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Zheng J, Guo D, Zhang J, Zhang T, Yang L, Li B, Lan J, Ren Y. Construction of an ideotype root system architecture of subsurface flow constructed wetland macrophytes by vertical spatial stress: strengthening of rhizosphere effects and determination of appropriate substrate depth. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 259:119523. [PMID: 38960352 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Strengthening rhizosphere effects to enhance pollutant removal is a hotspot of constructed wetlands (CWs) research in recent years, and improving the root traits and metabolic capacity of macrophytes is crucial for strengthening rhizosphere effects. In the field experiment, two types of subsurface flow (SSF) CWs (CW10 and CW20, with substrate depths of 10 and 20 cm, respectively) under the vertical spatial stress of roots (VSSR) and two types of non-VSSR SSF CWs (CW40 and CW60) were adopted with Typha orientalis as cultivated plants to investigate the variability of root development, metabolism, and pollutant removal at different substrate depths. VSSR induced substantial redundant root development, which significantly increased root-shoot ratio, fine and lateral root biomass, root porosity, and root activity, with lateral and fine root biomass of CW20 reaching 409.17 and 237.42 g/m2, respectively, which were 3.18 and 5.28 times those of CW60. The radical oxygen loss (ROL) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels of CW20 single plant were 1.36 and 4.57 times higher than those of CW60, respectively, and more types of root exudates were determined (e.g., aldehydes, ketones and amides). More aerobic heterotrophs (e.g., Massilia, Planomicrobium), nitrification bacteria (e.g., Ellin6067, Nitrospira), aerobic denitrification bacteria (e.g., Bacillu, Chryseobacterium, Pseudomonas) and denitrification phosphorus accumulating organisms (e.g., Flavobacterium) were enriched in the rhizosphere of CW20. This changed the main transformation pathways of pollutants and enhanced the removal of pollutants, with the COD, TN and TP average removal rates of CW20 increasing by 9.99%, 13.28% and 8.92%, respectively, compared with CW60. The ideotype root system architecture CW (RSACW; CW20) constructed in this study, which consists of a large number of fine and lateral roots, can stimulate more efficient rhizosphere effects stably and continuously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewen Zheng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Dun Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Jingying Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Tongyao Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Bin Li
- Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Botanical Institute of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jun Lan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Yongxiang Ren
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
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Cui N, Cai M, Zhang X, Zeng R, Zhou L, Chen G, Zou G. Nitrogen removal performance and mechanism in constructed wetlands under saline conditions: Role of Canna indica inoculated with Piriformospora indica. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 408:131218. [PMID: 39106905 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
The phytopromotional root endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica was introduced into the wetland plant Canna indica L. to explore its impact on nitrogen (N) removal in constructed wetlands (CWs) to treat normal and saline (0.9 % NaCl) wastewater. P. indica colonization increased total nitrogen, NH4+-N, and NO3--N removal efficiencies under normal and saline conditions, with NO3--N removal rates significantly increasing by 17.5 % under saline conditions (P<0.05). N removal by plant uptake improved by 26.1 % and 27.7 % under normal and saline conditions due to P. indica-mediated growth-promoting effects. Salt-tolerant denitrifiers and nitrifiers guaranteed the dominant role of microbial degradation in N removal under saline conditions. P. indica inoculation considerably improved the contribution of Nocardioides and Nitrosomnas to dissimilatory/assimilatory nitrate reduction and nitrification genes, respectively. These findings elucidate the mechanisms and potential applications of P. indica-mediated phytoremediation in practical wastewater treatment under varying salty conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naxin Cui
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture (SERCLA), Shanghai 201415, PR China; Shanghai Co-Elite Agricultural Sci-Tech (Group) Co., Ltd, PR China
| | - Min Cai
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture (SERCLA), Shanghai 201415, PR China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture (SERCLA), Shanghai 201415, PR China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture (SERCLA), Shanghai 201415, PR China; Shanghai Co-Elite Agricultural Sci-Tech (Group) Co., Ltd, PR China
| | - Li Zhou
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture (SERCLA), Shanghai 201415, PR China
| | - Guifa Chen
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture (SERCLA), Shanghai 201415, PR China
| | - Guoyan Zou
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture (SERCLA), Shanghai 201415, PR China.
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Li L, Wang Y, Liu L, Gao C, Ru S, Yang L. Occurrence, ecological risk, and advanced removal methods of herbicides in waters: a timely review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:3297-3319. [PMID: 38095790 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Coastal pollution caused by the importation of agricultural herbicides is one of the main environmental problems that directly affect the coastal primary productivity and even the safety of human seafood. It is urgent to evaluate the ecological risk objectively and explore feasible removal strategies. However, existing studies focus on the runoff distribution and risk assessment of specific herbicides in specific areas, and compared with soil environment, there are few studies on remediation methods for water environment. Therefore, we systematically reviewed the current situation of herbicide pollution in global coastal waters and the dose-response relationships of various herbicides on phytoplankton and higher trophic organisms from the perspective of ecological risks. In addition, we believe that compared with the traditional single physical and chemical remediation methods, biological remediation and its combined technology are the most promising methods for herbicide pollution remediation currently. Therefore, we focus on the application prospects, challenges, and management strategies of new bioremediation systems related to biology, such as constructed wetlands, membrane bioreactor processes, and microbial co-metabolism, in order to provide more advanced methods for reducing herbicide pollution in the water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Restoration, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Chen Gao
- Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Restoration, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Liqiang Yang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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Chen L, Zhou LT, Ding YC, Wu D, Feng HJ. Enhancing microbial salt tolerance through low-voltage stimulation for improved p-chloronitrobenzene (p-CNB) removal in high-salinity wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167164. [PMID: 37730069 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
As an important raw material for the synthesis of chemical and pharmaceutical, hazardous carcinogen p-chloronitrobenzene (p-CNB) has been widely found in high-salinity wastewater which need to be treated carefully. Due to the high-salinity shock on microorganisms, conventional microbial treatment technologies usually show poor effluent quality. This study initially investigated the p-CNB removal performance of microorganisms stimulated by 1.2 V low-voltage in high-salinity wastewater under facultative anaerobic conditions and further revealed the enhanced mechanisms. The results showed that the p-CNB removal kinetic parameter kp-CNB in the electrostimulating microorganism reactor (EMR) increased by 104.37 % to 155.30 % compared to the microorganism reactor (MR) as the control group under the varying salinities (0-45 g/L NaCl). The secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in halotolerant microorganisms mainly enhanced by 1.2 V voltage stimulation ranging from 0 g/L NaCl to 30 g/L NaCl. Protein concentration ratio of EMR to MR in loosely bound EPS achieved maximum value of 1.77 at the salinity of 15 g/L NaCl, and the same ratio in tightly bound EPS also peaked at 1.39 under the salinity of 30 g/L NaCl. At the salinity of 45 g/L NaCl, 1.2 V voltage stimulation mainly enhanced salt-in strategy of halotolerant microorganisms, and the intracellular Na+ and K+ concentration ratio of EMR to MR reached maximum and minimum values of 0.65 and 1.92, respectively. Furthermore, the results of microbial metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analysis showed the halotolerant microorganisms Pseudomonas_A and Nitratireductor with p-CNB removal ability were enriched significantly under 1.2 V voltage stimulation. And the gene expression of p-CNB removal, salt-in strategy and betaine transporter were enhanced under voltage stimulation at varying salinities. Our investigation provided a new solution which combined with 1.2 V voltage stimulation and halotolerant microorganisms for the treatment of high-salinity wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Platform for Low-Carbon Recycling of Waste and Green Development, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Ting Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Platform for Low-Carbon Recycling of Waste and Green Development, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang-Cheng Ding
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Platform for Low-Carbon Recycling of Waste and Green Development, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China; College of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Di Wu
- Faculty of Bioengineering, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Hua-Jun Feng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Platform for Low-Carbon Recycling of Waste and Green Development, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China; College of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China.
