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Wang RY, Wang CH, Wang Y, Zhang WF. Synergistic Effects of Multiple Environmental Factors on Degradation of Silicone Rubber Seals under Marine Atmosphere. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7013. [PMID: 37959610 PMCID: PMC10647683 DOI: 10.3390/ma16217013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In this research, the degradation behavior and failure mechanism of silicone rubber seal rings under the synergistic effects of multiple factors in the marine atmosphere are fully investigated. Firstly, four aging factors of air, temperature, compressive stress, and chemical medium were determined by analyzing the service environment profile of silicone rubber seal under a marine atmosphere environment. Secondly, to better simulate the actual service environment of silicone rubber and shorten the test period, an artificially accelerated aging test was designed and carried out in the laboratory. In this paper, temperature is utilized as the accelerating stress. According to the results of the pre-test, the accelerating stress level is finally determined to be 110-150 ∘C. In addition, the compression set applied is consistent with the constant compression permanent deformation value of 28% of the silicone rubber in the actual service process. Finally, through the macroscopic physical properties and microstructure analysis of the samples before and after aging, the corresponding test results are given, and the failure mechanism is analyzed and discussed in detail. Through the above test results and discussion, it can be concluded that the aging process of multi-factor coupling on the lower silicone rubber seal ring is uneven, and its aging process is not a simple superposition of multiple environmental factors. More importantly, the above test data and results are of great significance for evaluating the service life of silicone rubber seals, which can be utilized in the future to improve the reliability and durability of related equipment in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Yuan Wang
- School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (R.-Y.W.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Chong-Hao Wang
- School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (R.-Y.W.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (R.-Y.W.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.W.)
- The 41st Institute of Sixth Academy of CASIC, Huhhot 010010, China
| | - Wei-Fang Zhang
- School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (R.-Y.W.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.W.)
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2
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Belháčová-Minaříková M, Smedes F, Rusina TP, Vrana B. Application of equilibrium passive sampling to profile pore water and accessible concentrations of hydrophobic organic contaminants in Danube sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115470. [PMID: 33254663 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Total concentrations of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in sediment present a poor quality assessment parameter for aquatic organism exposure and environmental risk because they do not reflect contaminant bioavailability. The bioavailability issue of HOCs in sediments can be addressed by application of multi-ratio equilibrium passive sampling (EPS). In this study, riverbed sediment samples were collected during the Joint Danube Survey at 9 locations along the Danube River in 2013. Samples were ex-situ equilibrated with silicone passive samplers. Desorption isotherms were constructed, yielding two endpoints: pore water (CW:0) and accessible (CAS:0) concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediment. CW:0 concentrations of DDT and its breakdown products exhibited elevated levels in the low Danube, with the maximum in the river delta. Other investigated HOCs did not show any clear spatial trends along the river, and only a moderate CW:0 variability. CAS:0 in sediment ranged from 10 to 90% of the total concentration in sediment. CW:0 was compared with freely dissolved concentration in the overlaying surface water, measured likewise by passive sampling. The comparison indicated potential compound release from sediment to the water phase for PAHs with less than four aromatic rings, and for remaining HOCs either equilibrium between sediment and water, or potential compound deposition in sediment. Sorption partition coefficients of HOC to organic carbon correlated well with octanol-water partition coefficients (KOW), showing stronger sorption of PAHs to sediment than that of PCBs and OCPs having equal logKOW. Comparison of CW:0 values with European environmental quality standards indicated potential exceedance for hexachlorobenzene, fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene at several sites. The study demonstrates the utility of passive sampling as an innovative approach for risk-oriented monitoring of HOCs in river catchments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Foppe Smedes
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Centre RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tatsiana P Rusina
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Centre RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Branislav Vrana
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Centre RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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3
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Yoon SJ, Hong S, Kim T, Lee J, Kwon BO, Allam AA, Al-Khedhairy AA, Khim JS. Occurrence and bioaccumulation of persistent toxic substances in sediments and biota from intertidal zone of Abu Ali Island, Arabian Gulf. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 144:243-252. [PMID: 31179994 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
