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Sotelo-Orozco J, Calafat AM, Cook Botelho J, Schmidt RJ, Hertz-Picciotto I, Bennett DH. Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals including phthalates, phenols, and parabens in infancy: Associations with neurodevelopmental outcomes in the MARBLES study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 261:114425. [PMID: 39047380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are widely used compounds with the potential to affect child neurodevelopmental outcomes including autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We aimed to examine the urinary concentrations of biomarkers of EDCs, including phthalates, phenols, and parabens, and investigate whether exposure during early infancy was associated with increased risk of later ASD or other non-typical development (Non-TD) or adverse cognitive development. METHODS This analysis included infants from the Markers of Autism Risks in Babies-Learning Early Signs (MARBLES) study, a high-risk ASD cohort (n = 148; corresponding to 188 urine samples). Thirty-two EDC biomarkers were quantified in urine among infants 3 and/or 6 months of age. Trends in EDC biomarker concentrations were calculated using least square geometric means. At 36 months of age, children were clinically classified as having ASD (n = 36), nontypical development (Non-TD; n = 18), or typical development (TD; n = 81) through a clinical evaluation. Trinomial logistic regression analysis was used to test the associations between biomarkers with ASD, or Non-TD, as compared to children with TD. In single analyte analysis, generalized estimating equations were used to investigate the association between each EDC biomarkers and longitudinal changes in cognitive development using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) over the four assessment time points (6, 12, 24, and 36 months of age). Additionally, quantile g-computation was used to test for a mixture effect. RESULTS EDC biomarker concentrations generally decreased over the study period, except for mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl terephthalate. Overall, EDC biomarkers at 3 and/or 6 months of age were not associated with an increased risk of ASD or Non-TD, and a few showed significant inverse associations. However, when assessing longitudinal changes in MSEL scores over the four assessment time points, elevated monoethyl phthalate (MEP) was significantly associated with reduced scores in the composite score (β = -0.16, 95% CI: 0.31, -0.02) and subscales of fine motor skills (β = -0.09, 95%CI: 0.17, 0.00), and visual reception (β = -0.11, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.01). Additionally, the sum of metabolites of di (2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (ƩDEHTP) was associated with poorer visual reception (β = -0.09, 95% CI: 0.16, -0.02), and decreased composite scores (β = -0.11, 95% CI: 0.21, -0.01). Mixtures analyses using quantile g-computation analysis did not show a significant association between mixtures of EDC biomarkers and MSEL subscales or composite scores. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the potential importance of infant exposures on cognitive development. Future research can help further investigate whether early infant exposures are associated with longer-term deficits and place special attention on EDCs with increasing temporal trends and whether they may adversely affect neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie Sotelo-Orozco
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Julianne Cook Botelho
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Rebecca J Schmidt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Deborah H Bennett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Samon S, Herkert N, Ghassabian A, Liu H, Hammel SC, Trasande L, Stapleton HM, Hoffman K. Measuring semi-volatile organic compound exposures during pregnancy using silicone wristbands. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139778. [PMID: 37567263 PMCID: PMC10552498 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Silicone wristbands were utilized as personal passive samplers in a sub-cohort of 92 women, who participated in New York University Children's Health and Environment Study, to assess exposure to semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Wristbands were analyzed for 77 SVOCs, including halogenated and non-halogenated organophosphate esters (OPEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, phthalates, and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) (e.g. polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)). This study aimed to look for patterns in chemical exposure utilizing participant demographics gathered from a questionnaire, and chemical exposure data across multiple timepoints during pregnancy. Analysis focused on 27 compounds detected in at least 80% of the wristbands examined. The chemicals detected most frequently included two pesticides, eight phthalates, one phthalate alternative, seven BFRs, and nine OPEs, including isopropylated and tert-butylated triarylphosphate esters (ITPs and TBPPs). Co-exposure to different SVOCs was most prominent in compounds that were within the same chemical class or were used in similar consumer applications such as phthalates and OPEs, which are often used as plasticizers. Pre-pregnancy BMI was positively associated with multiple compounds, and there were both positive and negative associations between women's parity and SVOC exposure. Outdoor temperature was not correlated with the wristband concentrations over a five-day sampling period. Lastly, significant and moderately high Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) (0.66-0.84) values for phthalate measurementsacross pregnancy indicate chronic exposure and suggest that using wristbands during one sampling period may reliably predict exposure. However, multiple sampling periods may be necessary to accurately determine indoor exposure to other SVOCs including OPEs and BFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Samon
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nicholas Herkert
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Hongxiu Liu
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Milton SG, Tejiram RA, Joglekar R, Hoffman K. Characterizing the Contribution of Indoor Residential Phthalate and Phthalate Alternative Dust Concentrations to Internal Dose in the US General Population: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6589. [PMID: 37623174 PMCID: PMC10454216 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20166589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Diet is the primary exposure pathway for phthalates, but relative contributions of other exposure sources are not well characterized. This study quantifies the relative contribution of indoor residential dust phthalate and phthalate alternative concentrations to total internal dose estimated from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) urinary metabolite concentrations. Specifically, median phthalate and phthalate alternative concentrations measured in residential dust were determined by updating a pre-existing systematic review and meta-analysis published in 2015 and the attributable internal dose was estimated using intake and reverse dosimetry models. Employing a predetermined search strategy, 12 studies published between January 2000 and April 2022 from Web of Science and PubMed measuring phthalates and phthalate alternatives in residential dust were identified. From the data extracted, it was estimated that dust contributed more significantly to the internal dose of low-molecular weight chemicals such as DEP and BBP when compared to high-molecular weight chemicals such as DEHTP. Additionally, findings showed that the chemical profile of residential dust is changing temporally with more phthalate alternatives being detected in the indoor environment. Future studies should seek to characterize the contribution of dust to an overall phthalate and phthalate alternative intake for individuals who have higher than normal exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashoy G. Milton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Rachel A. Tejiram
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Rashmi Joglekar
- Earthjustice, Toxic Exposure and Health Program, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
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Ketema RM, Kasper-Sonnenberg M, Ait Bamai Y, Miyashita C, Koch HM, Pälmke C, Kishi R, Ikeda A. Exposure Trends to the Non-phthalate Plasticizers DEHTP, DINCH, and DEHA in Children from 2012 to 2017: The Hokkaido Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11926-11936. [PMID: 37506071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates owing to their endocrine-disrupting effects are regulated in certain products, leading to their replacement with substitutions such as di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHTP), 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid di(isononyl) ester (DINCH), and di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA). However, information on human exposure to these substitutes, especially in susceptible subpopulations such as children, is limited. Thus, we examined the levels and exposure trends of DEHTP, DINCH, and DEHA metabolites in 7 year-old Japanese school children. In total, 180 urine samples collected from 2012 to 2017 were used to quantify 10 DEHTP, DINCH, and DEHA metabolites via isotope dilution liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. DEHTP and DINCH metabolites were detected in 95.6 and 92.2% of the children, respectively, and DEHA was not detected. This study, annually conducted between 2012 and 2017, revealed a significant (p < 0.05) 5-fold increase in DEHTP metabolites and a 2-fold increase in DINCH metabolites. However, the maximum estimated internal exposures were still below the health-based guidance and toxicological reference values. Exposure levels to DEHTP and DINCH have increased considerably in Japanese school children. DEHA is less relevant. Future studies are warranted to closely monitor the increasing trend in different aged and larger populations and identify the potential health effects and sources contributing to increasing exposure and intervene if necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Mesfin Ketema
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 7, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 5, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Monika Kasper-Sonnenberg
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 7, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 7, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Claudia Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 7, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Atsuko Ikeda
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 7, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 5, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Yun K, Ji K. Effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate on hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis in adult zebrafish. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 119:108408. [PMID: 37211339 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) is frequently used in food packaging and medical devices as an alternative to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). In this study, zebrafish pairs were exposed to DEHTP for 21 d and the effects on fertility, sex hormone levels, vitellogenin levels, and transcription of genes along the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis were evaluated. Results showed that mean egg numbers were significantly reduced in the 30 and 300 μg/L DEHTP groups. The adverse effects of DEHTP on hormones and gene transcripts were more prominent in males than in females. In male fish, the gonadosomatic index, hepatosomatic index, and vitellogenin concentration were significantly increased. The results of a significant decrease in testosterone (T) and an increase in the 17β-estradiol (E2)/T ratio in males exposed to 3-300 μg/L DEHTP suggest that the endocrine potential of DEHTP is similar that of DEHP. In females, genes related to gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin were up-regulated while E2 was significantly down-regulated. These findings suggest that positive E2 feedback mechanisms in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland are activated to balance sex hormones. The effects of chronic exposure to DEHTP on the neuroendocrine system require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kijeong Yun
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School at Yongin University, Yongin 17092, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Ji
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School at Yongin University, Yongin 17092, Republic of Korea.