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Zhang J, Yan Q, Bai G, Guo D, Chi Y, Li B, Yang L, Ren Y. Inducing root redundant development to release oxygen: An efficient natural oxygenation approach for subsurface flow constructed wetland. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 239:117377. [PMID: 37832770 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a limiting factor affecting the purification efficiency of subsurface flow (SSF) constructed wetlands (CWs). To clarify the causes of oxygen environments and the response characteristics of plant oxygen release (POR) in SSF CWs, this study set three oxygen source treatments by limiting atmospheric reaeration (AR) and influent oxygen (IO) and compared the differences in plant physiological metabolism, DO distribution characteristics, and the purification effect of the SSF CWs at different depths. The results showed that limiting exogenous oxygen stimulated root redundancy of the wetland plants. The root volume and proportion of fibrous roots of the wetland plants increased significantly (p < 0.05). When only the POR existed, the root zone DO increased significantly to 2.05-4.37 mg/L (p < 0.05), and was positively correlated with the TN and TP removal rates (p < 0.05). Additionally, in the presence of POR only, the average removal rates of TN and TP in the top layer were 86.5% and 76.9%, respectively. The proportion of fibrous roots, root zone DO, and root-shoot ratio were key factors promoting the purification effect of the SSF CWs under limited exogenous oxygen sources. Enhancing POR by inducing root redundancy enhanced nitrification (hao, pmoABC-amoABC), plant absorption, and assimilation-related functional genes (nrtABC, nifKDH), and enriched nitrogen and phosphorus removal bacteria, such as Flavobacterium and Zoogloea. This consequently improved pollutant removal efficiency. Inducing root redundancy to strengthen POR produced an aerobic environment in the SSF CWs. This ensures the efficient and stable operation of the SSF CW and is an effective approach for natural oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Qiuhui Yan
- Xi'an High-tech Zone CITY CORE Development & Construction Co., Ltd, Xi'an, 710117, China
| | - Ge Bai
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Dun Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Yanbin Chi
- School of Metallurgical and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Bin Li
- Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Botanical Institute of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Yongxiang Ren
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
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Wang JF, Cai ZX, Li YH, Sun YY, Wu HM, Song XS, Zhu H. Microbiota and genetic potential for reducing nitrous oxide emissions by biochar in constructed wetlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166489. [PMID: 37611707 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The denitrification process in constructed wetlands (CWs) is responsible for most of the nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, which is an undesired impact on the ecology of sewage treatment systems. This study compared three types of CWs filled with gravel (CW-B), gravel mixed with natural pyrite (CW-BF), or biochar (CW-BC) to investigate their impact on microbiota and genetic potential for N2O generation during denitrification under varying chemical oxygen demand (COD) to nitrate (NO3--N) ratios. The results showed that natural pyrite and biochar were superior in enhancing COD (90.6-91.2 %) and NO3--N removal (90.0-93.5 %) in CWs with a COD/NO3--N ratio of 9. The accumulation of NO2--N during the denitrification process was the primary cause of N2O emission, with the fluxes ranging from 95.6-472.0 μg/(m2·h) in CW-B, 92.9-400 μg/(m2·h) in CW-BF, and 54.0-293.3 μg/(m2·h) in CW-BC. The addition of biochar significantly reduced N2O emissions during denitrification, while natural pyrite had a lesser inhibitory effect on N2O emissions. The three types of substrates also influenced the structure of microbiota in the biofilm, with natural pyrite enriched nitrogen transformation microorganisms, especially for denitrifiers. Notably, biochar significantly enhanced the abundance of nosZ and the ratio of nosZ/(norB + norC), which are critical factors in reducing N2O emissions from CWs. Overall, the results suggest that the biochar-induced changes in microbiota and genetic potential during denitrification play a significant role in preventing N2O production in CWs, especially when treating sewage with a relatively high COD/NO3--N ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Ze-Xiang Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yi-Hao Li
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Yun-Yun Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Hai-Ming Wu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Xin-Shan Song
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201600, PR China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, PR China.
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Shitu A, Chen W, Tadda MA, Zhang Y, Ye Z, Liu D, Zhu S, Zhao J. Enhanced aquaculture wastewater treatment in a biofilm reactor filled with sponge/ferrous oxalate/biochar composite (Sponge-C 2FeO 4@NBC) biocarriers: Performance and mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 330:138772. [PMID: 37098362 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Fabricating low-cost and efficient biofilm carriers for moving bed biofilm reactors in wastewater treatment is crucial for achieving environmental sustainability. Herein, a novel sponge biocarrier doped with NaOH-loaded biochar and nano ferrous oxalate (sponge-C2FeO4@NBC) was prepared and evaluated for nitrogenous compounds removal from recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) wastewater by stepwise increasing ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) loading rates. The prepared NBC, sponge-C2FeO4@NBC, and matured biofilms were characterized using SEM, FTIR, BET, and N2 adsorption-desorption techniques. The results reveal that the highest removal rates of NH4+-N reached 99.28 ± 1.3% was yielded by the bioreactor filled with sponge-C2FeO4@NBC, with no obvious nitrite (NO2--N) accumulation in the final phase. The reactor packed with sponge-C2FeO4@NBC biocarrier had the highest relative abundance of functional microorganisms responsible for nitrogen metabolism than in the control reactor, confirmed from 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. Our study provides new insights into the newly developed biocarriers for enhancing RAS biofilters treatment performance in keeping water quality within the acceptable level for the rearing of aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar Shitu
- College of Bio-systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Bio-systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Musa Abubakar Tadda
- College of Bio-systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Yadong Zhang
- College of Bio-systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhangying Ye
- College of Bio-systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Ocean Academy, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Dezhao Liu
- College of Bio-systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Songming Zhu
- College of Bio-systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Ocean Academy, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316021, China.
| | - Jian Zhao
- College of Bio-systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Feng Y, Nuerla A, Tian M, Mamat A, Si A, Chang J, Abudureheman M, He C, Zhu J, Tong Z, Liu Z. Removal of chloramphenicol and resistance gene changes in electric-integrated vertical flow constructed wetlands. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 342:118143. [PMID: 37196621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The performance of an electric-integrated vertical flow constructed wetland (E-VFCW) for chloramphenicol (CAP) removal, changes in microbial community structure, and the fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were evaluated. CAP removal in the E-VFCW system was 92.73% ± 0.78% (planted) and 90.80% ± 0.61% (unplanted), both were higher than the control system which was 68.17% ± 1.27%. The contribution of anaerobic cathodic chambers in CAP removal was higher than the aerobic anodic chambers. Plant physiochemical indicators in the reactor revealed electrical stimulation increased oxidase activity. Electrical stimulation enhanced the enrichment of ARGs in the electrode layer of the E-VFCW system (except floR). Plant ARGs and intI1 levels were higher in the E-VFCW than in the control system, suggesting electrical stimulation induces plants to absorb ARGs, reducing ARGs in the wetland. The distribution of intI1 and sul1 genes in plants suggests that horizontal transfer may be the main mechanism dispersing ARGs in plants. High throughput sequencing analysis revealed electrical stimulation selectively enriched CAP degrading functional bacteria (Geobacter and Trichlorobacter). Quantitative correlation analysis between bacterial communities and ARGs confirmed the abundance of ARGs relates to the distribution of potential hosts and mobile genetic elements (intI1). E-VFCW is effective in treating antibiotic wastewater, however ARGs potentially accumulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuran Feng
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, PR China; Xinjiang Jinghe Observation and Research Station of Temperate Desert Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Urumqi, 830017, PR China
| | - Ailijiang Nuerla
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, PR China; Xinjiang Jinghe Observation and Research Station of Temperate Desert Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Urumqi, 830017, PR China.
