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Sun Y, Xu Y, Wu H, Hou J. A critical review on BDE-209: Source, distribution, influencing factors, toxicity, and degradation. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 183:108410. [PMID: 38160509 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
As the most widely used polybrominated diphenyl ether, BDE-209 is commonly used in polymer-based commercial and household products. Due to its unique physicochemical properties, BDE-209 is ubiquitous in a variety of environmental compartments and can be exposed to organisms in various ways and cause toxic effects. The present review outlines the current state of knowledge on the occurrence of BDE-209 in the environment, influencing factors, toxicity, and degradation. BDE-209 has been detected in various environmental matrices including air, soil, water, and sediment. Additionally, environmental factors such as organic matter, total suspended particulate, hydrodynamic, wind, and temperature affecting BDE-209 are specifically discussed. Toxicity studies suggest BDE-209 may cause systemic toxic effects on living organisms, reproductive toxicity, embryo-fetal toxicity, genetic toxicity, endocrine toxicity, neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and developmental toxicity, or even be carcinogenic. BDE-209 has toxic effects on organisms mainly through epigenetic regulation and induction of oxidative stress. Evidence regarding the degradation of BDE-209, including biodegradation, photodegradation, Fenton degradation, zero-valent iron degradation, chemical oxidative degradation, and microwave radiation degradation is summarized. This review may contribute to assessing the environmental risks of BDE-209 to help develop rational management plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiong Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yanli Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Haodi Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jing Hou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
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Lee JD, Chiou TH, Zhang HJ, Chao HR, Chen KY, Gou YY, Huang CE, Lin SL, Wang LC. Persistent Halogenated Organic Pollutants in Deep-Water-Deposited Particulates from South China Sea. TOXICS 2023; 11:968. [PMID: 38133369 PMCID: PMC10748163 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
POP data are limited in the marine environment; thus, this study aimed to investigate background persistent organic pollutant (POP) levels in oceanic deep-water-deposited particulates in the South China Sea (SCS). Six POPs, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs), and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), were investigated in eight pooled samples from the SCS from 20 September 2013 to 23 March 2014 and 15 April 2014 to 24 October 2014 at depths of 2000 m and 3500 m. PBDEs were the most predominant compounds, with the highest mean Σ14PBDE of 125 ± 114 ng/g dry weight (d.w.), followed by Σ17PCDD/F, Σ12PBDD/F, and Σ12DL-PCB (275 ± 1930, 253 ± 216, and 116 ± 166 pg/g d.w., respectively). Most PBDD/F, PBB, and PCDE congeners were below the detection limits. PCDDs had the highest toxic equivalency (TEQ), followed by PBDDs and DL-PCBs. Among the six POPs, PBDEs were the major components of the marine-deposited particles, regarding both concentrations and mass fluxes. Compared to 3500 m, PBDE levels were higher at a depth of 2000 m. PBDE mass fluxes were 20.9 and 14.2 ng/m2/day or 68.2 and 75.9 ng/m2/year at deep-water 2000 and 3500 m, respectively. This study first investigated POP levels in oceanic deep-water-deposited particles from existing global data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-De Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (J.-D.L.); (Y.-Y.G.)
| | - Tsyr-Huei Chiou
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Hong-Jie Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100811, China;
| | - How-Ran Chao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (J.-D.L.); (Y.-Y.G.)
- Center for Agricultural, Forestry, Fishery, Livestock and Aquaculture Carbon Emission Inventory and Emerging Compounds, General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Institute of Food Safety Management, College of Agriculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Kuang-Yu Chen
- National Applied Research Laboratories, Taiwan Ocean Research Institute, Kaohsiung 852, Taiwan;
| | - Yan-You Gou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (J.-D.L.); (Y.-Y.G.)
| | - Chien-Er Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Cheng Shiu University, Niaosong District, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
- Super Micro Mass Research & Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, Niaosong District, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Lun Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Lin-Chi Wang
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
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Lu F, Hao X, Dai J, Wang H, Yang G, Sun C, Chen B. Regional variation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in East Asian finless porpoises in the East China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 194:115257. [PMID: 37478784 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Certain polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been banned for years, however, they still possess the potential to harm marine cetaceans. In this study, 56 East Asian finless porpoises (EAFPs) collected from three locations of the East China Sea between 2009 and 2011, were analyzed to determine the presence of typical PBDE congeners. Among all the samples, BDE47 was the main congener, constituting ∼48.3 % of the ΣPBDEs. Significant variations (p < 0.01) in PBDE abundance were observed among different regions (Pingtan: 172.8 ng/g, Lvsi: 61.2 ng/g and Ningbo: 32.9 ng/g). In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between PBDE abundance and male body length. The general ΣPBDEs concentration of this population was lower compared to other populations and cetaceans. Although combined risk assessments indicated a low risk to porpoise health, long-term surveillance is essential as PBDEs are not completely banned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangting Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Xiuqing Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Jianhua Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Guang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Cheng Sun
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Bingyao Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
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Fu J, Zhang H, Li R, Shi T, Wang L, Cheng G, Huang J, Li S, Gao H, Jin S, Na G. Spatial distribution, source, and ecological risk of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in Jiaozhou Bay, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 192:114978. [PMID: 37209659 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are commonly found in the environment as components of brominated flame retardants. Due to their potential impact on human health and wildlife, it is imperative to closely monitor and manage their levels in the environment. This study investigated the spatial distribution, sources, and ecological risks of PBDEs and HBCDs in Jiaozhou Bay (JZB), a large bay situated on the eastern coast of China. The results showed that PBDE concentrations ranged from not detected (ND) to 7.93 ng/L in the water and ND to 65.76 ng/g in the sediment, while HBCD concentrations ranged from ND to 0.31 ng/L in the water and ND to 16.63 ng/g in the sediment. Furthermore, we observed significantly higher concentrations of PBDEs and HBCDs in the inner JZB compared to the outer JZB. Our source apportionment analysis showed that PBDEs primarily originated from the production and debromination of BDE-209, as well as the emission of commercial PeBDEs, whereas HBCDs in sediments mostly stemmed from anthropogenic activities and river input. Finally, our eco-logical risk assessment highlighted the need for continuous monitoring of PBDEs in JZB sediments. Overall, our study aims to provide valuable assistance for the environmental management of the JZB bay area, which is characterized by a complex net-work of rivers and a thriving economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ruijing Li
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Tengda Shi
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China; College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lisha Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Guanjie Cheng
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China; College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiajin Huang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Shisheng Li
- Laboratory for Coastal Marine Eco-environment Process and Carbon Sink of Hainan Province/Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
| | - Hui Gao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Shuaichen Jin
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guangshui Na
- Laboratory for Coastal Marine Eco-environment Process and Carbon Sink of Hainan Province/Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China.
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Rani M, Sillanpää M, Shanker U. An updated review on environmental occurrence, scientific assessment and removal of brominated flame retardants by engineered nanomaterials. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 321:115998. [PMID: 36001915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the extensive manufacturing and use of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), they are known to be hazardous, bioaccumulative, and recalcitrant pollutants in various environmental matrices. BFRs make flame-resistant items for industrial purposes (textiles, electronics, and plastics equipment) that are disposed of in massive amounts and leak off in various environmental matrices. The consumption of plastic items has expanded tremendously during the COVID-19 pandemic which has resulted into the increasing load of solid waste on land and water. Some BFRs, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDs), are no longer utilized or manufactured owing to their negative impacts, which promotes the utilization of new BFRs as alternatives. BFRs have been discovered worldwide in soil, sludge, water, and other contamination sources. Various approaches such as photocatalysis-based oxidation/reduction, adsorption, and heat treatment have been found to eradicate BFRs from the environment. Nanomaterials with unique properties are one of the most successful methodologies for removing BFRs via photocatalysis. These methods have been praised for being low-cost, quick, and highly efficient. Engineered nanoparticles degraded BFRs when exposed to light and either convert them into safer metabolites or completely mineralize. Scientific assessment of research taking place in this area during the past five years has been discussed. This review offers comprehensive details on environmental occurrence, toxicity, and removal of BFRs from various sources. Degradation pathways and different removal strategies related to data have also been presented. An attempt has also been made to highlight the research gaps prevailing in the current research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manviri Rani
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302017, India.
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, 2028, South Africa
| | - Uma Shanker
- Department of Chemistry, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144011, India.
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Chiriac FL, Stoica C, Scutariu RE, Pirvu F, Paun I, Iancu V, Galaon T, Nita-Lazar M. Occurrence and fate of Adsorbable Organic Halogens (AOX) in two WWTPs from Romania. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 82:592-601. [PMID: 35435442 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-022-00923-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Absorbable organic halogens (AOX) are a global parameter which refers to a group of chemical compounds that contain one or more chlorine, bromine or iodine atoms in their molecule and can easily adsorb on activated carbon. The global concern related to the occurrence of the AOX compounds in the environment is due to their toxic and mutagenic effects on aquatic organisms and their potential role as inhibitors of microorganism growth, even at AOX low concentrations. The purpose of this study was to analyze the presence, occurrence and composition of absorbable organic halogens in wastewater and sewage sludge. In addition, their genotoxicity effect on the environment was tested on a bacterial biological model. Daily mass loading, mass emission and fate of AOX parameter were investigated in two wastewater treatment plants (wastewater and sewage sludge samples) from Romania, Galati and Iasi. Their AOX daily mass loadings (151 and 55.4 g/day/1000people) and mass emissions into the environment (47.8 and 23.5 g/day/1000 people) for both locations were correlated with the concentration level of volatile organic compounds, chlorophenols, organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls from both wastewater and sewage sludge, respectively. Concentration levels of detected halogenated organic compounds (regulated by current standards) accounted only for a small percentage (3.70-14.5%) from the total AOX amount. An exception was observed in the case of dehydrated sludge samples where the identified compounds accounted for 80% of the AOX content from Iasi WWTP and 53% for Galati. Evaluating the genotoxic activity of AOX in sludge samples showed that genotoxicity was not induced up to 100 µg/mL dehydrated sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentina Laura Chiriac
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology - ECOIND, Drumul Podu Dambovitei 71-73, Sector 6, 060652, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Catalina Stoica
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology - ECOIND, Drumul Podu Dambovitei 71-73, Sector 6, 060652, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roxana-Elena Scutariu
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology - ECOIND, Drumul Podu Dambovitei 71-73, Sector 6, 060652, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florinela Pirvu
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology - ECOIND, Drumul Podu Dambovitei 71-73, Sector 6, 060652, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Iuliana Paun
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology - ECOIND, Drumul Podu Dambovitei 71-73, Sector 6, 060652, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vasile Iancu
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology - ECOIND, Drumul Podu Dambovitei 71-73, Sector 6, 060652, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Toma Galaon
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology - ECOIND, Drumul Podu Dambovitei 71-73, Sector 6, 060652, Bucharest, Romania
- Agilrom Scientific SRL, Grigore Cobalcescu 39, Sector 1, 010193, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Nita-Lazar
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology - ECOIND, Drumul Podu Dambovitei 71-73, Sector 6, 060652, Bucharest, Romania.
