The simplicity of the method can facilitate harmonization of environmental biomonitoring between laboratories and enable population level human exposome research with limited sample volume.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Douglas I Walker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yongliang Liang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew Ryan Smith
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael L Orr
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian D Juran
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Chunyu Ma
- Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Karan Uppal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Koval
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Greg S Martin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David C Neujahr
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carmen J Marsit
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kurt D Pennell
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Esser A, Ziegler P, Kaifie A, Kraus T, Schettgen T. Modelling past human internal exposure to lower chlorinated indicator PCBs using proxies - A calculation based on multiple longitudinal PCB analyses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 784:147250. [PMID: 34088037 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants with former applications in electric transformers, capacitors, hydraulic fluids or joint sealants. While current internal exposure to PCBs can be readily assessed by human biomonitoring, the evaluation of longgone past exposures, in particular the estimation of past exposure to lower chlorinated non-dioxin-like PCB 28, 52 or 101 is limited due to the relatively short biological half-life of these PCB-congeners. This study was aimed to find a proxy that would allow an estimation of the former plasma level for these congeners even several years after exposure cessation. We used biomonitoring data of the German HELPcB cohort with six consecutive follow-up investigations and identified the congeners PCB 66, 74 and 99 as suitable proxies for the congeners of interest. The biological half-lives of the proxies as well as their individual correlation with the plasma levels of PCB 28, 52 and 101 was considered in the calculation models. The correlation coefficients and the inter correlation coefficient 3 (ICC3) between measured and calculated initial values were applied for validation. For external validation purposes we used longitudinal biomonitoring data from two different cohorts with indoor exposure to lower chlorinated PCBs. The backward estimation from current PCB 74 levels to former PCB 28 levels led to an ICC3 of 0.682 and a correlation of rho = 0.724 within the HELPcB cohort. The external validation revealed an ICC3 of 0.723 and a correlation of rho = 0.654. The external validation for PCB 101 was feasible, but measures were not comparably good (ICC3 = 0.460; Rho = 0.516). External validation for PCB 52 was not successful, maybe due to the lower level of burden. Our model shows that a rough estimation of former plasma levels of lower chlorinated PCBs is possible even years after exposure cessation using current measurements of PCB74.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Esser
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Patrick Ziegler
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andrea Kaifie
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Schettgen
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Peng L, Wang Y, Yang B, Qin Q, Song E, Song Y. Polychlorinated biphenyl quinone regulates MLKL phosphorylation that stimulates exosome biogenesis and secretion via a short negative feedback loop. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 274:115606. [PMID: 33190980 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are one of the most refractory organic environmental pollutants that ubiquitous existence in nature. Due to the polymorphism of their metabolic pathway and corresponding downstream metabolites, PCBs' toxicities are complicated and need extended investigation. In the present study, we discovered a novel regulatory mechanism of PCB quinone metabolite-driven programmed cell death (PCD), namely, necroptosis. We first confirmed that PCB quinone induces cancerous HeLa and MDA-MB-231 cells necroptosis via the phosphorylation of mixed lineage kinase domain-like MLKL (p-MLKL). Then, we found that PCB quinone-stimulated p-MLKL enhances exosome biogenesis and secretion. Exosome interacts with p-MLKL and releases p-MLKL to the outside of the cell, and ultimately alleviating PCB quinone-induced necroptosis. The inhibition of exosome secretion by GW4869 significantly elevated necroptotic level, indicating the establishment of a short negative feedback loop of MLKL-exosome secretion upon PCB quinone challenge. Since exosome-mediated signaling showed great implications in various human diseases, this work may provide a new mechanism for PCBs-associated toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Qin