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Ubong D, Stewart L, Sepai O, Knudsen LE, Berman T, Reynders H, Van Campenhout K, Katsonouri A, Van Nieuwenhuyse A, Ingelido AM, Castaño A, Pedraza-Díaz S, Eiríksdóttir ÁV, Thomsen C, Hartmann C, Gjorgjev D, De Felip E, Tolonen H, Santonen T, Klanova J, Norström K, Kononenko L, Silva MJ, Uhl M, Kolossa-Gehring M, Apel P, Jõemaa M, Jajcaj M, Estokova M, Luijten M, Lebret E, von Goetz N, Holcer NJ, Probst-Hensch N, Cavaleiro R, Barouki R, Tarroja E, Balčienė RM, Strumylaite L, Latvala S, Namorado S, Szigeti T, Ingi Halldorsson T, Olafsdottir K, Wasowicz W. Application of human biomonitoring data to support policy development, raise awareness and environmental public health protection among countries within the HBM4EU project. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 251:114170. [PMID: 37207539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Most countries have acknowledged the importance of assessing and quantifying their population's internal exposure from chemicals in air, water, soil, food and other consumer products due to the potential health and economic impact. Human biomonitoring (HBM) is a valuable tool which can be used to quantify such exposures and effects. Results from HBM studies can also contribute to improving public health by providing evidence of individuals' internal chemical exposure as well as data to understand the burden of disease and associated costs thereby stimulating the development and implementation of evidence-based policy. To have a holistic view on HBM data utilisation, a multi-case research approach was used to explore the use of HBM data to support national chemical regulations, protect public health and raise awareness among countries participating in the HBM4EU project. The Human Biomonitoring for Europe (HBM4EU) Initiative (https://www.hbm4eu.eu/) is a collaborative effort involving 30 countries, the European Environment Agency (EEA) and the European Commission (contracting authority) to harmonise procedures across Europe and advance research into the understanding of the health impacts of environmental chemical exposure. One of the aims of the project was to use HBM data to support evidence based chemical policy and make this information timely and directly available for policy makers and all partners. The main data source for this article was the narratives collected from 27 countries within the HBM4EU project. The countries (self-selection) were grouped into 3 categories in terms of HBM data usage either for public awareness, policy support or for the establishment HBM programme. Narratives were analysed/summarised using guidelines and templates that focused on ministries involved in or advocating for HBM; steps required to engage policy makers; barriers, drivers and opportunities in developing a HBM programme. The narratives reported the use of HBM data either for raising awareness or addressing environmental/public health issues and policy development. The ministries of Health and Environment were reported to be the most prominent entities advocating for HBM, the involvement of several authorities/institutions in the national hubs was also cited to create an avenue to interact, discuss and gain the attention of policy makers. Participating in European projects and the general population interest in HBM studies were seen as drivers and opportunities in developing HBM programmes. A key barrier that was cited by countries for establishing and sustaining national HBM programmes was funding which is mainly due to the high costs associated with the collection and chemical analysis of human samples. Although challenges and barriers still exist, most countries within Europe were already conversant with the benefits and opportunities of HBM. This article offers important insights into factors associated with the utilisation of HBM data for policy support and public awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dragan Gjorgjev
- Institute of Public Health, Republic of North Macedonia, Macedonia
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Nguyen LV, Diamond ML, Kalenge S, Kirkham TL, Holness DL, Arrandale VH. Response to Comment on "Occupational Exposure of Canadian Nail Salon Workers to Plasticizers Including Phthalates and Organophosphate Esters". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14212-14213. [PMID: 36095321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Linh V Nguyen
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E8, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Sheila Kalenge
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Ontario Health, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X3, Canada
| | - Tracy L Kirkham
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Ontario Health, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X3, Canada
| | - D Linn Holness
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada
- Division of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine and the Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - Victoria H Arrandale
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Ontario Health, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X3, Canada
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Human Biomonitoring Data in Health Risk Assessments Published in Peer-Reviewed Journals between 2016 and 2021: Confronting Reality after a Preliminary Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063362. [PMID: 35329058 PMCID: PMC8955248 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring (HBM) is a rapidly developing field that is emphasized as an important approach for the assessment of health risks. However, its value for health risk assessment (HRA) remains to be clarified. We performed a review of publications concerned with applications of HBM in the assessment of health risks. The selection of publications for this review was limited by the search engines used (only PubMed and Scopus) and a timeframe of the last five years. The review focused on the clarity of 10 HRA elements, which influence the quality of HRA. We show that the usage of HBM data in HRA is limited and unclear. Primarily, the key HRA elements are not consistently applied or followed when using HBM in such assessments, and secondly, there are inconsistencies regarding the understanding of fundamental risk analysis principles and good practices in risk analysis. Our recommendations are as follows: (i) potential usage of HBM data in HRA should not be non-critically overestimated but rather limited and aligned to a specific value for exposure assessment or for the interpretation of health damage; (ii) improvements to HRA approaches, using HBM information or not, are needed and should strictly follow theoretical foundations of risk analysis.