North Abu Ali Island is contaminated by crude oil from exogenous sources with a variety of persistent toxic substances (PTSs) being input into intertidal sediments. We detected an array of PTSs in sediments and benthic biota off north Abu Ali Island (Arabian Gulf), including 35 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 6 alkylphenols (APEOs), 10 styrene oligomers (SOs), and tributyltin. The PTS concentrations were generally greater than those reported in other areas of Arabian Gulf. PAHs mainly originated from petrogenic sources, and APEOs and SOs seem to be of recent origin. Field-based biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF) varied by taxa and compounds, but clearly depended on the log Kow values of individual compounds. Some PTSs exceeded the established guidelines for sediments and biota; we found particularly great BSAFs for alkyl-naphthalenes (C1- and C2-), nonylphenol monoethoxylates, and 2,4,6-triphenyl-1-hexene. Remediation will require on-site clean-up of toxic chemicals together with immediate efforts on preventing input of current pollution sources in the given area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Joon Yoon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Ocean Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taewoo Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Oh Kwon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed A Allam
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | | | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Szczybelski AS, Diepens NJ, van den Heuvel‐Greve MJ, van den Brink NW, Koelmans AA. Bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by arctic and temperate benthic species. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:883-895. [PMID: 30657214 PMCID: PMC6850439 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing oil and gas activities may substantially increase chemical stress to benthic ecosystems in the Arctic, and it is necessary to evaluate such environmental risks in these systems. Risk assessment procedures for oil-related compounds (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs]) should address differences in exposure between Arctic and temperate benthos. We compare for the first time the bioaccumulation of PAHs by Arctic benthic invertebrate species with that of temperate species, based on their biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs). Measured PAH BSAFs were generally higher in temperate bivalves (Limecola balthica) than in Arctic bivalves (Macoma calcarea), whereas BSAFs in Arctic polychaetes (Nephtys ciliata) were higher than in temperate polychaetes (Alitta virens). Differences in measured BSAFs were explained by species-specific feeding modes and traits. However, modeled BSAFs revealed that steady state was not likely to be reached in the 28-d tests for all PAHs and organisms. Due to the low numbers of individuals, most species-specific parameters were too uncertain to reveal differences between Arctic and temperate species. The results of the present study suggest that data from temperate species could be used as a surrogate for Arctic species in risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:883-895. © 2019 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna S. Szczybelski
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management GroupDepartment of Environmental SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Animal EcologyWageningen Environmental Research (Alterra)WageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Noël J. Diepens
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management GroupDepartment of Environmental SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Nico W. van den Brink
- Subdepartment of ToxicologyDepartment of Agrotechnology and Food SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Albert A. Koelmans
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management GroupDepartment of Environmental SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Wageningen Marine ResearchYersekeThe Netherlands
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5
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Xu C, Wang J, Richards J, Xu T, Liu W, Gan J. Development of film-based passive samplers for in situ monitoring of trace levels of pyrethroids in sediment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:1684-1692. [PMID: 30072218 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Residues of pyrethroid insecticides tend to accumulate in bed sediments due to their strong hydrophobicity. Rather than the total or bulk sediment concentration, it is the freely dissolved concentration (Cfree) that drives toxicity to benthic invertebrates. In this study we developed thin film-based samplers for in situ ambient monitoring of pyrethroids at trace levels in sediment. Out of five common polymer materials, polyethylene (PE) and silicone rubber (SR), were identified to offer superior enrichment for pyrethroids from sediment. To circumvent the slow equilibrium process, 13C-permethrin and bifenthrin-d5 were preloaded onto the films as performance reference compounds (PRCs). The PRC-preloaded film samplers were deployed at five sites in Southern California under field conditions for 7 d and retrieved for analysis. The sediment porewater Cfree of eight pyrethroids derived from PRC-PE films ranged from 173 to 903 ng/L, accounting for 18.2-36.1% of the corresponding total porewater concentrations. The PRC-SR film samplers yielded Cfree values closely mimicking those from the PRC-PE samplers, cross-validating the two sampling devices. Additionally, a significant positive association was found between the observed mortality from toxicity tests using Hyalella azteca and the Cfree of bifenthrin (r = 0.628, p = 0.02). A significant linear correlation (R2 = 0.99) between Cfree derived from in situ monitoring and that of ex situ measurement under equilibrium conditions was also observed. Results from this study demonstrated that the film-based samplers may be used for in situ ambient monitoring to detect biologically relevant contamination of pyrethroids in bed sediments, which may contribute to improved risk assessment for this class of widely used insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenye Xu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Jaben Richards
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Tianbo Xu
