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Gogoi B, Acharjee SA, Bharali P, Sorhie V, Walling B, Alemtoshi. A critical review on the ecotoxicity of heavy metal on multispecies in global context: A bibliometric analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 248:118280. [PMID: 38272294 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metals (HMs) have become a significant concern in the current era, with deleterious effects on diverse living organisms when exposed beyond threshold concentrations. Both nature and human beings have been constantly casting out HMs into environmental matrices through various activities. Innumerable cases of threatened diseases such as cancer, respiratory ailments, reproductive defects, skin diseases, and several others have been a cause of significant concern for humans as the number of instances has been increasing with each decade. HMs migrates via several pathways to infiltrate biological organisms and amass within them. Even though numerous treatment approaches are available for remediating HM pollution, however, they are expensive, along with other setbacks. Due to such constraints, combating HM contamination requires environmentally conscious strategies like bioremediation, which employs an array of biological systems to remove HMs from the environment. Nonetheless, to address the current global HM pollution situation, it is critical to comprehend not only how these hazardous HMs cause toxicity in various living organisms but also the knowledge gaps that currently exist concerning the subject of HM ecotoxicity. In the present investigation, data was extracted from Google Scholar using software program called Harzing's Publish or Perish. The collected information has been subsequently displayed as a network file using the VOSViewer software tool. Thus, the current review presents a significant insight with the inclusion of a readily accessible bibliometric analysis to comprehend the present status of HMs research, global research trends, existing knowledge discrepancies, and research challenges. Further, it also provides an in-depth review of HMs ecotoxicity, with a focus on arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb). Thus, as indicated by the bibliometric study, the present review will assist future investigators studying HMs ecotoxicity by providing baseline data concerning a wide range of living organisms and by addressing research gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagyudoy Gogoi
- Applied Environmental Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Nagaland University, HQ: Lumami, Zunheboto-798627, Nagaland, India
| | - Shiva Aley Acharjee
- Applied Environmental Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Nagaland University, HQ: Lumami, Zunheboto-798627, Nagaland, India
| | - Pranjal Bharali
- Applied Environmental Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Nagaland University, HQ: Lumami, Zunheboto-798627, Nagaland, India.
| | - Viphrezolie Sorhie
- Applied Environmental Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Nagaland University, HQ: Lumami, Zunheboto-798627, Nagaland, India
| | - Bendangtula Walling
- Applied Environmental Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Nagaland University, HQ: Lumami, Zunheboto-798627, Nagaland, India
| | - Alemtoshi
- Applied Environmental Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Nagaland University, HQ: Lumami, Zunheboto-798627, Nagaland, India
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Chatelain M, Nold F, Mathieu J. Metal pollution drives earthworm biodiversity in urban lawns. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169867. [PMID: 38185153 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Urban soils represent hotspots of metallic trace elements (MTEs) pollution. Despite the critical impact of soil organisms on soil ecosystem services, there is limited understanding regarding the effects of MTE levels in urban soils on these organisms. This is particularly surprising considering that earthworms, key organisms for soil ecosystems, are commonly used in MTE toxicity tests. This research investigates the impact of MTE pollution on earthworm communities in lawns within the city of Paris. In this study, we sampled a comprehensive array of earthworm communities, totalling 965 individuals from 13 distinct species belonging to Lumbricus, Aporrectodea, Allolobophora and Octolasion genera. These communities were collected from three different locations within 18 parks. At these sites, we assessed the concentrations of eight metals and metalloids in the soil (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb and Hg), along with selenium concentrations and eight fundamental soil parameters, to examine the association between earthworm communities and soil attributes. Median MTE concentrations exceeded recommended statutory limit values by approximately 20 % (0.6 mg/kg Cd), 30 % (36.8 mg/kg Cu), 40 % (122.0 mg/kg Zn), and up to 90 % (0.6 mg/kg Hg and 99.7 mg.kg Pb). Nevertheless, these concentrations exhibited considerable variability both between and within parks, correlating with variations in earthworm community structures. Specifically, our results highlight that Cu concentrations in the soil explain about 6 % of the variation in the assemblage of earthworm species. Our findings underscore the importance of considering MTE pollution levels to enhance our comprehension of earthworm distribution in urban environments and its effects on the ecosystem services provided by urban lawns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Chatelain
- Department of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraβe 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Université Paris Est Créteil, Université de Paris Cité, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES-Paris), 15-21 Rue de l'École de Médecine, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - François Nold
- Laboratory of Agronomy of the Paris City, Paris Green Space and Environmental Division (DEVE), Parc Floral - Pavillon 5 - Rond Point de la Pyramide, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Mathieu
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Université Paris Est Créteil, Université de Paris Cité, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES-Paris), 15-21 Rue de l'École de Médecine, 75005 Paris, France
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3
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Liwarska-Bizukojc E. Application of a small scale-terrestrial model ecosystem (STME) for assessment of ecotoxicity of bio-based plastics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 828:154353. [PMID: 35259373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work a small-scale terrestrial model ecosystem (STME) filled with 4 kg of soil mimicking the natural ecosystem was constructed, and then successfully applied to evaluate the effect of bio-based plastics on soil biota at the community level. It was inhabited by higher plants monocotyledonous (Sorghum saccharatum) and dicotyledonous (Lepidium sativum), and earthworms (Eisenia andrei). Two innovative bioplastics based on polylactic acid (PLA) were tested. This work is one of the first studies, in which potential impacts of bioplastic particles on soil organisms were determined at the community level. Owing to the application of the STME the ecotoxicity data for plants and earthworms were simultaneously collected and the mutual interactions might be taken into account. PLA-based plastics studied did not affect the percentage of seed germination of higher plants that was on average not lower than 88.9%. Neither the length nor fresh mass of shoots of cress were affected. One out of two PLA-based plastics (BPE-RP-PLA) inhibited sorghum growth so that it was statistically significant. PLA-based plastics did not cause to the mortality of earthworms as all ten organisms introduced to each STME survived each experiment. However, the presence of PLA-based plastic particles influenced the depth distribution of earthworms in the STMEs. Most of earthworms (60-70%) exposed to PLA-based plastics migrated downwards to the bottom soil zone, while 80% of the earthworms not exposed to PLA-based plastics lived in the top soil zone of the STME. This avoidance behaviour of earthworms known earlier for other contaminants (e.g. metals, pesticides) was for the first time reported with regard to bioplastic particles present in soil. It is a dangerous phenomenon not only for earthworms but also for the functioning and structure of terrestrial ecosystems. The STME proved to be an appropriate tool to detect it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Liwarska-Bizukojc
- Lodz University of Technology, Institute of Environmental Engineering and Building Installations, Al. Politechniki 6, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
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Manna S, Ray A, Gautam A, Mukherjee S, Ray M, Ray S. A comparative account of coelomocyte of earthworm ecotypes with reference to its morphology, morphometry, density, phagocytosis, autofluorescence, and oxidative status. J Morphol 2022; 283:956-972. [PMID: 35621718 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Earthworms inhabit different strata of moist soil. Epigeic and endogeic earthworms prefer superficial and inner stratum of soil respectively, whereas, semiaquatic species are distributed around hydrated soil near ponds and lakes. Coelomocytes, the chief immunoeffector cells of coelomic origin, perform diverse physiological functions like phagocytosis, maintenance of cellular homeostasis, and acid-base balance of coelomic fluid, graft rejection, elicitation of cytotoxic, and oxidative responses under the challenges of pathogens and toxins. The present study aims to analyze selected morphological and functional parameters in three differentially adapted Indian earthworms of nonsimilar habitats. Coelomocytes of Glyphidrilus tuberosus (Stephenson, 1916) (semiaquatic), Perionyx excavatus (Perrier, 1872) (epigeic), and Eutyphoeus orientalis (Beddard, 1883) (endogeic) were isolated for morphological and morphometric analyses and subjected to determination of phagocytic, oxidative, and cytotoxic responses. Activities of phenoloxidase, pro, and antioxidant enzymes, and autofluorescence were determined in the extruded coelomocytes of earthworms of three contrasting habitats. The differential result may be correlated with species-specific responses and variation in habitat preference and related adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Manna
- Department of Zoology, Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhishek Ray
- Department of Zoology, Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Arunodaya Gautam
- Department of Zoology, Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumalya Mukherjee
- Department of Zoology, Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.,Department of Zoology, Brahmananda Keshab Chandra College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mitali Ray
- Department of Zoology, Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sajal Ray
- Department of Zoology, Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Zhang M, Jouquet P, Dai J, Xiao L, Du Y, Liu K, Motelica-Heino M, Lavelle P, Zhong H, Zhang C. Assessment of bioremediation potential of metal contaminated soils (Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn) by earthworms from their tolerance, accumulation and impact on metal activation and soil quality: A case study in South China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:152834. [PMID: 34999072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to evaluate the potential of four earthworm species commonly found in South China for the bioremediation of soils contaminated by Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn. Survival rates and metal accumulation of Eisenia fetida, Amynthas morrisi, A. robustus and A. corticis and changes in soil physico-chemical properties were investigated in a 60-day incubation experiment with a metal-polluted soil. At the end of the experiment, the survival rates of E. fetida, A. morrisi and A. robustus were significantly higher than that of A. corticis. Principal component analysis showed that earthworm activity improved soil quality with the averaging soil quality index being 0.66, 0.64, 0.56, 0.53, and 0.12 for the A. corticis, A. morrisi, A. robustus, E. fetida, and control treatments, respectively. The highest total available Cd, Cu, and Pb in casts were found in the treatment with A. morrisi, and this species accumulated the smallest amount of metals. Results indicate that A. morrisi may be the best candidate for earthworm-assisted bioremediation of metal contaminated soils in South China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture for Arable Land Conservation in South China/Centre of Land consolidation and soil bioremediation, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, 510642 Guangzhou, China
| | - Pascal Jouquet
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement, IESS, 93143 Bondy, France
| | - Jun Dai
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture for Arable Land Conservation in South China/Centre of Land consolidation and soil bioremediation, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, 510642 Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Xiao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture for Arable Land Conservation in South China/Centre of Land consolidation and soil bioremediation, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, 510642 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Du
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture for Arable Land Conservation in South China/Centre of Land consolidation and soil bioremediation, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, 510642 Guangzhou, China
| | - Kexue Liu
- Department of Resources and the Urban Planning, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | | | - Patrick Lavelle
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement, IESS, 93143 Bondy, France
| | - Hesen Zhong
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture for Arable Land Conservation in South China/Centre of Land consolidation and soil bioremediation, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, 510642 Guangzhou, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture for Arable Land Conservation in South China/Centre of Land consolidation and soil bioremediation, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, 510642 Guangzhou, China.