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Cheng JO, Tseng PH, Chou PH, Hsieh CY, Ko FC. Revisiting of persistent organic pollution occurrence and distribution in the surface sediment along western Taiwan coast. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 173:113118. [PMID: 34763183 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including PAHs, PCBs, DDTs, and PBDEs, were measured in sediment collected from along the Taiwan coast and compared to previous studies. The dominant POPs were PAHs, followed by PCBs, PBDEs, and DDTs. The highest levels of PAHs and PCBs were found in sediment from harbors in southern Taiwan, which are surrounded by densely populated areas and affected by multiple industrial activities. In contrast, significantly higher levels of PBDEs were found at the northern coastline, which has a higher population and includes the metropolitan Taipei area. Using diagnostic PAH ratios, the predominant sources of PAHs in coastal Taiwan was determined to be pyrolytic-related activities. The main component of each POP was low- to moderately-chlorinated congeners, p,p'-DDE and BDE209, respectively. Further studies are required to assess the impact of these POPs on marine and coastal ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-O Cheng
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsuan Tseng
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsin Chou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying Hsieh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Ping Tung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Chi Ko
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan; Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan.
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Portet-Koltalo F, Guibert N, Morin C, de Mengin-Fondragon F, Frouard A. Evaluation of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants from various materials in professional seating furnishing wastes from French flows. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 131:108-116. [PMID: 34120076 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated flame retardants that are used in polymeric materials. Due to their adverse health effects, the use of recycled wastes has been forbidden if the total PBDE content exceeds 0.1% (w/w). The objective was to estimate the proportion of PBDEs in professional seating furnishing wastes to identify the materials in which the content of PBDEs (and particularly BDE-209) could exceed the limit to eliminate them from recycling. An analytical process (microwave extraction followed by purification and chromatographic analysis) was adapted to assess with a unique methodology the amounts of eight PBDEs in materials that result from various seating wastes, such as hard plastics, foams and accompanying textiles. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was used to rapidly predict critical PBDE concentrations via Br. From 100 samples, the total PBDE content did not exceed the current tolerated threshold. The examined materials contained only trace levels of former PBDE formulations, and BDE-209 was identified at higher amounts, mainly in hard plastics, but these amounts were less than 312 mg kg-1. Since XRF was not reliable for quantitative measurements and was not specific, no direct correlation could be identified between Br and PBDE levels. Br was strongly associated with As in all the materials, but the presence of PBDEs was not clearly associated with the presence of other metals that are used in flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Portet-Koltalo
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, COBRA Laboratory UMR CNRS 6014, 55 rue Saint Germain, 27000 Evreux, France.
| | - Nicolas Guibert
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, COBRA Laboratory UMR CNRS 6014, 55 rue Saint Germain, 27000 Evreux, France.
| | - C Morin
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, COBRA Laboratory UMR CNRS 6014, 55 rue Saint Germain, 27000 Evreux, France.
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Ohoro CR, Adeniji AO, Okoh AI, Okoh OO. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environmental systems: a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:1229-1247. [PMID: 34150307 PMCID: PMC8172818 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00656-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PBDEs are human-influenced chemicals utilized massively as flame retardants. They are environmentally persistent, not easily degraded, bioaccumulate in the biological tissue of organisms, and bio-magnify across the food web. They can travel over a long distance, with air and water being their possible transport media. They can be transferred to non-target organisms by inhalation, oral ingestion, breastfeeding, or dermal contact. These pollutants adsorb easily to solid matrices due to their lipophilicity and hydrophobicity; thus, sediments from rivers, lakes, estuaries, and ocean are becoming their major reservoirs aquatic environments. They have low acute toxicity, but the effects of interfering with the thyroid hormone metabolism in the endocrine system are long term. Many congeners of PBDEs are considered to pose a danger to humans and the aquatic environment. They have shown the possibility of causing many undesirable effects, together with neurologic, immunological, and reproductive disruptions and possible carcinogenicity in humans. PBDEs have been detected in small amounts in biological samples, including hair, human semen, blood, urine, and breastmilk, and environmental samples such as sediment, soil, sewage sludge, air, biota, fish, mussels, surface water, and wastewater. The congeners prevailing in environmental samples, with soil being the essential matrix, are BDE 47, 99, and 100. BDE 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183 are more frequently detected in human tissues, whereas in sediment and soil, BDE 100 and 183 predominate. Generally, BDE 153 and 154 appear very often across different matrices. However, BDE 209 seems not frequently determined, owing to its tendency to quickly breakdown into smaller congeners. This paper carried out an overview of PBDEs in the environmental, human, and biota niches with their characteristics, physicochemical properties, and fate in the environment, human exposure, and health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinemerem Ruth Ohoro
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
| | - Abiodun Olagoke Adeniji
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
| | - Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Omobola Oluranti Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
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Nasri A, Hannachi A, Allouche M, Barhoumi B, Barkaoui T, Wahbi A, D'Agostino F, Mahmoudi E, Beyrem H, Boufahja F. Using meiobenthic taxa, nematofauna biological traits, and bacterial abundance to assess the effects of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers compound: Case study of tetrabromo diphenyl ether BDE-47. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:145251. [PMID: 33508666 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Trophic web structuring in aquatic sediments is dependent on the biological interactions between metazoans and microbial communities. The presence of pollutants in these biotas can therefore impact the meiofauna structure via the modification of the microbial communities. The current study examined in a laboratory bioassay the response of meiobenthic communities, particularly marine nematode taxa from the Bizerte Lagoon to the effect of the most detected polybrominated diphenyl ether in this aquatic environment, BDE-47. Four doses [D1 (2.5 ppb Dry weight (DW)), D2 (25 ppb DW), D3 (50 ppb DW), and D4 (100 ppb DW)] were gradually applied and sediment microcosms were incubated for 30 days in the presence or absence of meiofauna. Our results show that BDE-47-enriched sediments decreased the meiofaunal taxa and bacterial abundance. A lower taxonomic diversity of the nematodes' general structure was observed with all doses used. The numerical analysis of the two dimensional (2D) non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) plots and the evolution of the relative abundances of each functional group of nematode genus assemblages revealed that the abundance of all biological traits was modified. Nevertheless, only three of the functional traits, adult length, feeding group, and amphid shape, showed a clear difference between the control and the treated microcosms. The similarity percentage analysis (SIMPER) revealed that the average dissimilarity between nematode genera communities and biological traits increased with BDE-47-enriched sediments. The nMDS second-stage ordination of inter-matrix rank correlations for matrices including genera and biological traits showed that the amphid shape was the functional trait closest to the generic distribution. Finally, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for the nematode biological traits and bacteria indicated a positive correlation of these microbes with the functional groups [1A, Cr, and ef], and a negative correlation only with the "cla"-type tail shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Nasri
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta (FSB), 7021 Zarzouna, Bizerta, Tunisia.
| | - Amel Hannachi
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta (FSB), 7021 Zarzouna, Bizerta, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Allouche
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta (FSB), 7021 Zarzouna, Bizerta, Tunisia
| | - Badreddine Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Taha Barkaoui
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science of Bizerta, Bizerta, Tunisia
| | - Aymen Wahbi
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Fabio D'Agostino
- Institute for the Study of Anthropogenic Impacts and Sustainability in the Marine Environment of Council National of Research (CNR-IAS), Italy
| | - Ezzeddine Mahmoudi
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta (FSB), 7021 Zarzouna, Bizerta, Tunisia
| | - Hamouda Beyrem
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta (FSB), 7021 Zarzouna, Bizerta, Tunisia
| | - Fehmi Boufahja
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta (FSB), 7021 Zarzouna, Bizerta, Tunisia
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11
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Nasri A, Allouche M, Hannachi A, Barhoumi B, Wahbi A, Harrath AH, Mahmoudi E, Beyrem H, Boufahja F. Ecotoxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-47) on a meiobenthic community with special emphasis on nematodes: Taxonomic and trophic diversity assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 277:116727. [PMID: 33640809 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The response taxonomic and trophic of meiobenthic organisms, especially marine nematodes to polybrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-47) was studied using a community from Bizerte lagoon (Nord-East Tunisia). Four concentrations of BDE-47 [D1 (2.5 μg/kg dw), D2 (25 μg/kg dw), D3 (50 μg/kg dw), and D4 (100 μg/kg dw)] were applied, and responses were determined 30 days after exposure. Species abundance and all univariate indices were significantly affected in all treated microcosms compared to the control. The non-parametric cluster based on species abundance separated the nematode population into two groups: control + all treated microcosms. After grouping nematode species according to their trophic diversity, their abundance showed differential responses. The non-metric multi-dimensional scaling analysis and cumulative k-dominance based on the abundance of trophic groups abundances reflected significant separation between the control microcosm and each treatment condition. The correspondence analysis 2D plot generated from nematode species and trophic groups abundance showed the control microcosm was dominated by microvores, represented by two species of Terschellingia. However, when treated with the highest concentration of BDE-47, the community was occupied by the resistant trophic groups of facultative predators and epigrowth feeders represented by Metoncholaimus pristiurus and Paracomesoma dubium, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Nasri
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta (FSB), 7021, Zarzouna, Bizerta, Tunisia.