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Frederiksen H, Upners EN, Ljubicic ML, Fischer MB, Busch AS, Hagen CP, Juul A, Andersson AM. Exposure to 15 phthalates and two substitutes (DEHTP and DINCH) assessed in trios of infants and their parents as well as longitudinally in infants exclusively breastfed and after the introduction of a mixed diet. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 161:107107. [PMID: 35091377 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several phthalates have been restricted/banned due to their adverse endocrine disrupting properties. The use of other phthalates and substitutes has increased. Here we examine the current exposure to phthalates in family trios comprised of infants and their parents and in infants exclusive breastfed and following introduction to a mixed diet. METHODS Metabolites of 15 phthalates and two substitutes, di(2-ethylhexyl)-teraphthalate (DEHTP) and diisononyl-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH), were measured in urine samples collected from >100 infants and their parents and in paired urine samples collected from 67 infants, while they were exclusively breastfed and when they got mixed diet. RESULTS Among infants and their parents, metabolites of nine out of 15 phthalates and both substitutes were detected in >74% of all samples. Estimated daily intake (DI) calculated as µg/kg/day, showed similar exposure levels among infants and their parents for several of the substances, and infants were more exposed to DEHTP than their mothers. Significantly higher estimated DIs were observed for some low-molecular phthalates in infants exclusively breastfed. In contrast, comparable estimated DIs were observed for many other phthalates and DEHTP regardless of feeding status. For most of the substances, the within-family variation, was lower than the between-family variation. Likewise, the within-infant variation on exclusively breast vs. mixed diet was lower than the between-infant variation. Independent of food status, some infants were concurrently exposed to almost all the measured phthalates and substitutes in higher amounts than others. CONCLUSION Surprisingly, irrespective of diet status infants were exposed to several phthalates and substitutes some of which have been regulated for years. Exposure patterns and levels were similar in infants and their parents. Importantly, risk assessment based on new refined reference doses (RfD-AA) exceeded the safety level for anti-androgenic effects in a number of infants and parents, which is of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Frederiksen
- Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Department of Growth and Reproduction, Denmark; Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Denmark.
| | - Emmie N Upners
- Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Department of Growth and Reproduction, Denmark; Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Denmark
| | - Marie Lindhardt Ljubicic
- Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Department of Growth and Reproduction, Denmark; Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Denmark
| | - Margit Bistrup Fischer
- Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Department of Growth and Reproduction, Denmark; Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Denmark
| | - Alexander Siegfried Busch
- Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Department of Growth and Reproduction, Denmark; Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Denmark
| | - Casper P Hagen
- Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Department of Growth and Reproduction, Denmark; Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Denmark
| | - Anders Juul
- Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Department of Growth and Reproduction, Denmark; Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Department of Clinical Medicine, Denmark
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Department of Growth and Reproduction, Denmark; Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Denmark
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Lee I, Pälmke C, Ringbeck B, Ihn Y, Gotthardt A, Lee G, Alakeel R, Alrashed M, Tosepu R, Jayadipraja EA, Tantrakarnapa K, Kliengchuay W, Kho Y, Koch HM, Choi K. Urinary Concentrations of Major Phthalate and Alternative Plasticizer Metabolites in Children of Thailand, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia, and Associated Risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16526-16537. [PMID: 34846872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used in consumer products and are well-known for adverse endocrine outcomes. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), one of the most extensively used phthalates, has been rapidly substituted with alternative plasticizers in many consumer products. The aim of this study was to assess urinary phthalate and alternative plasticizer exposure and associated risks in children of three Asian countries with different geographical, climate, and cultural characteristics. Children were recruited from elementary schools of Saudi Arabia (n = 109), Thailand (n = 104), and Indonesia (n = 89) in 2017-2018, and their urine samples were collected. Metabolites of major phthalates and alternative plasticizers were measured in the urine samples by HPLC-MS/MS. Urinary metabolite levels differed substantially between the three countries. Metabolite levels of diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP), di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP), and 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) were the highest in Saudi children: Median urinary concentrations of oxo-MiNP, OH-MiDP, 5cx-MEPTP, and OH-MINCH were 8.3, 8.4, 128.0, and 2.9 ng/mL, respectively. Urinary DEHP metabolite concentrations were the highest in the Indonesian children. The hazard index (HI) derived for the plasticizers with antiandrogenicity based reference doses (RfDAA) was >1 in 86%, 80%, and 49% of the Saudi, Indonesian, and Thai children, respectively. DEHP was identified as a common major risk driver for the children of all three countries, followed by DnBP and DiBP depending on the country. Among alternative plasticizers, urinary DEHTP metabolites were detected at levels comparable to those of DEHP metabolites or higher among the Saudi children, and about 4% of the Saudi children exceeded the health based human biomonitoring (HBM)-I value. Priority plasticizers that were identified among the children of three countries warrant refined exposure assessment for source identification and relevant exposure reduction measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inae Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Claudia Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Benedikt Ringbeck
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Yunchul Ihn
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Alexandra Gotthardt
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Gowoon Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Raid Alakeel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - May Alrashed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramadhan Tosepu
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of Halu Oleo, Kendari 93232, Indonesia
| | | | - Kraichat Tantrakarnapa
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi 10400, Thailand
| | - Wissanupong Kliengchuay
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi 10400, Thailand
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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11
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Mesquita I, Lorigo M, Cairrao E. Update about the disrupting-effects of phthalates on the human reproductive system. Mol Reprod Dev 2021; 88:650-672. [PMID: 34617353 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Phthalate esters are synthetic chemicals used in the plastic industry as plasticizers and consumable products. According to United Nations, about 400 million tons of plastic are produced every year. In parallel with increased production, the concerns about its effects on human health have increased because phthalates are endocrine-disrupting compounds. Humans are continuously exposed to phthalates through different routes of exposure. Experimental data have associated the phthalates exposure to adverse effects on development and reproduction in women (e.g., earlier puberty, primary ovarian insufficiency, endometriosis, preterm birth, or in vitro fertilization) and men (e.g., anogenital distance, cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and changes in adult reproductive function) although there is no consensus. Therefore, one question arises: could the increase in infertility be related to phthalates exposure? To answer this question, we aimed to assess the disrupting-effects of phthalates on the human reproductive system. For this, we reviewed the current literature based on epidemiological and experimental data and experimental studies in humans. The phthalate effects were discussed in a separate mode for female and male reproductive systems. In summary, phthalates induce toxicity in the reproductive system and human development. The increased plastic production may be related to the increase in human infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Mesquita
- CHUCB, University Hospital Centre of Cova da Beira, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Margarida Lorigo
- FCS-UBI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Elisa Cairrao
- FCS-UBI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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12
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Wu H, Just AC, Colicino E, Calafat AM, Oken E, Braun JM, McRae N, Cantoral A, Pantic I, Pizano-Zárate ML, Tolentino MC, Wright RO, Téllez-Rojo MM, Baccarelli AA, Deierlein AL. The associations of phthalate biomarkers during pregnancy with later glycemia and lipid profiles. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 155:106612. [PMID: 33965768 PMCID: PMC8292182 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy induces numerous cardiovascular and metabolic changes. Alterations in these sensitive processes may precipitate long-term post-delivery health consequences. Studies have reported associations between phthalates and metabolic complications of pregnancy, but no study has investigated metabolic outcomes beyond pregnancy. OBJECTIVES To examine associations of exposure to phthalates during pregnancy with post-delivery metabolic health. DESIGN We quantified 15 urinary phthalate biomarker concentrations during the second and third trimesters among 618 pregnant women from Mexico City. Maternal metabolic health biomarkers included fasting blood measures of glycemia [glucose, insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance [HOMA-IR], % hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c%)] and lipids (total, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides), at 4-5 and 6-8 years post-delivery. To estimate the influence of the phthalates mixture, we used Bayesian weighted quantile sum regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression; for individual biomarkers, we used linear mixed models. RESULTS As a mixture, higher urinary phthalate biomarker concentrations during pregnancy were associated with post-delivery concentrations of plasma glucose (interquartile range [IQR] difference: 0.13 SD, 95%CrI: 0.05, 0.20), plasma insulin (IQR difference: 0.06 SD, 95%CrI: -0.02, 0.14), HOMA-IR (IQR difference: 0.08 SD, 95% CrI: 0.01, 0.16), and HbA1c% (IQR difference: 0.15 SD, 95%CrI: 0.05, 0.24). Associations were primarily driven by mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl terephthalate (MECPTP) and the sum of dibutyl phthalate biomarkers (∑DBP). The phthalates mixture was associated with lower HDL (IQR difference: -0.08 SD, 95%CrI: -0.16, -0.01), driven by ∑DBP and monoethyl phthalate (MEP), and higher triglyceride levels (IQR difference: 0.15 SD, 95%CrI: 0.08, 0.22), driven by MECPTP and MEP. The overall mixture was not associated with total cholesterol and LDL. However, ∑DBP and MEP were associated with lower and higher total cholesterol, respectively, and MECPTP and ∑DBP were associated with lower LDL. CONCLUSIONS Phthalate exposure during pregnancy is associated with adverse long-term changes in maternal metabolic health. A better understanding of timing of the exact biological changes and their implications on metabolic disease risk is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Wu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY, USA.