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Wang L, Peng Y, Xu Y, Zhang J, Liu C, Tang X, Lu Y, Sun H. Earthworms' Degradable Bioplastic Diet of Polylactic Acid: Easy to Break Down and Slow to Excrete. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5020-5028. [PMID: 35383459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) in soils may be ingested by terrestrial animals. While the application of bioplastics is increasing, the ingestion and excretion characteristics of bio-MPs by terrestrial animals are poorly understood as compared to fossil-MPs. Here, the approach-avoidance behavior of adult earthworms Eisenia fetida to MP-contaminated soil was assessed. Fossil-based poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and bio-based poly(lactic acid) (PLA) MPs were found to be preferred by the earthworms, which might be due to the odor of polymer monomers. MPs in earthworm casts were analyzed by microscopy counting and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The amount of microscopically recognizable excreted PET and PLA was 553 and 261 items/g, respectively, while a higher proportion of smaller PLA particles also presented. Bio-based PLA is much easy to break down by earthworms than fossil-based PET. Submicron and nanocron PLA accounted for 57 and 13% of the excreted PLA on the 10th day of excretion. MP excretion was well described with the first-order kinetic model, and the elimination half-life was 9.3 (for PET) and 45 h (for PLA). A longer excretion period of PLA may be related to its potential to break down in the earthworms' digestive tract. This not only promotes the environmental degradation of PLA but also suggests the ecological risk caused by nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yawen Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yali Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chunguang Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xuejiao Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Investigating Lead Bioavailability in a Former Shooting Range by Soil Microanalyses and Earthworms Tests. SOIL SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems6010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Shooting ranges are among the major anthropogenic sources of Pb contamination in soils worldwide. Once they have reached the soil, bullet residues can have different fates according to the characteristics of the soil environment, leading to the formation of different Pb weathering products whose stability is crucial for Pb accessibility to soil biota. In this study, Pb availability in a former polluted shooting range was investigated with a combination of conventional soil analyses, X-ray microanalyses and assays with the bio-indicator earthworm Eisenia andrei. Chemical extractions evidenced a rather low mobility of soil Pb, while micro-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (µXRF) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with microanalysis (SEM-EDX) showed the formation of a weathering crust around Pb-containing bullet slivers dispersed within the soil. Such crusts consisted of a mixture of orthophosphates, including the highly insoluble Cl-pyromorphite. Furthermore, no acute toxicity effects and low Pb concentration values were measured in earthworm tissues (94.9 mg kg−1) and coelom fluids (794 µg L−1) after 28 days of exposure to the polluted soil. These results allow us to assume that most of the Pb in the shooting range soil underwent stabilization processes promoted by phosphatic fertilization. The soil was in fact used for agriculture after being dismissed for firing activities. Such a combined approach can be applied to study Pb bioavailability in other shooting ranges or, more generally, in soils heavily polluted with Pb.
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Oorts K, Smolders E, Lanno R, Chowdhury MJ. Bioavailability and Ecotoxicity of Lead in Soil: Implications for Setting Ecological Soil Quality Standards. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:1950-1963. [PMID: 33755243 PMCID: PMC8361721 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ecological soil quality standards for lead (Pb) that account for soil Pb bioavailability have not yet been derived. We derived such standards based on specific studies of the long-term bioavailability and toxicity of Pb to soil organisms and a compilation of field data on the bioaccumulation of Pb in earthworms. Toxicity thresholds of Pb to plants, invertebrates, or microorganisms vary over more than 2 orders of magnitude, and the lowest values overlap with the range in natural Pb background concentrations in soil. Soils freshly spiked with Pb2+ salts exhibit higher Pb bioavailability and lower toxic thresholds than long-term aged and leached equivalents. Comparative toxicity tests on leaching and aging effects suggest using a soil Pb threshold that is 4.0 higher, to correct thresholds of freshly spiked soils. Toxicity to plants and earthworms, and microbial N-transformation and bioaccumulation of Pb in earthworms increase with decreasing effective cation exchange capacity (eCEC) of the soil, and models were derived to normalize data for variation of the eCEC among soils. Suggested ecological quality standards for soil expressed as total soil Pb concentration are lower for Pb toxicity to wildlife via secondary poisoning compared with direct Pb toxicity to soil organisms. Standards for both types of receptors vary by factors of approximately 4 depending on soil eCEC. The data and models we have collated can be used for setting ecological soil quality criteria for Pb in different regulatory frameworks. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1950-1963. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Smolders
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesDivision of Soil and Water Management, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Roman Lanno
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, ColumbusOhioUSA
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Olivia LC, Minerva GC, Rocío PJ, Francisco José MP. Assessment of biopiles treatment on polluted soils by the use of Eisenia andrei bioassay. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 275:116642. [PMID: 33571857 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A long-term case of residual pollution is studied after 20 years since the largest mining accident in Spain (the Aznalcóllar spill) happened. This pollution is manifested through a surface zoning consisting of bare soils (B0), sparsely vegetated soils (B1), and densely vegetated and recovered soils (B2). A biopiles treatment with a mixture of contaminated soils (B0 and B1) with recovered soils (B2) at 50% (w/w), and vermicompost addition (50 tons ha-1) was evaluated. To assess the effectiveness of treatments, total, water-soluble, and bioavailable fractions of the most polluting elements in the zone (Cu, Zn, As, Pb, Cd, and Sb) was analyzed. To evaluate the potential risk of contamination for the ecosystem, a bioassay with earthworm Eisenia andrei was carried out. Twenty years after the accident, there are still soils where total As and Pb exceed the regulatory levels and water-soluble Zn and As exceed the toxicity guidelines. According to toxicity bioassay, weight variation and juvenile production of earthworms showed an improvement after biopiles treatment, with values that trend to be similar to those of recovered soils. The only bioaccumulated element in earthworms was Cd (BAF>1), both in polluted as in treated soils, which indicates the possible existence of exclusion mechanisms of the other pollutants by earthworms. The comparison between biopiles and polluted soils showed no significant differences for the bioaccumulation factor of trace elements, with the exception of Zn and Cu, which slightly increased after treatment. According to our results, biopiles treatment combined with vermicompost addition is a good technique for the recovery of residual contaminated areas, by the improvement of soil properties and the reduction of the potential toxicity; anyway, monitoring of soils and organisms is needed to prevent the increase of bioavailability of some potentially pollutant elements over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorente-Casalini Olivia
- Departamento de Edafología y Química Agrícola, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuente Nueva S/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - García-Carmona Minerva
- Departamento de Agroquímica y Medio Ambiente, University Miguel Hernández, Avda. de La Universidad S/n, 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pastor-Jáuregui Rocío
- Departamento de Recursos Hídricos, National Agrarian University "La Molina", 15024, Lima, Peru
| | - Martín-Peinado Francisco José
- Departamento de Edafología y Química Agrícola, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuente Nueva S/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
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Sahraoui AS, Verweij RA, Belhiouani H, Cheriti O, van Gestel CAM, Sahli L. Dose-dependent effects of lead and cadmium and the influence of soil properties on their uptake by Helix aspersa: an ecotoxicity test approach. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:331-342. [PMID: 33432456 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Three soil types with different physicochemical properties were selected to evaluate their effect on lead and cadmium bioavailability and toxicity in the land snail Helix aspersa. In 28-day ecotoxicity tests, H. aspersa juveniles were exposed to increasing concentrations of Pb or Cd. EC50s, concentrations reducing snail growth by 50%, differed between the soils and so did Cd and Pb uptake in the snails. For lead, EC50s were 2397-6357 mg Pb/kg dry soil, while they ranged between 327 and 910 mg Cd/kg dry soil for cadmium. Toxicity and metal uptake were highest on the soil with the lowest pH, organic matter content and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC). Growth reduction was correlated with metal accumulation levels in the snails' soft body, and differences in toxicity between the soils decreased when EC50s were expressed on the basis of internal metal concentrations in the snails. These results confirm the effect of soil properties; pH, CEC, OM content, on the uptake and growth effect of Pb and Cd in H. aspersa, indicating the importance of properly characterizing soils when assessing the environmental risk of metal contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboubakre Seddik Sahraoui
- Laboratory of Biology and Environment, University Mentouri Brothers-Constantine1, Constantine, Algeria.