| | - Menghan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, PR China; Xinjiang Jinghe Observation and Research Station of Temperate Desert Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Urumqi, 830017, PR China
| | - Anwar Mamat
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, PR China
| | - Ang Si
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, PR China; Xinjiang Jinghe Observation and Research Station of Temperate Desert Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Urumqi, 830017, PR China
| | - Jiali Chang
- Division of Environmental Engineering, School of Chemistry, Resources and Environment, Leshan Normal University, Sichuan, 614000, PR China
| | - Mukadasi Abudureheman
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, PR China; Xinjiang Jinghe Observation and Research Station of Temperate Desert Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Urumqi, 830017, PR China
| | - Chaoyue He
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, PR China; Xinjiang Jinghe Observation and Research Station of Temperate Desert Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Urumqi, 830017, PR China
| | - Jinjin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, PR China; Xinjiang Jinghe Observation and Research Station of Temperate Desert Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Urumqi, 830017, PR China
| | - Zhaohong Tong
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, PR China; Xinjiang Jinghe Observation and Research Station of Temperate Desert Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Urumqi, 830017, PR China
| | - Zhaojiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, PR China; Xinjiang Jinghe Observation and Research Station of Temperate Desert Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Urumqi, 830017, PR China
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Yan C, Huang J, Lin X, Wang Y, Cao C, Qian X. Performance of constructed wetlands with different water level for treating graphene oxide wastewater: Characteristics of plants and microorganisms. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 334:117432. [PMID: 36764192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been expected advantages in emerging pollutant removal, but with less known on their characteristic when treating wastewater containing graphene oxide (GO). In present study, we investigated characteristics of Iris pseudacorus, microorganisms, and pollutant removal in CWs with 60 cm and 37 cm water level (termed HCW and LCW). Plants in LCW had higher chlorophyll content and lower activities of antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase) as well as malondialdehyde content. Substrate enzyme activities were affected by time and CW type. LCW increased only dehydrogenase activities, while HCW increased catalase, urease, neutral phosphatase, and arylsulfatase activities. Sequencing analysis revealed that microbial community showed higher richness and diversity in LCW, but this dissimilarity could be eased by time-effect. Proteobacteria (25.62-60.36%) and Actinobacteria (13.86-56.20%) were stable dominant phyla in CWs. Ratio of Proteobacteria/Acidobacteria indicated that trophic status of plant rhizosphere zone was lower in LCW. Nitrospirae were enriched to 0.16-0.68% and 0.75-1.42% in HCW and LCW. The enrichment of phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes in HCW was attributed to class Gammaproteobacteria and genus Enterococcus. GO transformation showed some reductions in CWs, which could be affected by water depth and substrate depth. Overall, HCW achieved nitrogen and phosphorus removal for 48.78-62.99% and 95.01%, which decreased by 8.41% and 7.31% in LCW. COD removal was less affected reaching 93%. This study could provide some new evidence for CWs to treat wastewater containing GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunni Yan
- Dept. of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Dept. of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Xiaoyang Lin
- Dept. of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yaoyao Wang
- Dept. of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Chong Cao
- Department of Municipal Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xiuwen Qian
- Dept. of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
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10
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de Oliveira Demarco J, Hutchinson SL, Bastos LM, Hettiarachchi G, Almutari M, Nottingham E. Industrial wastewater treatment by plant-based bio-filtration. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2023; 25:1945-1955. [PMID: 37158190 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2023.2209191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetlands (CWs) represent a natural wastewater treatment process, offering economic and environmental advantages. These systems can remove several components that may cause negative impacts on the environment. Media types and plant species are crucial influencing factors for the removal of contaminants in CWs. The goal of this study is to evaluate the capacity of a CW using Tamarix spp. with three filter media to treat FGD wastewater. Planted and unplanted CWs were set up with varying types of biofilm support media: 3 bioreactors were operated with 50% gravel and 50% zeolite (v/v), 3 with 100% gravel, and 3 with 50% gravel, 25% zeolite, and 25% silage. Planted CWs had the greatest potential to reduce the concentrations of B, K, and NH4+-N in 64.9%, 91.1%, and 92.5%, respectively, when used in addition to the filter composed by 50% gravel + 50% zeolite, which was the only media keeping the plants alive for 60 days. The results showed that the optimal selection of filter media depends on the purpose for which the treatment has been projected for, considering that the types of substrates influenced the nature of the contaminant removal in the CW.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stacy L Hutchinson
- Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, KS State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Leonardo M Bastos
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of GA, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Mohammad Almutari
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Emily Nottingham
- Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, KS State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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11
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Cheng M, Li X, Gao X, Zhao Z. Effects of two plant species combined with slag-sponges on the treatment performance of contaminated saline water in constructed wetland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:63592-63602. [PMID: 37046164 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetland (CW), an ecological water treatment system, can purify and repair the damaged saline water body in an open watershed, but its repairing function is limited at low temperature under salt stress. In this study, two different plant species with slag-sponge layer were operated to enhance the purification effect of CW on the damaged saline water body. The results showed that the combination of Scirpus mariqueter and slag-sponges in CW had a better purification effect especially under the condition of salinity of 10‰ (S = 10) with a respective removal efficiency of 91.04% of total nitrogen, 80.07% of total phosphorus, and 93.02% of COD in high temperature (25 ~ 35 °C). Furthermore, ecological traits (enzyme activity and amino acids) of plants, the abundance and distribution of functional microorganisms on the surface of slag-sponges, and the microbial state on the substrate surface of the denitrifying zone of CW were analyzed to explain how exactly the combinations worked. It was found that the enrichment of functional microorganisms in slag-sponge and the anaerobic zone of plants have improved the nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Plants maintained high enzyme activities and the ability to synthesize key amino acids under salt stress to ensure the growth and reproduction of plants and achieve the assimilation function. Scirpus mariqueter combined with slag-sponges in CW effectively improved the purification effect of damaged saline water, indicating that it is an ecological and green saline water treatment way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Cheng
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Engineering Research Center for Water Environment Ecology in Shanghai, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Engineering Research Center for Water Environment Ecology in Shanghai, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueqing Gao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Engineering Research Center for Water Environment Ecology in Shanghai, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhimiao Zhao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Engineering Research Center for Water Environment Ecology in Shanghai, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Conservation, Hengshui, Hebei, China.
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12
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Wang JF, Zhou HZ, Tang GH, Huang JW, Liu H, Cai ZX, He ZW, Zhu H, Song XS. Reducing the inhibitive effect of fluorine and heavy metals on nitrate reduction by hydroxyapatite substrate in constructed wetlands. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 446:130692. [PMID: 36586330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bio-toxic inorganic pollutants, e.g., fluorine (F) and heavy metals (HMs), in wastewaters are the potential threats to nitrate (NO3--N) reduction by microorganisms in constructed wetlands (CWs). Selection of suitable substrate with high F and HMs adsorption efficiency and capacity is a potential alternative for simultaneous removal of these pollutants in CWs. Herein, this study investigated the feasibility of applying hydroxyapatite (HA)-gravel media for F and HMs adsorption and its effect on NO3--N reduction in CWs (HA CWs) by comparing the CWs filled with gravel substrate (CK CWs). The results indicated that the removal efficiency of F, Cr, As, and NO3--N in HA CWs increased by 113.6-, 3.3-, 2.7-, and 0.6-folds, respectively, compared to CK CWs. The NO3--N reduction rate decreased by 11-46% in CK CWs after the presence of F and HMs in influent, while for HA CWs, it was only 13-22%. Excellent F and HMs adsorption capacity of HA substrate availed for wetland plants resisting F/HMs toxicity and making catalase activity lower. The HA substrate in CWs resulted in the certain succession of nitrogen-transforming bacteria, e.g., nitrifiers (Nitrospira) and denitrifiers (Thiobacillus and Desulfobacterium). More importantly, key functional genes, including nirK/nirS, korA/korB, ChrA/ChrD, arsA/arsB, catalyzing the processes of nitrogen biotransformation, energy metabolism, NO3--N and metal ions reduction were also enriched in HA CWs. This study highlights HA substrate reduce the inhibitive effect of F and HMs on NO3--N reduction, and provides new insights into how microbiota structurally and functionally respond to different substrates in CWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Huan-Zhan Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guan-Hui Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jia-Wei Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hai Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ze-Xiang Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhang-Wei He
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Xin-Shan Song
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201600, China.
