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Kravchenko E, Sushkova S, Raza MH, Minkina T, Dudnikova T, Barbashev A, Maksimov A, Wong MH. Ecological and human health impact assessments based on long-term monitoring of soil PAHs near a coal-fired power plant. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:288. [PMID: 38970676 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02060-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The combustion of coal in power plants releases significant amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are highly toxic and carcinogenic. This study assesses the ecological and human health impacts of PAHs contamination from a coal-fired power plant over 8 years. The monitoring site selection considered the distance from the power plant and the prevailing wind direction in the investigated area. The results reveal that, during the monitoring period, PAH levels increased on average by 43%, 61%, and 37% in the zone of the prevailing wind direction, in the area proximate to the power plant, and the zone distant from it, respectively. The site, which has a radius of 4.5 km in the prevailing wind direction, exhibited the highest ecological and human health impacts. Additionally, a strong correlation was observed between environmental and human health impacts, depending on the distance from the power plant, particularly in areas with the prevailing wind direction. These insights contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the intricate dynamics linking power plant emissions, PAHs contamination, and their far-reaching consequences on the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Kravchenko
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia.
| | - Svetlana Sushkova
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Muhammad Huzaifa Raza
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Tamara Dudnikova
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Andrey Barbashev
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Aleksey Maksimov
- National Medical Research Centre for Oncology, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
- Consortium On Health, Environment, Education, and Research (CHEER), The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Chen R, Liu N, Ren Y, Cui T. Transcriptomic and biochemical analysis of metabolic remodeling in Bacillus subtilis MSC4 under Benzo[a]pyrene stress. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 353:141637. [PMID: 38462177 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Polyaromatic benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a toxic carcinogenic environmental pollutant, and the use of microorganisms to remediate B[a]P contamination is considered to be one of the most effective strategies. However, there is still a gap in studying the metabolic remodeling of microorganisms under B[a]P stress. In this study, our systematically investigated the effects of B[a]P on the metabolism of Bacillus subtilis MSC4 based on transcriptomic, molecular and biochemical analyses. The results showed that in response to B[a]P stress, MSC4 formed more biofilm matrix and endospores, the structure of the endospores also was changed, which led to a reduction in their resistance and made them more difficult to germinate. In addition to an increase in glycolysis activity, the activities of tricarboxylic acid cycle, pentose phosphate pathway and the electron transport chain were decreased. B[a]P stress forced MSC4 to strengthen arginine synthesis, urea cycle, and urea decomposition, meanwhile, synthesize more ribonucleotides. The activity of DNA replication, transcription activities and the expression of multiple ribosomal protein genes were reduced. Moreover, all of the reported enzymes involved in B[a]P degradation showed decreased transcript abundance, and the degradation of B[a]P caused significant up-regulation of the gene expression of the acid inducible enzyme OxdC and the synthesis of acetoin. In addition, the cytotoxicity of B[a]P to bacteria was directly displayed in four aspects: increased intracellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), elevated cell membrane permeability, up-regulation of the cell envelope stress-sensing two-component system LiaRS, and downregulation of siderophores biosynthesis. Finally, B[a]P also caused morphological changes in the cells, with some cells exhibiting significant deformation and concavity. These findings provide effective research directions for targeted improvement the cellular activity of B[a]P-degrading strains, and is beneficial for further application of microorganisms to remediate B[a]P -contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Na Liu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yuan Ren
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Tangbing Cui
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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Mackiewicz-Walec E, Krzebietke SJ, Sienkiewicz S. The Influence of Crops on the Content of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil Fertilized with Manure and Mineral Fertilizers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192013627. [PMID: 36294205 PMCID: PMC9602616 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are mainly accumulated in soil. Plants secrete enzymes that transform or biodegrade PAHs in soil. Some plant species are more effective in stimulating the biodegradation of these pollutants than other species. This study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of crop rotation on PAH concentrations in soil. Four crops were grown in rotation: sugar beets, spring barley, maize, and spring wheat. Soil samples for the study were obtained from a long-term field experiment established in 1986 in Bałcyny, Poland. The concentrations of PAHs were analyzed in soil samples gathered over a period of 12 years (1998-2009). An attempt was made to evaluate the effect of crop rotation (sugar beets, spring barley, maize, and spring wheat) on PAH concentrations in soil. The content of PAHs in soil samples was measured by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Data were processed statistically by repeated measures ANOVA. The concentrations of ∑16 PAHs were lowest in soil after sugar beet cultivation, and highest in soil after maize cultivation. It can be concluded that maize was the plant with the greatest adverse effect on the content of heavy PAH in the soil, a completely different effect can be attributed to spring wheat, which has always been shown to reduce the content of heavy PAH in the soil. Weather conditions affected PAHs levels in soil, and PAH content was highest in soil samples collected in a year with the driest growing season. This arrangement suggests a greater influence of weather conditions than of the cultivated plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Mackiewicz-Walec
- Department of Agrotechnology and Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence: (E.M.-W.); (S.J.K.)
| | - Sławomir Józef Krzebietke
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence: (E.M.-W.); (S.J.K.)
| | - Stanisław Sienkiewicz
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Gabriele I, Race M, Papirio S, Papetti P, Esposito G. Phytoremediation of a pyrene-contaminated soil by Cannabis sativa L. at different initial pyrene concentrations. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 300:134578. [PMID: 35417760 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes the phytoremediation of a pyrene (PYR)-contaminated soil by Cannabis sativa L. The experimental campaign was conducted along a 60 days period using three different initial PYR concentrations (i.e., 50, 100 and 150 mg kg TS-1 of soil) in 300 mL volume pots under greenhouse conditions (18-25 °C and 45-55% humidity). After 60 days of hemp growth and flourishing, the highest PYR removal reached approximately 95% in planted soil, 35% higher than in the unplanted control. PYR accumulation was observed in both roots and aerial parts of the plant, with a higher PYR uptake at increasing initial PYR concentrations in soil. The initial PYR concentration affected the growth and, thus, the phytoremediation potential of C. sativa L., which was the result of different removal mechanisms. Overall, the lowest initial PYR concentration was the one that resulted in the highest PYR removal. The interaction between the plant roots and microorganisms in rhizosphere was likely associated with PYR removal in this study. The highest DHO activity of 66.26 μg INTF g-1 TS-1 was observed in the soil spiked with 50 mg PYR·kg TS-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Gabriele
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via Di Biasio 43, 03043, Cassino, Italy.