| | - Rudo A Verweij
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hadjer Belhiouani
- Laboratory of Biology and Environment, University Mentouri Brothers-Constantine1, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Oumnya Cheriti
- Laboratory of Biology and Environment, University Mentouri Brothers-Constantine1, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leila Sahli
- Laboratory of Biology and Environment, University Mentouri Brothers-Constantine1, Constantine, Algeria
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Arab KAH, Thompson DF, Oliver IW. Trialling Water-Treatment Residuals in the Remediation of Former Mine Site Soils: Investigating Improvements Achieved for Plants, Earthworms, and Soil Solution. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:1277-1291. [PMID: 32135571 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
During clarification processes of raw water, a vast amount of by-product known as "drinking water-treatment residuals" (WTRs) are produced, being principally composed of hydroxides of the Al or Fe salts added during water treatment plus the impurities they remove. Aluminum-based (Al-WTR) and iron-based (Fe-WTR) materials were applied at 10% w/w to degraded, bare (unvegetated) soils from a restored coal mining site in central England (pH <3.9) to study their potential amelioration effects on earthworm mortality, biomass yield of seedling plants, and element concentrations in plant tissues, earthworm tissues, and soil solutions. A separate treatment with agricultural lime was also conducted for comparison to evaluate whether any observed improvements were attributable to the liming capacity of the WTRs. After completion of the trials, all samples were subjected to a wet-dry cycle, and the experiments were repeated (i.e., simulating longer-term effects in the field). Both types of WTRs significantly increased the biomass of plants, and in some treatments, survival of earthworms was also enhanced compared to nonamended soils. Excess plant tissue element concentrations and element concentrations in soil solutions were reduced in amended soils. The implications are that adding WTRs to mining-impacted soils is a potentially viable, sustainable, and low-cost remediation method that could be used globally to improve the soil condition. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1277-1291. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karrar A H Arab
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
- Department of Ecology, College of Science, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | - David F Thompson
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
| | - Ian W Oliver
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
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12
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Sinkakarimi MH, Solgi E, Hosseinzadeh Colagar A. Interspecific differences in toxicological response and subcellular partitioning of cadmium and lead in three earthworm species. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124595. [PMID: 31445330 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms are often used as test subjects in toxicological studies, due to their ubiquitousness and sensitivity to contaminant exposure. Such testing is typically conducted using Eisenia fetida as the test subject, but continued use of E. fetida (eco) toxicology is questionable. Therefore, in this study three earthworm species, Aporrectodea rosea, Aporrectodea trapezoides and E. fetida, were exposed to lethal and sublethal concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) nitrate in artificial soil for 7, 14 and 28 days. A biomarker of genotoxicity (TUNEL assay), biochemical markers [malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)], weight loss, lethal toxicity (LC50) and subcellular partitioning were assessed. Cadmium and Pb caused significant inhibition in TAC and growth and significant increases in DNA damage and lipid peroxidation in the earthworms. Acute toxicity rank (14 days) for both Cd and Pb were E. fetida > A. trapezoides > A. rosea. Subcellular partitioning of Cd and Pb in the earthworms were cytosol > debris > granules and debris > granules > cytosol, respectively. Comparison of biomarker responses between study species showed that E. fetida proved to be less susceptible to Cd and Pb exposure than A. rosea and A. trapezoides. Therefore, this study confirms that A. rosea and A. trapezoides are more suitable as subjects than E. fetida for the soil toxicity tests, because of both their greater susceptibility to toxicants and in their abundance in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hosein Sinkakarimi
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, 95863-65719, Iran
| | - Eisa Solgi
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, 95863-65719, Iran.
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Uptake and Effects of Pharmaceuticals in the Soil-Plant-Earthworm System. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2020_617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Porfido C, Allegretta I, Panzarino O, Laforce B, Vekemans B, Vincze L, de Lillo E, Terzano R, Spagnuolo M. Correlations between As in Earthworms' Coelomic Fluid and As Bioavailability in Highly Polluted Soils as Revealed by Combined Laboratory X-ray Techniques. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10961-10968. [PMID: 31373803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Combined X-ray-based spectroscopy techniques were applied to investigate arsenic (As) bioaccumulation in earthworms (Eisenia andrei) exposed to six field-collected polluted soils (58-13 330 mg As kg-1). After 14 days of exposure to the arsenious soils, the As distribution in earthworms was examined by micro-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (μXRF), after epoxy resin embedding and preparing thin sections. Similar to μXRF data, XRF-computed tomography (XRF-CT) confirmed As accumulation in the coelom of intact earthworms. Therefore, total-reflection XRF was used to determine total As within both the whole earthworm's body (AsE) and coelomic fluid extracts (AsF). Bioaccumulation data (AsE and AsF) were thereafter evaluated in relation to total As concentration in soils (AsT) and to As mobile fraction in soils. A significant linear correlation (R2 = 0.97) was found between AsE and AsF, indicating that the As sequestrated into the coelomic fluid may reflect the total body concentration. Therefore, we may conclude that the As concentration in the coelomic fluid can be used as an index of As availability. This paper demonstrates that by combining different laboratory X-ray analytical techniques, compartmentalization and bioavailability of potentially toxic elements can be visualized and quantified within indicator-living organisms, thus contributing to an improved risk assessment for contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Porfido
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti , Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro" , Via G. Amendola 165/A , 70126 Bari , Italy
| | - Ignazio Allegretta
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti , Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro" , Via G. Amendola 165/A , 70126 Bari , Italy
| | - Onofrio Panzarino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti , Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro" , Via G. Amendola 165/A , 70126 Bari , Italy
| | - Brecht Laforce
- Department of Chemistry , Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 (S12) , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Bart Vekemans
- Department of Chemistry , Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 (S12) , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Laszlo Vincze
- Department of Chemistry , Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 (S12) , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Enrico de Lillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti , Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro" , Via G. Amendola 165/A , 70126 Bari , Italy
| | - Roberto Terzano
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti , Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro" , Via G. Amendola 165/A , 70126 Bari , Italy
| | - Matteo Spagnuolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti , Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro" , Via G. Amendola 165/A , 70126 Bari , Italy
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15
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Prendergast-Miller MT, Katsiamides A, Abbass M, Sturzenbaum SR, Thorpe KL, Hodson ME. Polyester-derived microfibre impacts on the soil-dwelling earthworm Lumbricus terrestris. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:453-459. [PMID: 31103005 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) pollution is everywhere. In terrestrial environments, microfibres (MFs) generated from textile laundering are believed to form a significant component of MPs entering soils, mainly through sewage sludge and compost applications. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of MFs on a keystone soil organism. We exposed the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris to soil with polyester MFs incorporated at rates of 0, 0.1 and 1.0 %w/w MF for a period of 35 days (in the dark at 15 °C; n = 4 for each treatment). Dried plant litter was applied at the soil surface as a food source for the earthworms. We assessed earthworm vitality through mortality, weight change, depurate production and MF avoidance testing. In addition, we measured stress biomarker responses via the expression of metallothionein-2 (mt-2), heat shock protein (hsp70) and superoxide dismutase (sod-1). Our results showed that exposure and ingestion of MFs (as evidenced by subsequent retrieval of MFs within earthworm depurates) were not lethal to earthworms, nor did earthworms actively avoid MFs. However, earthworms in the MF1.0% treatment showed a 1.5-fold lower cast production, a 24.3-fold increase in expression of mt-2 (p < 0.001) and a 9.9-fold decline in hsp70 expression (p < 0.001). Further analysis of soil and MF samples indicated that metal content was not a contributor to the biomarker results. Given that burrowing and feeding behaviour, as well as molecular genetic biomarkers, were modulated in earthworms exposed to MFs, our study highlights potential implications for soil ecosystem processes due to MF contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Katsiamides
- School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Mustafa Abbass
- School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Stephen R Sturzenbaum
- School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Karen L Thorpe
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Wentworth Way, YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Mark E Hodson
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Wentworth Way, YO10 5NG, UK
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16
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Zhang L, Van Gestel CAM. Effect of percolation and chemical form on Pb bioavailability and toxicity to the soil invertebrate Enchytraeus crypticus in freshly spiked and aged soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:866-873. [PMID: 30731312 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In standard terrestrial ecotoxicological tests, soils usually are spiked with highly soluble metal salts leading to overestimation of bioavailability and introducing counterions that may contribute to toxicity. Leaching is suggested as an efficient method to avoid the effects of the associated counterions. The present study aimed at investigating the effects of leaching on the bioavailability and toxicity of Pb(NO3)2 and PbO to the potworm Enchytraeus crypticus in LUFA 2.2 soil freshly spiked or after 18 months ageing. Percolation decreased porewater Pb concentrations as well as the toxicity of both Pb forms. The influence of percolation differed between the two Pb forms and between freshly spiked and aged soils. Percolation slightly increased LC50s based on total soil Pb concentrations for Pb(NO3)2, but not for PbO, and only affected Pb toxicity to enchytraeid reproduction in freshly spiked soils. The differences in Pb uptake in E. crypticus and toxicity between the two Pb forms as well as between different treatments could be minimized by relating them to 0.01 M CaCl2-extractable concentrations. In addition, body Pb concentrations could well explain enchytraeid survival across all soils and treatments, indicating its suitability as a good proxy for Pb toxicity in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M Van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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17
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Howells AP, Lewis SJ, Beard DB, Oliver IW. Water treatment residuals as soil amendments: Examining element extractability, soil porewater concentrations and effects on earthworm behaviour and survival. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 162:334-340. [PMID: 30005406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs), the by-product of water clarification processes, are routinely disposed of via landfill however there is a growing body of research that demonstrates the material has great potential for beneficial use in environmental applications. Application to agricultural land is one option showing great promise (i.e. a low cost disposal route that provides organic matter input to soils and other potential benefits), however questions remain as to the impact such applications may have on earthworm survival and behaviour and also on the potential effects it may have on soil porewater chemistry. This study examined the leachability of elements within two types of WTRs (one Al- and one Fe- based) from England via 0.001 M CaCl2 solution, at varying pH, and via the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction scheme. Earthworm avoidance, survival, growth, reproduction and element concentrations were examined in WTR-amended sandy soils (0%, 5%, 10%, 20% w/w), while soil porewaters were also recovered from experimental units and examined for element concentrations. The results revealed leachable element concentrations to be very low in both types of WTRs tested and so element leaching from these WTRs would be unlikely to pose any threat to ecosystems under typical agricultural soil conditions. However, when the pH was lowered to 4.4 there was a substantial release of Al from the Al-WTRs (382 mg/kg). Soil porewater element concentrations were influenced to some degree by WTR addition, warranting further examination in terms of any potential implications for nutrient supply or limitation. Earthworm avoidance of WTR-amended soil was only observed for Al-WTRs and only at the maximum applied rate (20% w/w), while survival of earthworms was not affected by either WTR type at any application rate. Earthworm growth and reproduction (cocoon production) were not affected at a statistically significant level but this needs further examination over a longer period of exposure. Increased assimilation of Al and Fe into earthworm tissues was observed at some WTR application rates (maximum fresh weight concentrations of 42 mg/kg for Al and 167 mg/kg for Fe), but these were not at levels likely to pose environmental concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Howells
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J Lewis
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Dylan B Beard
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Ian W Oliver
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, United Kingdom.