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13
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Marathe D, Kumari K, Thawale P, Singh A, Raghunathan K. Growth performance of different forestry species irrigated with moderately saline wastewater. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2023; 25:1579-1595. [PMID: 36842966 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2023.2176465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A seven month, pot study was conducted to evaluate the impact of moderately saline wastewater on the growth potential of six forestry plant species viz., Eucalyptus calmaldulensis, Dendrocalamus strictus, Casurina equisetfolia, Cassia fistula, Melia dubia, and Bambusa arundinacea under different drainage conditions namely, well-drained saline (WDS) condition and poor-drained saline condition (PDS) and the control with well-drained non-saline condition. WDS treatment resulted in no mortality whereas PDS treatment resulted in mortality in the range of 33-66%. The plant height and root dry biomass increased in the range of 145% to 221.6% and 4.3-37.1 g respectively in WDS treatment, however, 23.60% to 173.4% and 4.1-10.1 g in PDS treatment. Among all, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Dendrocalamus strictus showed high Na+ accumulation in roots (2.16 ± 0.02% and 1.13 ± 0.01%), shoots (1.98 ± 0.01% and 0.74 ± 0.01%) and leaves (1.27 ± 0.02% and 0.86 ± 0.01%) in WDS treatment and in case of PDS treatment root (1.01 ± 0.01% and 0.23 ± 0.01%), shoot (1.12 ± 0.02% and 0.11 ± 0.01%), and leaf (0.07 ± 0.01% and 0.1 ± 0.02). The overall performance of both Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Dendrocalamus strictus was highest in WDS treatment. Therefore, it was concluded, that both plants had better performance than other plant species, a proper drainage system defines the overall productivity and treatment efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Marathe
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Kanchan Kumari
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Kolkata Zonal Centre, Kolkata, India
| | - Prashant Thawale
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Anshika Singh
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Karthik Raghunathan
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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14
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Cai ZX, Li QS, Bai H, Zhu CY, Tang GH, Zhou HZ, Huang JW, Song XS, Wang JF. Interactive effects of aquatic nitrogen and plant biomass on nitrous oxide emission from constructed wetlands. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 213:113716. [PMID: 35718165 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of mechanisms in nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from constructed wetland (CW) is particularly important for the establishment of related strategies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) production during its wastewater treatment. However, plant biomass accumulation, microbial communities and nitrogen transformation genes distribution and their effects on N2O emission from CW as affected by different nitrogen forms in aquatic environment have not been reported. This study investigated the interactive effects of aquatic nitrogen and plant biomass on N2O emission from subsurface CW with NH4+-N (CW-A) or NO3--N (CW-B) wastewater. The experimental results show that NH4+-N and NO3--N removal efficiencies from CW mesocosms were 49.4% and 87.6%, which indirectly lead to N2O emission fluxes of CW-A and CW-B maintained at 213 ± 67 and 462 ± 71 μg-N/(m2·h), respectively. Correlation analysis of nitrogen conversion dynamic indicated that NO2--N accumulation closely related to N2O emission from CW. Aquatic NH4+-N could up-regulate plant biomass accumulation by intensifying citric acid cycle, glycine-serine-threonine metabolism etc., resulting in more nitrogen uptake and lower N2O emission/total nitrogen (TN) removal ratio of CW-A compared to CW-B. Although the abundance of denitrifying bacteria and N2O reductase nosZ in CW-B were significantly higher than that of CW-A, after fed with mixed NH4+-N and NO3--N influent, N2O fluxes and N2O emission/TN removal ratio in CW-A were extremely close to that of CW-B, suggesting that nitrogen form rather than nitrogen transformation microbial communities and N2O reductase nosZ determines N2O emission from CW. Hence, the selection of nitrate-loving plants will play an important role in inhibiting N2O emission from CW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Xiang Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qu-Sheng Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Heng Bai
- Powerchina Beijing Engineering Corporation Limited, Beijing, 100024, China
| | - Cong-Yun Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Guan-Hui Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Huan-Zhan Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jia-Wei Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xin-Shan Song
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jun-Feng Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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15
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Chen X, Yuan C, Zhu Y, Liu H, Chen W, Zhang Q. Bioaugmentation with Acinetobacter sp. TAC-1 to enhance nitrogen removal in swine wastewater by moving bed biofilm reactor inoculated with bacteria. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 359:127506. [PMID: 35750120 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To enhance the performance of moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) inoculated with heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification (HN-AD) bacteria, bioaugmentation with Acinetobacter sp. TAC-1 was firstly employed and then the treatment performance for real swine wastewater was presented in this study. Results indicated that NH4+-N and TN removal rates of bioaugmented reactor were significantly improved from 16.53 mg/L/h and 16.15 mg/L/h to 24.58 mg/L/h and 24.45 mg/L/h, respectively. The efficient removal performance (NH4+-N 95.01%, TN 86.40%) for real swine wastewater was achieved within 24 h. Microbial analysis indicated that the composition of functional bacteria varied with the introduction of Acinetobacter sp. TAC-1, especially the abundance of Acinetobacter, Paracoccus and Rhodococcus related to the nitrogen removal. Furthermore, bioaugmentation with Acinetobacter sp. TAC-1 increased abundance of enzymes and functional genes (nirS, nirK and norZ) corresponding to denitrification that may be responsible for the enhanced nitrogen removal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 40054, China
| | - Chunbo Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 40054, China
| | - Yunan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 40054, China
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 40054, China
| | - Wang Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 40054, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 40054, China.
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16
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Zhao L, Fu G, Pang W, Tang J, Guo Z, Hu Z. Biochar immobilized bacteria enhances nitrogen removal capability of tidal flow constructed wetlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 836:155728. [PMID: 35523327 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To improve the nitrogen removal (NR) capability of tidal flow constructed wetlands (TFCWs) for treatment of saline wastewater, biochar, produced from Cyperus alternifolius, was used to adsorb and immobilize a salt tolerant aerobic denitrifying bacteria (Zobellella sp. A63), and then was added as a substrate into the systems. Under low (2:1) or high (6:1) C/N ratio, the removal of NO3--N and total nitrogen (TN) in the biochar immobilized bacteria (BIB) dosing system (TFCW3) was significantly higher (q < 0.05) than that in the untreated system (TFCW1) and the biochar dosing system (TFCW2). At low C/N ratio, the removal rates of NO3--N, TN and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of TFCW3 were 68.2%, 72.6% and 82.5%, respectively, 15-20% higher than TFCW1 and 5-10% higher than TFCW2. When C/N ratio was further increased to 6, the pollutant removal rate of each system was greatly improved, but the removal rate of TFCW3 for NO3--N/TN was still nearly 10% and 5% higher than TFCW1 and TFCW2, respectively. Microbial community analysis showed that aerobic denitrifying bacteria, sulfate reducing bacteria and sulfur-driven denitrifiers (DNSOB) played the most important role of NR in TFCWs. Moreover, biochar bacterial agent significantly increased the abundances of genes involved in NR. The total copy numbers of bacterial 16S rRNA, nirS, nirK, drsA and drsB genes in the TFCW3 were 1.1- to 3.76-fold higher than those in the TFCW1; Especially at low C/N ratio, the copy number of drsA and drsB in the upper layer of TFCW3 were 85.5 and 455 times that of TFCW1, respectively. Thus, BIB provide a more feasible and effective amendment for constructed wetlands to improve the N removal of the saline wastewater by enhancing the microbial NR capacity mainly via aerobic and sulfur autotrophic denitrification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guiping Fu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Weicheng Pang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jia Tang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhipeng Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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17
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Boopathi N, Kadarkarai R. A laboratory-scale study of residential greywater treatment with sugarcane in a constructed wetland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:61178-61186. [PMID: 35441291 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20264-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to India's population expansion, water recycling is critical to reducing water scarcity. The purpose of this study is to discuss the recycling and reuse of domestic greywater. The horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSF-CW) was employed to treat greywater, with bioenergy crops replacing decorative plants. CO 86032 and CO 15027 sugarcane varieties were employed for phytoremediation. In a laboratory-scale HSSF-CW system with dimensions of 0.92 m, 0.61 m, and 0.45 m, coarse aggregate (20 mm), brick jelly (20 mm), and red soil mixed with coir pith (1/3 of coir pith volume-based) were employed as filter materials. During a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2 to 48 h, the maximum removal efficiency of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and total nitrogen (TN) was 77.78-90%, 69.92-81.20%, 82-91.06%, and 75.83-84.02%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandhagopal Boopathi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Annapoorana Engineering College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Rajeshkumar Kadarkarai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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18
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A Study of a Composite Biofilm Reactor for the Treatment of Mariculture Wastewater: Performance and Microbial Communities. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14105743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mariculture wastewater is one of the main sources of saline wastewater. This study used a waterfall aeration biofilm reactor combined with a sequencing batch reactor (WABR-SBR) to treat simulated mariculture sewage. Despite the high inhibition by salinity, the reactor maintained a high removal efficiency for organic matter and ammonium nitrogen. The ammonia nitrogen removal rate was greater than 99%, while that for nitrite, which is extremely toxic to farmed animals, was greater than 80%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that salinity affected the surface structure and composition of biofilms, which became compact and secreted more solute to resist the impact of salinity. High throughput 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the main phyla in the biofilms were Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. Metagenomic annotation of genes further indicated nitrogen metabolism pathways under high salinity. The conclusions of this study can provide a theoretical foundation for the biological treatment of high-salt wastewater and provide a technical reference for further application of the WABR-SBR composite system.
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19
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Abstract
With the rapid development of intensive mariculture, lots of mariculture wastewaters containing residual feed and excrements are discharged into marinelands, leading to coastal pollution. Recently, the environmental problems caused by the discharge of mariculture wastewater have been paid much attention, as have other breeding industries in China. In fact, organic solid waste accounts for most of the pollutants and can be reduced by precipitation or filtration technologies, after which the supernatant can be easily treated by ecological methods. Some national guidelines and relevant local standards have been issued to strictly control the mariculture wastewater, but there are still few effective technologies for mariculture wastewater treatment due to its high salinity and extremely low pollutant concentration. This paper aims to propose feasible pollution control methods of mariculture wastewater according to the wastewater characteristics from different mariculture modes. For raw ammonia-based wastewater, it should be sequentially treated by precipitation, nitrification and denitrification and ecological methods, which would target solid waste, organic carbon/nitrogen and phosphorus removal, respectively. For the nitrate-based wastewater, this just needs denitrification filters and ecological methods for nitrate and phosphorus removal. After an overview of pollution control strategies for different types and scales of industrial mariculture wastewater treatment, some challenges are also mentioned.