| | - Mohamed Allouche
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta (FSB), 7021, Zarzouna, Bizerta, Tunisia
| | - Amel Hannachi
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta (FSB), 7021, Zarzouna, Bizerta, Tunisia
| | - Badreddine Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Aymen Wahbi
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Abdel Halim Harrath
- King Saud University, Zoology Department, College of Science, Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ezzeddine Mahmoudi
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta (FSB), 7021, Zarzouna, Bizerta, Tunisia
| | - Hamouda Beyrem
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta (FSB), 7021, Zarzouna, Bizerta, Tunisia
| | - Fehmi Boufahja
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta (FSB), 7021, Zarzouna, Bizerta, Tunisia
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12
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Deng H, Li R, Yan B, Li B, Chen Q, Hu H, Xu Y, Shi H. PAEs and PBDEs in plastic fragments and wetland sediments in Yangtze estuary. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124937. [PMID: 33418296 PMCID: PMC7925382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as additives in various plastic products. Because of their ubiquity and potential hazards to the environment, they have attracted widespread attention. This research supports the addition critical data of the concentration and distribution of PAEs and PBDEs in the plastic fragments and wetland sediments in Yangtze Estuary. The concentrations of Σ7PAEs and Σ9PBDEs in the plastic samples in Yangtze Estuary wetlands were 26.8-4241.8 μg/g and n.d. (no detectable) to 250.1 μg/g, respectively. The sixteen PAEs and eight PBDEs varied from 35.9 to 36225.2 ng/g and 3.9-253.0 ng/g in sediment samples. The dominant types of these chemicals in plastic and sediment samples were diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), dioctyl phthalate (DEHP) and BDE-209. According to correlation analysis and principal component analysis, the major sources of additives in sediment were associated with the leak from plastic fragment and microplastic. Based on the equilibrium partitioning theory and Sediment Quality Guidelines (SeQGs), the ecological risk of PAEs (high risk) and PBDEs (moderate risk) were evaluated. Overall, the investigated area has been moderately polluted by additives and microplastics; therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the control of environmental input of plastic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ruilong Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Beizhan Yan
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Bowen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qiqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hui Hu
- Shimadzu (China) Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510656, China
| | - Yong Xu
- PerkinElmer Management (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201202, China
| | - Huahong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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13
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Hao Z, Xu H, Feng Z, Zhang C, Zhou X, Wang Z, Zheng J, Zou X. Spatial distribution, deposition flux, and environmental impact of typical persistent organic pollutants in surficial sediments in the Eastern China Marginal Seas (ECMSs). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 407:124343. [PMID: 33144015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High emissions of synthetic compounds are damaging the marine environment and threatening human health. This study represents the first extensive and comprehensive analysis of three typical persistent organic pollutants (POPs), i.e., organochlorine pesticides (n = 228), perfluoroalkyl substances (n = 202), and short-chain chlorinated paraffins (n = 162), using a highly resolved spatial dataset. The results revealed the complex distribution of POPs in the Eastern China Marginal Seas (ECMSs). POPs in the surface sediments of the ECMSs showed spatial heterogeneity, with high levels observed mainly in areas with fine-grained sediments (e.g., the Yellow River and Changjiang River estuaries and the central south Yellow Sea). Strong positive correlations were identified between POP concentration and sediment grain size/components/longitude/latitude in the ECMSs, suggesting that POP distribution was significantly influenced by river input and regional hydrodynamics. The annual deposition fluxes of POPs in the ECMSs were also calculated and high values were recorded in the Yellow River Estuary and East China Sea. Human-induced changes in the catchments could affect the fate of POPs in the ECMSs and other river-dominated marginal seas worldwide. Our findings highlight concerns regarding local aquaculture and provide a basis for government decision-making. We also suggest the need for increased attention to be paid to the effects of marine organic pollution on aquaculture on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Hao
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Oceanography, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of South China Sea Studies, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hengtao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Oceanography, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Ziyue Feng
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chuchu Zhang
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhifu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Oceanography, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaheng Zheng
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinqing Zou
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of South China Sea Studies, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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14
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Meng T, Cheng J, Tang Z, Yin H, Zhang M. Global distribution and trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human blood and breast milk: A quantitative meta-analysis of studies published in the period 2000-2019. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 280:111696. [PMID: 33257180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame-retardants that are found throughout the human body. However, global trends and diversity of the concentrations in human body and the potential risks remain largely unresolved. Based on published data during 2000-2019, we conducted a systematic meta-analysis to understand the burden and risks of PBDEs in humans and their spatiotemporal variations. The report provides a global picture of PBDE concentrations in human blood and breast milk. We found the levels of body PBDE burden in the North American population were higher than those from Asia and Europe. However, high concentrations of blood PBDEs in occupational population from Asia were observed, largely because of poorly controlled e-waste recycling operations. Penta- and deca-BDE were the main contributors in North America and Asia, respectively, reflecting the difference in the production and use of these chemicals. On a global scale, no substantial decreases in the concentrations of PBDEs in the blood and breast milk were observed, although most of the chemicals have been phased out. The results suggested that humans will be exposed to PBDEs with relatively high concentrations in a certain period because of the legacy in products and the environmental media. And the potential health risks necessitate careful study in the future. Our results also remind that the uses of degradation-resistant chemicals should be attached great importance to their safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Meng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Jiali Cheng
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Zhenwu Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Hongmin Yin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Minna Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
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15
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Da C, Wang R, Xia L, Huang Q, Cai J, Cai F, Gao C. Sediment records of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Yangtze River Delta of Yangtze River in China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 160:111714. [PMID: 33181970 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated in five sediment cores from the Yangtze River Delta of Yangtze River in China. The surficial concentrations of nine tri- through hepta-BDE congeners (Σ9BDEs) and BDE209 were highest at urban sites S3 and S2, followed by rural site S1 and estuary sites S5 and S4, respectively, based on dry sediment weight. Both BDE209 and ∑9BDE concentrations exponentially increased between 1990 and 2008. Commercial deca-BDE, penta-BDE, and octa-BDE products were likely PBDE sources in the study area. The relative abundances of BDE209 were higher in sediment cores from estuary than those from urban and rural locations, ascribing to the atmospheric transport from the adjacent densely populated northern and eastern coastal regions. This conclusion was further confirmed by the higher ratios of BDE47/BDE99 and BDE100/BDE99 in cores from the estuary than those from other locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunnian Da
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230022, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruwei Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Linlin Xia
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jiawei Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Feixuan Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chongjing Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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16
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Chen Y, Li J, Tan Q. Trends of production, consumption and environmental emissions of Decabromodiphenyl ether in mainland China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:114022. [PMID: 31995770 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) is a brominated flame retardant belonging to the group of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. DecaBDE has been widely used for various applications, such as plastics, textiles, and building and construction materials. Limited information on DecaBDE production and usage inventory has been elaborated, however. Therefore, this work aimed to produce a preliminary emissions inventory of DecaBDE in mainland China by estimating production and consumption amounts of DecaBDE, and characterizing its emission factors during production and usage, based on industrial investigation and theoretical prediction. It was indicated that the total production of DecaBDE reached 464.68 thousand metric tons (kt), of which 62.72 kt were exported, since the beginning of its production. Shandong and Jiangsu provinces dominate the production, with proportions of 77.95% and 18.45%, respectively. The production stage releases most of the DecaBDE to the atmosphere, with an emissions factor of 23 ± 1.9 kg/t, followed by 20 ± 0.9 kg/t DecaBDE to waste water and 16 ± 1.0 kg/t DecaBDE as solid residue. DecaBDE emissions in the consumption stage-namely the plastic production process-are 0.17 ± 0.06-0.23 ± 0.08 kg DecaBDE to the atmosphere and 1.72 ± 0.58-2.29 ± 0.77 kg DecaBDE to solid residue, for each metric ton of plastic produced. The total annual DecaBDE emissions to waste water are 93.98-1140.9 mg-negligible. The results showed that the sources of DecaBDE environmental pollution are its manufacturing and flame-retardant plastic modification plants, which are easily overlooked by both the government and the public. Yet DecaBDE emissions elimination and the environmentally sound management of the DecaBDE waste generated from these two processes are crucial for environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Quanyin Tan
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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17
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Yu Y, Yin H, Peng H, Lu G, Dang Z. Proteomic mechanism of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) biodegradation by Microbacterium Y2 and its potential in remediation of BDE-209 contaminated water-sediment system. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 387:121708. [PMID: 31806441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of BDE-209 degradation by Microbacterium Y2 under different condition was conducted. Cell membrane permeability, cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), membrane potential (MP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were altered under BDE-209 stress. Eleven debrominated congeners were identified, suggesting that BDE-209 biodegradation by Microbacterium Y2 was dominantly a successive debromination process. Proteome analysis showed that the overexpression of haloacid dehalogenases, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters might occupy important roles in BDE-209 biotransformation. Meanwhile, heat shock proteins (HSPs), ribonuclease E, oligoribonuclease (Orn) and ribosomal protein were activated to counter the BDE-209 toxicity. The up-regulated pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component beta subunit and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase suggested that the pyruvate metabolism pathway was activated. Bioaugmentation of BDE-209 polluted water-sediments system with Microbacterium Y2 could efficiently improve BDE-209 removal. The detection of total 16S rRNA genes in treatment system suggested that Microbacterium (25.6 %), Luteimonas (14.3 %), Methylovorus (12.6 %), Hyphomicrobium (9.2 %) were the dominant genera and PICRUSt results further revealed that the diminution of BDE-209 was owed to cooperation between the introduced bacteria and aboriginal ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Guining Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