| | - Allan C Just
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Elena Colicino
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Nia McRae
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | | | - Ivan Pantic
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Luisa Pizano-Zárate
- Division of Community Interventions Research, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico; UMF 4, 37 South Delegation of the Federal District, Mexican Social Security System (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martha M Téllez-Rojo
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY, USA
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13
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Colicino E, de Water E, Just AC, Navarro E, Pedretti NF, McRae N, Braun JM, Schnaas L, Rodríguez-Carmona Y, Hernández C, Tamayo-Ortiz M, Téllez-Rojo MM, Deierlein AL, Calafat AM, Baccarelli A, Wright RO, Horton MK. Prenatal urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites and behavioral problems in Mexican children: The Programming Research in Obesity, Growth Environment and Social Stress (PROGRESS) study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111338. [PMID: 34051199 PMCID: PMC9234946 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalate exposure has been associated with increased childhood behavioral problems. Existing studies failed to include phthalate replacements and did not account for high correlations among phthalates. Phthalates' exposure is higher in Mexico than in U.S. locations, making it an ideal target population for this study. AIM To examine associations between 15 maternal prenatal phthalate metabolite concentrations and children's behavioral problems. METHODS We quantified phthalate metabolites in maternal urine samples from maternal-child dyads (n = 514) enrolled in the Programming Research in Obesity, Growth Environment and Social Stress (PROGRESS) birth cohort in Mexico City. We performed least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regressions to identify associations between specific-gravity adjusted log2-transformed phthalate metabolites and parent-reported 4-6 year old behavior on the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC-2), accounting for metabolite correlations. We adjusted for socio-demographic and birth-related factors, and examined associations stratified by sex. RESULTS Higher prenatal mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl terephthalate (MECPTP) urinary concentrations were associated with increased hyperactivity scores in the overall sample (β = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.17, 1.13) and in girls (β = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.16, 1.08), overall behavioral problems in boys (β = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.20, 1.15), and depression scores in boys (β = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.06, 0.88). Higher prenatal monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) concentrations were associated with reduced hyperactivity scores in girls (ß = -0.54, 95% CI = -1.08, -0.21). DISCUSSION Our findings suggested that prenatal concentrations of phthalates and their replacements altered child neurodevelopment and those associations may be influenced sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Colicino
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Erik de Water
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Allan C Just
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Esmeralda Navarro
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| | | | - Nia McRae
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
| | - Lourdes Schnaas
- National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Yanelli Rodríguez-Carmona
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Carmen Hernández
- National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | | | - Andrea L Deierlein
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Andrea Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Megan K Horton
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
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14
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Bastiaensen M, Gys C, Colles A, Malarvannan G, Verheyen V, Koppen G, Govarts E, Bruckers L, Morrens B, Franken C, Den Hond E, Schoeters G, Covaci A. Biomarkers of phthalates and alternative plasticizers in the Flemish Environment and Health Study (FLEHS IV): Time trends and exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 276:116724. [PMID: 33631684 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Restrictions on the use of legacy phthalate esters (PEs) as plasticizer chemicals in several consumer products has led to the increased use of alternative plasticizers (APs), such as di-(iso-nonyl)-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP). In the fourth cycle of the Flemish Environment and Health Study (FLEHS IV, 2016-2020), we monitored exposure to seven PEs (diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP, di-isononyl phthalate (DINP), and di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP))and three APs (DINCH, DEHTP, and di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA)) by measuring multiple biomarkers in urine of 416 adolescents from Flanders, Belgium (14-15 years old). The reference values show that exposure to PEs is still widespread, although levels of several PE metabolites (e.g., sum of DEHP metabolites, mono-normal-butyl phthalate (MnBP) and mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP)) have decreased significantly compared to previous human biomonitoring cycles (2003-2018). On the other hand, metabolites of DINCH and DEHTP were detected in practically every participant. Concentrations of AP exposure biomarkers in urine were generally lower than PE metabolites, but calculations of estimated daily intakes (EDIs) showed that exposure to DINCH and DEHTP can be considerable. However, preliminary risk assessment showed that none of the EDI or urinary exposure levels of APs exceeded the available health-based guidance values, while a very low number of participants had levels of MiBP and MnBP exceeding the HBM value. Several significant determinants of exposure could be identified from multiple regression models: the presence of building materials containing PVC, ventilation habits, socio-economic status and season were all associated with PE and AP biomarker levels. Cumulatively, the results of FLEHS IV show that adolescents in Flanders, Belgium, are exposed to a wide range of plasticizer chemicals. Close monitoring over the last decade showed that the exposure levels of restricted PEs have decreased, while newer APs are now frequently detected in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Bastiaensen
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Celine Gys
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ann Colles
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Veerle Verheyen
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Gudrun Koppen
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Eva Govarts
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Bruckers
- BioStat, Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Bert Morrens
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, Sint-Jacobstraat 2, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Carmen Franken
- Provincial Institute of Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elly Den Hond
- Provincial Institute of Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Greet Schoeters
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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15
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Human metabolism and urinary excretion kinetics of di-n-butyl adipate (DnBA) after oral and dermal administration in three volunteers. Toxicol Lett 2021; 343:11-20. [PMID: 33640488 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Di-n-butyl adipate (DnBA) is used as a plasticizer and in various consumer products (e.g. personal care products) replacing, in part, the endocrine disruptor di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP). We provide quantitative in vivo data on human DnBA metabolism and excretion after oral dose (105-185 μg/kg bw) and dermal application to three volunteers each as a tool for exposure and risk assessment. Complete and consecutive urine samples were collected for two (oral) and four days (dermal), respectively, and analyzed for the metabolites mono-n-butyl adipate (MnBA), 3- and tentative 4-hydroxy-mono-n-butyl adipate (3OH-MnBA, 4OH-MnBA), and 3-carboxy-mono-n-propyl adipate (3cx-MnPrA), as well as the hydrolysis product adipic acid (AA) using stable isotope dilution quantification. Metabolites were excreted within 24 h after oral dose with one or two concentration maxima at 0.8-3.0 h (n = 3) and 4.8-6.3 h (n = 2). AA was the major but unspecific metabolite with urinary excretion fractions (FUEs) of 14-26 %. Mean FUEs (range) of 3cx-MnPrA, MnBA, 3OH-MnBA, and tentative 4OH-MnBA were low, but consistent between volunteers (0.47 % (0.35-0.63 %), 0.079 % (0.065-0.091 %), 0.012 % (0.006-0.016 %), and 0.005 % (0.002-0.009 %), respectively). MnBA and 3OH-MnBA seem to be suitable, specific exposure biomarkers for DnBA, whereas 3cx-MnPrA and 4OH-MnBA seem to originate also from other, unknown sources not related to DnBA. Compared to the oral study, metabolite excretion in the dermal study was delayed and MnBA excretion was somewhat higher compared to the oxidized metabolites. Based on urinary concentrations and the above excretion fractions, calculated uptakes in the dermal study did not exceed the adipate ester ADI of 5 mg/(kg bw*day).
