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Ascaso MS, Díaz J, López-Bueno JA, Navas MA, Mirón IJ, Linares C. How heatwaves affect short-term emergency hospital admissions due to bacterial foodborne diseases. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174209. [PMID: 38914322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The coming decades are likely to see of extreme weather events becoming more intense and frequent across Europe as a whole and around the Mediterranean in particular. The reproduction rate of some microorganisms, including the bacteria that cause foodborne diseases, will also be affected by these events. The aim of this study was thus to ascertain whether there might be a statistically significant relationship between emergency hospital admissions due to the principal bacterial foodborne diseases (BFDs) and the various meteorological variables, including heatwaves. We conducted a time-series study, with daily observations of both the dependent variable (emergency hospital admissions due to BFDs) and the independent variables (meteorological variables and control variables of chemical air pollution) across the period 2013-2018 in the Madrid Region (Spain), using Generalised Linear Models with Poisson regression, in which control and lag variables were included for the purpose of fitting the models. We calculated the threshold value of the maximum daily temperature above which such admissions increased statistically significantly, analysed data for the whole year and for the summer months alone, and estimated the relative and attributable risks. The estimated attributable risk was 3.6 % for every one-degree rise in the maximum daily temperature above 12 °C throughout the year, and 12.21 % for every one degree rise in temperature above the threshold heatwave definition temperature (34 °C) in summer. Furthermore, different meteorological variables displayed a statistically significant association. Whereas hours of sunlight and mean wind speed proved significant in the analyses of both the whole year and summer, the variables "rain" and "relative humidity", only showed a significant relationship in the analysis for the whole year. High ambient temperature is a risk factor that favours the increase in emergency hospitalisations attributable to the principal BFDs, with a greater impact being observed on days coinciding with heatwave periods. The results yielded by this study could serve as a basis for implementing BFD prevention strategies, especially on heatwave days.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Ascaso
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Díaz
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
| | - J A López-Bueno
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Navas
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - I J Mirón
- Castile-La Mancha Regional Health Authority, Toledo, Spain
| | - C Linares
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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Wang Y, Hu J, Wu Y, Kota SH, Zhang H, Gong K, Xie X, Yue X, Liao H, Huang L. Continued Rise in Health Burden from Ambient PM 2.5 in India under SSP Scenarios Until 2100 despite Decreasing Concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:8685-8695. [PMID: 38709795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Forecasting alterations in ambient air pollution and the consequent health implications is crucial for safeguarding public health, advancing environmental sustainability, informing economic decision making, and promoting appropriate policy and regulatory action. However, predicting such changes poses a substantial challenge, requiring accurate data, sophisticated modeling methodologies, and a meticulous evaluation of multiple drivers. In this study, we calculate premature deaths due to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure in India from the 2020s (2016-2020) to the 2100s (2095-2100) under four different socioeconomic and climate scenarios (SSPs) based on four CMIP6 models. PM2.5 concentrations decreased in all SSP scenarios except for SSP3-7.0, with the lowest concentration observed in SSP1-2.6. The results indicate an upward trend in the five-year average number of deaths across all scenarios, ranging from 1.01 million in the 2020s to 4.12-5.44 million in the 2100s. Further analysis revealed that the benefits of reducing PM2.5 concentrations under all scenarios are largely mitigated by population aging and growth. These findings underscore the importance of proactive measures and an integrated approach in India to improve atmospheric quality and reduce vulnerability to aging under changing climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yangyang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sri Harsha Kota
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Kangjia Gong
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xu Yue
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Lei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Calle-Martínez A, Ruiz-Páez R, Gómez-González L, Egea-Ferrer A, López-Bueno JA, Díaz J, Asensio C, Navas MA, Linares C. Short-term effects of tropospheric ozone and other environmental factors on emergency admissions due to pregnancy complications: A time-series analysis in the Madrid Region. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116206. [PMID: 37217123 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution has been linked to adverse neonatal outcomes, mainly in the case of prolonged exposures. This study focuses on the short-term effects on maternal health. We conducted a retrospective ecological time-series study in the Madrid Region covering the period 2013-2018. The independent variables were mean daily concentrations of tropospheric ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM10/PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), as well as noise levels. The dependent variables were daily emergency hospital admissions due to complications in pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium. Poisson generalised linear regression models were fitted to quantify the relative and attributable risks, controlling for trend, seasonality, the autoregressive nature of the series, and a number of meteorological factors. There were 318 069 emergency hospital admissions due to obstetric complications across the 2191 days of study. Of this total: 13 164 (95%CI: 9930-16 398) admissions were attributable to exposure to O3, the only pollutant to show a statistically significant (p < 0.05) association with admissions due to hypertensive disorders; and 10 575 (95%CI: 3573-17 566) admissions were attributable to daytime noise levels, while admissions due to hyperemesis gravidarum and vomiting were related to exposure to night noise. Other pollutants which also displayed statistically significant associations were: NO2 concentrations, with admissions due to vomiting and preterm labour; PM10 concentrations, with premature rupture of membranes: and PM2.5 concentrations, with total complications. Exposure to a range of air pollutants, and ozone in particular, is associated with a higher number of emergency hospital admissions due to gestational complications. Hence, surveillance of environmental effects on maternal health should be intensified, and plans and strategies to minimise these should be drawn up.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Calle-Martínez
- Preventive Medicine Department, University Hospital of Móstoles, Móstoles, Spain
| | | | - L Gómez-González
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - A Egea-Ferrer
- Preventive Medicine Department, Albacete University General Teaching Hospital, Castile-La Mancha, Spain
| | - J A López-Bueno
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Díaz
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
| | - C Asensio
- Instrumentation and Applied Acoustics Research Group, Madrid Polytechnic University, Campus Sur, Ctra. Valencia Km 7, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Navas
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - C Linares
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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Egea A, Linares C, Díaz J, Gómez L, Calle A, Navas MA, Ruiz-Páez R, Asensio C, Padrón-Monedero A, López-Bueno JA. How heat waves, ozone and sunlight hours affect endocrine and metabolic diseases emergency admissions? A case study in the region of Madrid (Spain). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 229:116022. [PMID: 37121348 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies which analyse the joint effect of acoustic or chemical air pollution variables and different meteorological variables on neuroendocrine disease are practically nonexistent. This study therefore sought to analyse the impact of air pollutants and environmental meteorological variables on daily unscheduled admissions due to endocrine and metabolic diseases in the Madrid Region from January 01, 2013 to December 31, 2018. MATERIAL AND METHODS We conducted a longitudinal, retrospective, ecological study of daily time series analysed by Poisson regression, with emergency neuroendocrine-disease admissions in the Madrid Region as the dependent variable. The independent variables were: mean daily concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and O3; acoustic pollution; maximum and minimum daily temperatures; hours of sunlight; relative humidity; wind speed; and air pressure above sea level. Estimators of the statistically significant variables were used to calculate the relative risks (RRs). RESULTS A statistically significant association was found between the increase in temperatures in heat waves, RR: 1.123 95% CI (1.001-1.018), and the number of emergency admissions, making it the main risk factor. An association between a decrease in sunlight and an increase in hospital admissions, RR: 1.005 95% CI (1.002 1.008), was likewise observed. Similarly, ozone, in the form of mean daily concentrations in excess of 44 μg/m3, had an impact on admissions due to neuroendocrine disease, RR: 1.010 95% CI (1.007-1.035). The breakdown by sex showed that in the case of women, NO2 was also a risk factor, RR: 1.021 95% CI (1.007-1.035). CONCLUSION The results obtained in this study serve to identify risk factors for this disease, such as extreme temperatures in heat waves, O3 or NO2. The robust association found between the decrease in sunlight and increase in hospital admissions due to neuroendocrine disease serves to spotlight an environmental factor which has received scant attention in public health until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Egea
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Resident, Albacete General University Teaching Hospital, Spain
| | - C Linares
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Díaz
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
| | - L Gómez
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - A Calle
- Preventive Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Móstoles, Spain
| | - M A Navas
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - C Asensio
- Madrid Polytechnic University, Instrumentation and Applied Acoustics Research Group, Ctra. Valencia km 7 - Campus sur, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Padrón-Monedero
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - J A López-Bueno
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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Fernández-Pampillón J, Palacios M, Núñez L, Pujadas M, Artíñano B. Potential ambient NO 2 abatement by applying photocatalytic materials in a Spanish city and analysis of short-term effect on human mortality. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 323:121203. [PMID: 36738878 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Road traffic is the main contributor to NO2 emissions in many European cities, causing that the current limit values for the protection of human health are exceeded. The use of photocatalytic compounds that incorporate titanium dioxide (TiO2) is frequently proposed as abatement technology but its depolluting effectiveness on a real scale is still being investigated. In this work, the potential removal capacity of NO2 that selected TiO2-based materials would have if they were implemented in a street in the municipality of Alcobendas (Community of Madrid, Spain) has been evaluated. The number of avoided NO2-related deaths over the locality across the period 2001-2019 have been inferred. Moreover, the saving associated with the estimated removal of ambient NO2 due to the use of photocatalytic materials and costs generated by their acquisition and implementation in the selected urban environment were briefly studied. Attributable mortality due to NO2 concentrations for Alcobendas has been estimated in 289 deaths, being 9241 the total deaths due to natural cause. This presents a monthly variation associated with the evolution of both mortality due to natural causes and the average concentrations of NO2. The reduction in mortality via the hypothetical implantation of photocatalytic materials throughout the municipality, assuming ideal conditions for their optimal performance, would be a maximum of 3%. In addition, a saving of €5708 yr-1 km-2 related to NOx damage costs of transport was obtained. A total cost of k€4750.5 km-2 was associated to the purchase of photocatalytic materials and their application to all surfaces in that area. This technology has a big elimination potential in controlled conditions but a low reduction of ambient NO2 is provided when implemented in real outdoor urban scenarios. Its use can be recommended incorporated into engineering designs and applications, complementing other abatement measures, to reduce NO2 mortality in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Fernández-Pampillón
- Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain; The National Distance Education University (UNED), Madrid, 28232, Spain
| | - Magdalena Palacios
- Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Lourdes Núñez
- Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Manuel Pujadas
- Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Begoña Artíñano
- Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain
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Ruiz-Páez R, Díaz J, López-Bueno JA, Asensio C, Ascaso MS, Saez M, Luna MY, Barceló MA, Navas MA, Linares C. Short-term effects of air pollution and noise on emergency hospital admissions in Madrid and economic assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 219:115147. [PMID: 36580986 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to study the effect of air pollution and noise has on the population in Madrid Community (MAR) in the period 2013-2018, and its economic impact. METHODS Time series study analysing emergency hospital admissions in the MAR due to all causes (ICD-10: A00-R99), respiratory causes (ICD-10: J00-J99) and circulatory causes (ICD-10: I00-I99) across the period 2013-2018. The main independent variables were mean daily PM2.5, PM10, NO2, 8-h ozone concentrations, and noise. We controlled for meteorological variables, Public Holidays, seasonality, and the trend and autoregressive nature of the series, and fitted generalised linear models with a Poisson regression link to ascertain the relative risks and attributable risks. In addition, we made an economic assessment of these hospitalisations. RESULTS The following associations were found: NO2 with admissions due to natural (RR: 1.007, 95% CI: 1.004-1.011) and respiratory causes (RR: 1.012, 95% CI: 1.005-1.019); 8-h ozone with admissions due to natural (RR: 1.049, 95% CI: 1.014-1.046) and circulatory causes (RR: 1.088, 95% CI: 1.039-1.140); and diurnal noise (LAeq7-23h) with admissions due to natural (RR: 1.001, 95% CI: 1.001-1.002), respiratory (RR: 1.002, 95% CI: 1.001-1.003) and circulatory causes (RR: 1.003, 95% CI: 1.002-1.005). Every year, a total of 8246 (95% CI: 4580-11,905) natural-cause admissions are attributable to NO2, with an estimated cost of close on €120 million and 5685 (95% CI: 2533-8835) attributed to LAeq7-23h with an estimated cost of close on €82 million. CONCLUSIONS Nitrogen dioxide, ozone and noise are the main pollutants to which a large number of hospitalisations in the MAR are attributed, and are thus responsible for a marked deterioration in population health and high related economic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Díaz
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - C Asensio
- Universidad Politéctnica de Madrid. Grupo de Investigación en Instrumentación y Acústica Aplicada, Ctra. Valencia Km 7, Campus sur, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - M S Ascaso
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Saez
- Research Group on Statistics, Econometrics and Health (GRECS), University of Girona, Girona, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Y Luna
- Meteorological Statal Agency. (AEMET), Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Barceló
- Research Group on Statistics, Econometrics and Health (GRECS), University of Girona, Girona, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Navas
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - C Linares
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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Ruiz-Páez R, Díaz J, López-Bueno JA, Navas MA, Mirón IJ, Martínez GS, Luna MY, Linares C. Does the meteorological origin of heat waves influence their impact on health? A 6-year morbidity and mortality study in Madrid (Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158900. [PMID: 36155828 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Spain, two synoptic-scale conditions influence heat wave formation. The first involves advection of warm and dry air masses carrying dust of Saharan origin (North African Dust (NAF) = 1). The second entails anticyclonic stagnation with high insolation and stability (NAF) = 0). Some studies show that the meteorological origin of these heat waves may affect their impact on morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the impact of heat waves on health outcomes in Madrid (Spain) during 2013-2018 varied by synoptic-scale condition. METHODOLOGY Outcome data consist of daily mortality and daily hospital emergency admissions (morbidity) for natural, circulatory, and respiratory causes. Predictors include daily maximum and minimum temperatures and daily mean concentrations of NO2, PM10, PM2.5, NO2, and O3. Analyses adjust for insolation, relative humidity, and wind speed. Generalized linear models were performed with Poisson link between the variables controlling for trend, seasonality, and auto-regression in the series. Relative Risks (RR) and Attributable Risks (AR) were determined. The RRs for mortality attributable to high temperatures were similar regardless of NAF status. For hospital admissions, however, the RRs for hot days with NAF = 0 are higher than for days with NAF = 1. We also found that atmospheric pollutants worsen morbidity and mortality, especially PM10 concentrations when NAF = 1 and O3 concentrations when NAF = 0. RESULTS The effect of heat waves on morbidity and mortality depends on the synoptic situation. The impact is greater under anticyclonic stagnation conditions than under Saharan dust advection. Further, the health impact of pollutants such as PM10 and O3 varies according to the synoptic situation. CONCLUSIONS Based on these findings, we strongly recommend prevention plans to include data on the meteorological situation originating the heat wave, on a synoptic-scale, as well as comprehensive preventive measures against the compounding effect of high temperatures and pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Díaz
- Reference Unit on Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - M A Navas
- Reference Unit on Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - I J Mirón
- Department of Health, Community Board of Castile La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - M Y Luna
- State Meteorological Agency (AEMET), Madrid, Spain
| | - C Linares
- Reference Unit on Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Gariazzo C, Renzi M, Marinaccio A, Michelozzi P, Massari S, Silibello C, Carlino G, Rossi PG, Maio S, Viegi G, Stafoggia M. Association between short-term exposure to air pollutants and cause-specific daily mortality in Italy. A nationwide analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114676. [PMID: 36328229 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Daily air pollution has been linked with mortality from urban studies. Associations in rural areas are still unclear and there is growing interest in testing the role that air pollution has on other causes of death. This study aims to evaluate the association between daily air pollution and cause-specific mortality in all 8092 Italian municipalities. METHODS Natural, cardiovascular, cardiac, ischemic, cerebrovascular, respiratory, metabolic, diabetes, nervous and psychiatric causes of death occurred in Italy were extracted during 2013-2015. Daily ambient PM10, PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations were estimated through machine learning algorithms. The associations between air pollutants and cause-specific mortality were estimated with a time-series approach using a two-stage analytic protocol where area-specific over-dispersed Poisson regression models where fit in the first stage, followed by a meta-analysis in the second. We tested for effect modification by sex, age class and the degree of urbanisation of the municipality. RESULTS We estimated a positive association between PM10 and PM2.5 and the mortality from natural, cardiovascular, cardiac, respiratory and nervous system causes, but not with metabolic or psychiatric causes of death. In particular, mortality from nervous diseases increased by 4.55% (95% CI: 2.51-6.63) and 9.64% (95% CI: 5.76-13.65) for increments of 10 μg/m3 in PM10 and PM2.5 (lag 0-5 days), respectively. NO2 was positively associated with respiratory (6.68% (95% CI: 1.04-12.62)) and metabolic (7.30% (95% CI: 1.03-13.95)) mortality for increments of 10 μg/m3 (lag 0-5). Higher associations with natural mortality were found among the elderly, while there were no differential effects between sex or between rural and urban areas. CONCLUSIONS Short-term exposure to particulate matter was associated with mortality from nervous diseases. Mortality from metabolic diseases was associated with NO2 exposure. Other associations are confirmed and updated, including the contribution of lowly urbanised areas. Health effects were also found in suburban and rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Gariazzo
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Department, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Roma, Italy.
| | - Matteo Renzi
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marinaccio
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Department, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Roma, Italy
| | - Paola Michelozzi
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Massari
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Department, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Sara Maio
- CNR - Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Viegi
- CNR - Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Stafoggia
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy
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Wang Y, Hu J, Huang L, Li T, Yue X, Xie X, Liao H, Chen K, Wang M. Projecting future health burden associated with exposure to ambient PM 2.5 and ozone in China under different climate scenarios. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 169:107542. [PMID: 36194980 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Projecting future air pollution and related health burdens remains challenging because of the complex interactions among future emissions, population, and climate change. In this study, we estimated the premature deaths attributed to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) from 2015 to 2100 under four socioeconomic climate scenarios based on an age-stratified assessment method. We found that PM2.5 will decrease in all shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios and O3 will decrease in the SSP1-2.6 and SSP2-4.5 scenarios, contributing to a decrease in premature mortality together with the declining total population in China. However, the benefits of a decline in population size and PM2.5 and O3 concentrations over time will be largely offset by population aging, and premature death caused by PM2.5 and O3 will continue to rise till 2060-2080. This impact was greater for the O3-related deaths than those for PM2.5. Our study highlights the importance of future prevention strategies that must jointly improve air quality and susceptibility to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Lei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Yue
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Yale Center on Climate Change and Health, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; RENEW Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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10
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TATARCHENKO HALYNA, KRAVCHENKO INNA, TATARCHENKO ZAHAR, OZHEREDOVA MARYNA, BILOSHYTSKA NATALIIA, ZOLOTAROVA OLENA. REDUCING THE POLLUTION OF THE AIRSPACE OF THE CITY'S MAIN HIGHWAY AREAS. AD ALTA: 12/02-XXX. 2022. [DOI: 10.33543/120230153157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The article deals with problems of air pollution in large cities and how to solve them. In Europe, road transport produces nearly half of NOx emissions, which ensures urban air quality. Analysis of reference data has revealed scientists' active interest in reducing air pollution in large cities. However, since the objects of territorial planning continue to develop dangerously, one can speak of the absence of a sufficiently compelling concept of architectural and urban planning to ensure the environmental safety of the air basin of urban areas. Therefore, we propose to consider the object of the research and protection as systemic integrity of three entities: areas near trunk roads, air basins, and population. The paper presents an ER model of the research object and determines the main parameters of each entity, their interrelationships, and the action area. We propose an engineering and planning solution for installing special units to remove the most dangerous admixtures of nitrogen oxides and dust from the air basin near the city trunk roads through ozonation and absorption. The basis of the proposed treatment plant is a scrubber with combined processes of wet dust collection and ozonation characterized by high efficiency in removing fine dust and nitrogen oxides. The work presents a process flow diagram of purification and determines the operating conditions of the equipment. To substantiate the unit's operational safety in an emergency with ozone emission, we have simulated the process of ozone dispersion in the surrounding areas.