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Erqun Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li X, Liu Y, Martin JW, Cui JY, Lehmler HJ. Nontarget analysis reveals gut microbiome-dependent differences in the fecal PCB metabolite profiles of germ-free and conventional mice. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115726. [PMID: 33032095 PMCID: PMC7746632 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) metabolism has not been systematically explored with nontarget high-resolution mass spectrometry (Nt-HRMS). Here we investigated the importance of the gut microbiome in PCB biotransformation by Nt-HRMS analysis of feces from conventional (CV) and germ-free (GF) adult female mice exposed to a single oral dose of an environmental PCB mixture (6 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg in corn oil). Feces were collected for 24 h after PCB administration, PCB metabolites were extracted from pooled samples, and the extracts were analyzed by Nt-HRMS. Twelve classes of PCB metabolites were detected in the feces from CV mice, including PCB sulfates, hydroxylated PCB sulfates (OH-PCB sulfates), PCB sulfonates, and hydroxylated methyl sulfone PCBs (OH-MeSO2-PCBs) reported previously. We also observed eight additional PCB metabolite classes that were tentatively identified as hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs), dihydroxylated PCBs (DiOH-PCBs), monomethoxylated dihydroxylated PCBs (MeO-OH-PCBs), methoxylated PCB sulfates (MeO-PCB sulfates), mono-to tetra-hydroxylated PCB quinones ((OH)x-quinones, x = 1-4), and hydroxylated polychlorinated benzofurans (OH-PCDF). Most metabolite classes were also detected in the feces from GF mice, except for MeO-OH-PCBs, OH-MeSO2-PCBs, and OH-PCDFs. Semi-quantitative analyses demonstrate that relative PCB metabolite levels increased with increasing dose and were higher in CV than GF mice, except for PCB sulfates and MeO-PCB sulfates, which were higher in GF mice. These findings demonstrate that the gut microbiome plays a direct or indirect role in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of PCB metabolites, which in turn may affect toxic outcomes following PCB exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueshu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242-5000, USA
| | - Yanna Liu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicity, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 114 18, Sweden
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105-6099, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242-5000, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Idda T, Bonas C, Hoffmann J, Bertram J, Quinete N, Schettgen T, Fietkau K, Esser A, Stope MB, Leijs MM, Baron JM, Kraus T, Voigt A, Ziegler P. Metabolic activation and toxicological evaluation of polychlorinated biphenyls in Drosophila melanogaster. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21587. [PMID: 33299007 PMCID: PMC7726022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78405-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is initiated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and includes PCB oxidation to OH-metabolites, which often display a higher toxicity than their parental compounds. In search of an animal model reflecting PCB metabolism and toxicity, we tested Drosophila melanogaster, a well-known model system for genetics and human disease. Feeding Drosophila with lower chlorinated (LC) PCB congeners 28, 52 or 101 resulted in the detection of a human-like pattern of respective OH-metabolites in fly lysates. Feeding flies high PCB 28 concentrations caused lethality. Thus we silenced selected CYPs via RNA interference and analyzed the effect on PCB 28-derived metabolite formation by assaying 3-OH-2',4,4'-trichlorobiphenyl (3-OHCB 28) and 3'-OH-4',4,6'-trichlorobiphenyl (3'-OHCB 28) in fly lysates. We identified several drosophila CYPs (dCYPs) whose knockdown reduced PCB 28-derived OH-metabolites and suppressed PCB 28 induced lethality including dCYP1A2. Following in vitro analysis using a liver-like CYP-cocktail, containing human orthologues of dCYP1A2, we confirm human CYP1A2 as a PCB 28 metabolizing enzyme. PCB 28-induced mortality in flies was accompanied by locomotor impairment, a common phenotype of neurodegenerative disorders. Along this line, we show PCB 28-initiated caspase activation in differentiated fly neurons. This suggested the loss of neurons through apoptosis. Our findings in flies are congruent with observation in human exposed to high PCB levels. In plasma samples of PCB exposed humans, levels of the neurofilament light chain increase after LC-PCB exposure, indicating neuronal damage. In summary our findings demonstrate parallels between Drosophila and the human systems with respect to CYP mediated metabolism and PCB mediated neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Idda
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - C Bonas
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - J Hoffmann
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - J Bertram
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - N Quinete
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University Florida, Florida, USA
| | - T Schettgen
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - K Fietkau
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - A Esser