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Kambia N, Séverin I, Farce A, Dahbi L, Dine T, Moreau E, Sautou V, Chagnon MC. Comparative Effects of Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and Di-(2-ethylhexyl)terephthalate Metabolites on Thyroid Receptors: In Vitro and In Silico Studies. Metabolites 2021; 11:94. [PMID: 33578748 PMCID: PMC7916494 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasticizers added to polyvinylchloride (PVC) used in medical devices can be released into patients' biological fluids. Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), a well-known reprotoxic and endocrine disruptor, must be replaced by alternative compounds. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT) is an interesting candidate due to its lower migration from PVC and its lack of reprotoxicity. However, there is still a lack of data to support the safety of its human metabolites with regard to their hormonal properties in the thyroid system. The effects of DEHT metabolites on thyroid/hormone receptors (TRs) were compared in vitro and in silico to those of DEHP. The oxidized metabolites of DEHT had no effect on T3 receptors whereas 5-hydroxy-mono-(ethylhexyl)phthalate (5-OH-MEHP) appeared to be primarily an agonist for TRs above 0.2 µg/mL with a synergistic effect on T3. Monoesters (MEHP and mono-(2-ethylhexyl)terephthalate, MEHT) were also active on T3 receptors. In vitro, MEHP was a partial agonist between 10 and 20 µg/mL. MEHT was an antagonist at non-cytotoxic concentrations (2-5 µg/mL) in a concentration-dependent manner. The results obtained with docking were consistent with those of the T-screen and provide additional information on the preferential affinity of monoesters and 5-OH-MEHP for TRs. This study highlights a lack of interactions between oxidized metabolites and TRs, confirming the interest of DEHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kambia
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7365 GRITA, F-59000 Lille, France; nicolas.kambia-kpakpaga@univ-lille (N.K.); (T.D.)
| | - Isabelle Séverin
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM U1231, NUTOX, Derttech “Packtox”, 21000 Dijon, France; (I.S.); (L.D.); (M.-C.C.)
| | - Amaury Farce
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM U1286, INFINITE, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Laurence Dahbi
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM U1231, NUTOX, Derttech “Packtox”, 21000 Dijon, France; (I.S.); (L.D.); (M.-C.C.)
| | - Thierry Dine
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7365 GRITA, F-59000 Lille, France; nicolas.kambia-kpakpaga@univ-lille (N.K.); (T.D.)
| | - Emmanuel Moreau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM U1240, IMOST, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Valérie Sautou
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chagnon
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM U1231, NUTOX, Derttech “Packtox”, 21000 Dijon, France; (I.S.); (L.D.); (M.-C.C.)
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Senta I, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Corominas L, Petrovic M. Wastewater-based epidemiology to assess human exposure to personal care and household products - A review of biomarkers, analytical methods, and applications. TRENDS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020; 28:e00103. [PMID: 38620429 PMCID: PMC7470864 DOI: 10.1016/j.teac.2020.e00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Humans are nowadays exposed to numerous chemicals in our day-to-day life, including parabens, UV filters, phosphorous flame retardants/plasticizers, bisphenols, phthalates and alternative plasticizers, which can have different adverse effects to human health. Estimating human's exposure to these potentially harmful substances is, therefore, of paramount importance. Human biomonitoring (HBM) is the existing approach to assess exposure to environmental contaminants, which relies on the analysis of specific human biomarkers (parent compounds and/or their metabolic products) in biological matrices from individuals. The main drawback is its implementation, which involves complex cohort studies. A novel approach, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), involves estimating exposure from the analysis of biomarkers in sewage (a pooled urine and feces sample of an entire population). One of the key challenges of WBE is the selection of biomarkers which are specific to human metabolism, excreted in sufficient amounts, and stable in sewage. So far, literature data on potential biomarkers for estimating exposure to these chemicals are scattered over numerous pharmacokinetic and HBM studies. Hence, this review provides a list of potential biomarkers of exposure to more than 30 widely used chemicals and report on their urinary excretion rates. Furthermore, the potential and challenges of WBE in this particular field is discussed through the review of pioneer WBE studies, which for the first time explored applicability of this novel approach to assess human exposure to environmental contaminants. In the future, WBE could be potentially applied as an "early warning system", which could promptly identify communities with the highest exposure to environmental contaminants.