- Pyrethroid Working Group, 2 TW Alexander Dr. RTP, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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Mäenpää K, Leppänen MT, Figueiredo K, Mayer P, Gilbert D, Jahnke A, Gil-Allué C, Akkanen J, Nybom I, Herve S. Fate of polychlorinated biphenyls in a contaminated lake ecosystem: combining equilibrium passive sampling of sediment and water with total concentration measurements of biota. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:2463-2474. [PMID: 26053463 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrium sampling devices can be applied to study and monitor the exposure and fate of hydrophobic organic chemicals on a thermodynamic basis. They can be used to determine freely dissolved concentrations and chemical activity ratios and to predict equilibrium partitioning concentrations of hydrophobic organic chemicals in biota lipids. The authors' aim was to assess the equilibrium status of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a contaminated lake ecosystem and along its discharge course using equilibrium sampling devices for measurements in sediment and water and by also analyzing biota. The authors used equilibrium sampling devices (silicone rubber and polyethylene [PE]) to determine freely dissolved concentrations and chemical activities of PCBs in the water column and sediment porewater and calculated for both phases the corresponding equilibrium concentrations and chemical activities in model lipids. Overall, the studied ecosystem appeared to be in disequilibrium for the studied phases: sediment, water, and biota. Chemical activities of PCBs were higher in sediment than in water, which implies that the sediment functioned as a partitioning source of PCBs and that net diffusion occurred from the sediment to the water column. Measured lipid-normalized PCB concentrations in biota were generally below equilibrium lipid concentrations relative to the sediment (CLip ⇌Sed ) or water (CLip ⇌W ), indicating that PCB levels in the organisms were below the maximum partitioning levels. The present study shows the application versatility of equilibrium sampling devices in the field and facilitates a thermodynamic understanding of exposure and fate of PCBs in a contaminated lake and its discharge course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Mäenpää
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Matti T Leppänen
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
- Laboratory Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kaisa Figueiredo
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dorothea Gilbert
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Annika Jahnke
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carmen Gil-Allué
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Inna Nybom
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Sirpa Herve
- Laboratory Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Jyväskylä, Finland
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7
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Fernandez LA, Gschwend PM. Predicting bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soft-shelled clams (Mya arenaria) using field deployments of polyethylene passive samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:993-1000. [PMID: 25598269 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF), frequently used to predict tissue concentrations of organisms living within and above sediments contaminated with hydrophobic organic chemicals, often produce inaccurate estimates. Hence, freely dissolved porewater concentrations, CW , have also been investigated as predictors of organism tissue concentrations, but they are more difficult to measure than bulk sediment concentrations (used with BSAF). In situ passive sampling methods, however, make it possible to deduce CW with less effort than required to measure the value directly and make it possible to relate CW with tissue concentrations of undisturbed, native organisms. In the present study, polyethylene passive samplers containing performance reference compounds (d10-phenanthrene, d10-pyrene, and d12-chrysene) were deployed in diverse sediment beds near Boston, Massachusetts, USA, for a 1-wk period. Clams (Mya arenaria) and sediments were then collected from the deployed sediment beds. Concentrations of 3 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; phenanthrene, pyrene, and chrysene) were measured in the porewaters, in clam tissues, and in the bulk sediment. Biota-sediment accumulation factors and polyethylene-deduced CW were used to predict organism tissue concentrations. Ratios of predicted-to-measured values showed that the BSAF method over-predicted tissue concentrations in M. arenaria by up to 2 orders of magnitude. The polyethylene-deduced CW method resulted in average ratios closer to 1 (0.43 ± 0.26, 3.7 ± 2.5, and 1.1 ± 1.2 for phenanthrene, pyrene, and chrysene, respectively, N = 26, uncertainty = ± 1σ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta A Fernandez
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Apostolopoulou MV, Monteyne E, Krikonis K, Pavlopoulos K, Roose P, Dehairs F. Monitoring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Northeast Aegean Sea using Posidonia oceanica seagrass and synthetic passive samplers. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 87:338-344. [PMID: 25110049 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 22 polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in Posidonia oceanica seagrass, sediments, and seawater from the Alexandroupolis Gulf in the Aegean Sea, were investigated from 2007 to 2011. Temporal trends of total PAH contents in P. oceanica and sediments were similar. PAH levels in seawater, sediments, and seagrasses generally decreased with increasing distance from Alexandroupolis Port. Leaves and sheaths of P. oceanica had higher PAH levels than roots and rhizomes. P. oceanica accumulates PAHs and has good potential as a bioindicator of spatiotemporal pollution trends. PAH concentrations were also examined using in situ passive seawater sampling and were compared to results of passive sampling in the laboratory using local sediments and seawater. Levels of high molecular weight PAHs assessed using passive samplers confirmed the decreasing gradient of pollution away from Alexandroupolis Port. Passive sampling also proved useful for investigating sources of PAHs in P. oceanica meadows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Venetia Apostolopoulou
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry and Earth System Sciences Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Els Monteyne
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Management Unit of the North Sea Mathematical Models, MARCHEM, 3e & 23e Linieregimentsplein, B-8400 Ostend, Belgium.