| | - Marco Race
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via Di Biasio 43, 03043, Cassino, Italy
| | - Stefano Papirio
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Patrizia Papetti
- Department of Economics and Law, Territorial and Products Analysis Laboratory, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via S. Angelo, Folcara, 03043, Cassino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Esposito
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125, Napoli, Italy
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Willows Used for Phytoremediation Increased Organic Contaminant Concentrations in Soil Surface. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11072979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Salix genus includes shrub species that are widely used in phytoremediation and various other phytotechnologies due to their advantageous characteristics, such as a high evapotranspiration (ET) rate, in particular when cultivated in short rotation intensive culture (SRIC). Observations made in past field studies suggest that ET and its impact on soil hydrology can also lead to increases in soil pollutant concentrations near shrubs. To investigate this, sections of a mature willow plantation (seven years old) were cut to eliminate transpiration (Cut treatment). Soil concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), aliphatic compounds C10–C50, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and five trace elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn) were compared between the Cut and the uncut plots (Salix miyabeana ‘SX61’). Over 24 months, the results clearly show that removal of the willow shrubs limited the contaminants’ increase in the soil surface, as observed for C10–C50 and of 10 PAHs under the Salix treatment. This finding strongly reinforces a hypothesis that SRIC of willows may facilitate the migration of contaminants towards their roots, thus increasing their concentration in the surrounding soil. Such a “pumping effect” in a high-density willow crop is a prominent characteristic specific to field studies that can lead to counterintuitive results. Although apparent increases of contaminant concentrations contradict the purification benefits usually pursued in phytoremediation, the possibility of active phytoextraction and rhizodegradation is not excluded. Moreover, increases of pollutant concentrations under shrubs following migration suggest that decreases would consequently occur at the source points. Some reflections on interpreting field work results are provided.
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Abdullah SRS, Al-Baldawi IA, Almansoory AF, Purwanti IF, Al-Sbani NH, Sharuddin SSN. Plant-assisted remediation of hydrocarbons in water and soil: Application, mechanisms, challenges and opportunities. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125932. [PMID: 32069719 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increasing importance of diesel and petroleum for industrial development during the last century, petrochemical effluents have significantly contributed to the pollution of aquatic and soil environments. The contamination generated by petroleum hydrocarbons can endanger not only humans but also the environment. Phytoremediation or plant-assisted remediation can be considered one of the best technologies to manage petroleum product-contaminated water and soil. The main advantages of this method are that it is environmentally-friendly, potentially cost-effective and does not require specialised equipment. The scope of this review includes a description of hydrocarbon pollutants from petrochemical industries, their toxicity impacts and methods of treatment and degradation. The major emphasis is on phytodegradation (phytotransformation) and rhizodegradation since these mechanisms are the most favourable alternatives for soil and water reclamation of hydrocarbons using tropical plants. In addressing these issues, this review also covers challenges to retrieve the environment (soil and water) from petroleum contaminations through phytoremediation, and its opportunities to remove or reduce the negative environmental impacts of petroleum contaminations and restore damaged ecosystems with sustainable ways to keep healthy life for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Israa Abdulwahab Al-Baldawi
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Biochemical Engineering, Al-Khwarizmi College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
| | - Asia Fadhile Almansoory
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Biology, Science College, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Ipung Fitri Purwanti
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
| | - Nadya Hussin Al-Sbani
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Petroleum Engineering, AL-Zawia University, AL-Zawia, Libya
| | - Siti Shilatul Najwa Sharuddin
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Košnář Z, Mercl F, Tlustoš P. Ability of natural attenuation and phytoremediation using maize (Zea mays L.) to decrease soil contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) derived from biomass fly ash in comparison with PAHs-spiked soil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 153:16-22. [PMID: 29407733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A 120-day pot experiment was conducted to compare the ability of natural attenuation and phytoremediation approaches to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from soil amended with PAHs-contaminated biomass fly ash. The PAH removal from ash-treated soil was compared with PAHs-spiked soil. The removal of 16 individual PAHs from soil ranged between 4.8% and 87.8% within the experiment. The natural attenuation approach led to a negligible total PAH removal. The phytoremediation was the most efficient approach for PAH removal, while the highest removal was observed in the case of ash-treated soil. The content of low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs and the total PAHs in this treatment significantly decreased (P <.05) over the whole experiment by 47.6% and 29.4%, respectively. The tested level of PAH soil contamination (~1600 µg PAH/kg soil dry weight) had no adverse effects on maize growth as well on the biomass yield. In addition, the PAHs were detected only in maize roots and their bioaccumulation factors were significantly lower than 1 suggesting negligible PAH uptake from soil by maize roots. The results showed that PAHs of ash origin were similarly susceptible to removal as spiked PAHs. The presence of maize significantly boosted the PAH removal from soil and its aboveground biomass did not represent any environmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Košnář
- Department of Agro Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Filip Mercl
- Department of Agro Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Tlustoš
- Department of Agro Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic
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Ingrid L, Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui A, Frédéric L, Yolande D, Joël F. Arbuscular mycorrhizal wheat inoculation promotes alkane and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation: Microcosm experiment on aged-contaminated soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:549-560. [PMID: 26995451 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Very few studies reported the potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis to dissipate hydrocarbons in aged polluted soils. The present work aims to study the efficiency of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonized wheat plants in the dissipation of alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Our results demonstrated that the inoculation of wheat with Rhizophagus irregularis allowed a better dissipation of PAHs and alkanes after 16 weeks of culture by comparison to non-inoculated condition. These dissipations observed in the inoculated soil resulted from several processes: (i) a light adsorption on roots (0.5% for PAHs), (ii) a bioaccumulation in roots (5.7% for PAHs and 6.6% for alkanes), (iii) a transfer in shoots (0.4 for PAHs and 0.5% for alkanes) and mainly a biodegradation. Whereas PAHs and alkanes degradation rates were respectively estimated to 12 and 47% with non-inoculated wheat, their degradation rates reached 18 and 48% with inoculated wheat. The mycorrhizal inoculation induced an increase of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by 56 and 37% compared to the non-inoculated wheat. Moreover, an increase of peroxidase activity was assessed in mycorrhizal roots. Taken together, our findings suggested that mycorrhization led to a better hydrocarbon biodegradation in the aged-contaminated soil thanks to a stimulation of telluric bacteria and hydrocarbon metabolization in mycorrhizal roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenoir Ingrid
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant [UCEIV], EA4492, 50 rue Ferdinand Buisson, 62228 Calais, France.
| | - Anissa Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant [UCEIV], EA4492, 50 rue Ferdinand Buisson, 62228 Calais, France.
| | - Laruelle Frédéric
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant [UCEIV], EA4492, 50 rue Ferdinand Buisson, 62228 Calais, France.
| | - Dalpé Yolande
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada.
| | - Fontaine Joël
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant [UCEIV], EA4492, 50 rue Ferdinand Buisson, 62228 Calais, France.