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - M B Stope
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M M Leijs
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - J M Baron
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - T Kraus
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - A Voigt
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - P Ziegler
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Congener-specific determination of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls by polar-embedded reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461353. [PMID: 32797833 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the development of an LC-ESI-MS2 method for the sensitive determination of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) in human serum samples. Congener-specific separation was achieved by using a polar-embedded stationary phase, previously optimized for the working group, which provided better separation of isobaric compounds than the common octadecylsilane phases. MS fragmentation patterns and energies showed differences among OH-PCB congeners, mainly depending on the position of OH-group and the number of chlorine atoms in the molecule, although the most intense transitions were always those corresponding to the neutral loss of an HCl group from the quasi-molecular ion cluster. The method allowed the determination of OH-PCBs with good linearity (dynamic linear range of four orders of magnitude with R2 higher than 0.995) and precision (relative standard deviations of absolute areas lower than 10%), and with better sensitivity than other similar methods previously described in the literature. Matrix effect has been evaluated and reduced to less than 10% by the addition of isotopically labeled standards and a 10-fold dilution of the final sample extract. The low iLODs provided by the developed method (from 1.2 to 5.4 fg µL-1 for all the OH-PCBs studied, except 4'-OHCB108, whose iLOD was 61 fg µL-1) allows dilution without losses of detected peaks. Finally, the applicability of the method has been demonstrated by analyzing human serum samples belonging to an interlaboratory exercise.
Collapse
|
19
|
González N, Marquès M, Cunha SC, Fernandes JO, Domingo JL, Nadal M. Biomonitoring of co-exposure to bisphenols by consumers of canned foodstuffs. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 140:105760. [PMID: 32371307 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For non-occupationally exposed adults, dietary intake is the main route of exposure to bisphenols (BPs), with canned foodstuffs playing a key role. This study was aimed at biomonitoring bisphenol A (BPA) and 5 more BP analogues (BPB, BPE, BPF, BPAF and BPZ) in spot urine and blood samples of a cohort of adults, who followed a diet based on a high consumption of canned food. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study aimed at assessing the co-exposure of BP analogues in food and biological samples after a two-day duplicate diet study. The estimated total dietary exposure was 0.37 and 0.045 µg/kg body weight/day, for the canned-diet and control groups, respectively. BPA was the compound with the highest concentration in urine in comparison with the values of the remaining BP analogues. A high detection rate of BPA was noted in urine for both groups, 96% for the canned-diet group and 90% for the control group, while in blood it could be only quantified in 6% of the samples. The identification of other analogues was hardly related to diet, so it could be the result of other potential exposure sources, such as personal care products (PCPs) or air inhalation. After 2 days, the excretion of BPA was considerably higher in the canned-diet group subjects than those in the control group (7.02 vs. 1.89 µg/day), confirming that diet and canned foodstuffs are the main route of exposure to BPA. Anyhow, the temporary tolerable daily intake (t-TDI) established by the EFSA was not exceeded, even by those consumers with a diet rich in canned food. Moreover, spot urine samples provided accurate information about exposure and excretion of BPA, being the 4 h, instead of 24 h, the optimal sampling interval, when the collection of spot urine samples is not possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neus González
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Montse Marquès
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sara C Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - José O Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kaifie A, Schettgen T, Bertram J, Löhndorf K, Waldschmidt S, Felten MK, Kraus T, Fobil JN, Küpper T. Informal e-waste recycling and plasma levels of non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs) - A cross-sectional study at Agbogbloshie, Ghana. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:138073. [PMID: 32229383 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Informal e-waste recycling leads to a contamination of the workers with several hazardous substances, in particular heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) belong to the group of POPs and are suspected to be associated with adverse health effects. In particular lower chlorinated PCBs, such as the congeners PCB 28 and PCB 52 are a marker of occupational exposure. The aim of our study was to assess the occupational PCB exposure in e-waste workers in relation to their specific recycling task (e.g. dismantling, burning). Altogether, n = 88 e-waste workers and n = 196 control subjects have been included in this study. All plasma participant's samples were evaluated for the PCB congeners PCB 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180 and sum of NDL-indicator congeners by human biomonitoring. A significant difference could be detected for the lower chlorinated PCB congeners (PCB 28, 52, and 101) for e-waste workers in comparison to the control group. Analyzing specific recycling tasks, workers who dismantle and those who burn e-waste showed the highest plasma levels of PCB 28 and 52. In conclusion, e-waste workers showed occupational related elevated PCB levels. Although those levels did not exceed the BAT value, workers were contaminated with PCBs during their task. Occupational health and safety measure are therefore necessary to protect the worker's health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kaifie
- Institute for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Schettgen
- Institute for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jens Bertram
- Institute for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Katja Löhndorf
- Institute for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Saskia Waldschmidt
- Institute for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael K Felten
- Institute for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Institute for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Julius N Fobil
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Thomas Küpper
- Institute for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Iglesias-González A, Hardy EM, Appenzeller BMR. Cumulative exposure to organic pollutants of French children assessed by hair analysis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105332. [PMID: 31785528 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Children represent one of the most vulnerable parts of the population regarding the effects of pollutants exposure on health. In this study, hair samples were collected between October 2013 and August 2015 from 142 French children originating from different geographical areas (urban and rural) and analysed with a GC/MS-MS method, allowing for the detection of 55 biomarkers for pesticides and metabolites both persistent and non-persistent from different families, including: organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, azoles, dinitroanilines, oxadiazines, phenylpyrazoles and carboxamidas; 4 polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and 5 polybromodiphenylethers (PBDEs). The number of compounds detected in each sample ranged from 9 up to 37 (21 on average), which clearly highlighted the cumulative exposure of the children. The results also showed a wide range of concentration of the pollutants in hair (often more than 100 times higher in the most exposed child compared to the less exposed), suggesting significant disparities in the exposure level, even in children living in the same area. In addition to the detection of currently used chemicals, the presence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in children also suggests that the French population is still exposed to POPs nowadays. PCP, DEP, PNP, 3Me4NP, trans-Cl2CA, 3PBA, fipronil and fipronil sulfone, presented statistically significant higher concentration in the hair of boys compared to girls. PCP, PNP and 3Me4NP presented statistically significant higher concentration in younger children. Finally, this study also suggests that local environmental contamination would not be the main source of exposure, and that individual specificities (habits, diet…) would be the main contributors to the exposure to the pollutants analysed here. The present study strongly supports the relevance of hair for the biomonitoring of exposure and provides the first values of organic pollutant concentration in the hair of French children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Iglesias-González
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1-A-B rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg; University of Luxembourg, 2, avenue de l'Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Emily M Hardy
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1-A-B rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Brice M R Appenzeller
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1-A-B rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kanao E, Morinaga T, Kubo T, Naito T, Matsumoto T, Sano T, Maki H, Yan M, Otsuka K. Separation of halogenated benzenes enabled by investigation of halogen-π interactions with carbon materials. Chem Sci 2019; 11:409-418. [PMID: 32190261 PMCID: PMC7067276 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04906a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the existence of bimodal interactions, the π–π and halogen–π interactions, between the halogenated benzenes and aromatic materials.