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18
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Jiang Y, Yuan L, Lin Q, Ma S, Yu Y. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and human external and internal exposure in China: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 696:133902. [PMID: 31470322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as brominated flame retardants. Because of their toxicity and persistence, some PBDEs were restricted under the Stockholm Convention in 2009. Since then, many studies have been carried out on PBDEs in China and in many other countries. In the present review, the occurrences and contamination of PBDEs in air, water, sediment, soil, biota and daily food, human blood, hair, and other human tissues in China are comprehensively reviewed and described. The human exposure pathways and associated health risks of PBDEs are summarized. The data showed no obvious differences between North and South China, but concentrations from West China were generally lower than in East China, which can be mainly attributed to the production and widespread use of PBDEs in eastern regions. High levels of PBDEs were generally observed in the PBDE production facilities (e.g., Jiangsu Province and Shandong Province, East China) and e-waste recycling sites (Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, East China, and Guiyu City and Qingyuan City, both located in Guangdong Province, South China) and large cities, whereas low levels were detected in rural and less-developed areas, especially in remote regions such as the Tibetan Plateau. Deca-BDE is generally the major congener. Existing problems for PBDE investigations in China are revealed, and further studies are also discussed and anticipated. In particular, non-invasive matrices such as hair should be more thoroughly studied; more accurate estimations of human exposure and health risks should be performed, such as adding bioaccessibility or bioavailability to human exposure assessments; and the degradation products and metabolites of PBDEs in human bodies should receive more attention. More investigations should be carried out to evaluate the quantitative relationships between internal and external exposure so as to provide a scientific basis for ensuring human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Jiang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Longmiao Yuan
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Qinhao Lin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shentao Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515100, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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19
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Guo T, Lin T, Li Y, Wu Z, Jiang Y, Guo Z. Occurrence, gas-particle partitioning, and sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere over the Yangtze River Estuary, East China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133538. [PMID: 31362222 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the occurrence, gas-particle partitioning, and potential sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the atmosphere over the Yangtze River Estuary, gas and particle samples were collected at the remote Huaniao Island, East China Sea, during a whole year from 2013 to 2014. Nine PBDEs, with total atmospheric concentration of Σ9BDEs of 20.3 ± 26.5 pg/m3, were found in both the gas and particle phases in most samples. BDE-209 dominated both the gas and particle phases, which is consistent with the PBDE usage record in China. Seasonal variation of particle-phase Σ9BDEs was observed, with the highest concentration in winter and the lowest in summer; however, a reversed seasonal trend was observed in the gas phase. Correlation analysis between log Kp and log KOA suggested that the gas-particle (G/P) partitioning was in a non-equilibrium state, particularly for BDE-209 throughout the year. The KOA-based adsorption model prediction performed relatively well for the particle-phase fraction of Br<10-BDEs, but largely overestimated BDE-209. A steady-state model could be superior to predict G/P partitioning of BDE-209 based on annual values, though with the exception of summer samples. A relatively higher gas-phase distribution for BDE-209 than high-brominated BDEs was observed, especially in summer, when it reached 73%, implying a sustained input of gas-phase BDE-209. The potential source contribution function showed that the possible source regions for BDE-209 included Shandong and Jiangsu Provinces (the main BDE-209 production regions in China), the Yangtze River Delta region, and the southeastern coastal areas (which hosts intensive electronic waste recycling activities).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfeng Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Tian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zilan Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuqing Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), Shanghai 200062, China.
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20
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Da C, Wang R, Ye J, Yang S. Sediment records of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Huaihe River, China: Implications for historical production and household usage of PBDE-containing products. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:112955. [PMID: 31362257 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, rapid development of industrialization and urbanization caused adverse impact on the aqueous ecology and environment of the Huaihe River basin, China. In this work, three 210Pb-dated sediment cores extracted from the middle reach of Huaihe River in Anhui Province, China were analyzed to elucidate the temporal trends and sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Source diagnostics indicated that commercial Deca-BDE, Penta-BDE and Octa-BDE products and debromination of higher brominated BDE compounds were likely the PBDE sources in the Huaihe River. The prevalence of BDE-47 in the sediment cores was attributed to the extensive use of commercial Bromkal 70-5DE and Bromkal DE-71 in the region. BDE-28 was another congener that was prevalent in all sediment samples, suggesting that reductive debromination occurred in the sediments. Dramatic increase of PBDE concentrations in both three cores since the post-1980s could be attributed to the rapid expansion of production of electronic and telecommunication equipment and household usage in China. PBDE temporal trends in core S1 located at rural area mainly reflected the regional and national inputs deriving from long distance atmospheric transport, and the positive correlations between PBDE concentration in core S1 and gross domestic product (GDP) and household appliances production volumes (HPVs) were observed. PBDE inputs at site S3 mainly include the transport of contaminated water and re-suspended fine sediment particles from the upstream site S2, which was located in the industrial area and adjacent to e-waste recycling area. The government efforts to protect the environment and improve the e-waste management resulted in the progressive decrease trends in PBDE concentrations in cores S2 and S3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunnian Da
- Department of Biology and Environment Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China; Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas (SOA), Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ruwei Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Jingsong Ye
- Department of Biology and Environment Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Shichao Yang
- Top Way Testing Service Co., LTD, Xuancheng, Anhui 300071, China
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21
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Li Y, Zhen X, Liu L, Tian C, Pan X, Tang J. Halogenated flame retardants in the sediments of the Chinese Yellow Sea and East China Sea. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 234:365-372. [PMID: 31228838 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With the phasing out of traditional polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), significant volumes of alternative brominated flame retardants (aBFRs) are being used and released into the environment compartment, especially in coastal regions. The levels and distribution of PBDEs, aBFRs, and dechlorane plus (DPs) were investigated in the surface sediments of the Yellow Sea (YS) and East China Sea (ECS) to examine the distribution and sources of these hydrophobic contaminants. The level and distribution of pollutants in the sediments of YS and ECS show obvious regional differences. As a major replacement for decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) was the dominant compound observed in the surface sediments, with a concentration one order of magnitude higher than that of BDE 209. High concentrations were found in the depositional zones of the YS, indicating that these contaminants may originate from land-based pollution sources (likely from the Laizhou Bay manufacturing base) near the Bohai Sea. The pollutants can be carried by the coastal current together with the sediment from the Yellow River, transported through the Bohai Strait and deposited in the mud zone of Northern and Southern YS. Low levels of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) were found in the estuary of the Yangtze River and ECS, indicating that Yangtze River contributes less HFRs to the region. Riverine discharge, atmospheric deposition, surface runoff, ocean current system, and mud area deposition effects may be significant factors influencing the distributions of HFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chongguo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Xiaohui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China.
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22
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Wang Q, Li X, Liu S, Zhang D, Duan X. The effect of hydrodynamic forcing on the transport and deposition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Hangzhou Bay. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 179:111-118. [PMID: 31030054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Surface sediment samples (n = 92) were collected from Hangzhou Bay to investigate the transport and deposition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and to assess the ecological risks in Hangzhou Bay. The concentrations of ∑7PBDEs (sum of BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183) and BDE-209 ranged from 3.61 to 91.09 pg g-1 and from non-detectable to 2007.52 pg g-1 (dry weight), respectively. The high values of ∑7PBDEs and BDE-209 were commonly occurred at the northeast of Hangzhou Bay and the Nanhui Spit coast of Shanghai. Compared with the south part of the bay, the dominance of BDE-209 was more prominent and the linear correlations between PBDEs concentrations and TOCs as well as median grain size were more significant in the northern Hangzhou Bay. Hydrodynamic forcing on the transport and deposition of PBDEs is primarily responsible for the discrepancy of this spatial distribution in these two parts. In addition to BDE-209, BDEs-153, 99, 47, and 100 were also the abundant congeners. Three principal components were extracted using principal component analysis (PCA), mainly attributed to human activities, erosion of polluted soils via surface runoff and release from products for PC1, PC2 and PC3, respectively. The calculation results of mass inventories, hazard quotients (HQs) and risk quotients (RQs) indicated that the ecological risk of PBDEs in Hangzhou Bay was low. The multiple effect of hydrodynamic forcing with complicated and large-scope tidal currents made it hard to deposit for organic matters and contaminants in Hangzhou Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Xianguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Shaopeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Dahai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Xiaoyong Duan
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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23
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Wu Z, Han W, Yang X, Li Y, Wang Y. The occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination in soil, water/sediment, and air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:23219-23241. [PMID: 31270770 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05768-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As a kind of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are extensively used in different types of electronic equipment, furniture, plastics, and textiles. PBDEs are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that may impact human health and ecosystems. Here we highlight recent findings on the occurrence, contamination status, and transport of PBDEs in soil, water/sediment, and air. Four aspects are discussed in detail: (1) sources of PBDEs to the environment; (2) occurrence and transport of PBDEs in soil; (3) PBDEs in aquatic ecosystems (water/sediment) and their water-sediment partitioning; and (4) the occurrence of PBDEs in the atmosphere and their gas-particle partitioning. Future prospects for the investigation on PBDEs occurrence are also discussed based on current scientific and practical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhineng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Wei Han