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Cébron A, Beguiristain T, Bongoua-Devisme J, Denonfoux J, Faure P, Lorgeoux C, Ouvrard S, Parisot N, Peyret P, Leyval C. Impact of clay mineral, wood sawdust or root organic matter on the bacterial and fungal community structures in two aged PAH-contaminated soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:13724-13738. [PMID: 25616383 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The high organic pollutant concentration of aged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated wasteland soils is highly recalcitrant to biodegradation due to its very low bioavailability. In such soils, the microbial community is well adapted to the pollution, but the microbial activity is limited by nutrient availability. Management strategies could be applied to modify the soil microbial functioning as well as the PAH contamination through various amendment types. The impact of amendment with clay minerals (montmorillonite), wood sawdust and organic matter plant roots on microbial community structure was investigated on two aged PAH-contaminated soils both in laboratory and 1-year on-site pot experiments. Total PAH content (sum of 16 PAHs of the US-EPA list) and polar polycyclic aromatic compounds (pPAC) were monitored as well as the available PAH fraction using the Tenax method. The bacterial and fungal community structures were monitored using fingerprinting thermal gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE) method. The abundance of bacteria (16S rRNA genes), fungi (18S rRNA genes) and PAH degraders (PAH-ring hydroxylating dioxygenase and catechol dioxygenase genes) was followed through qPCR assays. Although the treatments did not modify the total and available PAH content, the microbial community density, structure and the PAH degradation potential changed when fresh organic matter was provided as sawdust and under rhizosphere influence, while the clay mineral only increased the percentage of catechol-1,2-dioxygenase genes. The abundance of bacteria and fungi and the percentage of fungi relative to bacteria were enhanced in soil samples supplemented with wood sawdust and in the plant rhizospheric soils. Two distinct fungal populations developed in the two soils supplemented with sawdust, i.e. fungi related to Chaetomium and Neurospora genera and Brachyconidiellopsis and Pseudallescheria genera, in H and NM soils respectively. Wood sawdust amendment favoured the development of PAH-degrading bacteria holding Gram-negative PAH-ring hydroxylating dioxygenase, catechol-1,2-dioxygenase and catechol-2,3-dioxygenase genes. Regarding the total community structure, bacteria closely related to Thiobacillus (β-Proteobacteria) and Steroidobacter (γ-Proteobacteria) genera were favoured by wood sawdust amendment. In both soils, plant rhizospheres induced the development of fungi belonging to Ascomycota and related to Alternaria and Fusarium genera. Bacteria closely related to Luteolibacter (Verrucomicrobia) and Microbacterium (Actinobacteria) were favoured in alfalfa and ryegrass rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Cébron
- CNRS, LIEC UMR 7360, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, BP 70239, 54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France,
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Pee GY, Na S, Wei Z, Weavers LK. Increasing the bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment using ultrasound. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 122:265-272. [PMID: 25532768 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of sonication on the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the bioaccessible and less bioaccessible fractions of three contaminated sediments (Little Scioto River, OH-LS; Gary, IN-GI; Eagle Harbor, WA-EH) was examined. After 60min sonication, the fractions of naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene remaining in the LS sediment were 0.76±0.18, 0.83±0.04 and 0.76±0.05, respectively, indicating ultrasonic degradation of PAHs in the sediment. In addition, there was a significant decrease in PAH concentration (i.e., up to 91.4%) in the less bioaccessible fractions for all three sediments with sonication. The bioaccessible fraction of phenanthrene and pyrene in LS and pyrene in EH increased by 12.9%, 48.3% and 27.8%, respectively, followed by a slight decrease due to degradation. The initial increase suggests that ultrasonic irradiation of sediment either transfers the PAHs from the less bioaccessible sites to the bioaccessible sites for treatment or transforms less bioaccessible sites into bioaccessible sites. A comparatively smaller reduction (i.e., 20.2%) in the less bioaccessible fraction in GI sediment is attributed to the larger fraction of black carbon in the organic carbon content of the sediment hindering the ability of ultrasound to switch the PAHs from the less to the more bioaccessible sites. Overall ultrasonic irradiation of contaminated sediments is a technique to enhance contaminant remediation by reducing the fraction of contaminants in less bioaccessible sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gim-Yang Pee
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Seungmin Na
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Zongsu Wei
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Linda K Weavers
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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Peng RH, Fu XY, Zhao W, Tian YS, Zhu B, Han HJ, Xu J, Yao QH. Phytoremediation of phenanthrene by transgenic plants transformed with a naphthalene dioxygenase system from Pseudomonas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:12824-12832. [PMID: 25299803 DOI: 10.1021/es5015357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Genes from microbes for degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are seldom used to improve the ability of plants to remediate the pollution because the initiation of the microbial degradation of PAHs is catalyzed by a multienzyme system. In this study, for the first time, we have successfully transferred the complex naphthalene dioxygenase system of Pseudomonas into Arabidopsis and rice, the model dicot and monocot plant. As in bacteria, all four genes of the naphthalene dioxygenase system can be simultaneously expressed and assembled to an active enzyme in transgenic plants. The naphthalene dioxygenase system can develop the capacity of plants to tolerate a high concentration of phenanthrene and metabolize phenanthrene in vivo. As a result, transgenic plants showed improved uptake of phenanthrene from the environment over wild-type plants. In addition, phenanthrene concentrations in shoots and roots of transgenic plants were generally lower than that of wild type plants. Transgenic plants with a naphthalene dioxygenase system bring the promise of an efficient and environmental-friendly technology for cleaning up PAHs contaminated soil and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri-He Peng
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences , 2901 Beidi Rd, Shanghai, 201106, People's Republic of China
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Peng R, Fu X, Tian Y, Zhao W, Zhu B, Xu J, Wang B, Wang L, Yao Q. Metabolic engineering of Arabidopsis for remediation of different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using a hybrid bacterial dioxygenase complex. Metab Eng 2014; 26:100-110. [PMID: 25305469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The widespread presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their potential harm to various organisms has generated interest in efficiently eliminating these compounds from the environment. Phytoremediation is an efficient technology for cleaning up pollutants. However, unlike microorganisms, plants lack the catabolic pathway for complete degradation of these dangerous groups of compounds. One way to enhance the potential of plants for remediation of these compounds is by transferring genes involved in xenobiotic degradation from microbes to plants. In this paper, four genes, namely nidA and nidB (encoding the large and small subunits of naphthalene dioxygenase of Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PYR-1) as well as NahAa and NahAb (encoding flavoprotein reductase and ferredoxin of the electron-transport chain of the Pseudomonas putida G7 naphthalene dioxygenase system), were transferred and ectopically expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing the heterozygous naphthalene dioxygenase system exhibited enhanced tolerance toward 2-4 rings PAHs. Transgenic plants assimilated PAHs from the culture media faster and accumulated less in vivo than wild-type plants. Furthermore, examination of metabolic intermediates by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that the naphthalene metabolic pathway in transgenic plants mainly involves the dioxygenase pathway. Taken together, our findings suggest that grafting the naphthalene dioxygenase complex into plants is a possible strategy to breed PAH-tolerant plants to efficiently degrade PAHs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihe Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yongsheng Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jing Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Quanhong Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Shanghai, PR China.