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Li S, Wang G, Wang B, Cao S, Zhang K, Duan X, Wu W. Has the Risk of Outpatient Visits for Allergic Rhinitis, Related to Short-Term Exposure to Air Pollution, Changed over the Past Years in Beijing, China? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12529. [PMID: 36231829 PMCID: PMC9566797 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies have found associations between the short-term exposure to ambient air pollution and hospital admissions. However, little is known about the temporal variations in ambient air pollution associated with health exposure, especially in China. We evaluated whether the risks of allergic rhinitis (AR) outpatient visits from short-term exposure to air pollution varied over time (2014-2020) in Beijing, China. A quasi-Poisson generalized additive model was used to evaluate the relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) associated with the pollutant concentrations during the entire study period and three specific periods. We also analyzed the temporal variations of the period-specific associations and tested the trend of change using the Mann-Kendall test. The concentration-response relationships for the specific periods were further investigated. The RRs (95%CI) for an interquartile range (IQR) increased in PM10 (70 μg/m3) and CO (0.5 mg/m3) decreased from period 1 to period 3. However, The RRs (95%CI) of PM2.5 (55 μg/m3), SO2 (7 μg/m3) and NO2 (27 μg/m3) increased from 1.015 (0.978, 1.054), 1.027 (1.009, 1.044) and 1.086 (1.037, 1.137) in period 1 to 1.069 (1.005, 1.135), 1.074 (1.003, 1.149) and 1.214 (1.149, 1.282) in period 3, respectively. A statistically significant temporal change and the stable effects were observed between the NO2 exposure and AR visits over time. Despite a substantial reduction in ambient air pollution, the short-term effects on AR outpatient visits remained significant. Our findings provide a rationale for continued air pollution control efforts in the future to minimize air pollution and to protect the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Li
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Suzhen Cao
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144-2345, USA
| | - Xiaoli Duan
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
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12
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Zhu Y, Peng L, Li H, Pan J, Kan H, Wang W. Temporal variations of short-term associations between PM 10 and NO 2 concentrations and emergency department visits in Shanghai, China 2008-2019. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 229:113087. [PMID: 34922167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Levels and constituents of ambient air pollution have substantially changed in China over the last decade. Such changes may lead to the variations in health effects of air pollution. Very limited studies, however, have investigated the temporal variations in health effects of air pollution on a long-term scale, especially in China. We evaluated the temporal variations in short-term associations between PM10 and NO2 concentrations and emergency department (ED) visits during a 12-year period from 2008 to 2019 in Shanghai, China. A quasi-Poisson generalized linear regression was performed to assess the associations between PM10 and NO2 concentrations and ED visits during entire study period and three specific periods. We evaluated the temporal variations of period-specific associations with an interaction variable between pollutant concentrations and period indicators. We further investigated the concentration-response relationships for specific periods. The effects on specific subpopulations (males and females; 18-65 years old and >65 years old) were also examined. A 10 μg/m3 increase of PM10 and NO2 corresponded to 0.48% (95% CI: 0.36%, 0.59%) and 1.51% (95% CI: 1.25%, 1.78%) increase in ED visits at lag0-7 day for entire study period, respectively. The short-term associations between ED visits and NO2 remained unchanged over time (P-value > 0.05), while the effects from PM10 were significantly inconsistent (P-value < 0.05), with the highest effect observed during the intermediate period of 2012-2015 and the lowest effect observed during the initial period of 2008-2011. Similar temporal trends were found in subgroups, except for elderly group. Despite substantial reduction in ambient PM10 and NO2 concentrations, the short-term effects on ED visits for NO2 remained stable and even increased for PM10. More efforts were needed to reduce harmful components in air pollution mixture to reduce the health hazards of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinhua Pan
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weibing Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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13
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Zoran MA, Savastru RS, Savastru DM, Tautan MN, Baschir LA, Tenciu DV. Assessing the impact of air pollution and climate seasonality on COVID-19 multiwaves in Madrid, Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111849. [PMID: 34370990 PMCID: PMC8343379 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
While the COVID-19 pandemic is still in progress, being under the fifth COVID-19 wave in Madrid, over more than one year, Spain experienced a four wave pattern. The transmission of SARS-CoV-2 pathogens in Madrid metropolitan region was investigated from an urban context associated with seasonal variability of climate and air pollution drivers. Based on descriptive statistics and regression methods of in-situ and geospatial daily time series data, this study provides a comparative analysis between COVID-19 waves incidence and mortality cases in Madrid under different air quality and climate conditions. During analyzed period 1 January 2020-1 July 2021, for each of the four COVID-19 waves in Madrid were recorded anomalous anticyclonic synoptic meteorological patterns in the mid-troposphere and favorable stability conditions for COVID-19 disease fast spreading. As airborne microbial temporal pattern is most affected by seasonal changes, this paper found: 1) a significant negative correlation of air temperature, Planetary Boundary Layer height, and surface solar irradiance with daily new COVID-19 incidence and deaths; 2) a similar mutual seasonality with climate variables of the first and the fourth COVID-waves from spring seasons of 2020 and 2021 years. Such information may help the health decision makers and public plan for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Zoran
- IT Department, National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Atomistilor Street 409, MG5, Magurele-Bucharest, 077125, Romania.