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yao Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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24
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Tham TT, Anh HQ, Trinh LT, Lan VM, Truong NX, Yen NTH, Anh NL, Tri TM, Minh TB. Distributions and seasonal variations of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface sediment from coastal areas of central Vietnam. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 144:28-35. [PMID: 31179998 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in surface sediment from five estuaries of central coasts of Vietnam to understand the spatial distributions and seasonal variations. The contamination pattern was in the order: PCBs (9.72-3730 ng g-1 dry wt.) > PBDEs (11.8-311 ng g-1 dry wt.) > DDTs (0.462-26.7 ng g-1 dry wt.) > HCHs (0.491-22.6 ng g-1 dry wt.) > endosulfan compounds (0.196-19.4 ng g-1 dry wt.). DDTs and HCHs showed a little geographical variation, whereas PCBs and PBDEs exhibited clearer spatial distribution trend. Elevated concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs were detected in some sites in Nghe An and Quang Binh Province, which could be related to the human activities such as tourism, transportation, and domestic consumption. Seasonal variations of DDTs and HCHs were observed, showing higher residues in rainy seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinh Thi Tham
- Faculty of Environment, Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment, Cau Dien, Tu Liem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hoang Quoc Anh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Le Thi Trinh
- Faculty of Environment, Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment, Cau Dien, Tu Liem, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Vi Mai Lan
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nghiem Xuan Truong
- Vietnam-Russia Tropical Center, Ministry of Defense, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thi Hong Yen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Lan Anh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Manh Tri
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
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25
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Yu Y, Yin H, Peng H, Lu G, Dang Z. Biodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) using a novel microbial consortium GY1: Cells viability, pathway, toxicity assessment, and microbial function prediction. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:958-965. [PMID: 31018474 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
GY1, a novel microbial consortium with efficient ability to degrade decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) has been isolated and the sequencing analysis has been conducted. The results revealed that Hyphomicrobium, Pseudomonas, Aminobacter, Sphingopyxis, Chryseobacterium, Bacillus, Pseudaminobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Sphingobacterium and Microbacterium were the dominant genera, and the function genes involved in BDE-209 conversion were predicted by PICRUSt. When BDE-209 concentration increased from 0.5 to 10mg/L, its degradation efficiency declined from 57.2% to 22.3%. Various kinds of debrominated metabolites were detected during the biodegradation process, including BDE-208, BDE-207, BDE-206, BDE-205, BDE-190, BDE-181, BDE-155, BDE-154, BDE-99, BDE-47, BDE-17 and BDE-7. Also, the proportion of necrotic cells was observed during GY1 mediated degradation of BDE-209 to reveal the changes of cells viability under BDE-209 stress. Subsequent analysis showed that the reaction of BDE-209 with GY1 was a detoxification process and bioaugmentation with GY1 effectively enhanced BDE-209 degradation in actual water and water-sediment system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Guining Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
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26
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Chai M, Ding H, Shen X, Li R. Contamination and ecological risk of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in surface sediments of mangrove wetlands: A nationwide study in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 249:992-1001. [PMID: 31146319 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mangroves act as sinks for terrigenous pollutants to alleviate their influence on offshore marine ecosystem. The nationwide study of PBDEs contamination in mangrove wetlands of China has not been explored, and their risk for human health lack quantitative analysis. In this study, sediment samples were collected in six mangrove wetlands along coastal area of South China to evaluate the levels, congener distributions and ecological risks of eight PBDEs, including BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183, and -209. Levels of ∑PBDEs (the sum of seven PBDEs except BDE-209) and BDE-209 were 0.13-2.18 ng g-1 and 1.44-120.28 ng g-1, respectively. In particular, mean level of BDE-209 was highest in Futian, followed by Yunxiao, Fangchenggang, Zhanjiang, Dongzhaigang, and Dongfang. As dominant PBDE congener, BDE-209 accounted for 63.6%-99.1% of the total PBDEs, suggesting the major sources of commercial deca-BDE mixtures. Among seven PBDE congeners except BDE-209, slightly different percentages of PBDE congeners were detected, with BDE-154, -47, and -100 being predominant congeners. Positive relationship was observed for total organic matter (TOM) with BDE-209, with no such relationships found for particle size compositions (clay, silt and sand). As for sediment-dwelling organism, the ecological risks from tri-, tera-, and hexa-BDE congeners could be negligible, and those from penta- and deca-BDE congeners were low or moderate, indicating major ecological risk drivers of penta- and deca-BDE congeners in mangrove wetlands in China. The ecological risk of PBDEs in mangrove sediments for human health was thought to be consumption of fish which would bioaccumulate PBDEs from the contaminated sediment. As for human health, the levels of non-cancer risks of PBDEs were all lower than 1, and the cancer risk was far less than the threshold level (10-6), demonstrating low risk for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwei Chai
- School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Huan Ding
- School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoxue Shen
- School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruili Li
- School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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27
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Wang A, Guo X, Shi J, Luo C, Gao H. A simulation of the seasonal variation of decabromodiphenyl ether in a bay adjacent to the Yellow Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 664:522-535. [PMID: 30759414 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A three-dimensional transport-ecosystem-POP coupled model is configured to simulate the seasonal variation and budget of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in a semi-enclosed bay adjacent to the Yellow Sea. The model includes five types of BDE-209 (gaseous, dissolved, phytoplankton-bound, detritus-bound, and suspended particulate matter (SPM)-bound) and related physical and biogeochemical processes, such as advection and diffusion due to seawater motion, input from rivers, air-sea exchange, decomposition of dissolved BDE-209, uptake and depuration between dissolved and phytoplankton-bound BDE-209, mortality of phytoplankton-bound BDE-209, remineralization and sinking of detritus-bound BDE-209, and sinking of SPM-bound BDE-209. Model results show that the dissolved and particulate BDE-209 in the bay are higher in the nearshore area than in offshore area and are higher in summer than in other seasons; these results are consistent with field data. SPM-bound BDE-209 is dominant among the five types due to its large supplying from rivers. Dissolved BDE-209 concentrations are around 5-fold that of phytoplankton-bound BDE-209, which depends on uptake and depuration rate constants between dissolved and phytoplankton-bound BDE-209 and biomass of phytoplankton. Evaluation of mass balance indicates that the input from rivers is major source of BDE-209, while the exchange with the Yellow Sea is major sink. Sensitivity experiments demonstrate that the input of BDE-209 from rivers plays the most significant role in the seasonal variation of dissolved and particulate BDE-209 concentrations, and the change in water temperature is a secondary factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aobo Wang
- Key laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xinyu Guo
- Key laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China; Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-Cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Jie Shi
- Key laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chongxin Luo
- Key laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Key laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
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28
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Mekni S, Barhoumi B, Aznar-Alemany Ò, Touil S, Driss MR, Barceló D, Eljarrat E. Occurrence of halogenated flame retardants in sediments and sea urchins (Paracentrotus lividus) from a North African Mediterranean coastal lagoon (Bizerte, Tunisia). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 654:1316-1325. [PMID: 30841404 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Classic (polybromodiphenyl ethers, PBDEs) and emerging halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) such as hexabromobenzenze (HBB), pentabromoetilbenzene (PBEB), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and halogenated norbornenes (HNs), as well as naturally produced methoxylated-PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs), were analyzed in 12 sediment and 30 urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) samples collected from Bizerte Lagoon in northern Tunisia. Levels of HFRs in the sediments ranged from nd to 51.8 ng/g dry weight (dw), while MeO-PBDEs were not detected. As regards levels in urchins, concentrations of PBDEs, HNs and MeO-PBDEs ranged from 3.67 to 56.9, 4.52 to 116 and nd to 364 ng/g lipid weight (lw), respectively. Thus, levels of naturally occurring compounds were higher than those of an anthropogenic origin. As regards HFRs, the highest contribution comes from HNs with levels ranging between 9.98 and 143 ng/g lw. HN and PBDE concentrations in sea urchin are similar or slightly lower than other reports for other species, while total MeO-PBDE concentrations are higher. The comsumption of sea urchins in Bizerte city is not a threat to public health concerning PBDE intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrine Mekni
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Badreddine Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Òscar Aznar-Alemany
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Soufiane Touil
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ridha Driss
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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29
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Zhao T, Guo Z, Yao P, Hu L, Wu Z, Lin T. Deposition flux and mass inventory of polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments of the Yangtze River Estuary and inner shelf, East China Sea: Implications for contributions of large-river input and e-waste dismantling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:1222-1229. [PMID: 30180330 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface sediment samples were collected from the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) to the inner-shelf mud area of the East China Sea (ECS) for a comprehensive study of the sources and fates of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) based on their spatial distribution, deposition flux, and mass inventory. The total concentrations of 32 PCBs (Σ32PCBs) varied from 0.3 to 11.9 ng/g dry weight. Under strong hydrodynamic conditions, the weak correlations between TOC or MD and Σ32PCB concentrations were observed in the YRE. In contrast, there were relatively well relationships of PCBs with TOC content and sediment grain size in the inner shelf of the ECS due to the influence of hydrological sorting from the YRE to the inner shelf of the ECS. This suggests that the Yangtze River input plays a considerable role in controlling the distribution of PCBs in the coastal ECS. Compared with the annual discharge of Σ32PCBs from the Yangtze River to the sea (3.21 t/yr), the deposition flux was estimated to be ~2.63 t/yr. Furthermore, a total mass inventory of 50 tons in the sediments suggests that the YRE and inner shelf mud of the ECS represents an important global sink of PCBs. Estimated 21-39% of sedimentary PCBs were derived from local emissions (mainly dismantling of electronic waste) aside from Yangtze River input. Higher proportions of penta-CBs were also observed near the central Zhejiang Coast, providing further evidence that the local emission from e-waste dismantling near the coast is a significant contributor to sedimentary PCBs in the coastal ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiange Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - Peng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Limin Hu
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Zilan Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Tian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China.