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Yan Z, Jiang H, Li X, Shi Y. Accelerated removal of pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene in freshwater sediments with amendment of cyanobacteria-derived organic matter. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 272:66-74. [PMID: 24681443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The removal of pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) were investigated in freshwater sediments with amendment of seven different organic matters including cyanobacteria-derived organic matter (COM), plant-derived organic matter (POM), and humic substances (HS). During the 210 days of experiments, the amendment of COM or HS enhanced significantly the removal of pyrene and BaP in sediments, especially with fresh COM (FCOM) treatment much superior to HS. On the contrary, degradation of these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was not significantly improved and even inhibited in POM-amended sediments. The first-order rate constants of pyrene and BaP degradation in the FCOM-amended sediments reached 0.00540±0.00017d(-1) and 0.00517±0.00057d(-1), respectively, and were about three and five folds of those in the control treatment. The enhanced PAHs degradation in FCOM-amended sediments was related to higher PAH-degrading bacteria number and bioavailability with a result of biostimulation and priming effect by labile carbon and high-value nutrition in FCOM. Thus, this study improved our understanding about effects of settled biomass from cyanobacterial blooms, which occurred frequently in eutrophic aquatic ecosystems, on the natural attenuation of PAHs in sediments. Furthermore, this study would also help develop a new promising approach to remediate PAH-contaminated sediments through utilization of cyanobacterial bloom biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaisheng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Helong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Xiaohong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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14
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Dong R, Gu L, Guo C, Xun F, Liu J. Effect of PGPR Serratia marcescens BC-3 and AMF Glomus intraradices on phytoremediation of petroleum contaminated soil. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:674-680. [PMID: 24482052 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-014-1200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination caused by petroleum hydrocarbons has become a worldwide environmental problem. Microorganism combined with phytoremediation appears to be more effective for removal and/or degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons from impacted soils. The current study investigated the effect of inoculated with PGPR Serratia marcescens BC-3 alone or in combination with AMF Glomus intraradices on the phytoremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil. Pot experiments were conducted to analyze the effect on plant and soil for 90 days in greenhouse. The inoculation treatments showed higher plant biomass and antioxidant enzyme activities than the non inoculation control. Inoculation treatments also improved rhizosphere microbial populations in petroleum contaminated soil. The degradation rate of total petroleum hydrocarbons with PGPR and AMP co-inoculation treatment was up to 72.24 %. The results indicated that plant combined with microorganisms for remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons would be a feasible method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cytogenetics, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, Heilongjiang, China
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15
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Wang Y, Fang L, Lin L, Luan T, Tam NFY. Effects of low molecular-weight organic acids and dehydrogenase activity in rhizosphere sediments of mangrove plants on phytoremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 99:152-159. [PMID: 24287262 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluated the roles of the low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) from root exudates and the dehydrogenase activity in the rhizosphere sediments of three mangrove plant species on the removal of mixed PAHs. The results showed that the concentrations of LMWOAs and dehydrogenase activity changed species-specifically with the levels of PAH contamination. In all plant species, the concentration of citric acid was the highest, followed by succinic acid. For these acids, succinic acid was positively related to the removal of all the PAHs except Chr. Positive correlations were also found between the removal percentages of 4-and 5-ring PAHs and all LMWOAs, except citric acid. LMWOAs enhanced dehydrogenase activity, which positively related to PAH removal percentages. These findings suggested that LMWOAs and dehydrogenase activity promoted the removal of PAHs. Among three mangrove plants, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, the plant with the highest root biomass, dehydrogenase activity and concentrations of LMWOAs, was most efficient in removing PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ling Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Li Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Tiangang Luan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nora F Y Tam
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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16
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Wang K, Chen XX, Zhu ZQ, Huang HG, Li TQ, Yang XE. Dissipation of available benzo[a]pyrene in aging soil co-contaminated with cadmium and pyrene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:962-971. [PMID: 23842862 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1960-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A microcosm experiment was conducted to investigate the dissipation of available benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in soils co-contaminated with cadmium (Cd) and pyrene (PYR) during aging process. The available residue of BaP in soil was separated into desorbing and non-desorbing fractions. The desorbing fraction contributed more to the dissipation of available BaP than the non-desorbing fraction did. The concentration of bound-residue fraction of BaP was quite low across all treatments. Within the duration of this study (250 days), transformation of BaP from available fractions to bound-residue fraction was not observed. Microbial degradation was the dominant mechanism of the dissipation of available BaP in the soil. The dissipation of available BaP was significantly inhibited with the increment in Cd level in the soil. The addition of PYR (250 mg kg(-1)) remarkably promoted the dissipation of available BaP without reducing Cd availability in the soil. The calculated half-life of available BaP in the soil prolonged with the increment in Cd level; however, the addition of PYR shortened the half-life of available BaP by 13.1, 12.7, and 32.8% in 0.44, 2.56, and 22 mg Cd kg(-1) soils, respectively. These results demonstrated that the inhibiting effect of Cd and the promoting effect of PYR on the dissipation of available BaP were competitive. Therefore, this study shows that the bioremediation process of BaP can be more complicated in co-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Khan S, Afzal M, Iqbal S, Khan QM. Plant-bacteria partnerships for the remediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:1317-32. [PMID: 23058201 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant-bacteria partnerships have been extensively studied and applied to improve crop yield. In addition to their application in agriculture, a promising field