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20
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Wen H, Zhu H, Yan B, Bañuelos G, Shutes B, Wang X, Cao S, Cheng R, Tian L. High removal efficiencies of antibiotics and low accumulation of antibiotic resistant genes obtained in microbial fuel cell-constructed wetlands intensified by sponge iron. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150220. [PMID: 34560453 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Using microbial fuel cells with constructed wetlands (MFC-CWs) for eliminating antibiotics has recently attracted extensive attention. However, antibiotic removal efficiencies in MFC-CWs must be enhanced, and the accumulation of antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) remains an unmanageable issue. This study tries to enhance the antibiotic removal in synthetic wastewater and reduce ARGs by adding sponge iron (s-Fe0) and calcium peroxide to the anode and cathode of MFC-CWs, respectively, and/or simultaneously. The results demonstrated that adding s-Fe0 and calcium peroxide to MFC-CWs could improve the removal efficiencies of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and tetracycline (TC) by 0.8-1.3% and 6.0-8.7%. Therein, s-Fe0 also significantly reduced 84.10-94.11% and 49.61-60.63% of total sul and tet genes, respectively. Furthermore, s-Fe0 improved the voltage output, power density, columbic efficiency, and reduced the internal resistance of reactors. The intensification to the electrode layers posed a significant effect on the microbial community composition and functions, which motivated the shift of antibiotic removal, accumulation of ARGs and bioelectricity generation in MFC-CWs. Given the overall performance of MFC-CWs, adding s-Fe0 to the anode region of MFC-CWs was found to be an effective strategy for removing antibiotics and reducing the accumulation of ARGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, PR China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun 130102, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, PR China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun 130102, PR China.
| | - Baixing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, PR China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun 130102, PR China
| | - Gary Bañuelos
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648-9757, USA
| | - Brian Shutes
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, Hendon, London NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, PR China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun 130102, PR China
| | - Shujing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, PR China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun 130102, PR China
| | - Rui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, PR China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun 130102, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Liping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, PR China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun 130102, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
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21
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Boonbangkeng D, Treesubsuntorn C, Dolphen R, Thiravetyan P. Remediation of algal cells, PO 43-, and NO 3- from eutrophic wastewater using Echinodorus cordifolius in zigzag-horizontal subsurface constructed wetlands. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 300:113720. [PMID: 34521007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The pollutant removal efficiency of traditionally constructed wetlands (CWs) is often limited due to low interaction time between wastewater and the CW matrix (plants, microbes, and substrates). A zigzag-horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland with effluent recirculation (Z-HSSF + ER) was developed to improve removal efficiency. Echinodorus cordifolius plants were used in this study. The efficiency of the systems was evaluated using eutrophic wastewater. The results showed that the developed systems exhibited the high removal efficiency of algal cells, PO43-, and NO3- (97%, 70%, and 100%, respectively), within 5 days. Algal cells were removed by the interception mechanism of gravel and zigzag baffles. PO43- and NO3- in the eutrophic wastewater was mainly removed by E. cordifolius including rhizobacteria and other microorganisms. The long flow pathway created by the installation of zigzag baffles combined with effluent recirculation provides high dissolved oxygen (DO) in the systems and increases the interaction time between wastewater and the CW matrix, thus improving the pollutant removal efficiency of CWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuphon Boonbangkeng
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Chairat Treesubsuntorn
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Rujira Dolphen
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Paitip Thiravetyan
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand.
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22
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Liu Y, Xi M, Li Y, Cheng Z, Wang S, Kong F. Improvement in salt tolerance of Iris pseudacorus L. in constructed wetland by exogenous application of salicylic acid and calcium chloride. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 300:113703. [PMID: 34509818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wetland plants play a major role in the process of wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands (CWs). The inhibitory effect of salt stress on plants may reduce the performance of CWs. In this study, salicylic acid (SA) and/or calcium ion (Ca2+) were used for root pretreatment to alleviate the salt stress in Iris pseudacorus L. The results showed that root pretreatment with SA and/or Ca2+ improved the response of Iris pseudacorus L. to salinity by increasing growth, photosynthetic pigments, Pro content, enzymes activities and K+ content. In addition, SA and/or Ca2+ application in saline conditions decreased the relative conductivity and content of malondialdehyde. RNA-seq analysis showed the expression of hormone signaling genes, potassium ion transporter genes, oxidative stress genes and photosynthesis genes were up-regulated after pretreating with SA and CaCl2. In conclusion, the addition of SA and Ca2+ could improve the saline wastewater treatment efficiency of CWs by enhancing the salt tolerance of Iris pseudacorus L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Min Xi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ziwei Cheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Sen Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Fanlong Kong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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23
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Cai Y, Liang J, Zhang P, Wang Q, Wu Y, Ding Y, Wang H, Fu C, Sun J. Review on strategies of close-to-natural wetland restoration and a brief case plan for a typical wetland in northern China. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131534. [PMID: 34329151 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wetlands play an important role in sustaining ecosystems on the earth, which regulate water resources, adjust local climate and produce food for human beings, etc. However, wetlands are facing huge challenges due to human activities and other natural evolution, such as area shrinkage, function weakening and biodiversity decrease, and so on, therefore, some wetlands need to be urgently restored. In this study, the main technology components of close-to-natural restoration of wetlands were summarized. The ecological water requirement and water resource allocation can be optimized for the water balance between social, economy and ecology, which is a key prerequisite for maintaining wetland ecosystem. The pollution of wetland sediments and soils can be assessed by various indicators to provide the scientific basis for natural restoration of wetland base, and suitable strategies should be taken according to the actual conditions of wetland bases. The hydrological connectivity in wetlands and with related water system can be numerically simulated to make the optimal plan for improvement of hydrological connectivity. The ecological restoration of wetlands with the synergetic function of plants, animals and microorganisms was summarized, to improve the quality of wetland water environment and maintain the ecosystem stability. Based on the wetland close-to-natural restoration strategies, a brief ecological restoration plan for a typical wetland, Zaozhadian Wetland, near Xiong'an New Area in the north China was proposed from water resource guarantee, base pollution management, hydrological connectivity improvement and biological restoration. The close-to-natural restoration shows more effective, sustainable and long-lasting and thus a practical prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Cai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jinsong Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Panyue Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Environmental Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, 404632, China.