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18
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Xiao K, Song M, Liu J, Chen H, Li D, Wang K. Differences in the bioaccumulation of selenium by two earthworm species (Pheretima guillemi and Eisenia fetida). CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 202:560-566. [PMID: 29597172 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Information on the bioaccumulation of selenium (Se) in soil invertebrates (e.g. earthworms) is rather scarce. In the present study, bioaccumulation of Se in two eco-physiologically different earthworms, namely anecic Pheretima guillemi and epigeic Eisenia fetida, was determined after 28 days exposure to a successive doses of Se-spiked soil, specifically 0.5, 5, 50, and 200 μg Se g-1 soil. The results showed that Se concentration in earthworms elevated with increasing exposure levels, and maximums were up to 54.6 and 83.0 μg g-1 dry weight in Pheretima guillemi and Eisenia fetida, respectively, after 4 weeks exposure to 200 μg Se g-1 soil. Exposure to Se caused significant inhibition on earthworm growth, with the fresh weight loss ranging from 8.9% to 80.5%. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs), empirically-derived and non-steady state, ranged from 0.12 to 4.17 and generally declined at higher exposure levels. Moreover, BAFs of Pheretima guillemi were higher than those of Eisenia fetida in low-dose Se-spiked soils, but the opposite was true in high-dose soils, indicating there is a species-specific response to exposure of Se between different earthworms. Further research is thus needed to reveal the accumulation pattern of Se in a wider range of earthworm species other than Eisenia fetida, which allows a better risk assessment of excessive Se to soil invertebrates and higher order organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongcao Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang 547100, China
| | - Min Song
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang 547100, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang 547100, China
| | - Dejun Li
- Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang 547100, China.
| | - Kelin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang 547100, China
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Mohd Firdaus MA, Agatz A, Hodson ME, Al-Khazrajy OSA, Boxall ABA. Fate, uptake, and distribution of nanoencapsulated pesticides in soil-earthworm systems and implications for environmental risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1420-1429. [PMID: 29341233 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanopesticides are novel plant protection products offering numerous benefits. Because nanoparticles behave differently from dissolved chemicals, the environmental risks of these materials could differ from conventional pesticides. We used soil-earthworm systems to compare the fate and uptake of analytical-grade bifenthrin to that of bifenthrin in traditional and nanoencapsulated formulations. Apparent sorption coefficients for bifenthrin were up to 3.8 times lower in the nano treatments than in the non-nano treatments, whereas dissipation half-lives of the nano treatments were up to 2 times longer. Earthworms in the nano treatments accumulated approximately 50% more bifenthrin than those in the non-nano treatments. In the non-nano treatments, most of the accumulated material was found in the earthworm tissue, whereas in the nano treatments, the majority resided in the gut. Evaluation of toxicokinetic modeling approaches showed that models incorporating the release rate of bifenthrin from the nanocapsule and distribution within the earthworm provided the best estimations of uptake from the nano-formulations. Overall, our findings indicate that the risks of nanopesticides may be different from those of conventional formulations. The modeling presented provides a starting point for assessing risks of these materials but needs to be further developed to better consider the behavior of the nanoencapsulated pesticide within the gut system. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1420-1429. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Anuar Mohd Firdaus
- Environment Department, Wentworth Way, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
- Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Annika Agatz
- Environment Department, Wentworth Way, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E Hodson
- Environment Department, Wentworth Way, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Omar S A Al-Khazrajy
- Environment Department, Wentworth Way, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, College of Ibn al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Alistair B A Boxall
- Environment Department, Wentworth Way, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
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Novel and environmental friendly approach; Impact of Neem (Azadirachta indica) gum nano formulation (NGNF) on Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) and Spodoptera litura (Fab.). Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 107:59-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Anderson C, Cunha L, Sechi P, Kille P, Spurgeon D. Genetic variation in populations of the earthworm, Lumbricus rubellus, across contaminated mine sites. BMC Genet 2017; 18:97. [PMID: 29149838 PMCID: PMC5693503 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-017-0557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Populations of the earthworm, Lumbricus rubellus, are commonly found across highly contaminated former mine sites and are considered to have under-gone selection for mitigating metal toxicity. Comparison of adapted populations with those found on less contaminated soils can provide insights into ecological processes that demonstrate the long-term effects of soil contamination. Contemporary sequencing methods allow for portrayal of demographic inferences and highlight genetic variation indicative of selection at specific genes. Furthermore, the occurrence of L. rubellus lineages across the UK allows for inferences of mechanisms associated with drivers of speciation and local adaptation. RESULTS Using RADseq, we were able to define population structure between the two lineages through the use of draft genomes for each, demonstrating an absence of admixture between lineages and that populations over extensive geographic distances form discrete populations. Between the two British lineages, we were able to provide evidence for selection near to genes associated with epigenetic and morphological functions, as well as near a gene encoding a pheromone. Earthworms inhabiting highly contaminated soils bare close genomic resemblance to those from proximal control soils. We were able to define a number of SNPs that largely segregate populations and are indicative of genes that are likely under selection for managing metal toxicity. This includes calcium and phosphate-handling mechanisms linked to lead and arsenic contaminants, respectively, while we also observed evidence for glutathione-related mechanisms, including metallothionein, across multiple populations. Population genomic end points demonstrate no consistent reduction in nucleotide diversity, or increase in inbreeding coefficient, relative to history of exposure. CONCLUSIONS Though we can clearly define lineage membership using genomic markers, as well as population structure between geographic localities, it is difficult to resolve markers that segregate entirely between populations in response to soil metal concentrations. This may represent a highly variable series of traits in response to the heterogenous nature of the soil environment, but ultimately demonstrates the maintenance of lineage-specific genetic variation among local populations. L. rubellus appears to provide an exemplary system for exploring drivers for speciation, with a continuum of lineages coexisting across continental Europe, while distinct lineages exist in isolation throughout the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Anderson
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA UK
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford, OX10 8BB UK
- School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, Main Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT UK
| | - Luis Cunha
- School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, Main Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT UK
- Embrapa Florestas, Estrada da Ribeira km. 111, Colombo, PR 83411-000 Brazil
| | - Pierfrancesco Sechi
- School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, Main Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT UK
| | - Peter Kille
- School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, Main Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT UK
| | - David Spurgeon
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford, OX10 8BB UK
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22
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Santos FCF, Gomes SIL, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Amorim MJB. Hazard assessment of nickel nanoparticles in soil-The use of a full life cycle test with Enchytraeus crypticus. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2934-2941. [PMID: 28488336 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) such as nickel (Ni) are widely used in several applications. Nevertheless, the environmental effects of Ni NPs are still poorly understood. In the present study, the toxicity of Ni NPs and nickel nitrate (NiNO3 ) was assessed using the standard test species in soil ecotoxicology, Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta), in a full life cycle test, adding the endpoints hatching, growth, and time to reach maturity, besides survival and reproduction as in the standard Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Guideline 220 and/or International Organization for Standardization 16387. For Ni NPs, the Ni in soil and in soil solution was concentration- and time-dependent, with a relatively higher soil solution content in the lower and shorter exposure concentrations and times. Overall, NiNO3 was more toxic than Ni NPs, and toxicity seemed to occur via different mechanisms. The former caused reduced hatching (50% effect concentration [EC50] = 39 mg Ni/kg soil), and the negative effects remained throughout the life cycle, in all measured endpoints (growth, maturation, survival, and reproduction). For Ni NPs, hatching was the most sensitive endpoint (EC50 = 870 mg Ni/kg soil), although the organisms recovered; that is, additional endpoints across the life cycle showed that this effect corresponded to a delay in hatching because organisms survived and reproduced at concentrations up to 1800 mg Ni/kg soil. On the other hand, the lowest tested concentration of Ni NPs (100 mg Ni/kg soil) caused reproduction effects similar to those at higher concentrations (1000 and 1800 mg Ni/kg soil). The present results show that the potential implications of a nonmonotonic dose response should be considered when assessing the risks of Ni NP exposure in soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2934-2941. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima C F Santos
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana I L Gomes
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Delgadillo V, Verdejo J, Mondaca P, Verdugo G, Gaete H, Hodson ME, Neaman A. Proposed modification to avoidance test with Eisenia fetida to assess metal toxicity in agricultural soils affected by mining activities. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 140:230-234. [PMID: 28267652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Use of avoidance tests is a quick and cost-effective method of assessing contaminants in soils. One option for assessing earthworm avoidance behavior is a two-section test, which consists of earthworms being given the choice to move between a test soil and a control substrate. For ecological relevance, tested soils should be field-contaminated soils. For practical reasons, artificial soils are commonly used as the control substrate. Interpretation of the test results compromised when the test soil and the artificial substrate differ in their physico-chemical properties other than just contaminants. In this study we identified the physico-chemical properties that influence avoidance response and evaluated the usefulness of adjusting these in the control substrate in order to isolate metal-driven avoidance of field soils by earthworms. A standardized two-section avoidance test with Eisenia fetida was performed on 52 uncontaminated and contaminated (Cu >155mgkg-1, As >19mgkg-1) agricultural soils from the Aconcagua River basin and the Puchuncaví Valley in Chile. Regression analysis indicated that the avoidance response was determined by soil organic matter (OM), electrical conductivity (EC) and total soil Cu. Organic matter content of the artificial substrate was altered by peat additions and EC by NaCl so that these properties matched those of the field soils. The resultant EC80 for avoidance (indicative of soils of "limited habitat") was 433mg Cu kg-1 (339 - 528mgkg-1 95% confidence intervals). The earthworm avoidance test can be used to assess metal toxicity in field-contaminated soils by adjusting physico-chemical properties (OM and EC) of the artificial control substrate in order to mimic those of the field-collected soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Delgadillo
- Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile
| | - José Verdejo
- Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile
| | - Pedro Mondaca
- Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile
| | - Gabriela Verdugo
- Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile
| | - Hernán Gaete
- Escuela de Ingeniería en Medioambiente, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Mark E Hodson
- Environment Department, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Neaman
- Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile.