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Ge W, Mou Y, Chai C, Zhang Y, Wang J, Ju T, Jiang T, Xia B. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the dissolved and suspended phases of seawater from Sanggou Bay, east China. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 203:253-262. [PMID: 29625314 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The levels and profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dissolved phase (DP) and suspended particulate matter (SPM) in seawater of Sanggou Bay (SGB) in four seasons were determined. The distribution and potential sources of these compounds were analyzed, and the ecological risk was assessed. The total concentrations of 14 PBDEs (∑14PBDE) in DP and SPM in the surface water ranged from 0.10 ng L-1 to 2.20 ng L-1 and from 0.51 ng L-1 to 6.15 ng L-1, respectively. The highest value was obtained in August. The concentrations of ∑14PBDE in the surface water were higher than those in the bottom water, and PBDEs were mainly partitioned into the SPM fraction. BDE209 was the most dominant PBDE congener, having average relative contributions of 86.5%-94.8% in DP and 40.5%-56.5% in SPM, followed by BDE47. The profiles of PBDEs in seawater of SGB were different from those of commercial PBDE products. The concentrations of ∑14PBDE were higher in the inner bay than in the outer bay, suggesting that the terrestrial input and human activities affected the PBDE distribution in SGB. Results of nonparametric multidimensional scaling suggested that BDE209 and BDE47 were important congeners discriminating PBDE contamination in SGB. The potential sources of PBDEs in SGB included commercial PentaBDE and DecaBDE products from the land, the atmospheric transport of commercial OctaBDE, and the degradation of high brominated congeners. The ecological risks from PentaBDE and OctaBDE were low, and those from DecaBDE were moderate in seawater of SGB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ge
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yanan Mou
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chao Chai
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jinye Wang
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ting Ju
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Fisheries Science Academy, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Bin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Fisheries Science Academy, Qingdao, 266071, China
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31
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Wang YF, Zhu HW, Wang Y, Zhang XL, Tam NFY. Diversity and Dynamics of Microbial Community Structure in Different Mangrove, Marine and Freshwater Sediments During Anaerobic Debromination of PBDEs. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:952. [PMID: 29867858 PMCID: PMC5962692 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the diversity and succession of indigenous microbial community during debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). This study examined the diversity and dynamics of microbial community structure in eight saline (mangrove and marine) and freshwater sediment microcosms exhibiting different debrominating capabilities for hexa-BDE 153, a common congener in sediments, using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and clone library analyses. The results showed that microbial community structure greatly differed between the saline and freshwater microcosms, likely leading to distinct variations in their debrominating capabilities and pathways. Higher relative abundances of Chloroflexi and Deltaproteobacteria succeed by Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria were detected in the two mangrove microcosms with the fastest debrominating capabilities mainly via para pathway, respectively; the dominance of Alphaproteobacteria resulted in less accumulation of tetra-BDEs and more complete debromination of lower brominated congeners (from di- to tetra-BDEs). Meanwhile, the shifts in both microbial community structure and PBDE profiles were relatively small in the less efficient freshwater microcosms, with relatively more ortho and meta brominated products of BDE-153 resulted. Coincidently, one of the freshwater microcosms showed sudden increases of Chloroflexi and Deltaproteobacteria by the end of incubation, which synchronized with the increase in the removal rate of BDE-153. The significant relationship between microbial community structure and PBDEs was confirmed by redundancy analysis (18.7% of total variance explained, P = 0.002). However, the relative abundance of the well-known dechlorinator Dehalococcoides showed no clear correlation with the debrominating capability across different microcosms. These findings shed light in the significance of microbial community network in different saline environments on enhancement of PBDE intrinsic debromination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Fen Wang
- Laboratory of Basin Hydrology and Wetland Eco-restoration, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.,Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Hao Wen Zhu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Xiang Ling Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nora Fung Yee Tam
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
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32
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Zhu B, Lam JCW, Lam PKS. Halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in surface sediment from the Pearl River Delta region and Mirs Bay, South China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 129:899-904. [PMID: 29079299 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A total of 43 surface sediment collected from rivers and the estuaries in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region and Mirs Bay from the South China were analyzed for twelve halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer system. Their levels, spacial distribution, congener profiles and possible sources were investigated. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) was the predominant contaminant (1.520-1714ng/g dw) in the study area exceeding those of PBDEs (8.090-595.8ng/g dw), implying that DBDPE has been the predominant HFR products in this region in recent years in addition to PBDEs. Whereas the ratio of [DBDPE/BDE 209] varied among samples, this is indicative of different usage patterns of HFRs between PRD region and Mirs Bay. The PBDEs congener was dominated by BDE 209, with the average value accounting for 86.8% of the total PBDE in the sediment samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Zhu
- State Key Environmental Protection Laboratory of Monitoring and Analysis for Organic Pollutants in Surface Water, Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210036, China.
| | - James C W Lam
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong of Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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33
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Xie YW, Chen LJ, Liu R, Tian JP. AOX contamination in Hangzhou Bay, China: Levels, distribution and point sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 235:462-469. [PMID: 29316521 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The parameter AOX (adsorbable organic halogens) indicates the total amount of organic halogens in an environment. Seawater and surface sediment samples from 12 sample sites in the Hangzhou Bay (HZB), China, were analyzed for AOX to investigate its contamination status. In this study, the AOX concentration ranged from 140.6 ± 45.6 μg/L to 716.1 ± 62.3 μg/L in seawater of the HZB, and from 11.3 ± 2.4 mg/kg to 112.7 ± 7.2 mg/kg in the sediment. Ocean currents, fluvial currents and the Yangtze River exerted profound influences on the distribution of AOX in the HZB. The point sources around the HZB, represented by wastewater treatment plants, discharged at least 645.4 t AOX into the HZB every year, most of which was generated by industrial activities rather than the human daily activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wei Xie
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lu-Jun Chen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Science and Technology, Zhejiang 314006, China.
| | - Rui Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Science and Technology, Zhejiang 314006, China.
| | - Jin-Ping Tian
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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34
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Pei J, Yao H, Wang H, Li H, Lu S, Zhang X, Xiang X. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in water, surface sediment, and suspended particulate matter from the Yellow River, China: Levels, spatial and seasonal distribution, and source contribution. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 129:106-113. [PMID: 29680527 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were measured in water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediment samples collected from the entire expanse of the Yellow River in dry and wet seasons. Higher concentrations of PBDEs were found in the middle and lower reaches of the river compared with those in the upper reaches, ascribed to the relatively developed and urbanized cities located in the areas near the middle and lower reaches. The PBDE concentrations in the samples collected during the dry season were lower than those in the samples collected during the wet season because of thaw and rainfall. The dominant congener, with a contribution of 44.6-90.3%, was BDE-209, which originated from the residual of commercial deca-BDE. Three groups of congeners in all the samples showed good correlations with the coefficient ranging from 0.662 to 0.999 (p < 0.01), indicating common sources and similar environmental behaviors. Regression analysis suggested that the local industrial product (IP) and population density (PD) were good indicators of PBDEs in the water and sediment of the Yellow River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Pei
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Hong Yao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Huayu Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Shuang Lu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xinxin Xiang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
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35
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Mai PTN, Van Thuong N, Tham TT, Hoang NK, Anh HQ, Tri TM, Hung LS, Nhung DT, Nam VD, Hue NTM, Huong NTA, Anh DH, Minh NH, Minh TB. Distribution, accumulation profile, and risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediment from lake and river systems in Hanoi Metropolitan Area, Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:7170-7179. [PMID: 26289337 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of seven polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners were determined in surface sediments collected from several rivers and lakes in Hanoi, the capital city of Vietnam, to understand the status of background contamination, accumulation pattern, sources, and toxic implications for benthic organisms. Total PBDE concentrations in all sediment samples ranged from 0.03 to 17.5 ng/g dry weight (mean 1.33 ng/g dry wt). The most predominant congeners were BDE-47 and BDE-99, which comprised 30 and 25 % of total PBDE concentrations, respectively. Results from statistical analysis indicated that the potential sources of PBDEs of sediments in Hanoi may come from penta-BDE and octa-BDE mixtures. Risk quotients of PBDEs in sediments were also calculated for a benthic species, ranged from 2.12 × 10-6 - 1.60 × 10-2, and were markedly lower than threshold value for occurrence of any ecotoxicological risk. This study provides some of the most comprehensive data on the occurrence of PBDEs in sediments from lake and river systems in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Thi Ngoc Mai
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Thuong
- Dioxin Laboratory, Center of Environmental Monitoring, Vietnam Environment Administration, 556 Nguyen Van Cu Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Trinh Thi Tham
- Faculty of Environment, Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment, 41A Street K1, Cau Dien, Tu Liem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Khanh Hoang
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Quoc Anh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tran Manh Tri
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Si Hung
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dao Thi Nhung
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vu Duc Nam
- Dioxin Laboratory, Center of Environmental Monitoring, Vietnam Environment Administration, 556 Nguyen Van Cu Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Minh Hue
- Dioxin Laboratory, Center of Environmental Monitoring, Vietnam Environment Administration, 556 Nguyen Van Cu Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Anh Huong
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duong Hong Anh
- Center for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hung Minh
- Dioxin Laboratory, Center of Environmental Monitoring, Vietnam Environment Administration, 556 Nguyen Van Cu Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Chunnian DA, Ruwei WANG, Xiaoxiao XIA, Shengping LIU, Ke WU, Jie JIN. Distribution and sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface sediments of Lake Chaohu. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.18307/2018.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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37
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Wang G, Feng L, Qi J, Li X. Influence of human activities and organic matters on occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine sediment core: A case study in the Southern Yellow Sea, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 189:104-114. [PMID: 28934650 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Southern Yellow Sea (SYS) is an important reservoir of anthropogenic organic contaminants, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). To reconstruct the historical records of PBDEs and examine their relationships with the human activities and organic matters, a210Pb-dated sediment core was collected from the central mud area in the SYS. The concentrations of tri-to hepta-BDEs (∑7PBDEs) and BDE-209 ranged from 9.8 to 99.8 pg g-1 d.w. and from 12.1 to 855.4 pg g-1 d.w., respectively, both displaying the increasing trends from the bottom to the surface. More importantly, there was a faster increase for PBDEs since the 1990s, especially for BDE-209, which responded well with the rapid economic growth, and the increases of urbanization and industrialization in the local areas of the SYS. The analogously vertical patterns and significant relationships between PBDEs and total organic carbon (TOC) implied the TOC-dependent deposition of PBDEs in the core. Furthermore, multiple biomarker-based proxies of terrestrial organic matter (TOM) and marine organic matter (MOM) were introduced to systematically investigate the different effects of TOM and MOM on PBDE deposition in the SYS. The similarly down-core profiles and significant correlations were found between PBDEs and the MOM proxies (sum of rassicasterol, dinosterol and C37 alkenones (∑A + B + D) and marine TOC) as well as the branched and isoprenoid tetraether (BIT), but not for TOM proxies (∑C27+C29+C31n-alkanes, terrestrial and marine biomarker ratio (TMBR) and terrestrial TOC), indicating that MOM was an important factor driving PBDE deposition in the sediment core from the SYS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemical Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Lijuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemical Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jingshuai Qi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemical Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Xianguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemical Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China.