| | - Roxana S Savastru
- IT Department, National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Atomistilor Street 409, MG5, Magurele-Bucharest, 077125, Romania
| | - Dan M Savastru
- IT Department, National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Atomistilor Street 409, MG5, Magurele-Bucharest, 077125, Romania
| | - Marina N Tautan
- IT Department, National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Atomistilor Street 409, MG5, Magurele-Bucharest, 077125, Romania
| | - Laurentiu A Baschir
- IT Department, National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Atomistilor Street 409, MG5, Magurele-Bucharest, 077125, Romania
| | - Daniel V Tenciu
- IT Department, National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Atomistilor Street 409, MG5, Magurele-Bucharest, 077125, Romania
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Saucy A, de Hoogh K, Vienneau D, Tangermann L, Schäffer B, Wunderli JM, Probst-Hensch N, Röösli M. Mutual effects of fine particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and fireworks on cause-specific acute cardiovascular mortality: A case-crossover study in communities affected by aircraft noise. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118066. [PMID: 34536646 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air pollution is the leading cause of environmental mortality and morbidity worldwide. However, the individual contributions to acute mortality of traffic-related air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are still debated. We conducted a time-stratified case-crossover study for a population located around Zurich airport in Switzerland, including 24,886 adult cardiovascular deaths from the Swiss National Cohort. We estimated the risk of cause-specific cardiovascular mortality associated with daily NO2 and PM2.5 concentrations at home using distributed lag models up to 7 days preceding death, adjusted for daily temperature, precipitation, acute night-time aircraft noise, firework celebrations, and holidays. Cardiovascular mortality was associated with NO2, whereas the association with PM2.5 disappeared upon adjustment for NO2. The strongest association was observed between NO2 and ischemic stroke mortality (odds ratio = 1.55 per 10 μg/m3, 95% confidence intervals = 1.20-2.00). Cause-specific mortality analyses showed differences in terms of delayed effect: odds ratios were highest at 1-3 days after exposure for most outcomes but at lags of 3-5 days for heart failure. Individual vulnerabilities to NO2 associated cardiovascular mortality also varied by cause of death, possibly highlighting the role of different behaviours and risk factors in the most susceptible groups. The risk of cardiovascular mortality was also increased on firework days and after public holidays, independent from NO2 and PM2.5 concentrations. This study confirms the association between ambient NO2, as a marker for primary emissions, and acute cardiovascular mortality in a specific setting around a major airport. Future research should clarify the role of additional air pollutants including ultra-fine particles on cardiovascular diseases to inform most efficient control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apolline Saucy
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (SwissTPH), Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (SwissTPH), Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Vienneau
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (SwissTPH), Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Louise Tangermann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (SwissTPH), Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beat Schäffer
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Wunderli
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Probst-Hensch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (SwissTPH), Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Röösli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (SwissTPH), Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Wang M, Li H, Huang S, Qian Y, Steenland K, Xie Y, Papatheodorou S, Shi L. Short-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 202:111766. [PMID: 34331919 PMCID: PMC8578359 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambient air pollution has been characterized as a leading cause of mortality worldwide and has been associated with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. There is increasing evidence that short-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), is related to adverse health effects and mortality. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of short-term NO2 and daily mortality, which were indexed in PubMed and Embase up to June 2021. We calculated random-effects estimates by different continents and globally, and tested for heterogeneity and publication bias. RESULTS We included 87 articles in our quantitative analysis. NO2 and all-cause as well as cause-specific mortality were positively associated in the main analysis. For all-cause mortality, a 10 ppb increase in NO2 was associated with a 1.58% (95%CI 1.28%-1.88%, I2 = 96.3%, Eggers' test p < 0.01, N = 57) increase in the risk of death. For cause-specific mortality, a 10 ppb increase in NO2 was associated with a 1.72% (95%CI 1.41%-2.04%, I2 = 87.4%, Eggers' test p < 0.01, N = 42) increase in cardiovascular mortality and a 2.05% (95%CI 1.52%-2.59%, I2 = 78.5%, Eggers' test p < 0.01, N = 38) increase in respiratory mortality. In the sensitivity analysis, the meta-estimates for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality were nearly identical. The heterogeneity would decline to varying degrees through regional and study-design stratification. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence of an association between short-term exposure to NO2, a proxy for traffic-sourced air pollutants, and all-cause, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Wang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Haomin Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shiwen Huang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yaoyao Qian
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kyle Steenland
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yang Xie
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Liuhua Shi
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Achebak H, Petetin H, Quijal-Zamorano M, Bowdalo D, Pérez García-Pando C, Ballester J. Trade-offs between short-term mortality attributable to NO 2 and O 3 changes during the COVID-19 lockdown across major Spanish cities. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117220. [PMID: 33975212 PMCID: PMC8093093 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic forced most countries to put in place lockdown measures to slow down the transmission of the virus. These lockdowns have led to temporal improvements in air quality. Here, we evaluate the changes in NO2 and O3 levels along with the associated impact upon premature mortality during the COVID-19 lockdown and deconfinement periods along the first epidemic wave across the provincial capital cities of Spain. We first quantify the change in pollutants solely due to the lockdown as the difference between business-as-usual (BAU) pollution levels, estimated with a machine learning-based meteorological normalization technique, and observed concentrations. Second, instead of using exposure-response functions between the pollutants and mortality reported in the literature, we fit conditional quasi-Poisson regression models to estimate city-specific associations between daily pollutant levels and non-accidental mortality during the period 2010-2018. Significant relative risk values are observed at lag 1 for NO2 (1.0047 [95% CI: 1.0014 to 1.0081]) and at lag 0 for O3 (1.0039 [1.0013 to 1.0065]). On average NO2 changed by -51% (intercity range -65.7 to -30.9%) and -36.4% (-53.7 to -11.6%), and O3 by -1.1% (-20.2 to 23.8%) and 0.6% (-12.4 to 23.0%), during the lockdown (57 days) and deconfinement (42 days) periods, respectively. We obtain a reduction in attributable mortality associated with NO2 changes of -119 (95% CI: -273 to -24) deaths over the lockdown, and of -53 (-114 to -10) deaths over the deconfinement. This was partially compensated by an increase in the attributable number of deaths, 14 (-72 to 99) during the lockdown, and 8 (-27 to 50) during the deconfinement, associated with the rise in O3 levels in the most populous cities during the analysed period, despite the overall small average reductions. Our study shows that the potential trade-offs between multiple air pollutants should be taken into account when evaluating the health impacts of environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Achebak
- Climate and Health Program, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Demographic Studies, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | - Dene Bowdalo
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Pérez García-Pando
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Ballester
- Climate and Health Program, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Linares C, Culqui D, Belda F, López-Bueno JA, Luna Y, Sánchez-Martínez G, Hervella B, Díaz J. Impact of environmental factors and Sahara dust intrusions on incidence and severity of COVID-19 disease in Spain. Effect in the first and second pandemic waves. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:51948-51960. [PMID: 33993402 PMCID: PMC8124022 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Scientific evidence suggests that Saharan dust intrusions in Southern Europe contribute to the worsening of multiple pathologies and increase the concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and other pollutants. However, few studies have examined whether Saharan dust intrusions influence the incidence and severity of COVID-19 cases. To address this question, in this study we carried out generalized linear models with Poisson link between incidence rates and daily hospital admissions and average daily concentrations of PM10, NO2, and O3 in nine Spanish regions for the period from February 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020. The models were adjusted by maximum daily temperature and average daily absolute humidity. Furthermore, we controlled for trend, seasonality, and the autoregressive nature of the series. The variable relating to Saharan dust intrusions was introduced using a dichotomous variable, NAF, averaged across daily lags in ranges of 0-7 days, 8-14 days, 14-21 days, and 22-28 days. The results obtained in this study suggest that chemical air pollutants, and especially NO2, are related to the incidence and severity of COVID-19 in Spain. Furthermore, Saharan dust intrusions have an additional effect beyond what is attributable to the variation in air pollution; they are related, in different lags, to both the incidence and hospital admissions rates for COVID-19. These results serve to support public health measures that minimize population exposure on days with particulate matter advection from the Sahara.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Linares
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), Avda Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dante Culqui
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), Avda Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José Antonio López-Bueno
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), Avda Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Luna
- State Meteorological Agency (AEMET), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Julio Díaz
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), Avda Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Zoran MA, Savastru RS, Savastru DM, Tautan MN, Baschir LA, Tenciu DV. Exploring the linkage between seasonality of environmental factors and COVID-19 waves in Madrid, Spain. PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION : TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, PART B 2021; 152:583-600. [PMID: 36285289 PMCID: PMC9584827 DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2021.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Like several countries, Spain experienced a multi wave pattern of COVID-19 pandemic over more than one year period, between spring 2020 and spring 2021. The transmission of SARS-CoV-2 pandemics is a multi-factorial process involving among other factors outdoor environmental variables and viral inactivation.This study aims to quantify the impact of climate and air pollution factors seasonality on incidence and severity of COVID-19 disease waves in Madrid metropolitan region in Spain. We employed descriptive statistics and Spearman rank correlation tests for analysis of daily in-situ and geospatial time-series of air quality and climate data to investigate the associations with COVID-19 incidence and lethality in Madrid under different synoptic meteorological patterns. During the analyzed period (1 January 2020-28 February 2021), with one month before each of three COVID-19 waves were recorded anomalous anticyclonic circulations in the mid-troposphere, with positive anomalies of geopotential heights at 500 mb and favorable stability conditions for SARS-CoV-2 fast diffusion. In addition, the results reveal that air temperature, Planetary Boundary Layer height, ground level ozone have a significant negative relationship with daily new COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths. The findings of this study provide useful information to the public health authorities and policymakers for optimizing interventions during pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Zoran