| | - Qingyan Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Environmental Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, 404632, China
| | - Yiran Ding
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Xiong'an Institute of Eco-Environment, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Chuan Fu
- School of Environmental Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, 404632, China
| | - Jiajun Sun
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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24
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Marathe D, Singh A, Raghunathan K, Thawale P, Kumari K. Current available treatment technologies for saline wastewater and land-based treatment as an emerging environment-friendly technology: A review. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:2461-2504. [PMID: 34453764 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Different industrial activities such as agro-food processing and manufacturing, leather manufacturing, and paper and pulp production generate highly saline wastewater. Direct discharge of saline wastewater has resulted in pollution of waterbodies by very high magnitudes. Consequently, an enormous number of pollutants such as heavy metals, salts, and organic matter are also released into the environment threatening the survival of human and biota. Saline wastewater also has significant effects on survival of plants, agricultural activities, and groundwater systems. Several treatments and disposal technologies are available for saline wastewater, but the selection of the most appropriate treatment and disposal technology still remains a major challenge with respect to the economic or technical constraints. Considering the sustainable management of saline wastewater, the present review is an attempt to compile the existing and emerging technologies for the treatment of saline wastewater. Among all the individual and hybrid technologies, land-based treatment systems are proven to be the most efficient technologies considering the energy demands, economic, and treatment efficiencies. Likewise, new and sustainable technologies are the need of hour integrating both the treatment and management and the resource recovery factors along with the ultimate goal of the protection in terms of human health and environmental aspect. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Physico-chemical treatment technologies for saline wastewater. Combined/Hybrid technologies for the treatment of saline wastewater. Land-based treatments as the environment friendly and sustainable method for saline wastewater treatment and disposal. Role of phytoremediation in land-based treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Marathe
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 44 0020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Anshika Singh
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 44 0020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Karthik Raghunathan
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 44 0020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Prashant Thawale
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 44 0020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Kanchan Kumari
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Kolkata Zonal Centre, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700 107, India
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25
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Zhou S, Zhao R, Li Q, Du J, Chen C, Lu Q, Zhang M, Zhao D, An S. Influent salinity affects substrate selection in surface flow constructed wetlands. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:62235-62245. [PMID: 34185271 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To identify the effect of influent salinity on substrate selection, a study was conducted in pilot-scale surface flow constructed wetlands (SFCWs). Compared with gravel and sand SFCWs, soil SFCWs performed similarly or worse at low salinities, while at high salinities, soil SFCWs performed similarly or better in removal efficiency (RE) of salt, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorous (TP), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Soil generally increased macrophyte growth (especially at high salinity) in terms of biomass, leaf chlorophyll concentration, root activity, and root catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. A general decrease in bacterial α-diversity in the rhizosphere was observed at high salinity, while compared with gravel or sand, soil improved rhizosphere bacterial community stability at varying salinities. At high salinity, compared with that of gravel or sand, the soil support of macrophytes and rhizosphere microorganisms increased pollutant RE in SFCWs. This finding highlights the necessity of varying substrate selection in SFCWs with influent salinities for both increasing pollutant RE and reducing input cost, with soil recommended at high influent salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenyan Zhou
- School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Zhao
- School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiming Li
- School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Du
- School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Lu
- School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Zhang
- School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Dehua Zhao
- School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuqing An
- School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
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26
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Wang X, Zhu H, Yan B, Shutes B, Bañuelos G, Wen H, Cheng R. Improving denitrification efficiency in constructed wetlands integrated with immobilized bacteria under high saline conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117592. [PMID: 34171725 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetlands (CWs) inoculated with exogenous microbes have great potential for removing pollutants in adverse environments. The rapid loss of functional bacteria and the high cost of repeated additions of inoculum, however, limit the practical application of this technology. In this study, C-F2 immobilized bacteria (i.e., immobilized salt-tolerant bacterium Alishewanella sp. F2 incorporated with a carbon source) were developed and utilized in CWs for solving the above problems. A 60-day experiment demonstrated that bioaugmented CWs (Bio-CWs) with the addition of C-F2 immobilized bacteria into the bottom gravel layer of CW microcosms (B-CF2 treatment) exhibited high nitrogen removal efficiency under a saline condition (electrical conductivity of 15 mS/cm). We measured mean nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) and total nitrogen (TN) removal percentages of 97.8% and 88.1%, respectively, which were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those in Bio-CWs with microbial inoculum (MI-F2 treatment, 63.5% and 78.2%) and unbioaugmented CWs (CK, 48.7% and 67.2%). The TN content of the entire plant was significantly (p < 0.05) increased in B-CF2 (636.06 mg/microcosm) compared with CK (372.06 mg/microcosm). The relative abundances of the genera Alishewanella (i.e., the exogenous bacterium, 5.5%), Clostridium-XlVa (8.8%) and Bacteroides (21.1%) in B-CF2 were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in MI-F2 and CK, which improved the denitrification capacity of CWs. Overall, a high denitrification efficiency and durability were achieved in the newly developed Bio-CWs (i.e., B-CF2 treatment) with immobilized bacteria under saline conditions, which provides an alternative technology for the rapid removal of nitrogen from saline wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun, 130102, China.
| | - Baixing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Brian Shutes
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, Hendon, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Gary Bañuelos
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA, 93648-9757, USA
| | - Huiyang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Rui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun, 130102, China
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27
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Zhu CY, Wang JF, Li QS, Wang LL, Tang GH, Cui BS, Bai J. Integration of CW-MFC and anaerobic granular sludge to explore the intensified ammonification-nitrification-denitrification processes for nitrogen removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 278:130428. [PMID: 33831682 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The integration of constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell (CW-MFC) and anaerobic granular sludge (AGS) is an important way to promote its ammonification efficiency and decrease the land use scale. This study explored the integration of CW-MFC and AGS for nitrogen removal via the intensified ammonification-nitrification-denitrification processes with initial NH3-N, NO3-N, Org-N and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations of 10.5, 13.8, 21.4, and 45.7 mg L-1 in wastewater. Two reactors with AGS inoculated with a separated area (R1) and directly inoculated into gravel substrate (R2) were designed, respectively. Results showed that chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency could reach 85% in R1 and 81% in R2, and the conversion of Org-N to NH3-N and NO3-N to gaseous nitrogen were 80% and 90%, respectively. Although the conversion efficiency of NH3-N to NO2-N/NO3-N via nitrification process was only 18%, it could reach 45%, 94%, and 98% with the aeration rates of 50-, 100-, and 200-mL min-1. According to microstructural property and microbial community analyses, the separation gravel substrate and AGS areas in R1 availed for stable particle size of AGS, archaeal diversity, and metabolic activity even with a 1.5 times daily wastewater treatment capacity than that of R2. Overall, although the intensified ammonification-nitrification-denitrification processes for nitrogen removal could be achieved with supplementary aeration, further investigation is still needed to explore other substrate materials and high CW-MFC/AGS volume ratio for intensified nitrification process in CW-MFC associated with AGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Yun Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jun-Feng Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Qu-Sheng Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Li-Li Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Guan-Hui Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Bao-Shan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Junhong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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28
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Zhao L, Fu G, Wu J, Pang W, Hu Z. Bioaugmented constructed wetlands for efficient saline wastewater treatment with multiple denitrification pathways. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 335:125236. [PMID: 33991883 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Six laboratory-scale constructed wetlands (CWs) were used to quantify the nitrogen removal (NR) capacity in the treatment of saline wastewater at high (6:1) and low (2:1) carbon-nitrogen ratios (C/N), with and without bioaugmentation of aerobic-denitrifying bacterium. Sustained high-efficiency nitrification was observed throughout the operation. However, under different C/N ratios, although the bioaugmentation of aerobic-denitrifying bacterium promoted the removal of NO3--N and TN, there were still great differences in denitrification. Molecular biology experiments revealed ammonia-oxidizing archaea, together with the Nitrosomonas and Nitrospira, led to highly efficient nitrification. Furthermore, aerobic-denitrifying bacterium and sulfur-driven denitrifiers were the core denitrification groups in CWs. By performing these combined experiments, it was possible to determine the optimal CW design and the most relevant NR processes for the treatment of salty wastewater. The results suggest that the bioaugmentation of salt-tolerant functional bacteria with multiple NR pathways are crucial for the removal of salty wastewater pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guiping Fu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Jinfa Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Weicheng Pang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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29
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Zhu H, Yu X, Xu Y, Yan B, Bañuelos G, Shutes B, Wen Z. Removal of chlorpyrifos and its hydrolytic metabolite in microcosm-scale constructed wetlands under soda saline-alkaline condition: Mass balance and intensification strategies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 777:145956. [PMID: 33676222 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CP) is a typical organophosphorus insecticide, which poses serious threats to the natural environment and human health. Strategies for the fast elimination of CP and its toxic hydrolytic metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2(1H)-pyridianol (TCP) in drainage water are urgently needed. The fate of CP and TCP in microcosm-scale subsurface batch constructed wetlands (SSBCWs) was quantified with different macrophyte species under soda saline-alkaline (SSA) condition and effective intensification strategies were developed. The macrophyte species Canna indica outperformed Phragmites australis and Typha orientalis for CP and TCP removal in SSBCWs. Mass balance calculation indicates the fate of CP in SSBCWs was residue in water (≤8%), alkaline hydrolysis (18.93-57.42%), microbial degradation (37.75-61.91%), substrate adsorption (~4-14%), and macrophyte uptake (≤3%). The addition of ferric-carbon (Fe-C) as a substrate amendment in SSBCWs increased the CP removal percentage by 35% and reduced the effluent TCP concentration by ~70% during Day 1-4 on average compared with the unintensified control. Fe-C addition simplified the microbial community diversity, while increasing the relative abundance of Proteobacteria which tolerates the microelectrolytic environment. A single application of liquid microbial agent improved CP removal percentage by 84% and decreased the effluent TCP concentration by two orders of magnitude during Day 1-4. The hydraulic retention time for thorough removal of TCP reduced from over 8 d to 4 d. Although only two dominant microbial genera (i.e., Sphingomonas and Pseudomonas) adapted to the environment with CP and SSA, they accelerated CP and TCP degradation via their own metabolism and co-metabolism with other indigenous microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, PR China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun 130102, PR China
| | - Xiangfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, 5088 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, PR China; Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, PR China.