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24
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Zhang L, Van Gestel CAM. Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of lead in the soil invertebrate Enchytraeus crypticus. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 225:534-541. [PMID: 28318791 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to link Pb toxicokinetics to toxicodynamics in Enchytraeus crypticus. The enchytraeids were exposed for 14 d to different Pb concentrations (uptake phase) in natural Lufa 2.2 soil, followed by a 14-d elimination phase in clean soil. Pb accumulation and enchytraeid mortality were determined at different time intervals. At each exposure concentration, internal Pb concentration increased with exposure time and achieved equilibrium in approximately 7 d. Median lethal concentration (LC50) based on total Pb concentration in soil decreased with exposure time, but did not reach a steady-state level. Pb toxicity, therefore, showed a delay compared to accumulation in E. crypticus. LC50s based on internal Pb concentrations in the surviving animals did reach steady state in approx.14 d, suggesting that linking toxicokinetics to toxicodynamics may reduce the effects of time. This study highlighted that exposure time, as an important factor in metal uptake and toxicity, should be taken into account in ecotoxicological tests for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M Van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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25
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Syed Z, Alexander D, Ali J, Unrine J, Shoults-Wilson WA. Chemosensory cues alter earthworm (Eisenia fetida) avoidance of lead-contaminated soil. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:999-1004. [PMID: 27605240 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms were shown to significantly avoid soils spiked with Pb at concentrations lower than or comparable to concentrations that demonstrate significant effects for other endpoints. It was also shown that inclusion of a microorganism-produced volatile compound that attracts earthworms, ethyl valerate, decreased avoidance of spiked soils. These findings suggest that care should be taken when analyzing earthworm avoidance of soils in which microorganism communities are not controlled. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:999-1004. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuby Syed
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Physical Sciences, Roosevelt University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dana Alexander
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Physical Sciences, Roosevelt University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jasmine Ali
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Physical Sciences, Roosevelt University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jason Unrine
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - W Aaron Shoults-Wilson
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Physical Sciences, Roosevelt University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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26
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Rodríguez-Seijo A, Cachada A, Gavina A, Duarte AC, Vega FA, Andrade ML, Pereira R. Lead and PAHs contamination of an old shooting range: A case study with a holistic approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 575:367-377. [PMID: 27744202 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Soil pollution at firing ranges is an issue of growing importance, due to the accumulation in soils of contaminants derived from ammunition and clay targets. The concentration of Pb and PAHs was determined in five soils of an abandoned shooting range in Galicia (northwest Spain), and an ecotoxicological characterization was performed in order to obtain an assessment of risks. Therefore, the retention capacity of soils was assessed using test organisms of different trophic levels, and the role of soils as habitat for soil invertebrates was assessed by reproduction tests and bioaccumulation assays with earthworms. The sum of 15 PAHs ranged between 38 and 360mgkg-1, which exceed, together with Pb (160-720mgkg-1), the Galician generic reference value for urban and sporting field soils. Bioaccumulation in E. andrei showed contents up to 104,000μgPbkg-1dw, and up to 645μgPAHskg-1fw. High contents of Pb and PAHs in soil samples and in Eisenia andrei whole body, caused a reduction in the number of juveniles produced, whereas, Vibrio fischeri, Raphidocelis subcapitata and Daphnia magna displayed a slight toxic response to the soil elutriates tested. Therefore, the function of these soils to retain contaminants seemed not compromised, probably due to the high organic matter content and pH values, which are weakly acidic. The habitat function was affected, indicating that soil solution is not the only route of exposure to contaminants to E. andrei. The integration of chemical and ecotoxicological lines of evidence give rise to high risks values, restricting the use of these areas, and pointing for risks to surrounding ecosystems due to possible trophic transferences. The calculation of risks using the chemical and ecotoxicological data, required by Spanish legislation, could be a good approach to communicate with those responsible and/or involved in the management of contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rodríguez-Seijo
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - A Cachada
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-183 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A Gavina
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - A C Duarte
- CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-183 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - F A Vega
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - M L Andrade
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - R Pereira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; GreenUP/CITAB-UP, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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27
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Velki M, Ečimović S. Important Issues in Ecotoxicological Investigations Using Earthworms. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 239:157-184. [PMID: 27161559 DOI: 10.1007/398_2016_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The importance and beneficial effects of earthworms on soil structure and quality is well-established. In addition, earthworms have proved to be important model organisms for investigation of pollutant effects on soil ecosystems. In ecotoxicological investigations effects of various pollutants on earthworms were assessed. But some important issues regarding the effects of pollutants on earthworms still need to be comprehensively addressed. In this review several issues relevant to soil ecotoxicological investigations using earthworms are emphasized and guidelines that should be adopted in ecotoxicological investigations using earthworms are given. The inclusion of these guidelines in ecotoxicological studies will contribute to the better quantification of impacts of pollutants and will allow more accurate prediction of the real field effects of pollutants to earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Velki
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, Osijek, 31000, Croatia.
| | - Sandra Ečimović
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, Osijek, 31000, Croatia
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28
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Cele EN, Maboeta M. Amelioration of iron mine soils with biosolids: Effects on plant tissue metal content and earthworms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:23005-23016. [PMID: 27581047 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7504-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The achievement of environmentally sound and economically feasible disposal strategies for biosolids is a major issue in the wastewater treatment industry around the world, including Swaziland. Currently, an iron ore mine site, which is located within a wildlife sanctuary, is being considered as a suitable place where controlled disposal of biosolids may be practiced. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of urban biosolids on iron mine soils with regard to plant metal content and ecotoxicological effects on earthworms. This was done through chemical analysis of plants grown in biosolid-amended mine soil. Earthworm behaviour, reproduction and bioaccumulation tests were also conducted on biosolid-amended mine soil. According to the results obtained, the use of biosolids led to creation of soil conditions that were generally favourable to earthworms. However, plants were found to have accumulated Zn up to 346 mg kg-1 (in shoots) and 462 mg kg-1 (in roots). This was more than double the normal Zn content of plants. It was concluded that while biosolids can be beneficial to mine soils and earthworms, they can also lead to elevated metal content in plant tissues, which might be a concern to plant-dependant wildlife species. Nonetheless, it was not possible to satisfactorily estimate risks to forage quality since animal feeding tests with hyperaccumulator plants have not been reported. Quite possibly, there may be no cause for alarm since the uptake of metals from soil is greater in plants grown in pots in the greenhouse than from the same soil in the field since pot studies fail to mimic field conditions where the soil is heterogeneous and where the root system possesses a complex topology. It was thought that further field trials might assist in arriving at more satisfactory conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Nkosinathi Cele
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Private Bag ×6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| | - Mark Maboeta
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Private Bag ×6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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29
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Gao M, Lv M, Han M, Song W, Wang D. Avoidance behavior of Eisenia fetida in oxytetracycline- and heavy metal-contaminated soils. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 47:119-123. [PMID: 27665306 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To determine the behavior of oxytetracycline (OTC) and heavy metals in soil, this study assessed the pollutant-induced avoidance behavior of earthworms (E. fetida) exposed to zinc (Zn2+), lead (Pb2+), and OTC in soil. The results showed a clear avoidance response within 48h of exposure to the highest concentrations of pollutants. Moreover, E. fetida was shown to be more sensitive to Zn2+ than to Pb2+ and OTC. Compared with OTC alone, the net response of earthworms increased in the OTC-Zn2+ and OTC-Pb2+ combined treatments, indicating a synergistic effect. Moreover, the net response (NR) of the earthworms was higher for OTC-Zn2+ than it was for OTC-Pb2+, possibly reflecting the differences in essential characteristics of Zn and Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minling Gao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, No. 399 Binshui Western Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China; State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, No. 399 Binshui Western Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300387, China.