- IT Department, National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Atomistilor Street 409, MG5, Magurele-Bucharest, 077125, Romania
| | - Roxana S Savastru
- IT Department, National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Atomistilor Street 409, MG5, Magurele-Bucharest, 077125, Romania
| | - Dan M Savastru
- IT Department, National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Atomistilor Street 409, MG5, Magurele-Bucharest, 077125, Romania
| | - Marina N Tautan
- IT Department, National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Atomistilor Street 409, MG5, Magurele-Bucharest, 077125, Romania
| | - Laurentiu A Baschir
- IT Department, National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Atomistilor Street 409, MG5, Magurele-Bucharest, 077125, Romania
| | - Daniel V Tenciu
- IT Department, National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Atomistilor Street 409, MG5, Magurele-Bucharest, 077125, Romania
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Cordero JM, Hingorani R, Jimenez-Relinque E, Grande M, Cutillas F, Martinez E, Borge R, Narros A, Castellote M. Challenges in quantification of photocatalytic NO 2 abatement effectiveness under real world exposure conditions illustrated by a case study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:144393. [PMID: 33418266 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Health risks due to NO2 exposure commonly exceed acceptable levels in modern societies. Among the measures to reduce such risks, photocatalytic materials present a promising technology. However, while the pollutant remediation of such materials has been extensively validated in laboratory studies, the performance under real world environmental exposure conditions is still subject to controversy. Indeed, a comparison of available in-situ monitoring studies manifests non-conclusive and highly scattered results regarding the photocatalytic effectiveness observed. The reasons for this behaviour must be carefully explored in order to prevent non-efficient photocatalytic applications from being put into practice on a larger scale. This paper presents a comprehensive large-scale study for assessing the photocatalytic NO2 remediation by active pavements in a street of Madrid (Spain), comprising different in-situ monitoring techniques. The discussion is enriched by relating the obtained results to those of other large-scale studies. The discrepancies between these results may be traced back to different circumstances, among them the distance between the active pavement and the pollutant concentration sampling inlet, as well as to significant site-specific and time-dependent variations of pollutant concentrations and climatic parameters. Under due consideration of these influences, for materials with relatively high initial effectiveness, it was concluded that in most such applications, the average NO2 removal effectiveness, if evaluated at a typical inlet height of Air Quality Stations (3 m), will not exceed a value of 4% (averaged over a sufficiently large number of measurement points in the area of application and a sustained amount of time, i.e. several months). When considering more realistic human exposure conditions (lower heights and daytime), it might be justified to assume somewhat higher average effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Cordero
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (ETSII-UPM), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - R Hingorani
- Institute of Construction Science "Eduardo Torroja" IETcc-CSIC, Serrano Galvache 4, 28033 Madrid, Spain
| | - E Jimenez-Relinque
- Institute of Construction Science "Eduardo Torroja" IETcc-CSIC, Serrano Galvache 4, 28033 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Grande
- Institute of Construction Science "Eduardo Torroja" IETcc-CSIC, Serrano Galvache 4, 28033 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Cutillas
- Departamento de Apoyo Técnico e Innovación, DG del Espacio Público, Obras e Infraestructura, Madrid City Council, Barco 20, 28004 Madrid, Spain
| | - E Martinez
- Departamento de Apoyo Técnico e Innovación, DG del Espacio Público, Obras e Infraestructura, Madrid City Council, Barco 20, 28004 Madrid, Spain
| | - R Borge
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (ETSII-UPM), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Narros
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (ETSII-UPM), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Castellote
- Institute of Construction Science "Eduardo Torroja" IETcc-CSIC, Serrano Galvache 4, 28033 Madrid, Spain
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Al-Hemoud A, Gasana J, Alajeel A, Alhamoud E, Al-Shatti A, Al-Khayat A. Ambient exposure of O 3 and NO 2 and associated health risk in Kuwait. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:14917-14926. [PMID: 33222061 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11481-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), indissoluble air pollutants in the atmosphere, have been confirmed in various parts of the world to have detrimental health effects on humans. Currently, such information is lacking in Kuwait. The objectives of this study are to investigate the spatial and temporal variations of O3 and NO2 concentrations in Kuwait during a 4-year period (2014-2017) and to quantify the associated short- and long-term health effects, including all-cause, respiratory, and cardiovascular mortalities and morbidities during the same study period. Exposure assessment showed that the annual levels (22.5-26.4 ppb), SOMO35, and the 8-hour 4-year mean (38 ppb) of O3 were very low and below the World Health Organization (WHO) (50 ppb) and Kuwaiti (70 ppb) regulatory limits. The annual mean levels of NO2 ranged from 30.3 to 43.8 ppb and were significantly higher than both WHO and Kuwait limits (21 ppb). As expected, O3 and NO2 levels showed opposing trends, with higher concentrations of NO2 recorded in early morning and mid-evening, during autumn and winter, and during Saturdays (the so-called weekend effect). Health effects indicated high respiratory diseases due to short-term exposure to NO2. Contrary to the western countries' pollution levels, Kuwait showed lower O3 and higher NO2 levels. There is potential for substantial health improvements in Kuwait by reducing NO2 pollution through stringent control measures of stationary and mobile sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al-Hemoud
- Crisis Decision Support Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Crisis Decision Support Program, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P. O. Box 24885, 13109, Safat, Kuwait.
| | - Janvier Gasana
- Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University, P. O. Box 24923, 13110, Safat, Kuwait
| | | | - Ebrahim Alhamoud
- Faculty of Law, Kuwait University, P. O. Box 5475, 13055, Safat, Kuwait
| | | | - Ahmed Al-Khayat
- Techno-Economics Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P. O. Box 24885, 13109, Safat, Kuwait
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Shin HH, Parajuli RP, Gogna P, Maquiling A, Dehghani P. Pollutant-sex specific differences in respiratory hospitalization and mortality risk attributable to short-term exposure to ambient air pollution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:143135. [PMID: 33168238 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have reported associations of individual pollutants with respiratory hospitalization and mortality based on different populations, which makes it difficult to directly compare adverse health effects among multiple air pollutants. OBJECTIVES The study goal is to compare acute respiratory-related hospitalization and mortality associated with short-term exposure to three ambient air pollutants and analyze differences in health risks by season, age and sex. METHODS Hourly measurements of air pollutants (ozone, NO2, PM2.5) and temperature were collected from ground-monitors for 24 cities along with daily hospitalization (1996-2012) and mortality (1984-2012) data. National associations between air pollutant and health outcome were estimated for season (warm, cold vs. year-round), age (base ≥ 1, seniors > 65), and sex (females ≥ 1 and males ≥ 1) using Bayesian hierarchical models. RESULTS Overall, the three air pollutants were significantly associated with acute respiratory health outcomes at different lag-days. For respiratory hospitalization, the increased risks in percent changes with 95% posterior intervals for a 10-unit increase in each pollutant were: ozone (lag1, 0.7% (0.4, 0.9)), NO2 (lag0, 0.7% (0.1, 1.4)), and PM2.5 (lag1, 1.3% (0.7, 1.9)). For respiratory mortality: ozone (lag2, 1.2% (0.4, 1.9)), NO2 (lag1, 2.1% (0.6, 3.5)), and PM2.5 (lag1, 0.6% (-1.0, 2.2)). While some differences in risk were observed by season and age group, sex-specific differences were more pronounced. Compared with males, females had a higher respiratory mortality risk (1.8% (0.6, 2.9) vs 0.5% (-0.3, 1.3)) from ozone, a higher respiratory hospitalization risk (0.9% (0.0, 1.8) vs 0.6% (-0.3, 1.4)) but lower mortality risk (1.4% (-1.0, 3.7) vs 2.2% (0.4, 4.0)) from NO2, and a lower hospitalization risk (0.7% (-0.2, 1.7) vs 1.8% (1.0, 2.6)) from PM2.5. CONCLUSION This study reports significant health effects of short-term exposure to three ambient air pollutants on respiratory hospitalization (ozone≈NO2 < PM2.5 per-10 unit; ozone>NO2 ≈ PM2.5 per-IQR) and mortality (ozone≈NO2 > PM2.5) in Canada. Pollutant-sex-specific differences were found, but inconclusive due to limited biological and physiological explanations. Further studies are warranted to understand the pollutant-sex specific differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwashin Hyun Shin
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Priyanka Gogna
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Aubrey Maquiling
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Parvin Dehghani
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Salvador C, Nieto R, Linares C, Díaz J, Alves CA, Gimeno L. Drought effects on specific-cause mortality in Lisbon from 1983 to 2016: Risks assessment by gender and age groups. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:142332. [PMID: 33182008 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Portugal (Southwestern Europe) experiences a high incidence of dry hazards such as drought, a phenomenon that entails a notable burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide. For the first time in the Lisbon district, a time-series study was conducted to evaluate the impact of drought measured by the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardised Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) on the daily natural, circulatory, and respiratory mortality from 1983 to 2016. An assessment by gender and adult age population groups (45-64, 65-74, ≥75 years old) was included. To estimate the relative risks and attributable risks, generalised linear models with a Poisson link were used. Additionally, the influence of heatwaves and atmospheric pollution for the period from 2007 to 2016 (available period for pollution data) was considered. The main findings indicate statistically significant associations between drought conditions and all analysed causes of mortality. Moreover, SPEI shows an improved capability to reflect the different risks. People in the 45-64 year-old group did not indicate any significant influence in any of the cases, whereas the oldest groups had the highest risk. The drought effects on mortality among the population varied across the different study periods, and in general, the men population was affected more than the women population (except for the SPEI and circulatory mortality during the long study period). The short-term influence of droughts on mortality could be explained primarily by the effect of heatwaves and pollution; however, when both gender and age were considered in the Poisson models, the effect of drought also remained statistically significant when all climatic phenomena were included for specific groups of the total population and men. This type of study facilitates a better understanding of the population at risk and allows the development of more effective measures to mitigate the drought effects on the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Salvador
- EPhysLab (Environmental Physics Laboratory), CIM-UVIGO, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain.