The halogen–π (X–π) interaction is an intermolecular interaction between the electron-poor region of bonded halogen atoms and aromatic rings. We report an experimental evaluation of the halogen–π (X–π) interaction using liquid chromatography with carbon-material coated columns providing strong π interactions in the normal phase mode. A C70-fullerene (C70)-coated column showed higher retentions for halogenated benzenes as the number of halogen substitutions increased as a result of X–π interactions. In addition, the strength of the X–π interaction increased in the order of F < Cl < Br < I. Changes to the UV absorption of C70 and the brominated benzenes suggested that the intermolecular interaction changed from the π–π interaction to X–π interaction as the number of bromo substitutions increased. Computer simulations also showed that the difference in dipole moments among structural isomers affected the strength of the π–π interaction. Furthermore, we concluded from small peak shifts in 1H NMR and from computer simulations that the orbital interaction contributes to the X–π interactions. Finally, we succeeded in the one-pot separation of all isomers of brominated benzenes using the C70-coated column by optimizing the mobile phase conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Kanao
- Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-75-383-2448
| | - Takuya Morinaga
- Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-75-383-2448
| | - Takuya Kubo
- Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-75-383-2448
| | - Toyohiro Naito
- Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-75-383-2448
| | - Takatoshi Matsumoto
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials , Tohoku University , 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku , Sendai 980-8577 , Japan
| | - Tomoharu Sano
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Analysis , National Institute for Environmental Studies , Onogawa 16-2 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8506 , Japan
| | - Hideshi Maki
- Center for Environmental Management , Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku , Kobe 657-8501 , Japan.,Department of Chemical Science and Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodai-cho , Nada-ku , Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
| | - Mingdi Yan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Massachusetts Lowell , One University Ave. , Lowell , MA 01854 , USA
| | - Koji Otsuka
- Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-75-383-2448
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cao LY, Ren XM, Guo LH. Estrogen-related receptor γ is a novel target for Lower-Chlorinated Polychlorinated Biphenyls and their hydroxylated and sulfated metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113088. [PMID: 31491697 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Airborne lower-chlorinated PCBs are vulnerable to metabolization to PCB sulfates through further sulfation of the hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs). However, studies on the toxic effects and mechanisms of PCB sulfates are still very limited. Here, we investigated for the first time the potential endocrine disruption effects of PCB sulfates through estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) in comparison with their OH-PCBs precursors and PCB parent compounds. The binding affinity of thirteen PCBs/OH-PCBs/PCB sulfates was measured by using fluorescence competitive binding assays based on fluorescence polarization (FP). All of the tested chemicals could bind to ERRγ with the Kd (dissociation constant) values ranging from not available (NA) to 3.2 μM 4'-OH-PCB 12 showed the highest binding affinity with Kd value of 3.2 μM, which was comparable to that of a synthetic ERRγ agonist GSK4716. The effects of the thirteen chemicals on the ERRγ transcriptional activity were determined by using the luciferase reporter gene assay. We found the PCBs/OH-PCBs/PCB sulfates acted as agonists for ERRγ, with the lowest observed effective concentration reaching 3 μM. The binding affinity and agonistic activity of PCBs towards ERRγ were both enhanced after hydroxylation, while further sulfation of OH-PCBs decreased the activity instead. Molecular docking simulation showed that OH-PCBs had lower binding energy than the corresponding PCBs and PCB sulfates, indicating that OH-PCBs had higher binding affinity theoretically. In addition, OH-PCBs could form hydrogen bonds with amino acids Glu316 and Arg247 while PCBs and PCB sulfates could not, which might be the main factor impacting the binding affinity and agonistic activity. Overall, ERRγ is a novel target for lower-chlorinated PCBs and their metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Ying Cao
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Xiao-Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Liang-Hong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Berghuis SA, Roze E. Prenatal exposure to PCBs and neurological and sexual/pubertal development from birth to adolescence. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2019; 49:133-159. [PMID: 31147261 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Several chemical compounds are resistant to degradation and end up in the food chain. One group of these chemicals is polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are used as flame retardants and plasticizers. Although PCBs were banned several decades ago, PCBs are still found in environmental media, including in the body of humans. PCBs are transferred from mother to fetus via the placenta during pregnancy. Considering that the prenatal period is a sensitive period during which essential developmental processes take place, exposure to environmental chemicals might have considerable and permanent consequences for outcomes in later life. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the latest insights on the effects of prenatal exposure to PCBs on neurological, sexual and pubertal development in children. We give an overview of recent literature, and discuss it in the light of the findings in a unique Dutch birth cohort, with data on both neurological and pubertal development into adolescence. The findings in the studies included in this review, together with the findings in the Dutch cohort, demonstrate that prenatal exposure to PCBs can interfere with normal child development, not only during the perinatal period, but up to and including adolescence. Higher prenatal exposure to PCBs was found to be both negatively and positively associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes. Regarding pubertal development, higher prenatal PCB exposure was found to be associated with more advanced pubertal development, also in the Dutch cohort, whereas other studies also found delayed pubertal development. These findings raise concern regarding the effects of man-made chemical compounds on child development. They further contribute to the awareness of how environmental chemical compounds can interfere with child development and negatively influence healthy ageing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sietske Annette Berghuis
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Elise Roze
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University of Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Depressive Symptoms After PCB Exposure: Hypotheses for Underlying Pathomechanisms via the Thyroid and Dopamine System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16060950. [PMID: 30884813 PMCID: PMC6466013 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16060950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls’ (PCB) exposure has been reported to be associated with depressive symptoms, which is correlated to lower dopamine- (DA) and thyroxine-concentrations (T4). T4 is necessary for DA-synthesis and it binds to transthyretin (TTR) being transported into the brain. PCBs can displace T4 by binding to TTR itself, being transported into the brain and disturbing DA-synthesis, where depressive symptoms might occur. Consequently, the free T4-concentration (fT4) increases when PCBs bind to TTR. The interaction of PCBs with fT4 and its associations with the main DA metabolite, homovanillic acid (HVA), and depressive symptoms were investigated. In total, 116 participants (91.6% men) were investigated, who took part in three annual examinations (t1–t3) of the HELPcB health surveillance program. Blood was collected for measuring PCBs, hydroxy PCBs (OH-PCBs), and fT4 and urine for HVA. Depressive Symptoms were assessed with a standardized questionnaire. Interactions were tested cross-sectionally with multiple hierarchical regressions and longitudinally with mixed effect models. Related to HVA, an interaction was cross-sectionally found for lower-chlorinated PCBs (LPCBs) and dioxin-like PCBs (dlPCBs); longitudinally only for LPCBs. Related to depressive symptoms, the interaction was found for LPCBs, dlPCBs, and OH-PCBs; longitudinally again only for LPCBs. The results give first hints that a physiological process involving the thyroid and DA system is responsible for depressive symptoms after PCB exposure.
Collapse
|
26
|
Yang K, Li Z, Lv Y, Yu C, Wang P, Su X, Wu L, He Y. Graphene and AuNPs based electrochemical aptasensor for ultrasensitive detection of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyl. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1041:94-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
27
|
Zheng Y, Cai D, Huang B, Han J, Chen Q, Zhang J, Zhang J, Wang X, Shen H. Simultaneous detection of multiple hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls from biological samples using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:760-768. [PMID: 30481391 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We established a method for the separation and detection of nine hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls in whole blood and urine samples using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray negative ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Clean-up procedures involved a filtration step, and optimization involved a pretreatment step consisting of a simple liquid-liquid extraction using hydrated silica-gel chromatography (5%). Nine hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls were separated on an ultra high performance liquid chromatography HSS T3 column using a gradient elution program of 2 mmol ammonium formate aqueous solution (A) and methanol (B). Recovery ranged from 84.0 to 105.4% for the nine different hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls in urine with three spiked levels of 0.1, 1, and 2 ng and from 73.5 to 98.6% for the blood with spiked levels of 0.2, 1, and 2 ng. The relative standard deviations were <8.7% (n = 6), and the limits of detection in urine and whole blood for the nine hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls were in the range of 1.5-4 and 20-100 pg/g, respectively. This analytical method may enable the simultaneous detection of various hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls from complex tissue matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Delei Cai