| | - Mengting Lv
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, No. 399 Binshui Western Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Meng Han
- Tianjin Academy of Environmental Science, No. 17 Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Wenhua Song
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, No. 399 Binshui Western Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, No. 399 Binshui Western Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China
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30
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Carter LJ, Ryan JJ, Boxall ABA. Does Uptake of Pharmaceuticals Vary Across Earthworm Species? BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 97:316-322. [PMID: 27443341 PMCID: PMC4978760 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the uptake and depuration of four commonly used pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, diclofenac, fluoxetine and orlistat) in two earthworm species (Lumbricus terrestris and Eisenia fetida). L. terrestris are a larger species and often found in deep burrows whereas E. fetida prefer to reside near the soil surface. Species burrowing habits and sizes may alter uptake by earthworms. All four pharmaceuticals were taken up into both L. terrestris and E. fetida tissue after 21 days exposure to spiked soil. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) ranged between 1.72 and 29.83 for L. terrestris and 1.14 and 63.03 for E. fetida. For carbamazepine and diclofenac, BCFs were similar whereas for fluoxetine and orlistat, BCFs in E. fetida were more than double those seen in L. terrestris. Results indicate that uptake into earthworms cannot be generalised between species and that the influence of species traits can vary depending on the nature of the study chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Carter
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Jim J Ryan
- EHS Technical CoE, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, SG12 0DP, UK
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31
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Kader M, Lamb DT, Mahbub KR, Megharaj M, Naidu R. Predicting plant uptake and toxicity of lead (Pb) in long-term contaminated soils from derived transfer functions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:15460-15470. [PMID: 27117154 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6696-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory assessment of lead (Pb) in contaminated soils is still expressed primarily as total Pb concentrations in soil. In this study, we estimated effective concentrations (ECx) of Pb to Cucumis sativa L. (cucumber) focusing primarily on pore-water Pb data from 10 different soils after 12 weeks ageing. Phytotoxicity expressed in terms of Pb(2+) was observed to occur in the nanomolar range in neutral to alkaline soils (EC50 values 90 to 853 nM) and micromolar levels for acidic soils (EC50 values 7.35 to 9.66 μM). Internal Pb concentrations relating to toxicity (PT50) in roots and shoots also decreased with increasing pore-water pH (R (2) = 0.52 to 0.53). From a series of dose-response studies, we developed transfer functions predicting Pb uptake in C. sativa and we validated these functions with long-term Pb contaminated soils. The significant independent parameters were pore-water Pb(2+) and dissolved Pb plus dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The observed RMSE for the Pb-DOC model and Pb(2+) were 2.6 and 8.8, respectively. The Pb-DOC model tended to under-predict Pb, whilst Pb(2+) tended to over-predict accumulation despite reasonable RMSE values. Further validation is needed in soils with higher pore-water Pb solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Kader
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle (UoN), Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Advanced Technology Building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| | - Dane T Lamb
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle (UoN), Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Advanced Technology Building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Khandaker Rayhan Mahbub
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle (UoN), Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Advanced Technology Building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle (UoN), Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Advanced Technology Building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle (UoN), Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Advanced Technology Building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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Vasantha-Srinivasan P, Senthil-Nathan S, Thanigaivel A, Edwin ES, Ponsankar A, Selin-Rani S, Pradeepa V, Sakthi-Bhagavathy M, Kalaivani K, Hunter WB, Duraipandiyan V, Al-Dhabi NA. Developmental response of Spodoptera litura Fab. to treatments of crude volatile oil from Piper betle L. and evaluation of toxicity to earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae Kinb. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 155:336-347. [PMID: 27135695 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Evaluations of biological effects of (Pb-CVO) the crude volatile oil of Piper betle leaves on the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura were conducted. Pb-CVO was subjected to GC-MS analysis and twenty vital compounds were isolated from the betel leaf oil. Pb-CVO was tested at four different concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%) against S. litura. The treated insects exhibited dose depended mortality. The mortality rate was significantly higher at the 1.0 and 1.5% Pb-CVO. The LC50 (Lethal concentration) were observed at 0.48% Pb-CVO. Larval and pupal durations increased in all treatment concentrations (0.25, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5%) whereas, pupal weight decreased compared to control. Adult longevity of S. litura was reduced in all treatments but predominantly in the 0.4 and 0.5% Pb-CVO. Correspondingly, mean fecundity rate was reduced at all concentrations compared to control. Histological studies of larvae mid-gut profiles of S. litura were severely damaged in 1.0 and 1.5% and showed abnormalities in mid-gut cells with 0.25 and 0.5% Pb-CVO treatments. Earthworm toxicity illustrated that 0.1% of chemical insecticides (monocrotophos and cypermethrin) varied widely in their contact toxicities compared to 0.5 and 1.0% Pb-CVO and control in both contact filter paper and artificial soil test. These findings suggest that twenty essential compounds of betel leaf oil were significant inhibitors of the development and caused behavioral changes of S. litura. Treatment with betel leaf oil at these concentrations had no adverse effect on earthworm populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627 412, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627 412, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Annamalai Thanigaivel
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627 412, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Edward-Sam Edwin
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627 412, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Athirstam Ponsankar
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627 412, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvaraj Selin-Rani
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627 412, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkatraman Pradeepa
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627 412, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthiah Sakthi-Bhagavathy
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627 412, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kandaswamy Kalaivani
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Parasakthi College for Women, Courtrallam, Tirunelveli 627 802, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Wayne B Hunter
- United States Department of Agriculture, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Veeramuthu Duraipandiyan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriya Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriya Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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33
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Li J, Zhang W, Chen L, Liang J, Lin K. Biological effects of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) and Pb on earthworm (Eisenia fetida) in a soil system. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 207:220-225. [PMID: 26412261 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BDE209 and Pb are ubiquitous contaminants at e-waste recycling sites (EWRSs). This study aimed to determine acute and sub-acute toxicity to earthworm Eisenia fetida induced by BDE209 and Pb in natural soil. Results demonstrated that the inhibition of Pb on growth and reproduction of earthworms followed a dose-dependent pattern. Earthworms exposed to 100 mg kg(-1) of BDE209 displayed avoidance responses, while the soil indicated a more obvious decline of habitat function with the increase of Pb level. Comet assay suggested that increasing concentrations of Pb exposure resulted in a gradual increase in the tail length and olive tail moment, which meant that the degree of DNA damage was promoted. BDE209 addition could reduce the damage; therefore the joint effects of both chemicals showed antagonistic. These results revealed that joint exposure (BDE209-Pb) could elicit pronounced biochemical and physiological responses in earthworms, and the DNA damage might be potential molecular biomarker of the two pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, Shanghai 200237, China; School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, Shanghai 200237, China; School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Lin Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, Shanghai 200237, China; School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jun Liang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, Shanghai 200237, China; School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kuangfei Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, Shanghai 200237, China; School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Velki M, Ečimović S. Changes in exposure temperature lead to changes in pesticide toxicity to earthworms: A preliminary study. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:774-784. [PMID: 26436694 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The occurring climate changes will have direct consequences to all ecosystems, including the soil ecosystems. The effects of climate change include, among other, the changes in temperature and greater frequency and intensity of extreme weather conditions. Temperature is an important factor in ecotoxicological investigations since it can act as a stressor and influence the physiological status of organisms, as well as affect the fate and transport of pollutants present in the environment. However, most of so far conducted (eco)toxicological investigations neglected the possible effects of temperature and focused solely on the effects of toxicants on organisms. Considering that temperature can contribute to the toxicity of pollutants, it is of immense importance to investigate whether the change in the exposure temperature will impact the strength of the toxic effects of pollutants present in soil ecosystems. Therefore, in the present study the toxicity of several commonly used pesticides to earthworms was assessed under different exposure temperatures (15, 20 and 25°C). The results showed that changes in exposure temperature lead to changes in susceptibility of earthworms to particular pesticides. Namely, exposures to the same pesticide concentration at different temperatures lead to different toxicity responses. Increase in exposure temperature in most cases caused increase in toxicity, whereas decrease in temperature mostly caused decrease in toxicity. This preliminary study points to need for an in-depth investigation of mechanisms by which temperature affects the toxicity of pesticides and also provides important data for future research on the effects of temperature change on the soil ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Velki
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Sandra Ečimović
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
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Sivakumar S. Effects of metals on earthworm life cycles: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:530. [PMID: 26215824 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4742-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms are abundant and ecologically very important organisms in the soil ecosystem. Impacts by pollutants on earthworm communities greatly influence the fertility of the terrestrial environment. In ecotoxicology, earthworms are good indicators of metal pollution. The observed median lethal concentrations (LC50) and the effective concentrations that cause 50% reduction of earthworm growth and reproduction (EC50) are referred to as toxicity concentrations or endpoints. In addition, the 'no observed effective concentration' (NOEC) is the estimation of the toxicity of metals on earthworms expressed as the highest concentration tested that does not show effects on growth and reproduction compared to controls. This article reviews the ecotoxicological parameters of LC50, EC50 and NOEC of a set of worms exposed to a number of metals in various tested media. In addition, this article reviews metal accumulation and the influences of soil characteristics on metal accumulation in earthworms. Morphological and behavioural responses are often used in earthworm toxicity studies. Therefore, earthworm responses due to metal toxicity are also discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sivakumar
- Department of Bioenvironmental Energy, College of Natural Resource and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 627-706, South Korea,
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Demuynck S, Succiu IR, Grumiaux F, Douay F, Leprêtre A. Effects of field metal-contaminated soils submitted to phytostabilisation and fly ash-aided phytostabilisation on the avoidance behaviour of the earthworm Eisenia fetida. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 107:170-177. [PMID: 24949898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The earthworm Eisenia fetida avoidance behaviour test was used to assess the quality recovery of metal-contaminated soils from lands submitted for 10 years to remediation. Soils were from plots located in the surroundings of a former lead smelter plant of Northern France. Metal concentrations in the soils ranged from 93 to 1231, 56 to 1424, 0.3 to 20 and 15 to 45.5mg metal/kg dry soil for Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu, respectively. Several former agricultural plots were treated either by a single phytostabilisation process involving the plantation of a tree mix or by fly ash aided-phytostabilisation. Silico-aluminous or sulfo-calcic ashes used were ploughed up to a 25- to 30-cm soil depth at a rate of 23.3kg/m(2) (i.e., 6 percent W/W). E. fetida was shown to avoid significantly the 10 years ash-treated soils whose habitat function has to be considered as limited. This avoidance would relate to a change of the texture of soils induced by the addition of ashes and consisting in an increased level of fine silts together with a decreased level of clays. By contrast, afforested metal-contaminated soils appeared for E. fetida as more attractive than unplanted ones. Regarding the influence of the metal contamination of the soils on E. fetida, none of the soils tested even the highest contaminated one was significantly avoided by worms. This lack of reaction would result from the low bioavailability of the metals in the soils tested. At the lights of our results and those previously published on both these ashes and these ash-treated soils, the usefulness of these soil treatments is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Demuynck
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; Equipe Ecologie Numérique et Ecotoxicologie, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), Lille Nord de France EA 4515, bâtiment SN3, Cité Scientifique, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, Cedex, France.