| | - R Nieto
- EPhysLab (Environmental Physics Laboratory), CIM-UVIGO, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - C Linares
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National School of Public Health, Carlos III National Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Díaz
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National School of Public Health, Carlos III National Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - C A Alves
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - L Gimeno
- EPhysLab (Environmental Physics Laboratory), CIM-UVIGO, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
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23
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Linares C, Belda F, López-Bueno JA, Luna MY, Sánchez-Martínez G, Hervella B, Culqui D, Díaz J. Short-term associations of air pollution and meteorological variables on the incidence and severity of COVID-19 in Madrid (Spain): a time series study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2021; 33:107. [PMID: 34513550 PMCID: PMC8420149 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-021-00548-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are studies that analyze the role of meteorological variables on the incidence and severity of COVID-19, and others that explore the role played by air pollutants, but currently there are very few studies that analyze the impact of both effects together. This is the aim of the current study. We analyzed data corresponding to the period from February 1 to May 31, 2020 for the City of Madrid. As meteorological variables, maximum daily temperature (Tmax) in ºC and mean daily absolute humidity (AH) in g/m3 were used corresponding to the mean values recorded by all Spanish Meteorological Agency (AEMET) observatories in the Madrid region. Atmospheric pollutant data for PM10 and NO2 in µg/m3 for the Madrid region were provided by the Spanish Environmental Ministry (MITECO). Daily incidence, daily hospital admissions per 100.000 inhabitants, daily ICU admissions and daily death rates per million inhabitants were used as dependent variables. These data were provided by the ISCIII Spanish National Epidemiology Center. Generalized linear models with Poisson link were performed between the dependent and independent variables, controlling for seasonality, trend and the autoregressive nature of the series. RESULTS The results of the single-variable models showed a negative association between Tmax and all of the dependent variables considered, except in the case of deaths, in which lower temperatures were associated with higher rates. AH also showed the same behavior with the COVID-19 variables analyzed and with the lags, similar to those obtained with Tmax. In terms of atmospheric pollutants PM10 and NO2, both showed a positive association with the dependent variables. Only PM10 was associated with the death rate. Associations were established between lags 12 and 21 for PM10 and between 0 and 28 for NO2, indicating a short-term association of NO2 with the disease. In the two-variable models, the role of NO2 was predominant compared to PM10. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that the environmental variables analyzed are related to the incidence and severity of COVID-19 in the Community of Madrid. In general, low temperatures and low humidity in the atmosphere affect the spread of the virus. Air pollution, especially NO2, is associated with a higher incidence and severity of the disease. The impact that these environmental factors are small (in terms of relative risk) and by themselves cannot explain the behavior of the incidence and severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Linares
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José Antonio López-Bueno
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Dante Culqui
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Díaz
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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24
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Li J, Zhang X, Li G, Wang L, Yin P, Zhou M. Short-term effects of ambient nitrogen dioxide on years of life lost in 48 major Chinese cities, 2013-2017. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127887. [PMID: 32835970 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on the acute effect of short-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on years of life lost (YLL) is rare, especially in multicity setting. METHODS We conducted a time series study among 48 major Chinese cities covering more than 403 million people from 2013 to 2017. The relative percentage changes of NO2-YLL were estimated by generalized additive models in each city, then were pooled to generate average effects using random-effect models. In addition, stratified analyses by individual demographic factors and temperature as well as meta-regression analyses incorporating city-specific air pollutant concentrations, meteorological conditions, and socioeconomic indicators were performed to explore potential effect modification. RESULTS A 10 μg/m3 increase in two-day moving average (lag01) NO2 concentration was associated with 0.64% (95% CI: 0.47%, 0.81%), 0.47% (95% CI: 0.27%, 0.68%), and 0.68% (95% CI: 0.34%, 1.02%) relative increments in YLL due to nonaccidental causes, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and respiratory diseases (RD), respectively. These associations were generally robust to the adjustment of co-pollutants, except for NO2-CVD that might be confounded by fine particulate matter. The increased YLL induced by NO2 were more pronounced in elderly people, hotter days, and cities characterized by less severe air pollution or higher temperature. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated robust evidence on the associations between NO2 exposure and YLL due to nonaccidental causes, CVD, and RD, which provided novel evidence to better understand the disease burden related to NO2 pollution and to facilitate allocation of health resources targeting high-risk subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guoxing Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Yin
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Maigeng Zhou
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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25
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Salvador P, Pandolfi M, Tobías A, Gómez-Moreno FJ, Molero F, Barreiro M, Pérez N, Revuelta MA, Marco IM, Querol X, Artíñano B. Impact of mixing layer height variations on air pollutant concentrations and health in a European urban area: Madrid (Spain), a case study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:41702-41716. [PMID: 32696403 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of local high-pollution episodes in densely populated urban areas, which have huge fleets of vehicles, is currently one of the most worrying problems associated with air pollution worldwide. Such episodes are produced under specific meteorological conditions, which favour the sudden increase of levels of air pollutants. This study has investigated the influence of the mixing layer height (MLH) on the concentration levels of atmospheric pollutants and daily mortality in Madrid, Spain, during the period 2011-2014. It may help to understand the causes and impact of local high-pollution episodes. MLH at midday over Madrid was daily estimated from meteorological radio soundings. Then, days with different MLH over this urban area were characterized by meteorological parameters registered at different levels of an instrumented tower and by composite sea level pressure maps, representing the associated synoptic meteorological scenarios. Next, statistically significant associations between MLH and levels of PM10, PM2.5, NO, NO2, CO and ultra-fine particles number concentrations registered at representative monitoring stations were evaluated. Finally, associations between all-natural cause daily mortality in Madrid, MLH, and air pollutants were estimated using conditional Poisson regression models. The reduction of MLH to values below 482 m above-ground level under strong atmospheric stagnation conditions was accompanied by a statistically significant increase in levels of NO, NO2, CO, PM2.5 and ultra-fine particle number concentrations at urban-traffic and suburban monitoring sites. The decrease of the MLH was also associated to a linear increase of the daily number of exceedances of the UE NO2 hourly limit value (200 μg/m3) and levels of air pollutants at hotspot urban-traffic monitoring stations. Also, a statistically significant association of the MLH with all-natural cause daily mortality was obtained. When the MLH increased by 830 m, the risk of mortality decreased by 2.5% the same day and by 3.3% the next day, when African dust episodic days were excluded. They were also higher in absolute terms than the increases in risk of mortality that were determined for the exposition to any other air pollutant. Our results suggest that when the prediction models foresee values of MLH below 482 m above-ground level in Madrid, the evolution of high-contamination episodes will be very favourable. Therefore, short-term policy measures will have to be implemented to reduce NO, NO2, CO, PM2.5 and ultra-fine particle emissions from anthropogenic sources in this southern European urban location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Salvador
- Department of Environment - Joint Research Unit Atmospheric Pollution CIEMAT-CSIC, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marco Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, c. Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurelio Tobías
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, c. Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gómez-Moreno
- Department of Environment - Joint Research Unit Atmospheric Pollution CIEMAT-CSIC, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Molero
- Department of Environment - Joint Research Unit Atmospheric Pollution CIEMAT-CSIC, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Barreiro
- Department of Environment - Joint Research Unit Atmospheric Pollution CIEMAT-CSIC, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, c. Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Isabel Martínez Marco
- Spanish Meteorological Agency (AEMET), c. Leonardo Prieto Castro 8, 28071, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, c. Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Begoña Artíñano
- Department of Environment - Joint Research Unit Atmospheric Pollution CIEMAT-CSIC, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Linares C, Sánchez-Martínez G, Díaz J. Is the Impact of Air Pollution on Mortality from Respiratory or Circulatory Causes Greater in Spain? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arbr.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Cordero JM, Hingorani R, Jimenez-Relinque E, Grande M, Borge R, Narros A, Castellote M. NO x removal efficiency of urban photocatalytic pavements at pilot scale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:137459. [PMID: 32151396 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic technology implemented in construction materials is a promising solution to contribute to alleviate air quality issues found in big cities. Photocatalysis has been proved able to mineralise most harmful contaminants. However, important problems associated with monitoring the efficiency of these solutions under real conditions still remain, including the lack of affordable analytical tools to measure NOx concentrations with enough accuracy. In this work, two pilot scale demonstration platforms were built at two different locations to assess the photocatalytic NOX removal efficiency of ten selected materials exposed outdoors for AQmesh low-cost sensor PODs were used to measure ground-level to measure NO and NO2 concentrations during nearly one year. The pollutant removal efficiency of the materials was then calculated based on a comparison with simultaneously concentration measurements carried-out on reference, non-active materials. It was found that the NO2 removal efficiency presented large variations across the seasons, with maxima during the warmer months, while NO efficiencies were comparatively steadier. Statistical analysis delivered evidence that the efficiencies significantly depend on different meteorological variables (irradiance and relative humidity) besides NO, NO2 ambient concentrations. Lower efficiencies were observed for higher concentration levels and vice versa. The influence of water vapour could be related to two different effects: a short-term contribution by the instantaneous air humidity and a long-term component associated with the hygroscopic state of the material. The contribution of wind to the pollutant removal efficiencies was principally related to the humidity of air masses moving above the location and to the advection of pollutants from specific emission sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Cordero
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - R Hingorani
- Institute of Construction Science "Eduardo Torroja" IETcc-CSIC, Serrano Galvache 4, 28033 Madrid, Spain
| | - E Jimenez-Relinque
- Institute of Construction Science "Eduardo Torroja" IETcc-CSIC, Serrano Galvache 4, 28033 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Grande
- Institute of Construction Science "Eduardo Torroja" IETcc-CSIC, Serrano Galvache 4, 28033 Madrid, Spain
| | - R Borge
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Narros
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Castellote
- Institute of Construction Science "Eduardo Torroja" IETcc-CSIC, Serrano Galvache 4, 28033 Madrid, Spain
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28
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Salvador C, Nieto R, Linares C, Díaz J, Gimeno L. Short-term effects of drought on daily mortality in Spain from 2000 to 2009. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 183:109200. [PMID: 32036270 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Spain is a country of southern Europe that is prone to drought, and it is likely that this type of hydrological extreme will become substantially more frequent and intense in the 21st century, which could lead to greater health risks if adequate adaptive measures are not taken. For the first time, we calculated the relative risks (RRs) of daily natural (ICD10: A00-R99), circulatory (ICD10: I00-I99), and respiratory (ICD: J00-J99) mortality associated with drought events in each province of Spain from 2000 to 2009. For this purpose, we compared the performance of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation- Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) obtained at 1 month of accumulation (denoted as SPI-1/SPEI-1) to estimate the short-term risks of droughts on daily mortality using generalised linear models. Attributable risks were calculated from the RR data. The main findings of this study revealed statistically significant associations between the different causes of daily mortality and drought events for the different provinces of Spain, and clear spatial heterogeneity was observed across the country. Western Spain (northwest to southwest) was the region most affected, in contrast to northern and eastern Spain, and daily respiratory mortality was the group most strongly linked to the incidence of drought conditions. Moreover, for a considerable number of provinces, the effect of SPI-1 and SPEI-1 largely reflected the impact of atmospheric pollution and/or heatwaves; however, for other regions, the effect of drought conditions on daily mortality remained when these different climatic events were controlled in Poisson models. When the performances of the SPEI and SPI were compared to identify and estimate the risks of drought on daily mortality, the results were very similar, although there were slight differences in the specific causes of daily mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Salvador
- EPhysLab (Environmental Physics Laboratory), CIM-UVIGO, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain.
| | - R Nieto
- EPhysLab (Environmental Physics Laboratory), CIM-UVIGO, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - C Linares
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National School of Public Health, Carlos III National Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Díaz
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National School of Public Health, Carlos III National Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - L Gimeno
- EPhysLab (Environmental Physics Laboratory), CIM-UVIGO, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
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Linares C, Sánchez-Martínez G, Díaz J. Is the Impact of Air Pollution on Mortality from Respiratory or Circulatory Causes Greater in Spain? Arch Bronconeumol 2019; 56:543-544. [PMID: 31883630 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Linares
- Departamento de Epidemiología y Bioestadística, Escuela Nacional de Sanidad, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España
| | | | - Julio Díaz
- Departamento de Epidemiología y Bioestadística, Escuela Nacional de Sanidad, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España.