to exploit plant-bacteria partnerships is the remediation of soil and water polluted with hydrocarbons. Application of effective plant-bacteria partnerships for the remediation of hydrocarbons depend mainly on the presence and metabolic activities of plant associated rhizo- and endophytic bacteria possessing specific genes required for the degradation of hydrocarbon pollutants. Plants and their associated bacteria interact with each other whereby plant supplies the bacteria with a special carbon source that stimulates the bacteria to degrade organic contaminants in the soil. In return, plant associated-bacteria can support their host plant to overcome contaminated-induced stress responses, and improve plant growth and development. In addition, plants further get benefits from their associated-bacteria possessing hydrocarbon-degradation potential, leading to enhanced hydrocarbon mineralization and lowering of both phytotoxicity and evapotranspiration of volatile hydrocarbons. A better understanding of plant-bacteria partnerships could be exploited to enhance the remediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils in conjunction with sustainable production of non-food crops for biomass and biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumia Khan
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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18
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Betancur-Galvis LA, Carrillo H, Luna-Guido M, Marsch R, Dendooven L. Enhanced dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the rhizosphere of the Athel tamarisk (Tamarix aphylla L. Karst.) grown in saline-alkaline soils of the former lake Texcoco. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2012; 14:741-753. [PMID: 22908641 DOI: 10.1080/15226510903535080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminated alkaline saline soil with phreatophyte or "water loving plants" was investigated by spiking soil from the former lake Texcoco with 100 mg phenanthrene (Phen) kg(-1) soil, 120 mg anthracene (Ant)kg(-1) soil and 45 mg benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) kg(-1) soil and vegetating it with Athel tamarisk (Tamarix aphylla L Karst.). The growth of the Athel tamarisk was not affected by the PAHs. In soil cultivated with Athel tamarisk, the leaching of PAHs to the 32-34 cm layer decreased 2-fold compared to the uncultivated soil. The BaP concentration decreased to 39% of the initial concentration at a distance smaller than 3 cm from the roots and to 45% at a distance larger than 3cm, but 59% remained in unvegetated soil after 240 days. Dissipation of Ant and Phen decreased with depth, but not BaP. The biodegradation of PAHs was affected by their chemical properties and increased in the presence of T. aphylla, but decreased with depth.
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20
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Abstract
AbstractThis study confirmed the considerable effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fluoranthene (FLT; 0.01, 0.1, 1, 4 and 7 mg/l) exposure on the germination of seeds, growth and root morphology of seedlings in Zea mays and Pisum sativum. Seed germination was significantly inhibited at FLT≥0.01 mg/l in maize and at ≥1 mg/l in pea. The amount of released ethylene after 3 days of germination was significantly increased in both species at FLT≥0.1 mg/l. After 7 days of seedling cultivation a significant decrease in the dry weight of roots and shoots occurred in maize at FLT≥0.1 mg/l while in pea similar effect was observed at ≥1 mg/l. The total length of primary and lateral roots was significantly reduced by FLT≥1 mg/l in maize and by 4 and 7 mg/l in pea. The length of the non-branched part of the primary root was significantly reduced by FLT≥0.1 mg/l in maize and ≥0.01 mg/l in pea. In both species the number of lateral roots was significantly increased at FLT≤1 mg/l and inhibited at concentrations of 4 and 7 mg/l. Fluoranthene content in roots and shoots of both species positively correlated with the FLT treatment.
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21
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Lu H, Zhang Y, Liu B, Liu J, Ye J, Yan C. Rhizodegradation gradients of phenanthrene and pyrene in sediment of mangrove (Kandelia candel (L.) Druce). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 196:263-269. [PMID: 21963261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate degradation gradient of spiked phenanthrene (Ph, 10 mg kg(-1)) and pyrene (Py, 10 mg kg(-1)) in rhizosphere of mangrove Kandelia candel (L.) Druce. Rhizosphere model system was set up using a self-design laminar rhizoboxes which divided into eight separate compartments at various distances from the root surface. After 60 days of plant growth, presence of the plant significantly enhanced the dissipation of Ph (47.7%) and Py (37.6%) from contaminated sediment. Higher degradation rates of the PAHs were observed at 3mm from the root zone (56.8% Ph and 47.7% Py). The degradation gradient followed the order: near rhizosphere>root compartment>far-rhizosphere soil zones for both contaminants where mangrove was grown. Contribution of direct plant uptake and accumulation of Ph and Py were very low compared to the plant enhanced dissipation. By contrast, plant-promoted biodegradation was the predominant contribution to the remediation enhancement. The correlation analysis indicates a negative relation between biological activities (microbial biomass carbon, dehydrogenase, urease, and phosphatase activity) and residual concentrations of Ph and Py in planted soils. Our results suggested that mangrove rhizosphere was effective in promoting the depletion of aromatic hydrocarbons in contaminated sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoliang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science (Xiamen University), Environmental Science Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian Province, PR China
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Moreira IT, Oliveira OM, Triguis JA, dos Santos AM, Queiroz AF, Martins CM, Silva CS, Jesus RS. Phytoremediation using Rizophora mangle L. in mangrove sediments contaminated by persistent total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH's). Microchem J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Biotechnological uses of desiccation-tolerant microorganisms for the rhizoremediation of soils subjected to seasonal drought. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 91:1297-304. [PMID: 21769483 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3461-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) increase the viability and health of host plants when they colonize roots and engage in associative symbiosis (Bashan et al. 2004). In return, PGPR viability is increased by host plant roots by the provision of nutrients and a more protective environment (Richardson et al. in Plant Soil 321:305-339, 2009). The PGPR have great potential in agriculture since the combination of certain microorganisms and plants can increase crop production and increase protection against frost, salinity, drought and other environmental stresses such as the presence of xenobiotic pollutants. But there is a great challenge in combining plants and microorganisms without compromising the viability of either microorganisms or seeds. In this paper, we review how anhydrobiotic engineering can be used for the formulation of biotechnological tools that guarantee the supply of both plants and microorganisms in the dry state. We also describe the application of this technology for the selection of desiccation-tolerant PGPR for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bioremediation, in soils subjected to seasonal drought, by the rhizoremediation process.