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Baifen Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jianlong Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qing Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jingshun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Vasko T, Hoffmann J, Gostek S, Schettgen T, Quinete N, Preisinger C, Kraus T, Ziegler P. Telomerase gene expression bioassays indicate metabolic activation of genotoxic lower chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16903. [PMID: 30443001 PMCID: PMC6237825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35043-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitously occurring pollutants with different chemical and toxicological properties. In this study we evaluated blood plasma samples of two PCB-exposed cohorts for their ability to alter telomerase (hTERT) gene expression. Blood plasma from PCB-exposed individuals inhibited hTERT expression depending solely on the concentration of lower chlorinated PCBs, with the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) at a plasma concentration between 0.5 and 2 µg/L of LC PCBs. Individual OH-metabolites derived from the WHO indicator congeners PCB 28 and PCB 101 mimicked these effects on hTERT expression in vitro with high toxicity, including DNA damage. However, by the combination of different OH-metabolites, the bio effective PCB concentration was reduced and the respective effects on hTERT expression could be increased. At a concentration which showed no toxic activity in MTT assay, hTERT inhibition reflected the interference of OH-PCBs with the mitochondrial respiratory chain, which could lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). As individual OH-metabolites already showed a much stronger inhibition of hTERT gene expression at a lower concentration than their parental compounds, the hTERT gene expression bioassay described in this study seems to indicate metabolic activation of LC PCBs rather than the mere effect of LC PCBs on their own. In summary, this study provides dose-response linkages between effects of lower chlorinated PCBs and their concentrations in human plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Vasko
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jenny Hoffmann
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sonja Gostek
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schettgen
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Natalia Quinete
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University Florida, Florida, USA
| | | | - Thomas Kraus
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Patrick Ziegler
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jiang D, Hu T, Zheng H, Xu G, Jia Q. Aptamer-Functionalized Magnetic Conjugated Organic Framework for Selective Extraction of Traces of Hydroxylated Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Human Serum. Chemistry 2018; 24:10390-10396. [PMID: 29722078 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A solid-phase extraction adsorbent based on an aptamer-functionalized magnetic conjugated organic framework (COF) was developed for selective extraction of traces of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls. This material has advantages such as superparamagnetism of the magnetic core, high surface area and porous structure of the COF, and high specific affinity of the aptamer. In combination with HPLC-MS, the aptamer-functionalized magnetic COF was used for the capture of hydroxy-2',3',4',5,5'-pentachlorobiphenyl in human serum. The method provided a linear range of 0.01-40 ng mL-1 with a good correlation coefficient (R2 =0.9973). The limit of detection was as low as 2.1 pg mL-1 . Furthermore, the material showed good reusability and could be applied in at least ten extraction cycles with recoveries greater than 90 %.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Hu
- Department of Technical Center, Jilin Entry Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Changchun, 130033, P. R. China
| | - Haijiao Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Guoxing Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Jia
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Haga Y, Suzuki M, Matsumura C, Okuno T, Tsurukawa M, Fujimori K, Kannan N, Weber R, Nakano T. Monitoring OH-PCBs in PCB transport worker's urine as a non-invasive exposure assessment tool. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:16446-16454. [PMID: 29656357 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1927-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) in urine of both PCB transport workers and PCB researchers. A method to monitor OH-PCB in urine was developed. Urine was solid-phase extracted with 0.1% ammonia/ methanol (v/v) and glucuronic acid/sulfate conjugates and then decomposed using β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase. After alkaline digestion/derivatization, the concentration of OH-PCBs was determined by HRGC/HRMS-SIM. In the first sampling campaign, the worker's OH-PCB levels increased several fold after the PCB waste transportation work, indicating exposure to PCBs. The concentration of OH-PCBs in PCB transport workers' urine (0.55~11 μg/g creatinine (Cre)) was higher than in PCB researchers' urine (< 0.20 μg/g Cre). However, also a slight increase of OH-PCBs was observed in the researchers doing the air sampling at PCB storage area. In the second sampling, after recommended PCB exposure reduction measures had been enacted, the worker's PCB levels did not increase during handling of PCB equipment. This suggests that applied safety measures improved the situation. Hydroxylated trichlorobiphenyls (OH-TrCBs) were identified as a major homolog of OH-PCBs in urine. Also, hydroxylated tetrachlorobiphenyls (OH-TeCBs) to hydroxylated hexachlorobiphenyls (OH-HxCBs) were detected. For the sum of ten selected major indicators, a strong correlation to total OH-PCBs were found and these can possibly be used as non-invasive biomarkers of PCB exposure in workers managing PCB capacitors and transformer oils. We suggest that monitoring of OH-PCBs in PCB management projects could be considered a non-invasive way to detect exposure. It could also be used as a tool to assess and improve PCB management. This is highly relevant considering the fact that in the next 10 years, approx. 14 million tons of PCB waste need to be managed. Also, the selected populations could be screened to assess whether exposure at work, school, or home has taken place.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Haga
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0037, Japan.