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Borge R, Requia WJ, Yagüe C, Jhun I, Koutrakis P. Impact of weather changes on air quality and related mortality in Spain over a 25 year period [1993-2017]. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105272. [PMID: 31675571 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is a major public health concern. In addition to its direct impacts on temperature patterns and extreme weather events, climate change affects public health indirectly through its influence on air quality. Pollution trends are not only affected by emissions changes but also by weather changes. In this paper we analyze air quality trends in Spain of important air pollutants (C6H6, CO, NO2, NOx, O3, PM10, PM2.5, and SO2) recorded during the last 25 years, from 1993 to 2017. We found substantial reductions in ambient concentration levels for all the pollutants studied except for O3. To assess the influence of recent weather changes on air quality trends we applied generalized additive models (GAMs) using nonparametric smoothing; with and without adjusting for weather parameters including temperature, wind speed, humidity and precipitation frequency. The difference of annual slopes estimated by the models without and with adjusting for these meteorological variables represents the impact of weather changes on pollutant trends, i.e. the 'weather penalty'. The analyses were seasonally and geographically stratified to account for temporal and regional differences across Spain. The results were meta-analyzed to estimate weather penalties on ambient concentration trends at a national level as well as the impact on mortality for the most relevant pollutants. We found significant penalties for most pollutants, implying that air quality would have improved even more during our study period if weather conditions had remained constant. The largest weather influences were found for PM10, with seasonal penalties up to 22 μg⋅m-3 accumulated over the 25-year period in some regions. The national meta-analysis shows penalties of 0.060 μg⋅m-3 per year (95% Confidence Interval, CI: 0.004, 0.116) in cold months and 0.127 μg⋅m-3 per year (95% CI: 0.089, 0.164) in warm months. Penalties of this magnitude would correspond to 129 annual deaths (95% CI: 25, 233), i.e. approximately 3200 deaths over the 25-year period in Spain. According to our results, the health benefits of recent emission abatements for this pollutant in Spain would have been up to 10% greater if weather conditions had remained constant during the last 25 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Borge
- Harvard University, School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center 4th Floor West, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Environmental Modelling Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Weeberb J Requia
- Harvard University, School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center 4th Floor West, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Carlos Yagüe
- Department of Earth Physics and Astrophysics, University Complutense of Madrid, Faculty of Physical Sciences, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iny Jhun
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Harvard University, School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center 4th Floor West, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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Díaz J, López-Bueno JA, Sáez M, Mirón IJ, Luna MY, Sánchez-Martínez G, Carmona R, Barceló MA, Linares C. Will there be cold-related mortality in Spain over the 2021-2050 and 2051-2100 time horizons despite the increase in temperatures as a consequence of climate change? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 176:108557. [PMID: 31265969 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Global warming is resulting in an increase in temperatures which is set to become more marked by the end of the century and depends on the accelerating pace of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. Yet even in this scenario, so-called "cold waves" will continue to be generated and have an impact on health. OBJECTIVES This study sought to analyse the impact of cold waves on daily mortality at a provincial level in Spain over the 2021-2050 and 2051-2100 time horizons under RCP4.5 and RCP 8.5 emission scenarios, on the basis of two hypotheses: (1) that the cold-wave definition temperature (T threshold) would not vary over time; and, (2) that there would be a variation in T threshold. MATERIAL AND METHODS The results of a retrospective study undertaken for Spain as a whole across the period 2000-2009 enabled us to ascertain the cold-wave definition temperature at a provincial level and its impact on health, measured by reference to population attributable risk (PAR). The minimum daily temperatures projected for each provincial capital considering the above time horizons and emission scenarios were provided by the State Meteorological Agency. On the basis of the T threshold definition values and minimum daily temperatures projected for each province, we calculated the expected impact of low temperatures on mortality under the above two hypotheses. Keeping the PAR values constant, it was assumed that the mortality rate would vary in accordance with the available data. RESULTS If T threshold remained constant over the above time horizons under both emission scenarios, there would be no cold-related mortality. If T threshold were assumed to vary over time, however, then cold-related mortality would not disappear: it would instead remain practically constant over time and give rise to an estimated overall figure of around 250 deaths per year, equivalent to close on a quarter of Spain's current annual cold-related mortality and entailing a cost of approximately €1000 million per year. CONCLUSION Given that cold waves are not going to disappear and that their impact on mortality is far from negligible and is likely to remain so, public health prevention measures must be implemented to minimise these effects as far as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Díaz
- (a)National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Avda. Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J A López-Bueno
- (a)National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Avda. Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Sáez
- Research Group on Statistics, Econometrics and Health (GRECS), University of Girona, Calle de la Universitat de Girona 10, Campus de Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Avda. Monforte de Lemos, 5, Pabellón 11, Planta Baja, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - I J Mirón
- Torrijos Public Health District, Castile-La Mancha Regional Health Authority (Consejería de Sanidad, Torrijos (Toledo), Spain
| | - M Y Luna
- State Meteorological Agency (Agencia Estatal de Meteorología/AEMET), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - R Carmona
- (a)National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Avda. Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Barceló
- Research Group on Statistics, Econometrics and Health (GRECS), University of Girona, Calle de la Universitat de Girona 10, Campus de Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Avda. Monforte de Lemos, 5, Pabellón 11, Planta Baja, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Linares
- (a)National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Avda. Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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Lertxundi A, Andiarena A, Martínez MD, Ayerdi M, Murcia M, Estarlich M, Guxens M, Sunyer J, Julvez J, Ibarluzea J. Prenatal exposure to PM 2.5 and NO 2 and sex-dependent infant cognitive and motor development. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 174:114-121. [PMID: 31055169 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to air pollutants including particulate matter (<2.5 μm of diameter,PM2.5)and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) has been identified as a potential risk factor for neuropsychological developmental and mental health disorders. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to analyze the associations between prenatal PM2.5 and NO2 exposure and cognitive functions in children at 4-6 years of age, including sex differences, and the modification effect of the duration predominant breastfeeding these associations. DESIGN This study was conducted as part of the INMA project, a population-based birth cohort study in Spain (n = 1119). Each of the pregnant mothers was assigned a prenatal exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 for their whole pregnancy based on their place of residence. At the 4-6 year-old follow-up, infants' neuropsychological development was assessed using McCarthy scales: Verbal, Perceptive-Manipulative, Numeric, General Cognitive, Memory and Motor (gross and fine). Between 6 and 14 months of age, information concerning breastfeeding was gathered with a questionnaire. Regression analyses were performed to estimate the associations between exposure and outcomes, accounting for potential confounders. The analyses were stratified by child sex and breastfeeding duration. RESULTS The majority of coefficients for the different cognitive domains were negative either for PM2.5 and NO2, though none was statistically significant. After stratifying by sex, the associations become even more negative for boys, with some of the associations becoming statistically significant (memory both for PM2.5 and NO2), and global cognition and verbal for NO2. Duration of predominant breastfeeding was not found to have a modifying effect. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a sex-dependent effects on neuropsychological development at 4-6 years of age, with a greater vulnerability in boys, specifically in domains related to memory, verbal and general cognition. No modifying effect was observed for duration of predominant breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitana Lertxundi
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940, Spain; Biodonostia Health Institute Research, San Sebastián, Basque Country, 20014, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
| | - Ainara Andiarena
- Biodonostia Health Institute Research, San Sebastián, Basque Country, 20014, Spain; School of Psychology, University of the Basque Country(UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, 20080, Spain
| | - María Dolores Martínez
- Biodonostia Health Institute Research, San Sebastián, Basque Country, 20014, Spain; Environment and Regional Planning Department, Basque Government, Vitoria, 01010, Spain
| | - Mikel Ayerdi
- Biodonostia Health Institute Research, San Sebastián, Basque Country, 20014, Spain; Sub-directorate for Public Health of Gipuzkoa, BasqueGovernment, San Sebastián, 20013, Spain
| | - Mario Murcia
- Spanish Consortium for Research and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain; Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-UniversitatJaume I-Universitat de València, Valencia, 46020, Spain
| | - Marisa Estarlich
- Spanish Consortium for Research and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain; Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-UniversitatJaume I-Universitat de València, Valencia, 46020, Spain
| | - Monica Guxens
- Spanish Consortium for Research and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain; ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, 08003, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, 3015CN, the Netherlands; PompeuFabraUniversity, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08003, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Spanish Consortium for Research and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain; ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, 08003, Spain; PompeuFabraUniversity, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08003, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, 08003, Spain
| | - Jordi Julvez
- Spanish Consortium for Research and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain; ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, 08003, Spain; PompeuFabraUniversity, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08003, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, 08003, Spain