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38
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Wu MH, Xu BT, Xu G, Wang MN, Ma J, Pan CY, Sun R, Han T, Tang L. Occurrence and profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in riverine sediments of Shanghai: a combinative study with human serum from the locals. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2017; 39:729-738. [PMID: 27372659 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-016-9843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we studied the occurrence and profiles of thirteen PBDE congeners in 30 river sediment samples from Shanghai, China. The concentrations of Σ13PBDEs ranged from 110 to 13,071 pg g -1 dw, with an average value of 2,841 pg g -1 dw. BDE-209 was the predominant congener accounting for more than 65 % of total PBDEs, demonstrating that the major source of PBDEs in sediment samples was associated with the prevalent use of technical deca-BDE products. Moreover, low brominated BDEs in sediments also came from the degradation of higher brominated BDEs. In addition, taking into consideration of dietary exposure, PBDEs in serum samples collected from the locals were also detected with range of 419-26,744 pg g-1 (average 5,561 pg g -1), which suggested a relatively low burden of PBDEs contamination to human body compared with the condition in other place. And in serum, low brominated compounds constituted the majority of total PBDE congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hong Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Radiation, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Ben-Tuo Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Radiation, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Radiation, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming-Nan Wang
- Jiading Yingyuan Hospital, Shanghai, 201800, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Radiation, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Yuan Pan
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Radiation, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Radiation, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Han
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Radiation, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Radiation, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
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39
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Ji X, Ding J, Xie X, Cheng Y, Huang Y, Qin L, Han C. Pollution Status and Human Exposure of Decabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-209) in China. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:3333-3348. [PMID: 30023692 PMCID: PMC6044870 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209/decaBDE) is a high-production-volume brominated flame retardant in China, where the decaBDE commercial mixture is manufactured in Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province, even after the prohibition of penta- and octaBDE mixtures. The demand for flame retardants produced in China has been increasing in recent years as China not only produces electronic devices but also has numerous electronic waste (e-waste) recycling regions, which receive e-wastes from both domestic and foreign sources. High concentrations of BDE-209 have been observed in biotic and abiotic media in each of the different areas, especially within the decaBDE manufacturers and e-waste recycling areas. BDE-209 has been viewed as toxic and bioaccumulative because it might debrominate to less brominated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (lower molecular weight and hydrophobicity), which are more readily absorbed by organisms. The highest concentration of PBDEs in dust within urban areas reached 40 236 ng g-1 in the Pearl River Delta, and BDE-209 contributed the greatest proportion to the total PBDEs (95.1%). Moreover, the maximum hazard quotient was found for toddlers (0.703) for BDE-209, which was close to 1. This suggests that exposure to BDE-209 might lead to increased potential for adverse effects and organ harm (e.g., the lungs) through inhalation, dust ingestion, and dermal absorption, especially for the group of toddlers compared to others. In daily food and human tissues, the amount of BDE-209 was also extensively detected. However, the toxicity and adverse effect of BDE-209 to humans are still not clear; thus, further studies are required to better assess the toxicological effects and exposure scenarios, a more enhanced environmental policy for ecological risks regarding BDE-209 and its debrominated byproducts in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Ji
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for
Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Jue Ding
- College
of the Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, P. R. China
| | - Xianchuan Xie
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for
Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yu Cheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for
Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yu Huang
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for
Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Long Qin
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for
Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Chao Han
- State
Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Nanjing 210008, P. R. China
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Wang L, Ge W, Chai C, Xia B, Jiang T. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine sediments of Sanggou Bay in east China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 115:459-464. [PMID: 27836138 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in the surface sediments collected in August 2015 in Sanggou Bay, China. The total concentrations of 13 PBDEs, including BDE-17, -28, -47, -66, -71, -85, -99, -100, -138, -153, -154, -183 and -190, and concentrations of BDE-209 were 0.223-1.259ng/g and 0.865-9.275ng/g, respectively. The PBDE levels increased from the outer bay to the inner bay. BDE-209 was the predominant congener, followed by BDE-47, BDE-71, and BDE-99. Significant positive correlations were observed for tri-BDEs with organic carbon (r=0.598, p<0.05) and with clay content (r=0.592, p<0.05). Principal component analysis revealed that PBDEs in Sanggou Bay were mainly derived from the usage, dismantling and degradation of commercial products (penta-, octa-, and deca-BDEs), which were then transported through continental runoff and atmospheric deposition. The ecological risks were mainly attributed to deca-BDE congeners with moderate risk level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhua Wang
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Wei Ge
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chao Chai
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Bin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Su PH, Lv BY, Tomy GT, Xu JX, Tian W, Hou CY, Yin F, Li YF, Feng DL. Occurrences, composition profiles and source identifications of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in ship ballast sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 168:1422-1429. [PMID: 27919535 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in ship ballast sediments. The ballast sediment samples were collected from six merchant ships docked in 2015 in Jiangyin City, China. Ballast sediments represent a potential vector for the transport of POPs and invasive species between marine environments. An attempt was also made to determine the sources of these compounds in the ballast sediment. The results indicated ballast sediments generally contain greater amounts of BDE-209 and comparable amounts of PAHs, PBDEs (exclusive of BDE-209) and PCBs compared to those in marine surface sediments. Based on the sediment quality guidelines, PAHs and PCBs in ballast sediments were estimated to have median or high potential of posing ecological risks, respectively, to marine life if ballast sediments were disposed without specific treatment. POPs in ballast sediments were derived from multiple sources with atmospheric deposition being an important origin. Ship activities including diesel exhaust and illegal oil sewage discharge were considerable contributors of certain individual POPs to ballast sediments. Our study is important because it represents the first report on levels, health risk assessment and source apportionments of POPs in ballast sediments and is a first step in the implementation of specific ballast sediment management measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Hao Su
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; IJRC-PTS, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Bao-Yi Lv
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; IJRC-PTS, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Gregg T Tomy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jin-Xiang Xu
- Jiangyin Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Jiangyin, 214442, PR China
| | - Wen Tian
- Jiangyin Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Jiangyin, 214442, PR China
| | - Chun-Yan Hou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; IJRC-PTS, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Fang Yin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; IJRC-PTS, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Ontario, M2N 6X9, Canada
| | - Dao-Lun Feng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; IJRC-PTS, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China.
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Liu XC, Wu WC, Zhang YB, Wang T, Zhao JG, Chen ZH. Occurrence, profiles, and ecological risks of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in mangrove sediments of Shantou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:3608-3617. [PMID: 27882495 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface sediments were collected from three mangrove wetlands (Yifeng Xi, Shuanghan, and Su'ai Wan) in Shantou coastal zone of South China to investigate spatial distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The results demonstrate that PBDEs were detected in all the samples, indicating their widespread occurrence in coastal sediments of the studied area. Σ9PBDEs (defined as the sum of nine targeted PBDE congeners except BDE-209) and BDE-209 are in the range of 2.3 to 11.5 and 16.7 to 58.2 ng/g, respectively. BDE-209 is the dominant PBDE congener in all sediment samples. The sediment concentrations of ∑9PBDEs and BDE-209 among the three wetlands decrease in the order of Su'ai Wan > Shuanghan > Yifeng Xi. The concentrations of ∑9PBDEs are higher in mangrove sediments than in mudflats, but no obvious regularity can be found on the correlation between mangrove species and PBDE levels in sediments. The contents of total organic carbon are moderately correlated with BDE-209 concentrations in sediments but not with ∑9PBDE concentrations. The samples collected from different locations show slightly different composition profiles except BDE-209, with BDE-100 and BDE-47 being the pre-dominated congeners. The mudflats exhibit higher abundances of tri- to hexa-substituted congeners than the mangrove sediments. Ecological risk assessment demonstrates that the surface sediments from Shantou may pose a potential ecological risk of exposure to sediment-dwelling organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Cheng Liu
- College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, MEP, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Wen-Cheng Wu
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, MEP, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Yin-Bo Zhang
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, MEP, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Tao Wang
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, MEP, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Jian-Gang Zhao
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhang-He Chen
- College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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Liu X, Yu G, Cao Z, Wang B, Huang J, Deng S, Wang Y, Shen H, Peng X. Estimation of human exposure to halogenated flame retardants through dermal adsorption by skin wipe. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 168:272-278. [PMID: 27788366 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine levels of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) on skin surface to provide preliminary exposure estimates from dermal absorption. Skin wipes of palms, back-of-hands, and forearms were collected from 30 participants by using gauze pads soaked in isopropyl alcohol. Eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), two novel brominated FRs, and two Dechlorane Plus (DPs) isomers were determined. BDE209, Decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and 1, 2-Bis (2, 4, 6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) were most frequently detected. BDE209 showed the highest median level (1760 ng m-2), followed by DBDPE (277 ng m-2) and anti-DP (64 ng m-2). The comparison of levels on palms and back-of-hands revealed no statistical differences, but both were significantly higher than the levels on forearms. Detections of HFRs on arms suggested that skin areas covered by clothing were exposed to these chemicals likewise. BDE209 and DPs levels from three repeated samples showed moderate to strong reliability over 3 months, while the levels of other compounds were not statistically reliable. Males had significant higher levels than females for most HFRs, while participants' age, time from last hand washing to sampling, and other behaviors contributed limitedly to the variations in levels. Daily uptakes of HFRs through dermal absorption were estimated. The estimated median total exposure from palms, back-of-hands, and forearms were 25.9, 1.6, and 7.2 ng d-1 for ∑PBDEs, ∑DPs, and ∑NBFRs, respectively, which were in the same ranges as those from diet and dust ingestion for adults in China, suggesting that dermal absorption would be an important exposure route for HFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotu Liu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Yu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shubo Deng
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujue Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongbo Shen
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xue Peng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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Wang G, Peng J, Hao T, Liu Y, Zhang D, Li X. Distribution and region-specific sources of Dechlorane Plus in marine sediments from the coastal East China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:389-396. [PMID: 27572532 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dechlorane Plus (DP) is a highly chlorinated flame retardant and found to be ubiquitously present in the environment. We reported here the first record of DP in sediments from the coastal East China Sea (ECS). DP was detected in most of the surface sediments, and the concentrations ranged from 14.8 to 198pg/g dry weight (dw) with a mean value of 64.4pg/g dw. Overall, DP levels exhibited a seaward decreasing trend from the inshore toward outer sea. The fractional abundance of anti-DP (fanti) showed regional discrepancies, attributing to different environmental behaviors of DP isomers. Depth profiles of DP in a sediment core from estuarine environment showed distinct fluctuation, and the core in open sea had stable deposition environment with two peak values of DP in ~1978 and 2000. The fanti exhibited downward decreasing trend prior to mid-1950s, indicating a preferential degradation of anti-DP and/or a greater adsorption capacity of syn-DP after its burial. Lignin and lipid biomarkers (∑C27+C29+C31n-alkanes) of terrestrial organic matters were introduced to identify region-specific sources of DP, and the results showed that DP in the northern inner shelf, southern inner shelf of 29 °N and mud area southwest of Cheju Island was mainly come from Yangtze River (YR) input, surface runoffs after discharge of local sources close to the Taizhou-Wenzhou Region and the atmospheric deposition from the North China and East Asia, respectively. The coastal ECS was an important reservoir of DP in the world, with mass inventory of approximately 310.7kg in the surface sediments (0-5cm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jialin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ting Hao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Dahai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xianguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China.