| | - Iuliana Rosalia Succiu
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; Equipe Ecologie Numérique et Ecotoxicologie, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), Lille Nord de France EA 4515, bâtiment SN3, Cité Scientifique, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, Cedex, France
| | - Fabien Grumiaux
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; Equipe Ecologie Numérique et Ecotoxicologie, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), Lille Nord de France EA 4515, bâtiment SN3, Cité Scientifique, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, Cedex, France; Ecole Supérieure du Professorat et de l'Education (ESPE), Lille Nord de France, site d'Arras, 7 bis rue Raoul François, BP 30927, F-62022 Arras Cedex, France
| | - Francis Douay
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; Groupe ISA, Equipe Sols et Environnement, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géoEnvironnement (LGCgE), Lille Nord de France EA 4515, 48 boulevard Vauban, F-59046 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Alain Leprêtre
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; Equipe Ecologie Numérique et Ecotoxicologie, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), Lille Nord de France EA 4515, bâtiment SN3, Cité Scientifique, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, Cedex, France
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Zhang W, Chen L, Liu K, Chen L, Lin K, Chen Y, Yan Z. Bioaccumulation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) in earthworms in the presence of lead (Pb). CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 106:57-64. [PMID: 24556543 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BDE209 (decabromodiphenyl ether) and lead (Pb) are the main contaminants at e-waste recycling sites, and their potential toxicological effects on terrestrial organisms have received extensive attention. However, the impact on earthworms of exposure to the two chemicals remains almost unknown. Therefore, indoor incubation tests were performed on control and contaminated soil samples to determine the uptake and transformation of BDE209 in the presence of Pb for the first time. The results have demonstrated that Pb addition can affect BDE209 bioaccumulation efficiency compared with exposure to BDE209 alone. For a low BDE209 concentration (1mgkg(-1)), Pb addition barely affected the uptake of BDE209, whereas for a high BDE209 concentration (100mgkg(-1)), Pb addition elicited a complex response. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation indicated that a higher level of Pb (250 and 500mgkg(-1)) facilitated the uptake of BDE209 through the skin. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis showed that the peak of BDE209 accumulation usually appeared in the joint exposure groups involving 10 or 100mgkg(-1) BDE209 and 250mgkg(-1) Pb, and the average bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was 0.53, which is more than 1.2 times that of single exposure to BDE209 (average=0.44). Also, the earthworms eliminated more BDE209 after 21d, and the biodegradation products were mainly BDE206 and BDE208. Furthermore, Pb addition can affect the transformation efficiency of BDE209 in earthworms, and several lower bromodiphenyl ethers can be detected. The results of these observations have provided a basic understanding of the potential ecotoxicological effects of joint PBDE and heavy metal exposure on terrestrial invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Lin Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kou Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kuangfei Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332, USA.
| | - Zenguang Yan
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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38
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Velki M, Hackenberger BK, Lončarić Z, Hackenberger DK. Application of microcosmic system for assessment of insecticide effects on biomarker responses in ecologically different earthworm species. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 104:110-119. [PMID: 24650551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms from different ecological categories--epigeic Eisenia andrei and Lumbricus rubellus, endogeic Octolasion lacteum and anecic Lumbricus terrestris--were exposed in a microcosmic system to three commonly used insecticides. The effects of the insecticides were evaluated by measuring the following molecular biomarkers-the activities of AChE, CES, CAT, GST and the concentration of GSH. The results showed that environmentally relevant doses of organophosphates dimethoate and pirimiphos-methyl significantly affected the measured biomarkers, whereas pyrethroid deltamethrin did not affect the earthworms at the recommended agricultural dose. Considering the ecological category of earthworms, the results were inhomogeneous and species-specific differences in the biomarker responses were recorded. Since the biomarker responses of the investigated earthworm species were different after exposure to organophosphates in a microcosm compared to the exposure via standardized toxicity tests, two types of species sensitivity should be distinguished-physiological and environmental sensitivity. In addition, the hormetic effect of organophosphates on AChE and CES activities was recorded. The detection of hormesis in a microcosm is of great importance for future environmental research and soil biomonitoring, since in a realistic environment pollutants usually occur at low concentrations that could cause a hormetic effect. The results demonstrate the importance of the application of microcosmic systems in the assessment of the effects of environmental pollutants and the necessity of taking into account the possible differences between physiological and environmental species sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Velki
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Branimir K Hackenberger
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Zeljka Lončarić
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Davorka K Hackenberger
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
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39
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Zhang W, Chen L, Liu K, Chen L, Lin K, Guo J, Liu L, Cui C, Yan Z. Lead accumulations and toxic effects in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) in the presence of decabromodiphenyl ether. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:3484-3490. [PMID: 24243266 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2344-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) and decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) are the main contaminants at e-waste recycling sites, and their potential toxicological effects on terrestrial organisms have received extensive attention. However, the impact on earthworms of exposure to the two chemicals remains almost unknown. Therefore, indoor incubation tests were performed on control and contaminated soil samples to determine the Pb accumulations and toxic effects by earthworms in the presence of BDE209 for the first time. The results have demonstrated that BDE209 presence can affect Pb bioaccumulation efficiency compared with exposure to Pb alone. The Pb contents in earthworms had a highly positive correlation with the Pb concentrations in soils. For different Pb doses, almost contrary response trends were found for Pb uptake examined separately on day 7 or 28, and dose-effect relationships were clearly observed in the presence of BDE209. After 7 days of exposure, the earthworm bodies receiving 1-mg kg(-1) BDE209 dose showed significantly lower Pb contents (average = 175.85 mg kg(-1)) and bioaccumulation factor (average = 0.574) than those receiving non-BDE209 treatments (217.39 mg kg(-1) and 1.209, respectively). As the incubation time extended, the influence of BDE209 presence on Pb uptake gradually declined. Additionally, either single or combined exposure to both chemicals can affect the protein synthesis in earthworms (p < 0.01), while different levels of BDE209 addition barely caused visible differences. The results of these observations have provided a basic understanding on the potential toxicological effects of joint Pb and BDE209 exposure on terrestrial invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China,
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40
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Luo W, Verweij RA, van Gestel CAM. Determining the bioavailability and toxicity of lead contamination to earthworms requires using a combination of physicochemical and biological methods. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 185:1-9. [PMID: 24212065 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at assessing the bioavailability and toxicity of lead to Eisenia andrei in shooting range soils representing different land uses (forest, grassland, bullet plot). Soils contained 47-2398 mg Pb/kg dry weight (dw), but also had different pH-CaCl2 (3.2-6.8) and organic matter contents (3.8-13%). Therefore artificial soils with different pH and organic matter contents and two natural soils were included as control soils. Earthworms were exposed for 28 days and toxicity and uptake of Pb were related to total, water and 0.01 M CaCl2 extractable and porewater Pb concentrations as well as to soil characteristics. Pb uptake in the earthworms linearly increased with increasing soil concentrations. At >2000 mg Pb/kg dw and pH 3.3-3.5, high earthworm mortality with significant weight loss and complete inhibition of reproduction were recorded. At <1000 mg/kg dw, earthworm reproduction was more related to differences in pH and other soil characteristics than to Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudo A Verweij
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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41
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Qiu H, Peijnenburg WJGM, van Gestel CAM, Vijver MG. Can commonly measurable traits explain differences in metal accumulation and toxicity in earthworm species? ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:21-32. [PMID: 24193403 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-013-1147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
There is no clear consensus in the literature on the metal accumulation pattern and sensitivity of different earthworm species. In the present study, accumulation and toxicity of Cu, Cd, Ni, and Zn in the earthworms Lumbricus rubellus (epigeic), Aporrectodea longa (anecic), and Eisenia fetida (ultra-epigeic) were determined after 28 days exposure in two soils. Metal accumulation and sensitivity were interpreted using the specific traits of different earthworm species. Results showed that for all four metals tested L. rubellus was the most sensitive species, followed by A. longa and E. fetida. At the same exposure concentration, internal concentrations followed the order: L. rubellus > E. fetida > A. longa for Cu and Ni, L. rubellus ≈ E. fetida ≈ A. longa for Cd, and L. rubellus > A. longa > E. fetida for Zn. Langmuir isotherms were used to model metal accumulation at both nontoxic and toxic exposure concentrations. The Cu, Cd, and Zn concentrations in E. fetida generally leveled off at high exposure concentrations but not for the other two species. A. longa showed a high capability of regulating internal Ni concentrations. The traits-based approaches suggested that most likely a group of earthworm traits together determined (differences in) metal accumulation and sensitivity. More research is needed in this respect to build up solid relationships between species-specific responses and traits, enabling cross-species extrapolation of accumulation and toxicity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Qiu
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands,
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42
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Velki M, Hackenberger BK. Different sensitivities of biomarker responses in two epigeic earthworm species after exposure to pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 65:498-509. [PMID: 23811990 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-013-9930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In many studies that investigate the toxic effects of pollutants on earthworms, experiments are performed using only one species of earthworms, most commonly the Eisenia species. However, the differences in sensitivities of different earthworm species could potentially lead to an underestimation of environmental aspects of pollutants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity of biomarker responses of Eisenia andrei, an epigeic compost species commonly used in laboratory experiments, with those of Lumbricus rubellus, an epigeic species widely distributed in temperate regions. The earthworms were exposed to the three commonly used insecticides: organophosphates dimethoate (0.03, 0.3, and 3 mg kg(-1)) and pirimiphos-methyl (0.02, 0.2, and 2 mg kg(-1)), as well as pyrethroid deltamethrin (0.01, 0.1, and 0.5 mg kg(-1)), for 1 and 15 days using an artificial soil test. The effects of the pesticides were assessed by measuring the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CES), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) as well as the concentration of glutathione (GSH). The pesticides caused a significant inhibition of AChE and CES activities and significant changes in activities of CAT, GST, and GSH concentration in both earthworm species. A comparison of biomarker responses between E. andrei and L. rubellus showed significant differences; E. andrei proved to be less susceptible to pesticide exposure than L. rubellus. In addition, the results from the filter-paper contact test mortality experiments showed that lethal concentrations were lower for L. rubellus compared with the E. andrei, further showing a greater sensitivity of L. rubellus. The difference in sensitivities of these epigeic species should be taken into account when conducting toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Velki