| | - Konstantinos Krikonis
- Department of Mathematics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 University Campus, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Kosmas Pavlopoulos
- Department of Geography and Planning, Paris Sorbonne University, P.O. Box 38044, Al Reem Island, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Patrick Roose
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Management Unit of the North Sea Mathematical Models, MARCHEM, 3e & 23e Linieregimentsplein, B-8400 Ostend, Belgium.
| | - Frank Dehairs
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry and Earth System Sciences Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Lydy MJ, Landrum PF, Oen AMP, Allinson M, Smedes F, Harwood AD, Li H, Maruya KA, Liu J. Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: state of the science for organic contaminants. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2014; 10:167-78. [PMID: 24307344 PMCID: PMC4235472 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript surveys the literature on passive sampler methods (PSMs) used in contaminated sediments to assess the chemical activity of organic contaminants. The chemical activity in turn dictates the reactivity and bioavailability of contaminants in sediment. Approaches to measure specific binding of compounds to sediment components, for example, amorphous carbon or specific types of reduced carbon, and the associated partition coefficients are difficult to determine, particularly for native sediment. Thus, the development of PSMs that represent the chemical activity of complex compound-sediment interactions, expressed as the freely dissolved contaminant concentration in porewater (Cfree ), offer a better proxy for endpoints of concern, such as reactivity, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. Passive sampling methods have estimated Cfree using both kinetic and equilibrium operating modes and used various polymers as the sorbing phase, for example, polydimethylsiloxane, polyethylene, and polyoxymethylene in various configurations, such as sheets, coated fibers, or vials containing thin films. These PSMs have been applied in laboratory exposures and field deployments covering a variety of spatial and temporal scales. A wide range of calibration conditions exist in the literature to estimate Cfree , but consensus values have not been established. The most critical criteria are the partition coefficient between water and the polymer phase and the equilibrium status of the sampler. In addition, the PSM must not appreciably deplete Cfree in the porewater. Some of the future challenges include establishing a standard approach for PSM measurements, correcting for nonequilibrium conditions, establishing guidance for selection and implementation of PSMs, and translating and applying data collected by PSMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lydy
- Center for Fisheries Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois UniversityCarbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter F Landrum
- Center for Fisheries Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois UniversityCarbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Amy MP Oen
- Department of Environmental Technology, Norwegian Geotechnical InstituteOslo, Norway
| | - Mayumi Allinson
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM) School of Chemistry, The University of MelbourneParkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Foppe Smedes
- DeltaresUtrecht, The Netherlands
- RECETOX, Masaryk UniversityBrno, Czech Republic
| | - Amanda D Harwood
- Center for Fisheries Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois UniversityCarbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Huizhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Keith A Maruya
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project AuthorityCosta Mesa, California, USA
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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10
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Yates K, Pollard P, Davies I, Webster L, Moffat C. Silicone rubber passive samplers for measuring pore water and exchangeable concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations in sediments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 463-464:988-996. [PMID: 23872250 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of a silicone rubber passive sampler for the assessment of the availability of lipophilic organic contaminants in sediments is described. The passive sampler accumulated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from sediments with an equilibration time of 20 days for most PAHs. The method was used to measure the free dissolved concentrations in pore water of 30 PAHs (parent and alkylated), their water exchangeable concentrations and sediment-water partition coefficients in field sediments from a Scottish sea loch that supports fish farming. Fluoranthene and pyrene dominated the PAH concentration composition in the pore waters. The water exchangeable concentration reflected the pyrogenic pollution pattern found in the sediments and indicated that a proportion of the PAHs were not available for exchange with the aqueous phase. Strong linear relationships between organic carbon normalised sediment-water partition coefficients (logK(oc)) and corresponding octanol-water partition coefficients of PAHs were obtained. The logK(oc) values obtained are on average, 0.6 log units higher than literature values commonly used in sediment risk assessments, consequently direct measurements of logK(oc) in field sediments should be used to improve the reliability of risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyari Yates
- School of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB25 1HG, UK.