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Key Words
- 3−OH-EtP, ethyl protocatechuate
- 3−OH-MeP, methyl protocatechuate
- 5−OH−OC, 2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl acrylate
- ASE, accelerated solvent extraction
- BBOEHEP, bis(2-butoxyethyl) 2-hydroxyethyl phosphate
- BBOEP, bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
- BP-3, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (Benzophenone-3, Oxybenzone)
- BPA, bisphenol A
- BPA-Glu, bisphenol A glucuronide
- BPA-SO4, bisphenol A sulfate
- Biomarkers
- Bisphenols
- CPAA, 2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylic acid
- DEHA, di-2-ethylhexyl adipate
- DEHP, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
- DEHTP, di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate
- DHB, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (Benzophenone-1, BP-1)
- DHMB, 2,2′-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (Benzophenone-8, BP-8)
- DINCH, di(isononyl)cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate
- DNBP, di-n-butyl phosphate
- DPHP, di-(2-propylheptyl) phthalate
- DPhP, diphenyl phosphate
- EHDPhP, 2-ethylhexyldiphenyl phosphate
- EHS, 2-ethylhexyl salicylate (Octisalate)
- EI, electron ionization
- ESI, electrospray ionization
- EtP, ethylparaben
- Excretion rate
- Flame retardants
- GC–MS, gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry
- HBM, human biomonitoring
- HPLC-MS/MS, high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
- LC–MS/MS, liquid chromatography‒tandem mass spectrometry
- MAE, microwave-assisted extraction
- MEHA, mono-2-ethylhexyl adipate
- MINCH, Monoisononyl-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate
- MQL, method quantification limit
- MRM, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)
- MTBSTFA, N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide
- MeP, methylparaben
- OC, Octocrylene
- OH-MINCH, Cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate-mono-(7-hydroxy-4-methyl) octyl ester
- PE, primary effluent
- PFRs, phosphorous flame retardants/plasticizers
- PHBA, p-hydroxybenzoic acid
- PHHA, p-hydroxyhippuric acid
- Parabens
- Phthalates
- Plasticizers
- PrP, propylparaben
- Q-ToF, quadrupole-time-of-flight
- QTRAP, quadrupole-ion trap
- QqQ, triple quadrupole
- RW, raw wastewater
- SE, secondary (final) effluent
- SIM, selected ion monitoring
- SPE, solid-phase extraction
- SPM, suspended particulate matter
- Sewage chemical information mining
- Sewage epidemiology
- TBOEP, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
- TPhP, triphenyl phosphate
- UAE, ultrasonic-assisted extraction
- UHPLC-MS/MS, ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
- UV filters
- WBE, wastewater-based epidemiology
- WWTPs, wastewater treatment plants
- bbCID, broadband collision-induced dissociation
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Senta
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
- University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Lluís Corominas
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
- University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Mira Petrovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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Bastiaensen M, Malarvannan G, Gys C, Ait Bamai Y, Araki A, Covaci A. Between- and within-individual variability of urinary phthalate and alternative plasticizer metabolites in spot, morning void and 24-h pooled urine samples. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110248. [PMID: 32980307 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to international regulations, commonly used phthalates such as di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are being replaced by other phthalates, such as di-isononyl phthalate (DINP), and di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP) and by alternative plasticizers (APs) with similar chemical characteristics, like di(isononyl)cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH), di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP), or di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA). Urinary concentrations of metabolites are frequently used in the exposure assessment of non-persistent chemicals and for biomonitoring purposes, the intra- and inter-day variability of the metabolites should be known. However, the short-term variability of AP and several phthalate biomarkers has not been investigated yet. In this study, we collected all spot samples from 10 healthy adults for 5 consecutive days and 24h pooled urine on one additional day to investigate the short-term variability of 22 biomarkers of phthalates and APs. Metabolites of DEP, DEHP, DiBP, DnBP, DBzP, DINP and DIDP were found in high detection frequencies, while metabolites of most APs were found in approximately 50% of the samples. The short-term reproducibility of metabolites with diet as primary source (DEHP, DINP, DIDP) was poor (intraclass correlation coefficient - ICC < 0.4), whereas biomarkers of DEP, DnBP, DiBP and BBzP showed good consistency, most likely due to more continuous sources resulting in less between-day variance. ICC values of AP metabolites were similar to those of DEHP, but more studies are required to confirm these findings. Overall, reproducibility improved considerably when values were corrected for urinary dilution and when only morning voids samples were considered. Levels in morning voids samples were consistent for 5 days and comparable to 24-h pooled urine for all metabolites except for OH-MEHTP, sum DINP and sum DIDP, which supports the use of morning voids in human biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Bastiaensen
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Celine Gys
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Atsuko Araki
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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19
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Sears CG, Braun JM. Phthalate Exposure, Adolescent Health, and the Need for Primary Prevention. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2020; 49:759-770. [PMID: 33153678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates, a class of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, are used widely in many consumer products, and exposure can interfere with a range of hormonal functions during early life. These disruptions may alter development during late childhood and adolescence. This article discusses the potential effects of phthalate exposure on adiposity, puberty, and neurodevelopment during late childhood and adolescence. It also highlights studies of behavioral interventions to reduce phthalate exposures and the roles of health care professionals and policy makers in preventing phthalate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara G Sears
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-S121-2, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-S121-2, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA. https://twitter.com/JosephMBraun1
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20
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Schwedler G, Rucic E, Koch HM, Lessmann F, Brüning T, Conrad A, Schmied-Tobies MI, Kolossa-Gehring M. Metabolites of the substitute plasticiser Di-(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) in urine of children and adolescents investigated in the German Environmental Survey GerES V, 2014–2017. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 230:113589. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Frigerio G, Campo L, Mercadante R, Santos PM, Missineo P, Polledri E, Fustinoni S. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method to quantify metabolites of phthalates, including di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHTP) and bisphenol A, in human urine. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8796. [PMID: 32246863 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Several phthalates and bisphenol A are endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Recently, their use has been partially restricted and less toxic compounds, such as di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHTP), have been placed on the market. The aim of this work was to develop and validate a method for the simultaneous quantitation of bisphenol A and urinary metabolites of phthalates, including DEHTP. METHODS An isotopic dilution high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS/MS) method for the determination of bisphenol A (BPA), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate (MECPP), mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl terephthalate (MECPTP), mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl terephthalate (MEHHTP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), and mono-n/i-butyl phthalates (MnBP/MiBP) in human urine was developed. A complete validation was carried out and the method was applied to 36 non-occupationally exposed adults. RESULTS Limits of quantitation ranged from 0.02 (MECPP) to 1 μg/L (MnBP and MiBP). Relative standard deviations below 10% indicated a suitable precision; accuracy, evaluated using a standard reference material, ranged from 74.3% to 117.5%; isotopically labelled internal standards were suitable for correcting the matrix effect. The accuracy was confirmed by the successful participation in an external verification exercise. However, for terephthalates, the validation was incomplete due to the lack of reference materials and external verification. Levels of the investigated chemicals in subjects were in line with those previously reported. CONCLUSIONS An LC/MS/MS assay for the simultaneous measurement of BPA and phthalate metabolites in human urine was developed and validated; it is useful to investigate exposure in epidemiological studies involving the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Frigerio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Campo
- Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Mercadante
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Patricia Martín Santos
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pasquale Missineo
- Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Polledri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Fustinoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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22
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Frederiksen H, Nielsen O, Koch HM, Skakkebaek NE, Juul A, Jørgensen N, Andersson AM. Changes in urinary excretion of phthalates, phthalate substitutes, bisphenols and other polychlorinated and phenolic substances in young Danish men; 2009–2017. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 223:93-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Lestido Cardama A, Sendón R, Bustos J, Santillana MI, Paseiro Losada P, Rodríguez Bernaldo de Quirós A. GC-MS Screening for the Identification of Potential Migrants Present in Polymeric Coatings of Food Cans. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122086. [PMID: 31847163 PMCID: PMC6960813 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The coatings used in cans can release complex chemical mixtures into foodstuffs. Therefore, it is important to develop analytical methods for the identification of these potential migrant compounds in packaged food to guarantee the compliance with European food packaging legislation and ensure consumer safety. In the present work, the type of coating in a total of twelve cans collected in Santiago de Compostela (Spain) were evaluated using an ATR (attenuated total reflectance)-FTIR spectrometer. These samples were analysed after extraction with acetonitrile in order to identify potential migrants through a screening method by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of forty-seven volatile and semi-volatile compounds were identified in these samples, including plasticizers, photoinitiators, antioxidants, lubricants, etc. Then, in a second step, a targeted analysis was carried out for the simultaneous determination of 13 compounds, including bisphenols (BPA, BPB, BPC, BPE, BPF, BPG) and BADGEs (BADGE, BADGE.H2O, BADGE.2H2O, BADGE.HCl, BADGE.2HCl, BADGE.H2O.HCl, cyclo-di-BADGE) by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) source. Among all the bisphenols analysed, only the bisphenol A was detected in four samples; while cyclo-di-BADGE was the predominant compound detected in all the samples analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antía Lestido Cardama
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.L.C.); (R.S.); (P.P.L.)