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Yu XZ, Wu SC, Wu FY, Wong MH. Enhanced dissipation of PAHs from soil using mycorrhizal ryegrass and PAH-degrading bacteria. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 186:1206-17. [PMID: 21176862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The major aim of this experiment was to test the effects of a multi-component bioremediation system consisting of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-degrading bacteria (Acinetobacter sp.), and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae) for cleaning up PAHs contaminated soil. Higher dissipation rates were observed in combination treatments: i.e., bacteria+ryegrass (BR), mycorrhizae+ryegrass (MR), and bacteria+mycorrhizae+ryegrass (BMR); than bacteria (B) and ryegrass (R) alone. The growth of ryegrass significantly (p<0.05) increased soil peroxidase activities, leading to enhanced dissipation of phenanthrene (PHE) and pyrene (PYR) from soil. Interactions between ryegrass with the two microbes further enhanced the dissipation of PHE and PYR. Mycorrhizal ryegrass (MR) significantly enhanced the dissipation of PYR from soil, PYR accumulation by ryegrass roots and soil peroxidase activities under lower PHE and PYR levels (0 and 50+50 mg kg(-1)). The present results highlighted the contribution of mycorrhiza and PAH-degrading bacteria in phytoremediation of PAH contaminated soil, however more detailed studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Z Yu
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
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Teng Y, Shen Y, Luo Y, Sun X, Sun M, Fu D, Li Z, Christie P. Influence of Rhizobium meliloti on phytoremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by alfalfa in an aged contaminated soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 186:1271-6. [PMID: 21177027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2010] [Revised: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbe-assisted phytoremediation is emerging as one of the most effective means by which plants and their associated rhizosphere microbes degrade organic contaminants in soils. A pot study was conducted to examine the effects of inoculation with Rhizobium meliloti on phytoremediation by alfalfa grown for 90 days in an agricultural soil contaminated with weathered polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Planting with uninoculated alfalfa (P) and alfalfa inoculated with R. meliloti (PR) significantly lowered the initial soil PAH concentrations by 37.2 and 51.4% respectively compared with unplanted control soil. Inoculation with R. meliloti significantly increased the counts of culturable PAH-degrading bacteria, soil microbial activity and the carbon utilization ability of the soil microbial community. The results suggest that the symbiotic association between alfalfa and Rhizobium can stimulate the rhizosphere microflora to degrade PAHs and its application may be a promising bioremediation strategy for aged PAH-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Teng
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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26
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Afzal M, Yousaf S, Reichenauer TG, Kuffner M, Sessitsch A. Soil type affects plant colonization, activity and catabolic gene expression of inoculated bacterial strains during phytoremediation of diesel. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 186:1568-75. [PMID: 21216097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The combined use of plants and associated microorganisms has great potential for cleaning up soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. Apart from environmental conditions the physicochemical properties of the soil are the main factors influencing the survival and activity of an inoculated strain as well as the growth of plants. This study examined the effect of different soil types (sandy, loamy sand and loam) on the survival, gene abundance and catabolic gene expression of two inoculated strains (Pseudomonas sp. strain ITRI53 and Pantoea sp. strain BTRH79) in the rhizosphere and shoot interior of Italian ryegrass vegetated in diesel contaminated soils. High colonization, gene abundance and expression in loamy soils were observed. By contrast, low colonization, gene abundance and absence of gene expression in sandy soil were found. The highest levels of genes expression and hydrocarbon degradation were seen in loamy soil that had been inoculated with BTRH79 and were significantly higher compared to those in other soils. A positive correlation was observed between gene expression and hydrocarbon degradation indicating that catabolic gene expression is necessary for contaminant degradation. These results suggest that soil type influences the bacterial colonization and microbial activities and subsequently the efficiency of contaminant degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Afzal
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Department of Health and Environment, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
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Lu S, Teng Y, Wang J, Sun Z. Enhancement of pyrene removed from contaminated soils by Bidens maximowicziana. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 81:645-650. [PMID: 20832842 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The research utilized Bidens maximowicziana along with pyrene-degrading bacteria to evaluate their potential in cleaning up pyrene contamination. The removal of pyrene from the planted soil was obviously higher than that from the unplanted soils. After 50 d of B. maximowicziana growth, the average removal ratio of pyrene in planted soil was 79%, which was 28% higher than that of pyrene in unplanted soil. In contrast to other plants, both roots and shoots of B. maximowicziana could accumulate a large amount of pyrene from the soil and pyrene uptake increased with the soil pyrene concentration. Through analysis of pathways of pyrene removal, this enhanced removal of pyrene by plant-microbial association might be mainly the result of B. maximowicziana-promoted microbial degradation. Both the catalase and polyphenol oxidase activities in soil were higher in planted soil than those in unplanted soil. And the bacteria populations in soil, especially in rhizosphere, were also inspired by the growth of B. maximowicziana. These could be explained by the rhizosphere effect. Therefore, bio-removal of pyrene in the contaminated soils was feasible using B. maximowicziana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijin Lu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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28
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Ma B, He Y, Chen HH, Xu JM, Rengel Z. Dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the rhizosphere: synthesis through meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:855-861. [PMID: 19854547 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2009] [Revised: 09/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread and persistent organic pollutants with high carcinogenic effect and toxicity; their behavior and fate in the soil-plant system have been widely investigated. In the present paper, meta-analysis was used to explore the interaction between plant growth and dissipation of PAHs in soil based on the large body of published literature. Plants have a promoting effect on PAH dissipation in soils. There was no difference in PAH dissipation between soils contaminated with single and mixed PAHs. However, plants had a more obvious effect on PAH dissipation in freshly-spiked soils than in long-term field-polluted soils. Additionally, a positive effect of the number of microbial populations capable of degrading PAHs was observed in the rhizosphere compared with the bulk soil. Our meta-analysis established the importance of the rhizosphere effect on PAH dissipation in variety of the soil-plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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Katayama A, Bhula R, Burns GR, Carazo E, Felsot A, Hamilton D, Harris C, Kim YH, Kleter G, Koedel W, Linders J, Peijnenburg JGMW, Sabljic A, Stephenson RG, Racke DK, Rubin B, Tanaka K, Unsworth J, Wauchope RD. Bioavailability of xenobiotics in the soil environment. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2010; 203:1-86. [PMID: 19957116 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1352-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