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45
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Duan H, Yu D, Zuo J, Yang B, Zhang Y, Niu Y. Characterization of brominated flame retardants in construction and demolition waste components: HBCD and PBDEs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:77-85. [PMID: 27494656 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of construction material is inert and can be managed as nonhazardous. However, structures may have either been built with some environmentally unfriendly substances such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs), or have absorbed harmful elements such as heavy metals. This study focuses on end-of-life construction materials, i.e. construction and demolition (C&D) waste components. The aim was to characterize the concentration of extremely harmful substances, primarily BFRs, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominateddiphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Results revealed extremely high contents of HBCD and PBDEs in typical C&D waste components, particularly polyurethane foam materials. Policies should therefore be developed for the proper management of C&D waste, with priority for POP-containing debris. The first priority is to develop a classification system and procedures to separate out the harmful materials for more extensive processing. Additionally, identification and quantification of the environmental implications associated with dumping-dominated disposal of these wastes are required. Finally, more sustainable materials should be selected for use in the construction industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabo Duan
- Smart City Research Institute, College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Danfeng Yu
- Smart City Research Institute, College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Zuo
- School of Architecture & Built Environment, Entrepreneurship, Commercialisation and Innovation Centre (ECIC), The University of Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Yukui Zhang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEP, 510655 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongning Niu
- Smart City Research Institute, College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China.
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Environmental Characteristics of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Marine System, with Emphasis on Marine Organisms and Sediments. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1317232. [PMID: 27999788 PMCID: PMC5143782 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1317232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), due to their widespread usage as flame retardants and their lipophilicity and persistence, have become ubiquitous in the environment. It is urgent to understand the environmental characteristics of PBDEs in marine system, but they have attracted little attention. We summarize the available data and analyze the regional distributions, controlling factors, and congener patterns of PBDEs in marine and associated environmental matrixes worldwide. Based on meta-analysis, after separating the estuarial sites from the marine sites, ignoring the extraordinary sample sites such as those located just near the point source, the PBDE concentration levels are still in the same order of magnitude from global scale. Despite Principal Component Analysis, the congener patterns of sediments are predominant with the heavy brominated congeners (BDE-209 contributing over 75% to the total load) while the biota abound with the light ones (BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-100 taking about 80%). The ratio between BDE-99 and BDE-100 for the lower trophic-level species often turns to be greater than 1, while for those higher species the ratio may be below 1, and some species feed mainly on the crustaceans and zooplankton seems to have a higher ratio value. The data of the PBDEs in marine system are currently limited; thus, data gaps are identified as well.
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47
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Aghadadashi V, Mehdinia A. Occurrence, spatial deposition and footprint of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surficial sediments of Bushehr peninsula, the Persian Gulf. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 112:211-217. [PMID: 27535452 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in the surficial sediments of Bushehr coasts, the Persian Gulf. Eighteen samples were collected from 6 sites at distances of 500, 1000 and 1500m from the coast. PBDEs were detected in all the samples, indicating their widespread occurrence in marine sediments of the studied area. BDE-209 and ∑7PBDEs were in the range of n.d. (not detected) to 6.29ngg-1 and n.d. to 0.62ngg-1 dw, respectively. The studied area can be classified as the region with the minimal contamination values reported globally as yet. The concentrations of PBDEs were lower than the Canadian benchmarks, and risk quotient assessments demonstrated low ecological risk. BDE-183 and then BDE-153 were the congeners with the highest detection frequencies in the stations, confirming extensive occurrence of Octa-mix in the studied area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Aghadadashi
- Department of Marine Living Science, Ocean Science Research Center, Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences, INIOAS, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ali Mehdinia
- Department of Marine Living Science, Ocean Science Research Center, Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences, INIOAS, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Macías-Zamora JV, Ramírez-Álvarez N, Hernández-Guzmán FA, Mejía-Trejo A. On the sources of PBDEs in coastal marine sediments off Baja California, Mexico. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 571:59-66. [PMID: 27459254 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely distributed compounds in all types of matrices. In the northern portion of the Southern California Bight (SCB), there were reports of some of the largest PBDE concentrations in marine mammals and mussels. Because of this, we decided to analyze the status of PBDEs in the southern part of the SCB. An analysis of 91 samples of marine surface sediment was carried out. All of the 91 samples contained measurable amounts of PBDEs, which is a manifestation of the widespread distribution of these chemical substances. However, the levels detected are between one and two orders of magnitude smaller than those reported in southern California. Currents appear to control the distribution of PBDEs along the coast and the sedimentation sites with largest concentrations are favored by local bathymetry. Maximum concentrations were located in the middle and deeper platforms ranging from 0.02 to 5.90 (with a median 0.71) ng·g(-1) d.w. Deca-BDE mixture is largely predominant in the sediments followed by the penta-BDE mixture. The mass balance for the latitudinal strata shows the largest concentrations in the north where the largest population centers are present and with a very clear southward gradient. The mass balance calculation values showed about 36kg of PBDEs for the north, 22kg for the center, and 10kg for the south strata. In terms of depth, the PBDEs are mainly located on the middle and deep platforms rather than near point discharges, which is different than that reported by other authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Macías-Zamora
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, UABC, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada No. 3917, Fraccionamiento Playitas, Ensenada CP 22860, Baja California, Mexico.
| | - N Ramírez-Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, UABC, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada No. 3917, Fraccionamiento Playitas, Ensenada CP 22860, Baja California, Mexico.
| | - F A Hernández-Guzmán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, UABC, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada No. 3917, Fraccionamiento Playitas, Ensenada CP 22860, Baja California, Mexico
| | - A Mejía-Trejo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, UABC, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada No. 3917, Fraccionamiento Playitas, Ensenada CP 22860, Baja California, Mexico
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Liu X, Yu G, Cao Z, Wang B, Huang J, Deng S, Wang Y, Shen H, Peng X. WITHDRAWN: Estimation of human exposure to halogenated flame retardants through dermal adsorption by skin wipe. CHEMOSPHERE 2016:S0045-6535(16)31389-3. [PMID: 27817895 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.015. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotu Liu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Yu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shubo Deng
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujue Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongbo Shen
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xue Peng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
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50
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Ruczyńska W, Szlinder-Richert J, Drgas A. The occurrence of endocrine disrupting compounds in off-shore sediments from the southern Baltic Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:1193-1207. [PMID: 27461960 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00193a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the study on the occurrence and spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), butyltin compounds (BTCs), bisphenol A (BPA), and alkylphenols (APs) in sediments. The study focused mainly on off-shore surface sediments collected from the southern Baltic Sea. The pollutant concentrations were as follows: <LOQ-0.158 μg kg(-1) dw ∑9PBDEs, 0.02-1.06 μg kg(-1) dw BDE-209; <LOQ-20.13 μg Sn kg(-1) dw ∑BTCs and 2.7-1001 μg kg(-1) dw nonylphenols (NPs). The spatial distribution of the analyzed compounds was highly related to the organic matter content in the sediments. Only BDE-209 concentrations were the highest in sandy sediments collected near the point source of pollution. This suggests the fresh anthropogenic input of BDE-209 into the marine environment. The principal component analysis (PCA) confirms these observations-the distribution of ∑BTCs, NPs, and ∑9PBDEs was mainly determined by the physicochemical properties of the sediments, while the distribution of BDE-209 was also related to other factors, such as proximity to the pollution source. According to the environmental standards applied in this work, NPs, and to a lesser extent TBT, might pose a risk to aquatic life in the present study area as they occur in some sediments in concentrations higher than those that might cause adverse effects on biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiesława Ruczyńska
- National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kołłątaja 1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland.
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