| | - Raquel Sendón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.L.C.); (R.S.); (P.P.L.)
| | - Juana Bustos
- National Food Center, Spanish Agency of Food Safety and Nutrition, E-28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (J.B.); (M.I.S.)
| | - M. Isabel Santillana
- National Food Center, Spanish Agency of Food Safety and Nutrition, E-28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (J.B.); (M.I.S.)
| | - Perfecto Paseiro Losada
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.L.C.); (R.S.); (P.P.L.)
| | - Ana Rodríguez Bernaldo de Quirós
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.L.C.); (R.S.); (P.P.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-881814965
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24
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Lessmann F, Kolossa-Gehring M, Apel P, Rüther M, Pälmke C, Harth V, Brüning T, Koch HM. German Environmental Specimen Bank: 24-hour urine samples from 1999 to 2017 reveal rapid increase in exposure to the para-phthalate plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 132:105102. [PMID: 31491609 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide plasticizer markets are facing constant substitution processes. Many classic ortho-phthalate plasticizers like di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are phased out, due to their proven toxicity to reproduction. Assumedly less critical, less regulated plasticizers such as di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) are increasingly applied in consumer near products like toys, food contact materials, and medical devices. With the increasing use of DEHTP, increasing exposures of the general population have to be expected likewise. Human biomonitoring is a well-established tool to determine population exposures. In the present study we investigate the time trend of exposure to DEHTP using 24-hour urine samples of the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) collected from 1999 to 2017. In these samples (60 per odd-numbered year, 600 samples in total) collected from young German adults (20-29 years, equal gender distribution) we determined four specific urinary metabolites as biomarkers of DEHTP exposure. From 1999 to 2009, the main specific urinary metabolite 5cx-MEPTP was quantifiable in <10% of the samples. Thereafter, detection rates and levels constantly increased, in line with rapidly increasing DEHTP consumption volumes. In 2017, all samples had 5cx-MEPTP levels above the limit of quantification (LOQ) with a median concentration of 3.35 μg/L (95th percentile: 12.8 μg/L). The other metabolites were detected less frequently and at lower levels but correlated well with 5cx-MEPTP robustly confirming the increasing DEHTP exposure. All 5cx-MEPTP concentrations were well below the German health based guidance value (HBM-I) of 2800 μg/L for adults. Likewise, the median calculated daily intake, based on 5cx-MEPTP measured in 2017, was 0.74 μg/kg bw∗d (95th percentile: 3.86 μg/kg bw∗d), still well below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 1000 μg/kg bw∗d. Based on current toxicological knowledge we can hence conclude that for the population investigated, DEHTP exposure gives no reason for immediate concern. However, the steep ongoing increase of DEHTP exposure warrants further close monitoring in the future, preferably also in sub-populations with known higher exposures to plasticizers, especially children.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lessmann
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum, Germany; Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM) Hamburg, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Marckmannstraße 129b, D-20539 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Kolossa-Gehring
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - P Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Rüther
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - C Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - V Harth
- Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM) Hamburg, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Marckmannstraße 129b, D-20539 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - H M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum, Germany.
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25
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Kasper-Sonnenberg M, Koch HM, Apel P, Rüther M, Pälmke C, Brüning T, Kolossa-Gehring M. Time trend of exposure to the phthalate plasticizer substitute DINCH in Germany from 1999 to 2017: Biomonitoring data on young adults from the Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:1084-1092. [PMID: 31378638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
DINCH (cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-diisononyl ester) is a phthalate plasticizer substitute introduced into the market in 2002. It is increasingly used especially in the production of toys, food contact materials and medical devices. In this measurement campaign on 24-h urine samples of young adults (20-29 years) from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) collected in 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2017 (in total 300 samples, 60 samples/year) we analyzed three specific, oxidized DINCH metabolites (OH-MINCH: cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(hydroxy-isononyl) ester; cx-MINCH: cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(carboxy-isooctyl) ester, oxo-MINCH: cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(oxo-isononyl) ester). We merged these data with earlier data of the ESB from the years 1999-2012 and are now able to report levels and time trends of internal DINCH exposure from 1999 to 2017. After first detections of the major oxidized DINCH metabolite OH-MINCH in 2006 (6.7%) detection rates rapidly increased to 43.3% in 2009, 80% in 2010 and 98.3% in 2011 and 2012. From the year 2013 on we could detect OH-MINCH in every urine sample analyzed. The median concentrations of OH-MINCH rapidly increased from 0.15 μg/L in 2010 to twice the concentration in 2011 (0.31 μg/L) with further increases in 2013 (0.37 μg/L), 2015 (0.59 μg/L) and 2017 (0.70 μg/L). Similar increases, albeit at lower detection rates and concentration levels, could be observed for cx-MINCH and oxo-MINCH. All metabolites strongly correlate with each other. For the ESB study population, DINCH exposures are still far below health based guidance values such as the German Human Biomonitoring Value (HBM-I; 4,500 μg/L for the sum of OH-MINCH and cx-MINCH) or the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of EFSA (1 mg/kg bw/d). The median daily DINCH intake (DI) calculated for 2017 was 0.23 μg/kg bw/d, thus 4,310-times lower than the TDI. The maximum DI calculated for one individual in 2012 (42.60 μg/kg bw/d) was a factor of more than 20 below the TDI. The ongoing increase in DINCH exposure needs to be closely monitored in the future, including populations with potentially higher exposures such as children. This close monitoring will enable timely exposure and risk reduction measures if exposures reached critical levels, or if new toxicological data lead to lower health based guidance values. DINCH belongs to the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU) priority substances for which policy relevant questions still have to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kasper-Sonnenberg
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Rüther
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789, Bochum, Germany
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26
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Determination of human urinary metabolites of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) by online-SPE-HPLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1124:239-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Kumar S. Recent Developments of Biobased Plasticizers and Their Effect on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Poly(vinyl chloride): A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudheer Kumar
- School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP), Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM), Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology (CIPET: IPT), B/25, CNI Complex, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
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28
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Been F, Malarvannan G, Bastiaensen M, Yin S, van Nuijs AL, Covaci A. Development and validation of a bioanalytical assay based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for measuring biomarkers of exposure of alternative plasticizers in human urine and serum. Talanta 2019; 198:230-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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29