| | - Yingying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, 5088 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Baixing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, PR China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun 130102, PR China
| | - Gary Bañuelos
- San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Science Centre, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648-9757, USA
| | - Brian Shutes
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, Hendon, London NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Zhidan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, PR China
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Gao F, Liu G, She Z, Ji J, Gao M, Zhao Y, Guo L, Jin C. Effects of salinity on pollutant removal and bacterial community in a partially saturated vertical flow constructed wetland. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 329:124890. [PMID: 33662852 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of salinity on pollutant removal and bacterial community within a partially saturated vertical flow constructed wetland (PS-VFCW). High removal rates of NH4+-N (88.29 ± 4.97-100 ± 0%), total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) (50.00 ± 7.21-62.81 ± 7.21%) and COD (91.08 ± 2.66-100 ± 0%) were achieved at 0.4-2.4% salinity levels. The removal of ammonia, TIN and organic matter occurred mainly in unsaturated zone. Salt-adaptable microbes became the dominant bacteria with salinity elevated. The proportion of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in the 0-5 cm depth layer (unsaturated zone) decreased obviously as the salinity increased to 2.4%. Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) in the 0-5 cm depth layer showed a decreasing trend with elevated salinity. Denitrifying bacteria (DNB) in the 0-5 cm depth layer maintained high abundance (27.70-53.60%) at 0.4-2.4% salinity levels. At 2.4% salinity, AOB, NOB and DNB were observed in the unsaturated zones and saturated zones, and showed higher abundance in the unsaturated zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, China
| | - Guochen Liu
- Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, China
| | - Zonglian She
- Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, China.
| | - Junyuan Ji
- Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, China
| | - Mengchun Gao
- Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, China
| | - Yangguo Zhao
- Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, China
| | - Chunji Jin
- Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, China
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Anh HTH, Shahsavari E, Bott NJ, Ball AS. Application of Co-Culture Technology to Enhance Protease Production by Two Halophilic Bacteria, Marinirhabdus sp. and Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113141. [PMID: 34073991 PMCID: PMC8197384 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although axenic microbial cultures form the basis of many large successful industrial biotechnologies, the production of single commercial microbial strains for use in large environmental biotechnologies such as wastewater treatment has proved less successful. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of the co-culture of two halophilic bacteria, Marinirhabdus sp. and Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus for enhanced protease activity. The co-culture was significantly more productive than monoculture (1.6–2.0 times more growth), with Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus being predominant (64%). In terms of protease activity, enhanced total activity (1.8–2.4 times) was observed in the co-culture. Importantly, protease activity in the co-culture was found to remain active over a much broader range of environmental conditions (temperature 25 °C to 60 °C, pH 4–12, and 10–30% salinity, respectively). This study confirms that the co-culturing of halophilic bacteria represents an economical approach as it resulted in both increased biomass and protease production, the latter which showed activity over arange of environmental conditions.
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Kataki S, Chatterjee S, Vairale MG, Dwivedi SK, Gupta DK. Constructed wetland, an eco-technology for wastewater treatment: A review on types of wastewater treated and components of the technology (macrophyte, biolfilm and substrate). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 283:111986. [PMID: 33486195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetland (CW) represents an efficient eco-technological conglomerate interweaving water security, energy possibility and environmental protection. In the context of wastewater treatment technologies requiring substantial efficiency at reduced cost, chemical input and low environmental impact, applications of CW is being demonstrated at laboratory and field level with reasonably high contaminant removal efficiency and ecological benefits. However, along with the scope of applications, role of individual wetland component has to be re-emphasized through related research interventions. Hence, this review distinctively explores the concerns for extracting maximum benefit of macrophyte (focusing on interface of pollutant removal, root radial oxygen loss, root iron plaque, endophyte-macrophyte assisted treatment in CW, and prospects of energy harvesting from macrophyte) and role of biofilm (effect on treatment efficiency, composition and factors affecting) in a CW. Another focus of the review is on recent advances and developments in alternative low-cost substrate materials (including conventional type, industrial by-products, organic waste, mineral based and hybrid type) and their effect on target pollutants. The remainder of this review is organized to discuss the concerns of CW with respect to wastewater type (municipal, industrial, agricultural and farm wastewater). Attempt is made to analyze the practical relevance and significance of these aspects incorporating all recent developments in the areas to help making informed decisions about future directions for research and development related to CW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampriti Kataki
- Biodegradation Technology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Soumya Chatterjee
- Biodegradation Technology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, Assam, India.
| | - Mohan G Vairale
- Biodegradation Technology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Sanjai K Dwivedi
- Biodegradation Technology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Dharmendra K Gupta
- Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Indira Paryavaran Bhavan, New Delhi, India
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Wang X, Zhu H, Yan B, Shutes B, Bañuelos G, Cheng R. Response of the microbial community to salt stress and its stratified effect in constructed wetlands. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:18089-18101. [PMID: 33405146 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11937-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands (CWs) may be inhibited by salinity. The clarification of the response of microbial community to salt stress is a premise for developing strategies to improve nitrogen removal efficiency in CWs under saline conditions. Results showed that the ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), and total nitrogen (TN) removal percentages significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in CWs with increasing salinity. The structure and abundance of the microbial community varied with different salinity levels and sampling depths in CWs. Compared with a non-saline condition, the abundances of some bacteria with a denitrification function (e.g., Arthrobacter) significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in CWs under saline conditions (i.e., EC of 15 and 30 mS/cm). Aerobic bacteria (e.g., Sphingomonas) exhibited more abundance in soil and upper gravel samples in CWs than those in bottom gravel samples, while the abundance of some denitrifying bacteria (e.g., Thauera and Azoarcus) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in bottom gravel samples compared with soil and upper gravel samples, respectively. This study provides both microbiological evidence for explaining the impact of salt stress on nitrogen removal in CWs and scientific reference for developing enhanced strategies to improve the nitrogen removal capacity of CWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China.
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun, 130102, China.
| | - Baixing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Brian Shutes
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, Hendon, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Gary Bañuelos
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA, 93648-9757, USA
| | - Rui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun, 130102, China
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Guo H, Han S, Lee DJ. Genomic studies on natural and engineered aquatic denitrifying eco-systems: A research update. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 326:124740. [PMID: 33497924 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Excess nitrogenous compounds in municipal or industrial wastewaters can stimulate growth of denitrifying bacteria, in return, to convert potentially hazardous nitrate to inorganic nitrogen gas. To explore the community structure, distributions and succession of functional strains, and their interactions with other microbial communities, contemporary studies were performed based on detailed genomic analysis. This mini-review updated contemporary genomic studies on denitrifying genes in natural and engineered aquatic systems, with the constructed wetlands being the demonstrative system for the latter. Prospects for the employment of genomic studies on denitrifying systems for process design, optimization and development of novel denitrifying processes were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Guo
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Song Han
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; College of Technology and Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10610, Taiwan; College of Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 40070, Taiwan.
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Du J, Li Q, Zhao R, Yang J, Zhou S, Chen C, Zhang M, Zhao D, An S. Effect of influent salinity on the selection of macrophyte species in floating constructed wetlands. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 282:111947. [PMID: 33434794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pilot-scale floating constructed wetlands (FCWs) under varying influent salinities were implemented, and the effects of influent salinity on pollutant removal efficiency (RE) and macrophyte species selection were identified. The results suggest that a salinity increase generally decreased pollutant REs, while some macrophytes, such as Iris pseudacorus, could effectively resist this decrease. The average coefficients of variation between macrophyte species in REs of chemical oxygen demand, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and total phosphorus increased from 28.6% at low salinity to 91.3% at high salinity, which suggests the greater importance of macrophyte selection under high salinity. With an increase in salinity, the rhizosphere bacterial community showed convergent evolution or convergence followed by slight divergent evolution between macrophyte species, while the importance of macrophyte parameter selection in characterizing pollutant REs decreased. Therefore, influent salinity is a key factor to consider in macrophyte selection and application, especially in FCWs without soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China
| | - Qiming Li
- School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China
| | - Ran Zhao
- School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China
| | - Jiqiang Yang
- School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China
| | - Shenyan Zhou
- School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China
| | - Miao Zhang
- School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China
| | - Dehua Zhao
- School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China.