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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43
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Yi Y, Kim G, Sung K. Effects of Soil Remediation Methods on the Biological Properties of Soils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.7857/jsge.2013.18.3.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Qiu H, Vijver MG, He E, Peijnenburg WJGM. Predicting copper toxicity to different earthworm species using a multicomponent Freundlich model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:4796-4803. [PMID: 23548049 DOI: 10.1021/es305240n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop bioavailability models for predicting Cu toxicity to earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus, Aporrectodea longa, and Eisenia fetida) in a range of soils of varying properties. A multicomponent Freundlich model, complying with the basic assumption of the biotic ligands model, was used to relate Cu toxicity to the free Cu(2+) activity and possible protective cations in soil porewater. Median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of Cu based on the total Cu concentration varied in each species from soil to soil, reaching differences of approximately a factor 9 in L. rubellus, 49 in A. longa and 45 in E. fetida. The relative sensitivity of the earthworms to Cu in different soils followed the same order: L. rubellus > A. longa > E. fetida. Only pH not other cations (K(+), Ca(2+), Na(+), and Mg(2+)) were found to exert significant protective effects against Cu toxicity to earthworms. The Freundlich-type model in which the protective effects of pH were included, explained 84%, 94%, and 96% of variations in LC50s of Cu (expressed as free ion activity) for L. rubellus, A. longa, and E. fetida, respectively. Predicted LC50s never differed by a factor of more than 2 from the observed LC50s. External validation of the model showed a similar level of precision, even though toxicity data for other soil organisms and for different endpoints were used. The findings of the present study showed the possibility of extrapolating the developed toxicity models for one earthworm species to another species. Moreover, the Freundlich-type model in which the free Cu(2+) activity and pH in soil porewater are considered can even be used to predict toxicity for other soil invertebrates and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Qiu
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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45
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El-Temsah YS, Joner EJ. Ecotoxicological effects on earthworms of fresh and aged nano-sized zero-valent iron (nZVI) in soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 89:76-82. [PMID: 22595530 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Although nano-sized zero-valent iron (nZVI) has been used for several years for remediation of contaminated soils and aquifers, only a limited number of studies have investigated secondary environmental effects and ecotoxicity of nZVI to soil organisms. In this study we therefore measured the ecotoxicological effects of nZVI coated with carboxymethyl cellulose on two species of earthworms, Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus rubellus, using standard OECD methods with sandy loam and artificial OECD soil. Earthworms were exposed to nZVI concentrations ranging from 0 to 2000 mg nZVI kg soil(-1) added freshly to soil or aged in non-saturated soil for 30 d prior to exposure. Regarding avoidance, weight changes and mortality, both earthworm species were significantly affected by nZVI concentrations ≥500 mg kg(-1)soil. Reproduction was affected also at 100 mg nZVI kg(-1). Toxicity effects of nZVI were reduced after aging with larger differences between soils compared to non-aged soils. We conclude that doses ≥500 mg nZVI kg(-1) are likely to give acute adverse effects on soil organisms, and that effects on reproduction may occur at significantly lower concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehia S El-Temsah
- Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (Bioforsk), Soil and Environment Division, Frederik A. Dahls vei 20, NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
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Neaman A, Huerta S, Sauvé S. Effects of lime and compost on earthworm (Eisenia fetida) reproduction in copper and arsenic contaminated soils from the Puchuncaví Valley, Chile. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 80:386-392. [PMID: 22534173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Puchuncaví Valley in central Chile has been exposed to atmospheric depositions from a copper smelter. Nowadays, soils in the surrounding area are acidic and contaminated with Cu and As. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of lime and compost for in situ immobilization of trace elements in the soils of the Puchuncaví Valley by using earthworms as bioindicators of toxicity. The lime and compost treatments significantly increased soil pH and decreased the soluble and exchangeable Zn, exchangeable Cu, and free Cu(2+) activity. However, the compost treatment increased soluble Cu, and soluble and exchangeable As. Lime application had no effect on earthworm reproduction in comparison with the unamended control, whereas the application of compost increased cocoon and juvenile production. There was a spatial variability of soil properties within treatments in the field plots. This allowed the identification of which soil properties were actually having an impact on earthworm reproduction. For both cocoon and juvenile production, soil organic matter (SOM) was a positive factor, i.e., more SOM increased cocoon or juvenile production. The toxicity (negative) factor was total soil As. However, total Cu and total As were well correlated (R(2)=0.80, p<0.001), hence some of the trends could have been masked. In summary, compost treatment was effective in improving the quality of soils of Puchuncaví Valley, increasing earthworm reproduction. Future Chilean legislation on maximum permissible concentrations of trace elements in soils should consider SOM content due to its effect on trace element solubility and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Neaman
- Facultad de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Casilla 4-D, Quillota, Chile.
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Santos MJG, Morgado R, Ferreira NGC, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S. Evaluation of the joint effect of glyphosate and dimethoate using a small-scale terrestrial ecosystem. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:1994-2001. [PMID: 21724258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present work a small-scale terrestrial ecosystem (STEM) containing a soil collected from an agricultural field in Central Portugal was used to evaluate the effects of the combination of the herbicide glyphosate and the insecticide dimethoate. Earthworms (Eisenia andrei), isopods (Porcellionides pruinosus), turnip seeds (Brassica rapa), and bait-lamina strips were placed in the STEM. The results showed that the application of the recommended field dose of both pesticides did not cause any effect on the weight variation of earthworms and growth of the plants. The application of the herbicide, even at 5 and 10 times the field dose, increased feeding activity in soil (bait-lamina test), although the application of dimethoate led to a decrease in feeding activity in all concentrations tested. The binary mixtures performed showed that according to the Independent Action model, synergism (higher effect than expected from the single exposures) was observed in both the shoot length and fresh weight of B. rapa at 5 times the field dose, but antagonism was observed at 10 times the field dose. Regarding the germination success, synergism was observed at the field dose, but antagonism was detected at 5 times and 10 times the field dose. There was a decrease on the earthworm's weight in all concentrations tested, although no statistical differences were observed in any of the treatments made. Regarding depth distribution of E. andrei, worms were found in the upper layer more than it was predicted for all concentrations. In the mixtures with the field and 5 times the field dose there was a decrease in the feeding activity (bait-lamina consumption) by the soil fauna. From the four biomarkers assessed on the isopods (Catalase, Acetylcholinesterase, Glutathione-S-transferase, and Lipid peroxidation), only a significant decrease in the Acetylcholinesterase activity upon dimethoate and the binary mixtures exposures performed with the field dose was observed and on Lipid peroxidation at the field doses of single and binary exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel J G Santos
- Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro and CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Sizmur T, Palumbo-Roe B, Hodson ME. Impact of earthworms on trace element solubility in contaminated mine soils amended with green waste compost. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:1852-1860. [PMID: 21501909 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The common practice of remediating metal contaminated mine soils with compost can reduce metal mobility and promote revegetation, but the effect of introduced or colonising earthworms on metal solubility is largely unknown. We amended soils from an As/Cu (1150 mg As kg(-1) and 362 mg Cu kg(-1)) and Pb/Zn mine (4550 mg Pb kg(-1) and 908 mg Zn kg(-1)) with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% compost and then introduced Lumbricus terrestris. Porewater was sampled and soil extracted with water to determine trace element solubility, pH and soluble organic carbon. Compost reduced Cu, Pb and Zn, but increased As solubility. Earthworms decreased water soluble Cu and As but increased Pb and Zn in porewater. The effect of the earthworms decreased with increasing compost amendment. The impact of the compost and the earthworms on metal solubility is explained by their effect on pH and soluble organic carbon and the environmental chemistry of each element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Sizmur
- Soil Research Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, School of Human and Environmental Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6DW, UK.
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Shoults-Wilson WA, Zhurbich OI, McNear DH, Tsyusko OV, Bertsch PM, Unrine JM. Evidence for avoidance of Ag nanoparticles by earthworms (Eisenia fetida). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2011; 20:385-96. [PMID: 21229389 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-010-0590-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles have been incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products, ideally acting as antimicrobial agents. Silver exposure has long been known to cause toxic effects to a wide variety of organisms, making large scale production of silver nanoparticles a potential hazard to environmental systems. Here we describe the first evidence that an organism may be able to sense manufactured nanoparticles in a complex, environmentally relevant exposure and that the presence of nanoparticles alters the organism's behavior. We found that earthworms (Eisenia fetida) consistently avoid soils containing silver nanoparticles and AgNO(3) at similar concentrations of Ag. However, avoidance of silver nanoparticles occurred over 48 h, while avoidance of AgNO(3) was immediate. It was determined that avoidance of silver nanoparticles could not be explained by release of silver ions or any changes in microbial communities caused by the introduction of Ag. This leads us to conclude that the earthworms were in some way sensing the presence of nanoparticles over the course of a 48 h exposure and choosing to avoid exposure to them. Our results demonstrate that nanoparticle interactions with organisms may be unpredictable and that these interactions may result in ecologically significant effects on behavior at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Shoults-Wilson
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Agricultural Science Center North, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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Gomez-Eyles JL, Sizmur T, Collins CD, Hodson ME. Effects of biochar and the earthworm Eisenia fetida on the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and potentially toxic elements. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:616-22. [PMID: 21035930 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) were monitored over 56 days in calcareous contaminated-soil amended with either or both biochar and Eisenia fetida. Biochar reduced total (449 to 306 mg kg(-1)) and bioavailable (cyclodextrin extractable) (276 to 182 mg kg(-1)) PAHs, PAH concentrations in E. fetida (up to 45%) but also earthworm weight. Earthworms increased PAH bioavailability by >40%. Combined treatment results were similar to the biochar-only treatment. Earthworms increased water soluble Co (3.4 to 29.2 mg kg(-1)), Cu (60.0 to 120.1 mg kg(-1)) and Ni (31.7 to 83.0 mg kg(-1)) but not As, Cd, Pb or Zn; biochar reduced water soluble Cu (60 to 37 mg kg(-1)). Combined treatment results were similar to the biochar-only treatment but gave a greater reduction in As and Cd mobility. Biochar has contaminated land remediation potential, but its long-term impact on contaminants and soil biota needs to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Gomez-Eyles
- University of Reading, School of Human and Environmental Sciences, Soil Research Centre, Reading, RG6 6DW Berkshire, UK.
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