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Kambia NK, Séverin I, Farce A, Moreau E, Dahbi L, Duval C, Dine T, Sautou V, Chagnon MC. In vitro and in silico hormonal activity studies of di-(2-ethylhexyl)terephthalate, a di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate substitute used in medical devices, and its metabolites. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1043-1056. [PMID: 30847963 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Plasticizers added to polyvinylchloride used in medical devices can be released into patients' biological fluids. The substitution of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) by alternative plasticizers is essential but their safety must be demonstrated. DEHP, di-(2-ethylhexyl)terephthalate (DEHT) and their metabolites were investigated using level 2 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development bioassays to screen for in vitro hormonal changes. Differences between the DEHP and DEHT metabolites were observed. Albeit weak, the hormonal activities of DEHT-derived metabolites, e.g., 5-OH metabolite of mono-(ethylhexyl)terephthalate (5-OH-MEHT), were detected and the results of docking experiments performed on estrogen receptor alpha and androgen receptor agreed with the biological results. A co-stimulation of human estrogen receptor alpha and human androgen receptor was also observed. With regard to steroidogenesis, a 16-fold increase in estrogen synthesis was measured with 5-OH-MEHT. Therefore, even if DEHT remains an interesting alternative to DEHP because of its low migration from medical devices, it seems important to verify that multi-exposed patients in neonatal intensive care units do not have urinary levels of oxidized metabolites, in particular 5-OH-MEHT, suggesting a potential endocrine-disrupting effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas K Kambia
- EA 7365, GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, Université de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Institut de Pharmacie, F-59 000, Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Séverin
- Derttech "Packtox", NUTOX, INSERM U1231, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Amaury Farce
- EA 7365, GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, Université de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Institut de Pharmacie, F-59 000, Lille, France
| | - Emmanuel Moreau
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont-Ferrand, ICCF, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurence Dahbi
- Derttech "Packtox", NUTOX, INSERM U1231, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Claire Duval
- EA 7365, GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, Université de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Institut de Pharmacie, F-59 000, Lille, France
| | - Thierry Dine
- EA 7365, GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, Université de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Institut de Pharmacie, F-59 000, Lille, France
| | - Valérie Sautou
- INSERM U1240, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000, Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chagnon
- Derttech "Packtox", NUTOX, INSERM U1231, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, 21000, Dijon, France
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Silva MJ, Wong LY, Samandar E, Preau JL, Jia LT, Calafat AM. Exposure to di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate in the U.S. general population from the 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 123:141-147. [PMID: 30529838 PMCID: PMC7917578 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHTP) is used as a replacement plasticizer for other phthalates, including di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). Use of consumer products containing DEHTP may result in human exposure to DEHTP. OBJECTIVE To assess exposure to DEHTP in a nationally representative sample of the U.S. general population 3 years and older from the 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHOD We quantified two DEHTP metabolites, mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl terephthalate (MEHHTP) and mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl terephthalate (MECPTP) in 2970 urine samples by using online solid-phase extraction coupled with isotope dilution-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We used linear regression to examine associations between MEHHTP and MECTPP and several parameters including age, sex, race/ethnicity, and household income. We also compared the MEHHTP and MECPTP results to those of their corresponding DEHP metabolite analogs, namely mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP) and mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate (MECPP). RESULTS The weighted detection frequencies were 96% (MEHHTP) and 99.9% (MECPTP); urinary concentrations of the two metabolites correlated significantly (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.89, p < 0.0001). MECPTP concentrations were higher than MEHHTP in all age, sex, race/ethnicity groups examined. Furthermore, MECPTP adjusted geometric mean (GM) concentrations were significantly higher in samples collected in the evening than in the morning or afternoon. Females had significantly higher adjusted GM concentrations of MEHHTP and MECPTP than males. We observed no significant associations between the adjusted GM concentrations of the metabolites and race/ethnicity. Both metabolite adjusted GM concentrations increased significantly with household income, and decreased significantly with age. Only household income was significantly associated with the concentrations of MECPP, but not of MEHHP, the two DEHP metabolites. The adjusted GM of the [MEHHTP]:[MECPTP] molar concentrations ratio increased with age, and was significantly higher in samples collected in the morning than in those collected in the afternoon or evening. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to DEHTP is widespread in the U.S. general population 3 years and older. These data represent the first U.S. population-based representative background exposure to DEHTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manori J Silva
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States of America
| | - Lee-Yang Wong
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States of America
| | - Ella Samandar
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States of America
| | - James L Preau
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States of America
| | - Lily T Jia
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States of America
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States of America.
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Analyzing terephthalate metabolites in human urine as biomarkers of exposure: Importance of selection of metabolites and deconjugation enzyme. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1100-1101:91-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Chen J, Liu Z, Wang K, Huang J, Li K, Nie X, Jiang J. Epoxidized castor oil‐based diglycidyl‐phthalate plasticizer: Synthesis and thermal stabilizing effects on poly(vinyl chloride). J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry ProductsChinese Academy of Forestry, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material Nanjing Jiangsu 210042 China
- Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest ResourceNanjing Forestry University Nanjing Jiangsu 210037 China
| | - Zengshe Liu
- USDA, ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Bio‐Oils Research Unit, 1815 N University St Peoria Illinois 61604
| | - Kui Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry ProductsChinese Academy of Forestry, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material Nanjing Jiangsu 210042 China
- Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest ResourceNanjing Forestry University Nanjing Jiangsu 210037 China
| | - Jinrui Huang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry ProductsChinese Academy of Forestry, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material Nanjing Jiangsu 210042 China
- Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest ResourceNanjing Forestry University Nanjing Jiangsu 210037 China
| | - Ke Li
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry ProductsChinese Academy of Forestry, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material Nanjing Jiangsu 210042 China
- Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest ResourceNanjing Forestry University Nanjing Jiangsu 210037 China
| | - Xiaoan Nie
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry ProductsChinese Academy of Forestry, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material Nanjing Jiangsu 210042 China
- Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest ResourceNanjing Forestry University Nanjing Jiangsu 210037 China
| | - Jianchun Jiang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry ProductsChinese Academy of Forestry, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material Nanjing Jiangsu 210042 China
- Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest ResourceNanjing Forestry University Nanjing Jiangsu 210037 China
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Obesity or diet? Levels and determinants of phthalate body burden – A case study on Portuguese children. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:519-530. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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34
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Lessmann F, Bury D, Weiss T, Hayen H, Brüning T, Koch HM. De-novo identification of specific exposure biomarkers of the alternative plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) after low oral dosage to male volunteers by HPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS. Biomarkers 2018; 23:196-206. [DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2017.1410856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Lessmann
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
- Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Bury
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Holger M. Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
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