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11
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Studies on the interaction mechanism of aminopyrene derivatives with human tumor-related DNA. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 123:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Emelogu ES, Pollard P, Robinson CD, Webster L, McKenzie C, Napier F, Steven L, Moffat CF. Identification of selected organic contaminants in streams associated with agricultural activities and comparison between autosampling and silicone rubber passive sampling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 445-446:261-272. [PMID: 23337603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the potential of silicone rubber passive sampling devices (SR-PSDs) as a suitable alternative to automatic water samplers (autosamplers) for the preliminary identification of a wide range of organic contaminants in freshwater systems. The field performance of SR-PSDs deployed at three sites on two streams of an agricultural catchment area in North East (NE) Scotland, United Kingdom (UK) was assessed concurrently with composite water samples collected from two of the sites using autosamplers. The analytical suite consisted of selected plant protection products (PPPs; commonly referred to collectively as 'pesticides'), including 47 pesticides and a separate sub-category of 22 acid/urea herbicides. Of these, a total of 54 substances, comprising 46 pesticides and 8 urea herbicides were detected in at least one of the SR samplers. All but 6 of these SR-PSD detected substances were quantifiable. By comparison, a total of 25 substances comprising 3 pesticides and 22 acid/urea herbicides were detected in the composite water samples, of which only 8 acid/urea herbicides were quantifiable. The larger number and chemical classes of compounds detected and quantified via passive sampling reflect the lower limits of detection achieved by this device when compared to autosamplers. The determination of dissolved concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) added to the information on contaminant pressures at each site, allowing assessment of the reliability of SR-PSDs in freshwater systems and the identification of possible contaminant sources. The study demonstrated the utility of SR-PSDs for detecting and semi-quantifying low concentrations of analytes, including those which hitherto have not been measured in the catchment area and also some pesticides that are no longer approved for agricultural use in the UK and EU. The SR-PSD approach can thus provide a better understanding and clearer picture of the use and presence of organic contaminants within catchments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel S Emelogu
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, P.O Box 101, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, UK.
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Abstract
Pyrene derivatives can be carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic, thus having the potential to cause malignant diseases. In this work, the interactions of two selected pyrene derivatives (1-OHP and 1-PBO) and human tumor-related DNA (p53 DNA and C-myc DNA) are investigated by spectroscopic and non-native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) methods. Using fluorescence spectrometry and circular dichroism (CD), DNA interactions of pyrene derivatives are confirmed to occur mainly via the groove binding mode supported by the intercalation into the base pairs of DNA. There is an obvious binding order of pyrene derivatives to the targeted DNA, 1-OHP > 1-PBO. The binding constants of 1-OHP are 1.16 × 106 L·mol−1 and 4.04 × 105 L·mol−1 for p53 DNA and C-myc DNA, respectively, while that of 1-PBO are only 2.04 × 103 L·mol−1 and 1.39 × 103 L·mol−1 for p53 DNA and C-myc DNA, respectively. Besides, the binding of pyrene derivatives to p53 DNA is stronger than that for C-myc DNA. CD and PAGE results indicate that the binding of pyrene derivatives can affect the helical structures of DNA and further induce the formation of double-chain antiparallel G-quadruplex DNA of hybrid G-rich sequences.
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