| | - Motoharu Suzuki
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0037, Japan
| | - Chisato Matsumura
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0037, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Okuno
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0037, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsurukawa
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0037, Japan
| | - Kazuo Fujimori
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0037, Japan
| | - Narayanan Kannan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedha, Malaysia
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, 73527, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0037, Japan
- Center for Advanced Science and Innovation, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Maritime Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 658-0022, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kraft M, Sievering S, Grün L, Rauchfuss K. Mono-, di-, and trichlorinated biphenyls (PCB 1-PCB 39) in the indoor air of office rooms and their relevance on human blood burden. INDOOR AIR 2018; 28:441-449. [PMID: 29288536 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from indoor air can lead to a significant increase in lower chlorinated congeners in human blood. Lower chlorinated congeners with short biological half-lives can exhibit an indirect genotoxic potential via their highly reactive metabolites. However, little is known about their occurrence in indoor air and, therefore, about the effects of possible exposure to these congeners. We analyzed all mono-, di-, and trichlorinated biphenyls in the indoor air of 35 contaminated offices, as well as in the blood of the 35 individuals worked in these offices for a minimum of 2 years. The median concentration of total PCB in the indoor air was 479 ng/m3 . The most prevalent PCBs in the indoor air samples were the trichlorinated congeners PCB 31, PCB 18, and PCB 28, with median levels of 39, 31, and 26 ng/m3 , respectively. PCB 8 was the most prevalent dichlorinated congener (median: 9.1 ng/m3 ). Monochlorinated biphenyls were not detected in relevant concentrations. In the blood samples, the most abundant congener was PCB 28; nearly 90% of all mono-, di-, and trichlorinated congeners were attributed to this congener (median: 12 ng/g blood lipid).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kraft
- North Rhine-Westphalia State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection, Recklinghausen, Germany
| | - S Sievering
- North Rhine-Westphalia State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection, Recklinghausen, Germany
| | - L Grün
- eco-Luftqualität + Raumklima, Köln, Germany
| | - K Rauchfuss
- North Rhine-Westphalia State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection, Recklinghausen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Adams KJ, Smith NF, Ramirez CE, Fernandez-Lima F. Discovery and targeted monitoring of polychlorinated biphenyl metabolites in blood plasma using LC-TIMS-TOF MS. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 427:133-140. [PMID: 29915519 PMCID: PMC6003708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, the potential for rapid, targeted analysis of hydroxylated metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) in diluted human blood plasma using liquid chromatography coupled with trapped ion mobility spectrometry and TOF high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-TIMS-TOF MS) was evaluated. Experimental OH-PCB collisional cross section (CCSN2) and gas-phase candidate structures (<3% error) are reported for the first time and used, in addition to the LC retention time and accurate m/z, as OH-PCB identification features in order to increase the detection selectivity. The proposed LC-TIMS-TOF MS workflow combines a "dilute-and-shoot" sample preparation strategy, a robust liquid chromatography step, a high-resolving power mobility separation (R ~ 150-250) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (R ~ 30-40k) for the separation, identification and quantification of common OH-PCB isomers with limits of detection comparable to traditional workflows (e.g., LOD and LOQ of ~10 pg/mL and ~50 pg/mL, respectively). The higher selectivity and low detection limits provides multiple advantages compared to current methodologies that typically require long, labor-intensive preparation and/or derivatization steps prior to gas or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kendra J. Adams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Natalie F. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Cesar E. Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Francisco Fernandez-Lima
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Quinete N, Esser A, Kraus T, Schettgen T. PCB 28 metabolites elimination kinetics in human plasma on a real case scenario: Study of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyl (OH-PCB) metabolites of PCB 28 in a highly exposed German Cohort. Toxicol Lett 2017; 276:100-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|