| | - Shuqing An
- School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China
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Wen H, Zhu H, Xu Y, Yan B, Shutes B, Bañuelos G, Wang X. Removal of sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline in constructed wetlands integrated with microbial fuel cells influenced by influent and operational conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:115988. [PMID: 33218779 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetlands integrated with microbial fuel cells (MFC-CWs) have been recently developed and tested for removing antibiotics. However, the effects of carbon source availability, electron transfer flux and cathode conditions on antibiotics removal in MFC-CWs through co-metabolism remained unclear. In this study, four experiments were conducted in MFC-CW microcosms to investigate the influence of carbon source species and concentrations, external resistance and aeration duration on sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and tetracycline (TC) removal and bioelectricity generation performance. MFC-CWs supplied with glucose as carbon source outperformed other carbon sources, and moderate influent glucose concentration (200 mg L-1) resulted in the best removal of both SMX and TC. Highest removal percentages of SMX (99.4%) and TC (97.8%) were obtained in MFC-CWs with the external resistance of 700 Ω compared to other external resistance treatments. SMX and TC removal percentages in MFC-CWs were improved by 4.98% and 4.34%, respectively, by increasing the aeration duration to 12 h compared to no aeration. For bioelectricity generation performance, glucose outperformed sodium acetate, sucrose and starch, with the highest voltages of 386 ± 20 mV, maximum power density (MPD) of 123.43 mW m-3, and coulombic efficiency (CE) of 0.273%. Increasing carbon source concentrations from 100 to 400 mg L-1, significantly (p < 0.05) increased the voltage and MPD, but decreased the internal resistance and CE. The highest MPD was obtained when the external resistance (700 Ω) was close to the internal resistance (600.11 Ω). Aeration not only improved the voltage and MPD, but also reduced the internal resistance. This study demonstrates that carbon source species and concentrations, external resistances and aeration duration, all play vital roles in regulating SMX and TC removal in MFC-CWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, PR China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun, 130102, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, PR China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun, 130102, PR China.
| | - Yingying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, 5088 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, PR China.
| | - Baixing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, PR China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun, 130102, PR China.
| | - Brian Shutes
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, Hendon, London, NW4 4BT, UK.
| | - Gary Bañuelos
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA, 93648-9757, USA.
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, PR China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun, 130102, PR China.
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Cheng R, Zhu H, Shutes B, Yan B. Treatment of microcystin (MC-LR) and nutrients in eutrophic water by constructed wetlands: Performance and microbial community. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128139. [PMID: 33297127 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms and microcystins (MCs) pollution pose serious threat to aquatic ecosystem and public health. Planted and unplanted constructed wetlands (CWs) filled with four substrates (i.e., gravel (G-CWs), ceramsite (C-CWs), iron-carbon (I-CWs) and slag (S-CWs)) were established to evaluate nutrients and a typical MCs variant (i.e., MC-LR) removal efficiency from eutrophic water affected by the presence of plant and different substrate. The response of the microbial community to the above factors was also analyzed in this study. The results indicate that the presence of plant can generally enhance nutrients and MC-LR removal efficiency in CWs, except for I-CWs. Throughout the experiment, all CWs exhibited good nitrogen removal efficiency with removal percentages exceeding 90%; TP and MC-LR average removal efficiency of C-CWs and I-CWs were greater than G-CWs and S-CWs irrespective of the presence of plant. The best MC-LR removal efficiency under different MC-LR loads was observed in planted C-CWs (ranged from 91.56% to 95.16%). Except for I-CWs, the presence of plant can enhance relative abundances of functional microorganisms involved in nutrients removal (e.g., Comamonadaceae and Planctomycetaceae) and MCs degradation (e.g., Burkholderiaceae). The microbial community diversity of I-CWs was simplified, while the relative abundance of Proteobacteria was highest in this study. The highest relative abundances of Comamonadaceae, Planctomycetaceae and Burkholderiaceae were observed in planted C-CWs. Overall, ceramisite and iron-carbon were more suitable to be applied in CWs for nutrients and MC-LR removal. This study provides a theoretical basis for practical application of CWs in eutrophication and MCs pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun, 130102, China.
| | - Brian Shutes
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, Hendon, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Baixing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun, 130102, China
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Wen H, Zhu H, Yan B, Shutes B, Yu X, Cheng R, Chen X, Wang X. Constructed wetlands integrated with microbial fuel cells for COD and nitrogen removal affected by plant and circuit operation mode. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:3008-3018. [PMID: 32897473 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic matter and NH4+-N are two major pollutants in domestic sewage. This study evaluated the influence of plant and circuit operation mode on the performance of constructed wetlands integrated with microbial fuel cells (CW-MFCs) and investigated the removal mechanisms of organic matter and nitrogen. Better chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was achieved in closed-circuit CW-MFCs regardless of planting or not, with average removal efficiencies of 83.19-86.28% (closed-circuit CW-MFCs) and 76.54-83.19% (open-circuit CW-MFCs), respectively. More than 70% organic matter was removed in the anaerobic region of all CW-MFCs. In addition, the planted CW-MFCs outperformed the unplanted CW-MFCs in ammonium, nitrate, and total nitrogen removal irrespective of circuit connection or not, for example, the NH4+-N removal efficiencies of 95.91-96.82% were achieved in planted CW-MFCs compared with 56.54-59.95% achieved by unplanted CW-MFCs. Besides, 33.14-55.69% of NH4+-N was removed in the anaerobic region. Throughout the experiment, the average voltages of planted and unplanted CW-MFCs were 264 mV and 108 mV, with the corresponding maximum voltage output of 544 mV and 321 mV, respectively. Furthermore, planted CW-MFCs, simultaneously producing a peak power density of 92.05 mW m-3 with a coulombic efficiency of 0.50%, exhibited better than unplanted CW-MFCs (3.29 mW m-3 and 0.21%, respectively) in bioelectricity generation characteristics. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun, 130102, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, People's Republic of China.
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun, 130102, People's Republic of China.
| | - Baixing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, People's Republic of China.
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun, 130102, People's Republic of China.
| | - Brian Shutes
- Urban Pollution Research Centre, Middlesex University, Hendon, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Xiangfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, 5088 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun, 130102, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun, 130102, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, People's Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun, 130102, People's Republic of China
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Huang X, Yang X, Zhu J, Yu J. Microbial interspecific interaction and nitrogen metabolism pathway for the treatment of municipal wastewater by iron carbon based constructed wetland. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 315:123814. [PMID: 32682264 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to explore the pollutant removal performance and interspecific interaction in constructed wetland (CW) with Fe0-C filler, constructed wetland with Fe0-C filler (CW-Fe) and with ceramsite filler (CW-C) were set up. Besides, the nutrients removal and interspecific interaction were analyzed, and the results showed that total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency of CW-Fe system without carbon source was lower than that in CW-C system though CW-Fe system could convert macro-molecular organic matter into micro-molecular organic matter. However, ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) increase was observed in CW-Fe system with better total phosphorus (TP) removal performance. High-throughput sequencing showed that the microbial richness and abundance of Bacteroides, Firmicutes, Chlorofeli and Actinobacteria in the CW with Fe0-C filler was significantly higher than with ceramsite filler. The interaction between two CWs was significantly different, and the functional enzymes abundance of nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) to NH4+-N transformation in CW-Fe system significantly increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Xinmei Yang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jia Zhu
- Department of Architecture and Environment, Shenzhen Polytechnic College, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianghua Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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Ansari S, Alavi J. Polishing low-biodegradable and saline industrial effluent in a full-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland: evaluation of bio-treatability and predictive power of kinetic models. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2020; 23:89-101. [PMID: 32723074 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2020.1797629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the bio-treatability performance and kinetic models of full-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland used for the tertiary treatment of composite industrial effluent characterized by high-salt content ranging from 5830 to 10,400 µS/cm and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5): chemical oxygen demand (COD) ratio below 0.2. The wetland vegetated with Phragmites australis was operated in a semi-arid climate under an average hydraulic loading rate of 63 mm/d. The results of a 4-year operation calculated based on the concentration of pollutants showed that the average removal efficiency of COD, BOD5, and total suspended solids (TSS) were 17.5, 5.1, and 11.2%, respectively. The system reduced up to 6.5 ± 0.7% of electrical conductivity presenting poor phyto-desalination potential without considering the contribution of evapotranspiration in water balance in contrast to satisfying performance for heavy metals reduction. The comparison of the kinetics of organic matter removal obtained by the first-order and Monod models paired with continuous stirred-tank reactor and plug flow regime showed that Monod-plug flow model provided the best fit with the constants of 2.01 g COD/m2·d and 0.3014 g BOD5/m2·d with the best correlation coefficient of 0.610 and 0.968 between the predicted and measured concentrations, respectively. The low kinetic rates indicate that the process is capable of effluent polishing instead of purification due to the presence of organic compounds recalcitrant to biodegradation and a high level of salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Ansari
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Kheradgarayan Motahar Institute of Higher Education, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Alavi
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Kheradgarayan Motahar Institute of Higher Education, Mashhad, Iran
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