| | - Jesús Ibarluzea
- Biodonostia Health Institute Research, San Sebastián, Basque Country, 20014, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain; School of Psychology, University of the Basque Country(UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, 20080, Spain; Sub-directorate for Public Health of Gipuzkoa, BasqueGovernment, San Sebastián, 20013, Spain
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Wu R, Song X, Chen D, Zhong L, Huang X, Bai Y, Hu W, Ye S, Xu H, Feng B, Wang T, Zhu Y, Fang J, Liu S, Chen J, Wang X, Zhang Y, Huang W. Health benefit of air quality improvement in Guangzhou, China: Results from a long time-series analysis (2006-2016). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 126:552-559. [PMID: 30852442 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Numerous epidemiologic studies on adverse health effects of air pollution have been well documented; however, assessment on health benefits of air quality improvement from air pollution control measures has been limited in developing countries. We assessed the mortality benefits associated with air pollution improvement over 11 years in Guangzhou, China (2006-2016). A time series analysis with Generalized additive Poisson models was used to estimate mortality effects of ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), adjusting for time trend, day of week, public holiday, temperature and relative humidity. We further estimated the changes in mortality burden of O3 and NO2, including attributable fraction (AF, in %) and attributable mortality (AM, in number of death) during study period. We lastly estimated mortality effects during the 2010 Asian Games (November 12 to December 18, 2010) compared to a baseline period consisting of 4-week before and 4-week after the game. During the study period, average annual concentrations of NO2 decreased from 42.3 μg/m3 in 2006 to 33.8 μg/m3 in 2016; while O3 levels remained stable over time. We observed significant increases in mortality of O3 and NO2, with approximately linear exposure-response relationships. In specific, each increase of 10 μg/m3 in O3 and NO2 at 2 prior days was associated with increases of 0.60% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.47, 0.74) and 1.89% (95%CI: 1.49, 2.29) in total mortality, respectively. We further estimated that AF on total mortality attributed to NO2 decreased from 1.38% (95%CI: 1.09, 1.68) in 2006-2010 to 0.43% (95%CI: 0.34, 0.52) in 2011-2016, corresponding to AM on total mortality of 2496 deaths (95%CI: 1964, 3033) to 1073 deaths (95%CI: 846, 1301). During the 2010 Asian Games, we observed decrease in total mortality of 9.3% (95%CI: -15.0, -3.2) in comparison with that observed in the baseline period. Similar mortality benefits in cardiovascular diseases were also observed. Our results showed reduced mortality burden from air pollution improvement in Guangzhou in recent years, which provide strong rationale for continuing to reduce air pollution through comprehensive and rigorous air quality management in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongshan Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Song
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Duohong Chen
- Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liuju Zhong
- Guangdong Polytechnic of Environmental Protection Engineering, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Xiaoliang Huang
- Government Affairs Service Center of Health Department of Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yingchen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Government Affairs Service Center of Health Department of Guangdong Province, China
| | - Siqi Ye
- Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hongbing Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Baihuan Feng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yutong Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiakun Fang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Peking University College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China.
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Salvador C, Nieto R, Linares C, Diaz J, Gimeno L. Effects on daily mortality of droughts in Galicia (NW Spain) from 1983 to 2013. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 662:121-133. [PMID: 30690347 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Climate change scenarios indicate an increase in the intensity and frequency of droughts in several regions of the world in the 21st century, especially in Southern Europe, highlighting the threat to global health. For the first time, a time-series diagnostic study has been conducted regarding the impact of droughts in Galicia, a region in north-western Spain, on daily natural-cause mortality, daily circulatory-cause mortality, and daily respiratory-cause mortality, from 1983 to 2013. We analysed the drought periods over the area of interest using the daily Standardized Evapotranspiration-Precipitation Index (SPEI) and the daily Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), obtained at various timescales (1, 3, 6, 9 months), to identify and classify the intensity of drought and non-drought periods. Generalized linear models with the Poisson regression link were used to calculate the Relative Risks (RRs) of different causes of mortality, and the percentage of Attributable Risk Mortality (%AR) was calculated based on RRs data. According to our findings, there were statistically significant (p < 0.05) associations between drought periods, measured by both the daily SPEI and SPI, and daily mortality in all provinces of Galicia (except Pontevedra) for different timescales. Furthermore, drought periods had a greater influence on daily mortality in the interior provinces of Galicia than in the coastal regions, with Lugo being the most affected. In short term, the effect of droughts (along with heatwaves) on daily mortality was observed in interior regions and was mainly explained by atmospheric pollution effect throughout 2000 to 2009 period in Ourense, being respiratory causes of mortality the group most strongly associated. The fact that droughts are likely to become increasingly frequent and intense in the context of climate change and the lack of studies that have considered the impact of droughts on specific causes of mortality make this type of analysis necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Salvador
- EPhysLab (Environmental Physics Laboratory), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain.
| | - R Nieto
- EPhysLab (Environmental Physics Laboratory), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - C Linares
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National School of Public Health, Carlos III National Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Diaz
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National School of Public Health, Carlos III National Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - L Gimeno
- EPhysLab (Environmental Physics Laboratory), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
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Arroyo V, Linares C, Díaz J. Premature births in Spain: Measuring the impact of air pollution using time series analyses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 660:105-114. [PMID: 30639707 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premature birth (<37 weeks of gestation) is the principal indicator of neonatal death during the first month of life and the second cause of death of children under age five. There are 15 million premature births (PTB) worldwide. Air pollution in cities, primarily the result of urban traffic, greatly impacts PTBs, though there are few studies carried out on this topic at the country level. The objective of this study is to quantify the relative risks (RR) and the population attributable risk (PAR) of concentrations of contaminants on PTBs in Spain, and to analyze the most susceptible trimesters. METHODS For each province average weekly PTBs were calculated (ICD-10: P07.2-P07.3) during the period 2001-2009 as well as weekly average concentrations of PM10, NO2 and O3. Estimations were made of RR and PAR using generalized linear models with link Poisson, controlling for the trend, seasonality, the autoregressive nature of the series and the influence of temperature in periods of heat and/or cold waves. A meta-analysis was carried out to estimate RR and PAR at the global level based on the RR obtained for each of the provinces. RESULTS For all of Spain, the global RR of PTB due to the impact of PM10 was 1.071 (1.049, 1.093) and 1.150 (1.084, 1.220) for NO2, with no detected association for O3. Therefore, with decreases of 10 μg/m3 in the concentrations of PM10 and NO2, around 12.5% and 4.5% of PTBs could have been avoided respectively. CONCLUSIONS Around 1.35% of PTBs that occurred in Spain during the study period can be attributed to air pollution. The adoption of structural measures to reduce these air pollutants should result in a decrease in the number of PTBs in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Arroyo
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain; Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Linares
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Díaz
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
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Arroyo V, Díaz J, Salvador P, Linares C. Impact of air pollution on low birth weight in Spain: An approach to a National Level Study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 171:69-79. [PMID: 30660920 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the WHO, low birth weight (<2500 gr) is a primary maternal health indicator as the cause of multiple morbi-mortality in the short and long-term. It is known that air pollution from road traffic (PM10, NO2) and O3 have an important impact on low birth weight (LBW), but there are few studies of this topic in Spain. The objective of this study is to determine the possible exposure windows in the gestational period in which there is greater susceptibility to urban air pollution and to quantify the relative risks (RR) and population attributable risks (PAR) of low birth weight associated with pollutant concentrations in Spain. METHODS We calculated the weekly average births with low birth weight (ICD-10: P07.0-P07.1) for each Spanish province for the period 2001-2009, using the average weekly concentrations of PM10, NO2 and O3, measured in the capital cities of the provinces. The estimation of RR and PAR were carried out using generalized linear models with link Poisson, controlling for the trend, seasonality and auto-regressive character of the series and for the influence of temperature during periods of heat waves and/or cold. Finally, a meta-analysis was used to estimate the global RR and PAR based on the RR obtained for each of the provinces. RESULTS The RR for the whole of Spain is 1.104 (CI95%: 1.072, 1.138) for the association between LBW and PM10, and 1.091 (CI95%: 1.059, 1.124) for the association between NO2 and LBW. Our results suggest that 5% of low birth weight births in the case of PM10 and 8% in the case of NO2 could have been avoided with a reduction of 10 μg/m3 in the concentrations of these pollutants. CONCLUSIONS The impact of the results obtained- with 6105 cases attributable to PM10 and up to 9385 cases attributable to NO2 in a period of 9 study years- suggest the need to design structural and awareness public health measures to reduce air pollution in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Arroyo
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health. Madrid, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Díaz
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health. Madrid, Spain.
| | - P Salvador
- Environmental Department of research, Centre for energy, Environment and Technology (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas/CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Linares
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health. Madrid, Spain
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