It is often presumed that all chemicals in soil are available to microorganisms, plant roots, and soil fauna via dermal exposure. Subsequent bioaccumulation through the food chain may then result in exposure to higher organisms. Using the presumption of total availability, national governments reduce environmental threshold levels of regulated chemicals by increasing guideline safety margins. However, evidence shows that chemical residues in the soil environment are not always bioavailable. Hence, actual chemical exposure levels of biota are much less than concentrations present in soil would suggest. Because "bioavailability" conveys meaning that combines implications of chemical sol persistency, efficacy, and toxicity, insights on the magnitude of a chemicals soil bioavailability is valuable. however, soil bioavailability of chemicals is a complex topic, and is affected by chemical properties, soil properties, species exposed, climate, and interaction processes. In this review, the state-of-art scientific basis for bioavailability is addressed. Key points covered include: definition, factors affecting bioavailability, equations governing key transport and distributive kinetics, and primary methods for estimating bioavailability. Primary transport mechanisms in living organisms, critical to an understanding of bioavailability, also presage the review. Transport of lipophilic chemicals occurs mainly by passive diffusion for all microorganisms, plants, and soil fauna. Therefore, the distribution of a chemical between organisms and soil (bioavailable proportion) follows partition equilibrium theory. However, a chemical's bioavailability does not always follow partition equilibrium theory because of other interactions with soil, such as soil sorption, hysteretic desorption, effects of surfactants in pore water, formation of "bound residue", etc. Bioassays for estimating chemical bioavailability have been introduced with several targeted endpoints: microbial degradation, uptake by higher plants and soil fauna, and toxicity to organisms. However, there bioassays are often time consuming and laborious. Thus, mild extraction methods have been employed to estimate bioavailability of chemicals. Mild methods include sequential extraction using alcohols, hexane/water, supercritical fluids (carbon dioxide), aqueous hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin extraction, polymeric TENAX beads extraction, and poly(dimethylsiloxane)-coated solid-phase microextraction. It should be noted that mild extraction methods may predict bioavailability at the moment when measurements are carried out, but not the changes in bioavailability that may occur over time. Simulation models are needed to estimate better bioavailability as a function of exposure time. In the past, models have progressed significantly by addressing each group of organisms separately: microbial degradation, plant uptake via evapotranspiration processes, and uptake of soil fauna in their habitat. This approach has been used primarily because of wide differences in the physiology and behaviors of such disparate organisms. However, improvement of models is badly needed, Particularly to describe uptake processes by plant and animals that impinge on bioavailability. Although models are required to describe all important factors that may affect chemical bioavailability to individual organisms over time (e.g., sorption/desorption to soil/sediment, volatilization, dissolution, aging, "bound residue" formation, biodegradation, etc.), these models should be simplified, when possible, to limit the number of parameters to the practical minimum. Although significant scientific progress has been made in understanding the complexities in specific methodologies dedicated to determining bioavailability, no method has yet emerged to characterized bioavailability across a wide range of chemicals, organisms, and soils/sediments. The primary aim in studying bioavailability is to define options for addressing bioremediation or environmental toxicity (risk assessment), and that is unlikely to change. Because of its importance in estimating research is needed to more comprehensively address the key environmental issue of "bioavailability of chemicals in soil/sediment."
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Affiliation(s)
- Arata Katayama
- EcoTopia Science Institute, Nagoya University, 464-8603, Nagoya, Japan.
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Gan S, Lau EV, Ng HK. Remediation of soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 172:532-549. [PMID: 19700241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic micropollutants which are resistant to environmental degradation due to their highly hydrophobic nature. Concerns over their adverse health effects have resulted in extensive studies on the remediation of soils contaminated with PAHs. This paper aims to provide a review of the remediation technologies specifically for PAH-contaminated soils. The technologies discussed here include solvent extraction, bioremediation, phytoremediation, chemical oxidation, photocatalytic degradation, electrokinetic remediation, thermal treatment and integrated remediation technologies. For each of these, the theories are discussed in conjunction with comparative evaluation of studies reported in the specialised literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gan
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Sheng-wang PAN, Shi-qiang WEI, Xin YUAN, Sheng-xian CAO. The Removal and Remediation of Phenanthrene and Pyrene in Soil by Mixed Cropping of Alfalfa and Rape. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1671-2927(08)60185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Olson PE, Castro A, Joern M, Duteau NM, Pilon-Smits E, Reardon KF. Effects of agronomic practices on phytoremediation of an aged PAH-contaminated soil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2008; 37:1439-1446. [PMID: 18574175 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2007.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Phytoremediation offers an ecologically and economically attractive remediation technique for soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In addition to the choice of plant species, agronomic practices may affect the efficiency of PAH phytoremediation. Inorganic nutrient amendments may stimulate plant and microbial growth, and clipping aboveground biomass might stimulate root turnover, which has been associated with increases in soil microbial populations. To assess the influence of fertilization and clipping on PAH dissipation in a nutrient-poor, aged PAH-contaminated soil, a 14-mo phytoremediation study was conducted using perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) as a model species. Six soil treatments were performed in replicate: unplanted; unplanted and fertilized; planted; planted and fertilized; planted and clipped; and planted, clipped, and fertilized. Plant growth, soil PAH concentrations, and the concentrations of total and PAH-degrading microorganisms were measured after 7 and 14 mo. Overall, planting (with nearly 80% reduction in total PAHs) and planting + clipping (76% reduction in total PAHs) were the most effective treatments for increased PAH dissipation after 14 mo. Fertilization greatly stimulated plant and total microbial growth, but negatively affected PAH dissipation (29% reduction in total PAHs). Furthermore, unplanted and fertilized soils revealed a similar negative impact (25% reduction) on PAH dissipation after 14 mo. Clipping did not directly affect PAH dissipation, but when combined with fertilization (61% reduction in total PAHs), appeared to mitigate the negative impact of fertilization on PAH dissipation. Therefore, fertilization and clipping may be included in phytoremediation design strategies, as their combined effect stimulates plant growth while not affecting PAH dissipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Olson
- Dep. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Li YQ, Liu HF, Tian ZL, Zhu LH, Wu YH, Tang HQ. Diesel pollution biodegradation: synergetic effect of Mycobacterium and filamentous fungi. BIOMEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES : BES 2008; 21:181-187. [PMID: 18714813 DOI: 10.1016/s0895-3988(08)60026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To biodegrade the diesel pollution in aqueous solution inoculated with Mycobacterium and filamentous fungi. METHODS Bacteria sampled from petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated sites in Karamay Oilfield were isolated and identified as Mycobacterium hyalinum (MH) and cladosporium. Spectrophotometry and gas chromatography (GC) were used to analyze of the residual concentrations of diesel oil and its biodegradation products. RESULTS From the GC data, the values of apparent biodegradation ratio of the bacterial strain MH to diesel oil were close to those obtained in the control experiments. Moreover, the number of MH did not increase with degradation time. However, by using n-octadecane instead of diesel oil, the real biotic degradation ratio increased to 20.9% over 5 days of degradation. Cladosporium strongly biodegraded diesel oil with a real degradation ratio of up to 34% after 5 days treatment. When the two strains were used simultaneously, a significant synergistic effect between them resulted in almost complete degradation of diesel oil, achieving a total diesel removal of 99% over 5 days of treatment, in which one part of about 80% and another part of about 19% were attributed to biotic and abiotic processes, respectively. CONCLUSION The observed synergistic effect was closely related to the aromatics-degrading ability of Cladosporium, which favored the growth of MH and promoted the bioavailability of diesel oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Qing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
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Rezek J, in der Wiesche C, Mackova M, Zadrazil F, Macek T. The effect of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) on decrease of PAH content in long term contaminated soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 70:1603-8. [PMID: 17888488 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in microecosystems containing long-term contaminated soil was investigated. Soil was contaminated by different chemicals, including PAHs since World War II. Aging of the soil was expected to act as a principal factor limiting biodegradation. Half of the microecosystems contained ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and long-term selected natural soil microflora originally present in contaminated soil. The others contained contaminated soil with natural microflora only. Half of the microecosystems in each parallel experiment was fertilised with N-P-K fertiliser. Cultivation was carried out at 12 and 18 months in a greenhouse with a natural photoperiod and the ability to degrade 15 chosen PAH was investigated. For analysis, the soil from each pot was divided into three horizontal layers for mutual comparison among layers and each layer was further divided into four equal samples. Soil extracts were analysed using HPLC. After a one-year-cultivation period the content of the monitored PAHs declined to 50%. Mostly, there were no significant differences between the microecosystems. Best degraded were fluoranthene and pyrene, which were the major contaminants present in original soil. Also, other compounds were successfully degraded, even benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[ghi]perylene. Dibenz[a,h]anthracene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene were the only PAHs, examined that showed no significant degradation. Although some differences between the soil layers were detected, no conclusive trends could be found. However, significantly lower concentrations of PAHs were determined mostly in the bottom layer of the analysed profiles. In vegetated microecosystems the decline of PAHs concentrations was more remarkable after 18 months cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rezek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Keller J, Banks MK, Schwab AP. Effect of soil depth on phytoremediation efficiency for petroleum contaminants. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2008; 43:1-9. [PMID: 18161552 DOI: 10.1080/10934520701750314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation of organic contaminants in soil may be enhanced by the presence of vegetation. Evaluating the effect of soil depth on phytoremediation efficiency may provide researchers and regulators with a clearer understanding of contaminant clean-up. A column study with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and diesel-contaminated soil was conducted over a 147-day period of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) growth. Analysis of the contaminants and plant biomass was conducted along with microbial enumeration at three soil depths in 49-day intervals. Remediation proceeded rapidly near the surface of the soil (0-20 cm) for both vegetated and unvegetated columns, but the effect of vegetation relative to an unvegetated control only was significant in the lower soil depths. Contaminant dissipation in the 20-40 and 40-60 cm layers was not significantly different between vegetated and unvegetated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Keller
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Olson PE, Castro A, Joern M, DuTeau NM, Pilon-Smits EAH, Reardon KF. Comparison of plant families in a greenhouse phytoremediation study on an aged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2007; 36:1461-9. [PMID: 17766825 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2006.0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous, recalcitrant, and potentially carcinogenic pollutants. Plants and their associated rhizosphere microbes can promote PAH dissipation, offering an economic and ecologically attractive remediation technique. This study focused on the effects of different types of vegetation on PAH removal and on the interaction between the plants and their associated microorganisms. Aged PAH-polluted soil with a total PAH level of 753 mg kg(-1) soil dry weight was planted with 18 plant species representing eight families. The levels of 17 soil PAHs were monitored over 14 mo. The size of soil microbial populations of PAH degraders was also monitored. Planting significantly enhanced the dissipation rates of all PAHs within the first 7 mo, but this effect was not significant after 14 mo. Although the extent of removal of lower-molecular-weight PAHs was similar for planted and unplanted control soils after 14 mo, the total mass of five- and six-ring PAHs removed was significantly greater in planted soils at the 7- and 14-mo sampling points. Poaceae (grasses) were the most effective of the families tested, and perennial ryegrass was the most effective species; after 14 mo, soils planted with perennial ryegrass contained 30% of the initial total PAH concentration (compared with 51% of the initial concentrations in unplanted control soil). Although the presence of some plant species led to higher populations of PAH degraders, there was no correlation across plant species between PAH dissipation and the size of the PAH-degrading population. Research is needed to understand differences among plant families for stimulating PAH dissipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Olson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Robertson SJ, McGill WB, Massicotte HB, Rutherford PM. Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in boreal forest soils: a mycorrhizal ecosystems perspective. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2007; 82:213-40. [PMID: 17437558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2007.00012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The importance of developing multi-disciplinary approaches to solving problems relating to anthropogenic pollution is now clearly appreciated by the scientific community, and this is especially evident in boreal ecosystems exposed to escalating threats of petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contamination through expanded natural resource extraction activities. This review aims to synthesize information regarding the fate and behaviour of PHCs in boreal forest soils in both ecological and sustainable management contexts. From this, we hope to evaluate potential management strategies, identify gaps in knowledge and guide future research. Our central premise is that mycorrhizal systems, the ubiquitous root symbiotic fungi and associated food-web communities, occupy the structural and functional interface between decomposition and primary production in northern forest ecosystems (i.e. underpin survival and productivity of the ecosystem as a whole), and, as such, are an appropriate focal point for such a synthesis. We provide pertinent basic information about mycorrhizas, followed by insights into the ecology of ecto- and ericoid mycorrhizal systems. Next, we review the fate and behaviour of PHCs in forest soils, with an emphasis on interactions with mycorrhizal fungi and associated bacteria. Finally, we summarize implications for ecosystem management. Although we have gained tremendous insights into understanding linkages between ecosystem functions and the various aspects of mycorrhizal diversity, very little is known regarding rhizosphere communities in PHC-contaminated soils. This makes it difficult to translate ecological knowledge into environmental management strategies. Further research is required to determine which fungal symbionts are likely to survive and compete in various ecosystems, whether certain fungal - plant associations gain in ecological importance following contamination events, and how PHC contamination may interfere with processes of nutrient acquisition and exchange and metabolic processes. Research is also needed to assess whether the metabolic capacity for intrinsic decomposition exists in these ecosystems, taking into account ecological variables such as presence of other organisms (and their involvement in syntrophic biodegradation), bioavailability and toxicity of mixtures of PHCs, and physical changes to the soil environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Robertson
- College of Science and Management, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, B.C., Canada V2N 4Z9.
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